SYNOPSIS

  redbean.com [-?BVabdfghjkmsuvz] [-p PORT] [-D DIR] [-- SCRIPTARGS...]

DESCRIPTION

  redbean - single-file distributable web server

OVERVIEW

  redbean makes it possible to share web applications that run offline
  as a single-file Actually Portable Executable PKZIP archive which
  contains your assets. All you need to do is download the redbean.com
  program below, change the filename to .zip, add your content in a zip
  editing tool, and then change the extension back to .com.

  redbean can serve 1 million+ gzip encoded responses per second on a
  cheap personal computer. That performance is thanks to zip and gzip
  using the same compression format, which enables kernelspace copies.
  Another reason redbean goes fast is that it's a tiny static binary,
  which makes fork memory paging nearly free.

  redbean is also easy to modify to suit your own needs. The program
  itself is written as a single .c file. It embeds the Lua programming
  language and SQLite which let you write dynamic pages.

FEATURES

  - Lua v5.4
  - SQLite 3.35.5
  - TLS v1.2 / v1.1 / v1.0
  - HTTP v1.1 / v1.0 / v0.9
  - Chromium-Zlib Compression
  - Statusz Monitoring Statistics
  - Self-Modifying PKZIP Object Store
  - Linux + Windows + Mac + FreeBSD + OpenBSD + NetBSD

FLAGS

  -h or -?  help
  -d        daemonize
  -u        uniprocess
  -z        print port
  -m        log messages
  -i        interpreter mode
  -b        log message bodies
  -a        log resource usage
  -g        log handler latency
  -e        eval Lua code in arg
  -F        eval Lua code in file
  -E        show crash reports to public ips
  -j        enable ssl client verify
  -k        disable ssl fetch verify
  -Z        log worker system calls
  -f        log worker function calls
  -B        only use stronger cryptography
  -X        disable ssl server and client support
  -J        disable non-ssl server and client support
  -%        hasten startup by not generating an rsa key
  -s        increase silence                  [repeatable]
  -v        increase verbosity                [repeatable]
  -V        increase ssl verbosity            [repeatable]
  -S        increase bpf seccomp sandboxing   [repeatable]
  -H K:V    sets http header globally         [repeatable]
  -D DIR    overlay assets in local directory [repeatable]
  -r /X=/Y  redirect X to Y                   [repeatable]
  -R /X=/Y  rewrites X to Y                   [repeatable]
  -K PATH   tls private key path              [repeatable]
  -C PATH   tls certificate(s) path           [repeatable]
  -A PATH   add assets with path (recursive)  [repeatable]
  -M INT    tunes max message payload size    [def. 65536]
  -t INT    timeout ms or keepalive sec if <0 [def. 60000]
  -p PORT   listen port                       [def. 8080; repeatable]
  -l ADDR   listen addr                       [def. 0.0.0.0; repeatable]
  -c SEC    configures static cache-control
  -W TTY    use tty path to monitor memory pages
  -L PATH   log file location
  -P PATH   pid file location
  -U INT    daemon set user id
  -G INT    daemon set group id
  --strace  enables system call tracing (see also -Z)
  --ftrace  enables function call tracing (see also -f)

KEYBOARD

  CTRL-D         EXIT
  CTRL-C CTRL-C  EXIT
  CTRL-E         END
  CTRL-A         START
  CTRL-B         BACK
  CTRL-F         FORWARD
  CTRL-L         CLEAR
  CTRL-H         BACKSPACE
  CTRL-D         DELETE
  CTRL-N         NEXT HISTORY
  CTRL-P         PREVIOUS HISTORY
  CTRL-R         SEARCH HISTORY
  CTRL-G         CANCEL SEARCH
  ALT-<          BEGINNING OF HISTORY
  ALT->          END OF HISTORY
  ALT-F          FORWARD WORD
  ALT-B          BACKWARD WORD
  CTRL-K         KILL LINE FORWARDS
  CTRL-U         KILL LINE BACKWARDS
  ALT-H          KILL WORD BACKWARDS
  CTRL-W         KILL WORD BACKWARDS
  CTRL-ALT-H     KILL WORD BACKWARDS
  ALT-D          KILL WORD FORWARDS
  CTRL-Y         YANK
  ALT-Y          ROTATE KILL RING AND YANK AGAIN
  CTRL-T         TRANSPOSE
  ALT-T          TRANSPOSE WORD
  ALT-U          UPPERCASE WORD
  ALT-L          LOWERCASE WORD
  ALT-C          CAPITALIZE WORD
  CTRL-\         QUIT PROCESS
  CTRL-S         PAUSE OUTPUT
  CTRL-Q         UNPAUSE OUTPUT (IF PAUSED)
  CTRL-Q         ESCAPED INSERT
  CTRL-ALT-F     FORWARD EXPR
  CTRL-ALT-B     BACKWARD EXPR
  ALT-RIGHT      FORWARD EXPR
  ALT-LEFT       BACKWARD EXPR
  ALT-SHIFT-B    BARF EXPR
  ALT-SHIFT-S    SLURP EXPR
  CTRL-SPACE     SET MARK
  CTRL-X CTRL-X  GOTO MARK
  CTRL-Z         SUSPEND PROCESS
  ALT-\          SQUEEZE ADJACENT WHITESPACE
  PROTIP         REMAP CAPS LOCK TO CTRL

────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

USAGE

  This executable is also a ZIP file that contains static assets.
  You can run redbean interactively in your terminal as follows:

    ./redbean.com -vvvmbag        # starts server verbosely
    open http://127.0.0.1:8080/   # shows zip listing page
    CTRL-C                        # 1x: graceful shutdown
    CTRL-C                        # 2x: forceful shutdown

  You can override the default listing page by adding:

    zip redbean.com index.lua     # lua server pages take priority
    zip redbean.com index.html    # default page for directory

  The listing page only applies to the root directory. However the
  default index page applies to subdirectories too. In order for it
  to work, there needs to be an empty directory entry in the zip.
  That should already be the default practice of your zip editor.

    wget                     \
      --mirror               \
      --convert-links        \
      --adjust-extension     \
      --page-requisites      \
      --no-parent            \
      --no-if-modified-since \
      http://a.example/index.html
    zip -r redbean.com a.example/  # default page for directory

  redbean normalizes the trailing slash for you automatically:

    $ printf 'GET /a.example HTTP/1.0\n\n' | nc 127.0.0.1 8080
    HTTP/1.0 307 Temporary Redirect
    Location: /a.example/

  Virtual hosting is accomplished this way too. The Host is simply
  prepended to the path, and if it doesn't exist, it gets removed.

    $ printf 'GET / HTTP/1.1\nHost:a.example\n\n' | nc 127.0.0.1 8080
    HTTP/1.1 200 OK
    Link: <http://127.0.0.1/a.example/index.html>; rel="canonical"

  If you mirror a lot of websites within your redbean then you can
  actually tell your browser that redbean is your proxy server, in
  which redbean will act as your private version of the Internet.

    $ printf 'GET http://a.example HTTP/1.0\n\n' | nc 127.0.0.1 8080
    HTTP/1.0 200 OK
    Link: <http://127.0.0.1/a.example/index.html>; rel="canonical"

  If you use a reverse proxy, then redbean recognizes the following
  provided that the proxy forwards requests over the local network:

    X-Forwarded-For: 203.0.113.42:31337
    X-Forwarded-Host: foo.example:80

  There's a text/plain statistics page called /statusz that makes
  it easy to track and monitor the health of your redbean:

    printf 'GET /statusz\n\n' | nc 127.0.0.1 8080

  redbean will display an error page using the /redbean.png logo
  by default, embedded as a bas64 data uri. You can override the
  custom page for various errors by adding files to the zip root.

    zip redbean.com 404.html      # custom not found page

  Audio video content should not be compressed in your ZIP files.
  Uncompressed assets enable browsers to send Range HTTP request.
  On the other hand compressed assets are best for gzip encoding.

    zip redbean.com index.html    # adds file
    zip -0 redbean.com video.mp4  # adds without compression

  You can have redbean run as a daemon by doing the following:

    sudo ./redbean.com -vvdp80 -p443 -L redbean.log -P redbean.pid
    kill -TERM $(cat redbean.pid) # 1x: graceful shutdown
    kill -TERM $(cat redbean.pid) # 2x: forceful shutdown

  redbean currently has a 32kb limit on request messages and 64kb
  including the payload. redbean will grow to whatever the system
  limits allow. Should fork() or accept() fail redbean will react
  by going into "meltdown mode" which closes lingering workers.
  You can trigger this at any time using:

    kill -USR2 $(cat redbean.pid)

  Another failure condition is running out of disk space in which
  case redbean reacts by truncating the log file. Lastly, redbean
  does the best job possible reporting on resource usage when the
  logger is in debug mode noting that NetBSD is the best at this.

  Your redbean is an actually portable executable, that's able to
  run on six different operating systems. To do that, it needs to
  extract a 4kb loader program to ${TMPDIR:-${HOME:-.}}/.ape that'll
  map your redbean into memory. It does however check to see if `ape`
  is on the system path beforehand. You can also "assimilate" any
  redbean into the platform-local executable format by running:

      $ file redbean.com
      redbean.com: DOS/MBR boot sector
      $ ./redbean.com --assimilate
      $ file redbean.com
      redbean.com: ELF 64-bit LSB executable

────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

SECURITY

  redbean uses a protocol polyglot for serving HTTP and HTTPS on
  the same port numbers. For example, both of these are valid:

    http://127.0.0.1:8080/
    https://127.0.0.1:8080/

  SSL verbosity is controlled as follows for troubleshooting:

    -V       log ssl errors
    -VV      log ssl state changes too
    -VVV     log ssl informational messages too
    -VVVV    log ssl verbose details too

  See http://redbean.dev for further details.

────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

LUA SERVER PAGES

  Any files with the extension .lua will be dynamically served by redbean.
  Here's the simplest possible example:

    Write('<b>Hello World</b>')

  The Lua Server Page above should be able to perform at 700,000 responses
  per second on a Core i9, without any sort of caching. If you want a Lua
  handler that can do 1,000,000 responses per second, then try adding the
  following global handler to your /.init.lua file:

    function OnHttpRequest()
       Write('<b>Hello World</b>')
    end

  Here's an example of a more typical workflow for Lua Server Pages using
  the redbean API:

    SetStatus(200)
    SetHeader('Content-Type', 'text/plain; charset=utf-8')
    Write('<p>Hello ')
    Write(EscapeHtml(GetParam('name')))

  We didn't need the first two lines in the previous example, because
  they're implied by redbean automatically if you don't set them. Responses
  are also buffered until the script finishes executing. That enables
  redbean to make HTTP as easy as possible. In the future, API capabilities
  will be expanded to make possible things like websockets.

  redbean embeds the Lua standard library. You can use packages such as io
  to persist and share state across requests and connections, as well as the
  StoreAsset function, and the lsqlite3 module.

  Your Lua interpreter begins its life in the main process at startup in the
  .init.lua, which is likely where you'll want to perform all your expensive
  one-time operations like importing modules. Then, as requests roll in,
  isolated processes are cloned from the blueprint you created.

────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

REPL

  Your redbean displays a Read-Eval-Print-Loop that lets you modify the
  state of the main server process while your server is running. Any
  changes will propagate into forked clients.

  Your REPL is displayed only when redbean is run as a non-daemon in a
  Unix terminal or the Windows 10 command prompt or PowerShell. Since
  the REPL is a Lua REPL it's not included in a redbean-static builds.

  redbean uses the same keyboard shortcuts as GNU Readline and Emacs.
  Some of its keyboard commands (listed in a previous section) were
  inspired by Paredit.

  A history of your commands is saved to `~/.redbean_history`.

  If you love the redbean repl and want to use it as your language
  interpreter then you can pass the `-i` flag to put redbean into
  interpreter mode.

      redbean.com -i binarytrees.lua 15

  When the `-i` flag is passed (for interpreter mode), redbean won't
  start a web server and instead functions like the `lua` command. The
  first command line argument becomes the script you want to run. If you
  don't supply a script, then the repl without a web server is
  displayed. This is useful for testing since redbean extensions and
  modules for the Lua language, are still made available. You can also
  write redbean scripts with shebang lines:

      #!/usr/bin/redbean -i
      print('hello world')

  However UNIX operating systems usually require that interperters be
  encoded in its preferred executable format. You can assimilate your
  redbean into the local format using the following commands:

      $ file redbean.com
      redbean.com: DOS/MBR boot sector
      $ ./redbean.com --assimilate
      $ file redbean.com
      redbean.com: ELF 64-bit LSB executable
      $ sudo cp redbean.com /usr/bin/redbean

  By following the above steps, redbean can be installed systemwide for
  multiple user accounts. It's also possible to chmod the binary to have
  setuid privileges. Please note that, if you do this, the UNIX section
  provides further details on APIs like `unix.setuid` that will help you
  remove root privileges from the process in the appropriate manner.


────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

LUA ENHANCEMENTS

  We've made some enhancements to the Lua language that should make it
  more comfortable for C/C++ and Python developers. Some of these

    - redbean supports a printf modulus operator, like Python. For
      example, you can say `"hello %s" % {"world"}` instead of
      `string.format("hello %s", "world")`.

    - redbean supports octal (base 8) integer literals. For example
      `0644 == 420` is the case in redbean, whereas in upstream Lua
      `0644 == 644` would be the case.

    - redbean supports binary (base 2) integer literals. For example
      `0b1010 == 10` is the case in redbean, whereas in upstream Lua
      `0b1010` would result in an error.

    - redbean supports the GNU syntax for the ASCII ESC character in
      string literals. For example, `"\e"` is the same as `"\x1b"`.


────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

GLOBALS

  arg: array[str]

          Array of command line arguments, excluding those parsed by
          getopt() in the C code, which stops parsing at the first
          non-hyphenated arg. In some cases you can use the magic --
          argument to delimit C from Lua arguments.

          For example, if you launch your redbean as follows:

              redbean.com -v arg1 arg2

          Then your `/.init.lua` file will have the `arg` array like:

              arg[-1] = '/usr/bin/redbean.com'
              arg[ 0] = '/zip/.init.lua'
              arg[ 1] = 'arg1'
              arg[ 2] = 'arg2'

          If you launch redbean in interpreter mode (rather than web
          server) mode, then an invocation like this:

              ./redbean.com -i script.lua arg1 arg2

          Would have an `arg` array like this:

              arg[-1] = './redbean.com'
              arg[ 0] = 'script.lua'
              arg[ 1] = 'arg1'
              arg[ 2] = 'arg2'

────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

SPECIAL PATHS

  /
          redbean will generate a zip central directory listing for this
          page, and this page only, but only if there isn't an /index.lua or
          /index.html file defined.

  /.init.lua
          This script is run once in the main process at startup. This lets
          you modify the state of the Lua interpreter before connection
          processes are forked off. For example, it's a good idea to do
          expensive one-time computations here. You can also use this file
          to call the ProgramFOO() functions below. The init module load
          happens after redbean's arguments and zip assets have been parsed,
          but before calling functions like socket() and fork(). Note that
          this path is a hidden file so that it can't be unintentionally run
          by the network client.

  /.reload.lua
          This script is run from the main process when SIGHUP is received.
          This only applies to redbean when running in daemon mode. Any
          changes that are made to the Lua interpreter state will be
          inherited by future forked connection processes. Note that this
          path is a hidden file so that it can't be unintentionally run by
          the network client.

  /.lua/...
          Your Lua modules go in this directory. The way it works is redbean
          sets Lua's package.path to /zip/.lua/?.lua;/zip/.lua/?/init.lua by
          default. Cosmopolitan Libc lets system calls like open read from
          the ZIP structure, if the filename is prefixed with /zip/. So this
          works like magic.

  /redbean.png
          If it exists, it'll be used as the / listing page icon, embedded
          as a base64 URI.

  /usr/share/zoneinfo
          This directory contains a subset of the timezone database.
          Your `TZ` environment variable controls which one of these
          files is used by functions such as unix.localtime().

  /usr/share/ssl/root
          This directory contains your root certificate authorities. It is
          needed so the Fetch() HTTPS client API can verify that a remote
          certificate was signed by a third party. You can add your own
          certificate files to this directory within the ZIP executable.
          If you enable HTTPS client verification then redbean will check
          that HTTPS clients (a) have a certificate and (b) it was signed.

  /.args
          Specifies default command-line arguments.

          There's one argument per line. Trailing newline is ignored. If
          the special argument `...` is *not* encountered, then the
          replacement will only happen if *no* CLI args are specified.
          If the special argument `...` *is* encountered, then it'll be
          replaced with whatever CLI args were specified by the user.

          For example, you might want to use redbean.com in interpreter
          mode, where your script file is inside the zip. Then, if your
          redbean is run, what you want is to have the default behavior
          be running your script. In that case, you might:

              $ cat <<'EOF' >.args
              -i
              /zip/hello.lua
              EOF

              $ cat <<'EOF' >hello.lua
              print("hello world")
              EOF

              $ zip redbean.com .args hello.lua
              $ ./redbean.com
              hello world

          Please note that if you ran:

              $ ./redbean.com -vv

          Then the default mode of redbean will kick back in. To prevent
          that from happening, simply add the magic arg `...` to the end
          of your `.args` file.

────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

HOOKS

  OnHttpRequest()
          If this function is defined in the global scope by your /.init.lua
          then redbean will call it at the ealiest possible moment to
          hand over control for all messages (with the exception of OPTIONS
          *). See functions like Route which asks redbean to do its default
          thing from the handler.

  OnClientConnection(ip:int,port:int,serverip:int,serverport:int) → bool
          If this function is defined it'll be called from the main process
          each time redbean accepts a new client connection. If it returns
          true then redbean will close the connection without calling fork.

  OnProcessCreate(pid:int,ip:int,port:int,serverip:int,serverport:int)
          If this function is defined it'll be called from the main process
          each time redbean forks a connection handler worker process. The
          ip/port of the remote client is provided, along with the ip/port
          of the listening interface that accepted the connection. This may
          be used to create a server activity dashboard, in which case the
          data provider handler should set SetHeader('Connection','Close').
          This won't be called in uniprocess mode.

  OnProcessDestroy(pid:int)
          If this function is defined it'll be called from the main process
          each time redbean reaps a child connection process using wait4().
          This won't be called in uniprocess mode.

  OnServerStart()
          If this function is defined it'll be called from the main process
          right before the main event loop starts.

  OnServerStop()
          If this function is defined it'll be called from the main process
          after all the connection processes have been reaped and exit() is
          ready to be called.

  OnWorkerStart()
          If this function is defined it'll be called from the child worker
          process after it's been forked and before messages are handled.
          This won't be called in uniprocess mode.

  OnWorkerStop()
          If this function is defined it'll be called from the child worker
          process once _exit() is ready to be called. This won't be called
          in uniprocess mode.

────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

FUNCTIONS

  Write(data:str)
          Appends data to HTTP response payload buffer. This is buffered
          independently of headers.

  SetStatus(code:int[,reason:str])
          Starts an HTTP response, specifying the parameters on its first
          line. reason is optional since redbean can fill in the appropriate
          text for well-known magic numbers, e.g. 200, 404, etc. This method
          will reset the response and is therefore mutually exclusive with
          ServeAsset and other Serve* functions. If this function isn't
          called, then the default behavior is to send 200 OK.

  SetHeader(name:str,value:str)
          Appends HTTP header to response header buffer. name is
          case-insensitive and restricted to non-space ASCII. value is a
          UTF-8 string that must be encodable as ISO-8859-1. Leading and
          trailing whitespace is trimmed automatically. Overlong characters
          are canonicalized. C0 and C1 control codes are forbidden, with the
          exception of tab. This function automatically calls SetStatus(200,
          "OK") if a status has not yet been set. As SetStatus and Serve*
          functions reset the response, SetHeader needs to be called after
          SetStatus and Serve* functions are called. The header buffer is
          independent of the payload buffer. Neither is written to the wire
          until the Lua Server Page has finished executing. This function
          disallows the setting of certain headers such as Content-Range and
          Date, which are abstracted by the transport layer. In such cases,
          consider calling ServeAsset.

  SetCookie(name:str,value:str[,options:table])
          Appends Set-Cookie HTTP header to the response header buffer.
          Several Set-Cookie headers can be added to the same response.
          __Host- and __Secure- prefixes are supported and may set or
          overwrite some of the options (for example, specifying __Host-
          prefix sets the Secure option to true, sets the path to "/", and
          removes the Domain option). The following options can be used (their
          lowercase equivalents are supported as well):
            - Expires: sets the maximum lifetime of the cookie as an HTTP-date
              timestamp. Can be specified as a Date in the RFC1123 (string)
              format or as a UNIX timestamp (number of seconds).
            - MaxAge: sets number of seconds until the cookie expires. A zero
              or negative number will expire the cookie immediately. If both
              Expires and MaxAge are set, MaxAge has precedence.
            - Domain: sets the host to which the cookie will be sent.
            - Path: sets the path that must be present in the request URL, or
              the client will not send the Cookie header.
            - Secure: (bool) requests the cookie to be only send to the
              server when a request is made with the https: scheme.
            - HttpOnly: (bool) forbids JavaScript from accessing the cookie.
            - SameSite: (Strict, Lax, or None) controls whether a cookie is
              sent with cross-origin requests, providing some protection
              against cross-site request forgery attacks.

  GetParam(name:str) → value:str
          Returns first value associated with name. name is handled in a
          case-sensitive manner. This function checks Request-URL parameters
          first. Then it checks application/x-www-form-urlencoded from the
          message body, if it exists, which is common for HTML forms sending
          POST requests. If a parameter is supplied matching name that has
          no value, e.g. foo in ?foo&bar=value, then the returned value will
          be nil, whereas for ?foo=&bar=value it would be "". To
          differentiate between no-equal and absent, use the HasParam
          function. The returned value is decoded from ISO-8859-1 (only in
          the case of Request-URL) and we assume that percent-encoded
          characters were supplied by the client as UTF-8 sequences, which
          are returned exactly as the client supplied them, and may
          therefore may contain overlong sequences, control codes, NUL
          characters, and even numbers which have been banned by the IETF.
          It is the responsibility of the caller to impose further
          restrictions on validity, if they're desired.

  EscapeHtml(str) → str
          Escapes HTML entities: The set of entities is &><"' which become
          &amp;&gt;&lt;&quot;&#39;. This function is charset agnostic and
          will not canonicalize overlong encodings. It is assumed that a
          UTF-8 string will be supplied. See escapehtml.c.

  LaunchBrowser([path:str])
          Launches web browser on local machine with URL to this redbean
          server. This function may be called from your /.init.lua.

  CategorizeIp(ip:uint32) → str
          Returns a string describing an IP address. This is currently Class
          A granular. It can tell you if traffic originated from private
          networks, ARIN, APNIC, DOD, etc.

  DecodeBase64(ascii:str) → binary:str
          Turns ASCII into binary, in a permissive way that ignores
          characters outside the base64 alphabet, such as whitespace. See
          decodebase64.c.

  DecodeLatin1(iso-8859-1:str) → utf-8:str
          Turns ISO-8859-1 string into UTF-8.

  EncodeBase64(binary:str) → ascii:str
          Turns binary into ASCII. This can be used to create HTML data:
          URIs that do things like embed a PNG file in a web page. See
          encodebase64.c.

  EncodeJson(value[,options:table]) → json:str
          Turns passed Lua value into a JSON string. Tables with non-zero
          length (as reported by `#`) are encoded as arrays with non-array
          elements ignored. Empty tables are encoded as empty arrays. All
          other tables are encoded as objects with numerical keys
          converted to strings (so `{[3]=1}` is encoded as `{"3":1}`).
          The following options can be used:
            - useoutput: (bool=false) encodes the result directly to the
              output buffer and returns `nil` value. This option is
              ignored if used outside of request handling code.
            - numformat: sets numeric format to be used, which can be 'g',
              'f', or 'a' [experimental api]

  EncodeLua(value[,options:table]) → json:str
          Turns passed Lua value into a Lua string. The following options
          can be used:
            - useoutput: (bool=false) encodes the result directly to the
              output buffer and returns `nil` value. This option is
              ignored if used outside of request handling code.

  EncodeLatin1(utf-8:str[,flags:int]) → iso-8859-1:str
          Turns UTF-8 into ISO-8859-1 string.

  EscapeFragment(str) → str
          Escapes URL #fragment. The allowed characters are
          -/?.~_@:!$&'()*+,;=0-9A-Za-z and everything else gets %XX encoded.
          Please note that '& can still break HTML and that '() can still
          break CSS URLs. This function is charset agnostic and will not
          canonicalize overlong encodings. It is assumed that a UTF-8 string
          will be supplied. See kescapefragment.c.

  EscapeHost(str) → str
          Escapes URL host. See kescapeauthority.c

  EscapeLiteral(str) → str
          Escapes JavaScript or JSON string literal content. The caller is
          responsible for adding the surrounding quotation marks. This
          implementation \uxxxx sequences for all non-ASCII sequences. HTML
          entities are also encoded, so the output doesn't need EscapeHtml.
          This function assumes UTF-8 input. Overlong encodings are
          canonicalized. Invalid input sequences are assumed to be
          ISO-8859-1. The output is UTF-16 since that's what JavaScript
          uses. For example, some individual codepoints such as emoji
          characters will encode as multiple \uxxxx sequences. Ints that are
          impossible to encode as UTF-16 are substituted with the \xFFFD
          replacement character. See escapejsstringliteral.c.

  EscapeParam(str) → str
          Escapes URL parameter name or value. The allowed characters are
          -.*_0-9A-Za-z and everything else gets %XX encoded. This function
          is charset agnostic and will not canonicalize overlong encodings.
          It is assumed that a UTF-8 string will be supplied. See
          kescapeparam.c.

  EscapePass(str) → str
          Escapes URL password. See kescapeauthority.c.

  EscapePath(str) → str
          Escapes URL path. This is the same as EscapeSegment except slash
          is allowed. The allowed characters are -.~_@:!$&'()*+,;=0-9A-Za-z/
          and everything else gets %XX encoded. Please note that '& can
          still break HTML, so the output may need EscapeHtml too. Also note
          that '() can still break CSS URLs. This function is charset
          agnostic and will not canonicalize overlong encodings. It is
          assumed that a UTF-8 string will be supplied. See kescapepath.c.

  EscapeSegment(str) → str
          Escapes URL path segment. This is the same as EscapePath except
          slash isn't allowed. The allowed characters are
          -.~_@:!$&'()*+,;=0-9A-Za-z and everything else gets %XX encoded.
          Please note that '& can still break HTML, so the output may need
          EscapeHtml too. Also note that '() can still break CSS URLs. This
          function is charset agnostic and will not canonicalize overlong
          encodings. It is assumed that a UTF-8 string will be supplied. See
          kescapesegment.c.

  EscapeUser(str) → str
          Escapes URL username. See kescapeauthority.c.

  Fetch(url:str[,body:str|{method=value:str,body=value:str,headers=table,...}])
      → status:int,{header:str=value:str,...},body:str
          Sends an HTTP/HTTPS request to the specified URL. If only the URL is
          provided, then a GET request is sent. If both URL and body parameters
          are specified, then a POST request is sent. If any other method needs
          to be specified (for example, PUT or DELETE), then passing a table as
          the second value allows setting request method, body, and headers, as
          well as some other options:
            - method (default = "GET"): sets the method to be used for the
              request. The specified method is converted to uppercase.
            - body (default = ""): sets the body value to be sent.
            - headers: sets headers for the request using the key/value pairs
              from this table. Only string keys are used and all the values are
              converted to strings.
            - followredirect (default = true): forces temporary and permanent
              redirects to be followed. This behavior can be disabled by
              passing `false`.
            - maxredirects (default = 5): sets the number of allowed redirects
              to minimize looping due to misconfigured servers. When the number
              is exceeded, the last response is returned.
          When the redirect is being followed, the same method and body values
          are being sent in all cases except when 303 status is returned. In
          that case the method is set to GET and the body is removed before the
          redirect is followed. Note that if these (method/body) values are
          provided as table fields, they will be modified in place.

  FormatHttpDateTime(seconds:int) → rfc1123:str
          Converts UNIX timestamp to an RFC1123 string that looks like this:
          Mon, 29 Mar 2021 15:37:13 GMT. See formathttpdatetime.c.

  FormatIp(uint32) → str
          Turns integer like 0x01020304 into a string like 1.2.3.4. See also
          ParseIp for the inverse operation.

  GetAssetComment(path:str) → str
          Returns comment text associated with asset in the ZIP central
          directory. Also available as GetComment (deprecated).

  GetAssetMode(path:str) → int
          Returns UNIX-style octal mode for ZIP asset (or local file if the
          -D flag is used)

  GetAssetSize(path:str) → int
          Returns byte size of uncompressed contents of ZIP asset (or local
          file if the -D flag is used)

  GetBody() → str
          Returns the request message body if present or an empty string.
          Also available as GetPayload (deprecated).

  GetCookie(name:str) → str
          Returns cookie value.

  GetCryptoHash(name:str,payload:str[,key:str]) → str
          Returns value of the specified cryptographic hash function. If the
          key is provided, then HMAC value of the same function is returned.
          The name can be one of the following strings: MD5, SHA1, SHA224,
          SHA256, SHA384, SHA512, and BLAKE2B256.

  GetRemoteAddr() → ip:uint32,port:uint16
          Returns client ip4 address and port, e.g. 0x01020304,31337 would
          represent 1.2.3.4:31337. This is the same as GetClientAddr except
          it will use the ip:port from the X-Forwarded-For header, only if
          IsPrivateIp or IsLoopbackIp return true. When multiple addresses
          are present in the header, the last/right-most address is used.

  GetClientAddr() → ip:uint32,port:uint16
          Returns client socket ip4 address and port, e.g. 0x01020304,31337
          would represent 1.2.3.4:31337. Please consider using GetRemoteAddr
          instead, since the latter takes into consideration reverse proxy
          scenarios.

  GetClientFd() → int
          Returns file descriptor being used for client connection.
          This is useful for scripts that want to use unix:fork().

  IsClientUsingSsl() → bool
          Returns true if client connection has begun being managed by
          the MbedTLS security layer. This is an important thing to
          consider if a script is taking control of GetClientFd()

  GetServerAddr() → ip:uint32,port:uint16
          Returns address to which listening server socket is bound, e.g.
          0x01020304,8080 would represent 1.2.3.4:8080. If -p 0 was supplied
          as the listening port, then the port in this string will be
          whatever number the operating system assigned.

  GetDate() → seconds:int
          Returns date associated with request that's used to generate the
          Date header, which is now, give or take a second. The returned
          value is a UNIX timestamp.

  GetHeader(name:str) → value:str
          Returns HTTP header. name is case-insensitive. The header value is
          returned as a canonical UTF-8 string, with leading and trailing
          whitespace trimmed, which was decoded from ISO-8859-1, which is
          guaranteed to not have C0/C1 control sequences, with the exception
          of the tab character. Leading and trailing whitespace is
          automatically removed. In the event that the client suplies raw
          UTF-8 in the HTTP message headers, the original UTF-8 sequence can
          be losslessly restored by counter-intuitively recoding the
          returned string back to Latin1. If the requested header is defined
          by the RFCs as storing comma-separated values (e.g. Allow,
          Accept-Encoding) and the field name occurs multiple times in the
          message, then this function will fold those multiple entries into
          a single string.

  GetHeaders() → {name:str=value:str,...}
          Returns HTTP headers as dictionary mapping header key strings to
          their UTF-8 decoded values. The ordering of headers from the
          request message is not preserved. Whether or not the same key can
          repeat depends on whether or not it's a standard header, and if
          so, if it's one of the ones that the RFCs define as repeatable.
          See khttprepeatable.c. Those headers will not be folded. Standard
          headers which aren't on that list, will be overwritten with the
          last-occurring one during parsing. Extended headers are always
          passed through exactly as they're received. Please consider using
          GetHeader API if possible since it does a better job abstracting
          these issues.

  GetLogLevel() → int
          Returns logger verbosity level. Likely return values are kLogDebug
          > kLogVerbose > kLogInfo > kLogWarn > kLogError > kLogFatal.

  GetHost() → str
          Returns host associated with request. This will be the Host
          header, if it's supplied. Otherwise it's the bind address.

  GetHostOs() → str
          Returns string that describes the host OS.

          This can return:

          - `"LINUX"`
          - `"METAL"`
          - `"WINDOWS"`
          - `"XNU"`
          - `"NETBSD"`
          - `"FREEBSD"`
          - `"OPENBSD"`

  GetMonospaceWidth(str|char) → int
          Returns monospace display width of string. This is useful for
          fixed-width formatting. For example, CJK characters typically take
          up two cells. This function takes into consideration combining
          characters, which are discounted, as well as control codes and
          ANSI escape sequences.

  GetMethod() → str
          Returns HTTP method. Normally this will be GET, HEAD, or POST in
          which case redbean normalizes this value to its uppercase form.
          Anything else that the RFC classifies as a "token" string is
          accepted too, which might contain characters like &".

  GetParams() → {{name:str[,value:str]},...}
          Returns name=value parameters from Request-URL and
          application/x-www-form-urlencoded message body in the order they
          were received. This may contain duplicates. The inner array will
          have either one or two items, depending on whether or not the
          equals sign was used.

  GetPath() → str
          Returns the Request-URL path. This is guaranteed to begin with
          "/". It is further guaranteed that no "//" or "/." exists in the
          path. The returned value is returned as a UTF-8 string which was
          decoded from ISO-8859-1. We assume that percent-encoded characters
          were supplied by the client as UTF-8 sequences, which are returned
          exactly as the client supplied them, and may therefore may contain
          overlong sequences, control codes, NUL characters, and even
          numbers which have been banned by the IETF. redbean takes those
          things into consideration when performing path safety checks. It
          is the responsibility of the caller to impose further restrictions
          on validity, if they're desired.

  GetEffectivePath() → str
          Returns path as it was resolved by the routing algorithms, which
          might contain the virtual host prepended if used.

  GetScheme() → str
          Returns scheme from Request-URL, if any.

  GetSslIdentity() → str
          Returns certificate subject or PSK identity from the current SSL
          session. `nil` is returned for regular (non-SSL) connections.

  GetStatus() → int
          Returns current status (as set by an earlier SetStatus call) or
          `nil` if the status hasn't been set yet.

  GetTime() → seconds:number
          Returns current time as a UNIX timestamp with 0.0001s precision.

  GetUrl() → str
          Returns the effective Request-URL as an ASCII string, where
          illegal characters or UTF-8 is guaranteed to be percent encoded,
          and has been normalized to include either the Host or
          X-Forwarded-Host headers, if they exist, and possibly a scheme too
          if redbean is being used as an HTTP proxy server. In the future
          this API might change to return an object instead.

  GetHttpVersion() → int
          Returns the request HTTP protocol version, which can be 9 for
          HTTP/0.9, 10 for HTTP/1.0, or 11 for HTTP/1.1. Also available
          as GetVersion (deprecated).

  GetRandomBytes([length:int]) → str
          Returns string with the specified number of random bytes (1..256).
          If no length is specified, then a string of length 16 is returned.

  GetRedbeanVersion() → int
          Returns the Redbean version in the format 0xMMmmpp, with major (MM),
          minor (mm), and patch (pp) versions encoded. The version value 1.4
          would be represented as 0x010400.

  GetZipPaths([prefix:str]) → {path:str,...}
          Returns paths of all assets in the zip central directory, prefixed
          by a slash. If prefix parameter is provided, then only paths that
          start with the prefix (case sensitive) are returned.

  HasParam(name:str) → bool
          Returns true if parameter with name was supplied in either the
          Request-URL or an application/x-www-form-urlencoded message body.

  HidePath(prefix:str)
          Programs redbean / listing page to not display any paths beginning
          with prefix. This function should only be called from /.init.lua.

  IsPublicIp(uint32) → bool
          Returns true if IP address is not a private network (10.0.0.0/8,
          172.16.0.0/12, 192.168.0.0/16) and is not localhost (127.0.0.0/8).
          Note: we intentionally regard TEST-NET IPs as public.

  IsPrivateIp(uint32) → bool
          Returns true if IP address is part of a private network
          (10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, 192.168.0.0/16).

  IsLoopbackIp(uint32) → bool
          Returns true if IP address is part of the localhost network
          (127.0.0.0/8).

  IsCompressed(path:str) → bool
          Returns true if ZIP artifact at path is stored on disk using
          DEFLATE compression.

  IndentLines(str[,int]) → str
          Adds spaces to beginnings of multiline string. If the int
          parameter is not supplied then 1 space will be added.

  LoadAsset(path:str) → str
          Returns contents of file as string. The asset may be sourced from
          either the zip (decompressed) or the local filesystem if the -D
          flag was used. If slurping large file into memory is a concern,
          then consider using ServeAsset which can serve directly off disk.

  StoreAsset(path:str,data:str[,mode:int])
          Stores asset to executable's ZIP central directory. This currently
          happens in an append-only fashion and is still largely in the
          proof-of-concept stages. Currently only supported on Linux, XNU,
          and FreeBSD.

  Log(level:int,message:str)
          Emits message string to log, if level is less than or equal to
          GetLogLevel. If redbean is running in interactive mode, then this
          will log to the console. If redbean is running as a daemon or the
          -L LOGFILE flag is passed, then this will log to the file.
          Reasonable values for level are kLogDebug > kLogVerbose > kLogInfo
          > kLogWarn > kLogError > kLogFatal. The logger emits timestamps in
          the local timezone with microsecond precision. If log entries are
          emitted more frequently than once per second, then the log entry
          will display a delta timestamp, showing how much time has elapsed
          since the previous log entry. This behavior is useful for quickly
          measuring how long various portions of your code take to execute.

  ParseHttpDateTime(rfc1123:str) → seconds:int
          Converts RFC1123 string that looks like this: Mon, 29 Mar 2021
          15:37:13 GMT to a UNIX timestamp. See parsehttpdatetime.c.

  ParseUrl(str) → URL
          Parses URL, returning object having the following fields: scheme,
          user, pass, host, port, path, params, fragment. This parser is
          charset agnostic. Percent encoded bytes are decoded for all
          fields. Returned values might contain things like NUL characters,
          spaces, control codes, and non-canonical encodings. Absent can be
          discerned from empty by checking if the pointer is set. There's no
          failure condition for this routine. This is a permissive parser.
          This doesn't normalize path segments like `.` or `..` so use
          IsAcceptablePath() to check for those. No restrictions are imposed
          beyond that which is strictly necessary for parsing. All the data
          that is provided will be consumed to the one of the fields. Strict
          conformance is enforced on some fields more than others, like
          scheme, since it's the most non-deterministically defined field of
          them all. Please note this is a URL parser, not a URI parser.
          Which means we support everything everything the URI spec says we
          should do except for the things we won't do, like tokenizing path
          segments into an array and then nesting another array beneath each
          of those for storing semicolon parameters. So this parser won't
          make SIP easy. What it can do is parse HTTP URLs and most URIs
          like data:opaque, better in fact than most things which claim to
          be URI parsers.

  EncodeUrl(URL) → str
          This function is the inverse of ParseUrl. The output will always
          be correctly formatted. The exception is if illegal characters are
          supplied in the scheme field, since there's no way of escaping
          those. Opaque parts are escaped as though they were paths, since
          many URI parsers won't understand things like an unescaped
          question mark in path.

  ParseIp(str) → int
          Converts IPv4 address string to integer, e.g. "1.2.3.4" →
          0x01020304, or returns -1 for invalid inputs. See also FormatIp
          for the inverse operation.

  ProgramAddr(ip:int)
  ProgramAddr(host:str)
          Configures the address on which to listen. This can be called
          multiple times to set more than one address. If an integer is
          provided then it should be a word-encoded IPv4 address, such
          as the ones returned by ResolveIp(). If a string is provided,
          it will first be passed to ParseIp() to see if it's an IPv4
          address. If it isn't, then a HOSTS.TXT lookup is performed,
          with fallback to the system-configured DNS resolution service.
          Please note that in MODE=tiny the HOSTS.TXT and DNS resolution
          isn't included, and therefore an IP must be provided.

  ProgramBrand(str)
          Changes HTTP Server header, as well as the <h1> title on the /
          listing page. The brand string needs to be a UTF-8 value that's
          encodable as ISO-8859-1. If the brand is changed to something
          other than redbean, then the promotional links will be removed
          from the listing page too. This function should only be called
          from /.init.lua.

  ProgramCache(seconds:int)
          Configures Cache-Control and Expires header generation for static
          asset serving. A negative value will disable the headers. Zero
          means don't cache. Greater than zero asks public proxies and
          browsers to cache for a given number of seconds. This should only
          be called from /.init.lua.

  ProgramCertificate(pem:str)
          Same as the -C flag if called from .init.lua, e.g.
          ProgramCertificate(LoadAsset("/.sign.crt")) for zip loading or
          ProgramCertificate(Slurp("/etc/letsencrypt.lol/fullchain.pem")) for
          local file system only.

  ProgramHeader(name:str,value:str)
          Appends HTTP header to the header buffer for all responses (whereas
          SetHeader only appends a header to the current response buffer).
          name is case-insensitive and restricted to non-space ASCII. value
          is a UTF-8 string that must be encodable as ISO-8859-1. Leading and
          trailing whitespace is trimmed automatically. Overlong characters
          are canonicalized. C0 and C1 control codes are forbidden, with the
          exception of tab. The header buffer is independent of the payload
          buffer. This function disallows the setting of certain headers such
          as Content-Range and Date, which are abstracted by the transport
          layer.

  ProgramPort(uint16)
          Hard-codes the port number on which to listen, which can be any
          number in the range 1..65535, or alternatively 0 to ask the
          operating system to choose a port, which may be revealed later on
          by GetServerAddr or the -z flag to stdout.

  ProgramMaxPayloadSize(int64)
          Sets the maximum HTTP message payload size in bytes. The
          default is very conservatively set to 65536 so this is
          something many people will want to increase. This limit is
          enforced at the transport layer, before any Lua code is
          called, because right now redbean stores and forewards
          messages. (Use the UNIX API for raw socket streaming.) Setting
          this to a very high value can be useful if you're less
          concerned about rogue clients and would rather have your Lua
          code be granted more control to bounce unreasonable messages.
          If a value less than 1450 is supplied, it'll automatically be
          increased to 1450, since that's the size of ethernet frames.
          This function can only be called from .init.lua.

  ProgramPrivateKey(pem:str)
          Same as the -K flag if called from .init.lua, e.g.
          ProgramPrivateKey(LoadAsset("/.sign.key")) for zip loading or
          ProgramPrivateKey(Slurp("/etc/letsencrypt/privkey.pem")) for
          local file system only.

  ProgramRedirect(code:int,src:str,location:str)
          Configures fallback routing for paths which would otherwise return
          404 Not Found. If code is 0 then the path is rewritten internally
          as an accelerated redirect. If code is 301, 302, 307, or 308 then
          a redirect response will be sent to the client. This should only
          be called from /.init.lua.

  ProgramSslTicketLifetime(seconds:int)
          Defaults to 86400 (24 hours). This may be set to ≤0 to disable
          SSL tickets. It's a good idea to use these since it increases
          handshake performance 10x and eliminates a network round trip.
          This function is not available in unsecure mode.

  EvadeDragnetSurveillance(bool)
          If this option is programmed then redbean will not transmit a
          Server Name Indicator (SNI) when performing Fetch() requests.
          This function is not available in unsecure mode.

  ProgramSslPresharedKey(key:str,identity:str)
          This function can be used to enable the PSK ciphersuites which
          simplify SSL and enhance its performance in controlled
          environments. `key` may contain 1..32 bytes of random binary
          data and identity is usually a short plaintext string. The
          first time this function is called, the preshared key will be
          added to both the client and the server SSL configs. If it's
          called multiple times, then the remaining keys will be added
          to the server, which is useful if you want to assign separate
          keys to each client, each of which needs a separate identity
          too. If this function is called multiple times with the same
          identity string, then the latter call will overwrite the
          prior. If a preshared key is supplied and no certificates or
          key-signing-keys are programmed, then redbean won't bother
          auto-generating any serving certificates and will instead use
          only PSK ciphersuites. This function is not available in
          unsecure mode.

  ProgramSslFetchVerify(enabled:str)
          May be used to disable the the verification of certificates
          for remote hosts when using the Fetch() API. This function is
          not available in unsecure mode.

  ProgramSslClientVerify(enabled:str)
          Enables the verification of certificates supplied by the HTTP
          clients that connect to your redbean. This has the same effect
          as the `-j` flag. Tuning this option alone does not preclude
          the possibility of unsecured HTTP clients, which can be
          disabled using ProgramSslRequired(). This function can only be
          called from `.init.lua`. This function is not available in
          unsecure mode.

  ProgramSslRequired(mandatory:str)
          Enables the blocking of HTTP so that all inbound clients and
          must use the TLS transport layer. This has the same effect as
          the `-J` flag. Fetch() is still allowed to make outbound HTTP
          requests. This function can only be called from `.init.lua`.
          This function is not available in unsecure mode.

  ProgramSslCiphersuite(name:str)
          See https://redbean.dev/ for further details.

  IsDaemon() → bool
          Returns true if -d flag was passed to redbean.

  ProgramUid(int)
          Same as the -U flag if called from .init.lua for setuid()

  ProgramGid(int)
          Same as the -G flag if called from .init.lua for setgid()

  ProgramDirectory(str)
          Same as the -D flag if called from .init.lua for overlaying local
          file system directories. This may be called multiple times. The
          first directory programmed is preferred. These currently do not
          show up in the index page listing.

  ProgramLogMessages(bool)
          Same as the -m flag if called from .init.lua for logging message
          headers only.

  ProgramLogBodies(bool)
          Same as the -b flag if called from .init.lua for logging message
          bodies as part of POST / PUT / etc. requests.

  ProgramLogPath(str)
          Same as the -L flag if called from .init.lua for setting the log
          file path on the local file system. It's created if it doesn't
          exist. This is called before de-escalating the uesr / group id.
          The file is opened in append only mode. If the disk runs out of
          space then redbean will truncate the log file if has access to
          change the log file after daemonizing.

  ProgramPidPath(str)
          Same as the -P flag if called from .init.lua for setting the pid
          file path on the local file system. It's useful for reloading
          daemonized redbean using `kill -HUP $(cat /var/run/redbean.pid)`
          or terminating redbean with `kill $(cat /var/run/redbean.pid)`
          which will gracefully terminate all clients. Sending the TERM
          signal twice will cause a forceful shutdown, which might make
          someone with a slow internet connection who's downloading big
          files unhappy.

  ProgramUniprocess([bool]) → bool
          Same as the -u flag if called from .init.lua. Can be used to
          configure the uniprocess mode. The current value is returned.

  Slurp(filename:str) → str
          Reads file data from local file system.

  Sleep(seconds:number)
          Sleeps the specified number of seconds (can be fractional). The
          smallest interval is a microsecond.

  Route([host:str,[path:str]])
          Instructs redbean to follow the normal HTTP serving path. This
          function is useful when writing an OnHttpRequest handler, since
          that overrides the serving path entirely. So if the handler
          decides it doesn't want to do anything, it can simply call this
          function, to hand over control back to the redbean core. By
          default, the host and path arguments are supplied from the
          resolved GetUrl value. This handler always resolves, since it will
          generate a 404 Not Found response if redbean couldn't find an
          appropriate endpoint.

  RouteHost([host:str,[path:str]]) → bool
          This is the same as Route, except it only implements the subset of
          request routing needed for serving virtual-hosted assets, where
          redbean tries to prefix the path with the hostname when looking up
          a file. This function returns true if the request was resolved. If
          it was resolved, then your OnHttpRequest request handler can still
          set additional headers.

  RoutePath([path:str]) → bool
          This is the same as Route, except it only implements the subset of
          request routing needed for serving assets. This function returns
          true if the request was resolved. If it was resolved, then your
          OnHttpRequest request handler can still set additional headers.
          Note that the asset needs to have "read other" permissions;
          otherwise this function logs a warning and returns 403 Forbidden.
          If this is undesirable, use GetAssetMode and ServeAsset to bypass
          the check.

  ServeAsset(path:str)
          Instructs redbean to serve static asset at path. This function
          causes what would normally happen outside a dynamic handler to
          happen. The asset can be sourced from either the zip or local
          filesystem if -D is used. This function is mutually exclusive with
          SetStatus and other Serve* functions.

  ServeError(code:int[,reason:str])
          Instructs redbean to serve a boilerplate error page. This takes
          care of logging the error, setting the reason phrase, and adding a
          payload. This function is mutually exclusive with SetStatus and
          other Serve* functions.

  ServeRedirect(code:int,location:str)
          Instructs redbean to return the specified redirect code along with
          the Location header set. This function is mutually exclusive with
          SetStatus and other Serve* functions.

  SetLogLevel(level:int)
          Sets logger verbosity. Reasonable values for level are kLogDebug >
          kLogVerbose > kLogInfo > kLogWarn > kLogError > kLogFatal. This is
          reset at the end of the http request, so it can be used to disable
          access log and message logging.

  VisualizeControlCodes(str) → str
          Replaces C0 control codes with their UNICODE pictures
          representation. This function also canonicalizes overlong
          encodings. C1 control codes are replaced with a JavaScript-like
          escape sequence.

  Underlong(str) → str
          Canonicalizes overlong encodings.

  Crc32(initial:int,data:str) → int
          Computes 32-bit CRC-32 used by zip/zlib/gzip/etc.

  Crc32c(initial:int,data:str) → int
          Computes 32-bit Castagnoli Cyclic Redundancy Check.

  Md5(str) → str
          Computes MD5 checksum, returning 16 bytes of binary.

  Sha1(str) → str
          Computes SHA1 checksum, returning 20 bytes of binary.

  Sha224(str) → str
          Computes SHA224 checksum, returning 28 bytes of binary.

  Sha256(str) → str
          Computes SHA256 checksum, returning 32 bytes of binary.

  Sha384(str) → str
          Computes SHA384 checksum, returning 48 bytes of binary.

  Sha512(str) → str
          Computes SHA512 checksum, returning 64 bytes of binary.

  Bsf(x:int) → int
          Returns position of first bit set. Passing 0 will raise an error.
          Same as the Intel x86 instruction BSF.

  Bsr(x:int) → int
          Returns binary logarithm of 𝑥. Passing 0 will raise an error. Same
          as the Intel x86 instruction BSR.

  Popcnt(x:int) → int
          Returns number of bits set in integer.

  Rdtsc() → int
          Returns CPU timestamp counter.

  Lemur64() → int
          Returns fastest pseudorandom non-cryptographic random number. This
          linear congruential generator passes practrand and bigcrush.

  Rand64() → int
          Returns nondeterministic pseudorandom non-cryptographic number. This
          linear congruential generator passes practrand and bigcrush. This
          generator is safe across fork(), threads, and signal handlers.

  Rdrand() → int
          Returns 64-bit hardware random integer from RDRND instruction, with
          automatic fallback to getrandom() if not available.

  Rdseed() → int
          Returns 64-bit hardware random integer from RDSEED instruction, with
          automatic fallback to RDRND and getrandom() if not available.

  GetCpuCount() → int
          Returns CPU core count or 0 if it couldn't be determined.

  GetCpuCore() → int
          Returns 0-indexed CPU core on which process is currently scheduled.

  GetCpuNode() → int
          Returns 0-indexed NUMA node on which process is currently scheduled.

  Decimate(data) → int
          Shrinks byte buffer in half using John Costella's magic kernel.
          This downscales data 2x using an eight-tap convolution, e.g.

              >: Decimate(b'\\xff\\xff\\x00\\x00\\xff\\xff\\x00\\x00\\xff\\xff\\x00\\x00')
              b'\\xff\\x00\\xff\\x00\\xff\\x00'

          This is very fast if SSSE3 is available (Intel 2004+ / AMD 2011+).

  MeasureEntropy(data) → float
          Returns Shannon entropy of array. This gives you an idea of
          the density of information. Cryptographic random should be in
          the ballpark of 7.9 whereas plaintext will be more like 4.5.

  Compress(uncompdata:str[, level:int[, raw:bool]]) → compdata:str

          Compresses data using DEFLATE algorithm. The compression
          format here is defined to be quick and handy for things like
          database fields. For example:

              >: Compress('hello')
              "\x05\x86\xa6\x106x\x9c\xcbH\xcd\xc9\xc9\x07\x00\x06,\x02\x15"
              >: Uncompress(Compress('hello'))
              "hello"

          The binary wire format is defined as follows:

              1. uleb64 uncompressed byte size (1 to 10 bytes)
              2. uint32_t crc32 (4 bytes; zlib polynomial)
              3. data (created by zlib compress function)

          `level` is the compression level, which defaults to 7. The max
          is 10. Lower numbers go faster. Higher numbers go slower, but
          have better compression ratios.

          `raw` may be set to true if you only want `data` (3) to be
          returned. In this case, it's assumed the caller will take
          responsibility for storing the length (and optionall crc)
          separately. See the redbean Crc32() API.

              >: a = 'hello'
              >: b = Compress(a, 9, true)
              >: Uncompress(b, #a)
              "hello"

  Uncompress(compdata:str[, uncomplen:int]) → uncompdata:str

          Uncompresses data using DEFLATE algorithm. This applies the
          inverse transform of the Compress() function. See its docs for
          further details on usage and encoding.

          This function throws exceptions in the event that the value
          couldn't be decoded. There's a crc32 check to make our check
          of validity iron-clad. It's implemented using Intel CLMUL so
          it has ludicrous speed performance as well.

          If you used the `raw` parameter when calling Compress() i.e.
          `compdata` doesn't have the redbean header described above,
          then the `uncomplen` parameter may be supplied. IN that case
          your data is handed over directly to zlib `uncompress()`. In
          this case an exception will be raised if the value couldn't be
          decoded, or if the resulting length differed from the supplied
          length. It's recommended that Crc32() check still be performed
          manually after using this method.

  Benchmark(func[, count[, maxattempts]])
      └─→ nanos:real, ticks:int, overhead-ticks:int, tries:int

    Performs microbenchmark.

    The first value returned is the average number of nanoseconds that
    `func` needed to execute. Nanoseconds are computed from RDTSC tick
    counts, using an approximation that's measured beforehand with the
    unix.clock_gettime() function.

    The `ticks` result is the canonical average number of clock ticks.

    This subroutine will subtract whatever the overhead happens to be
    for benchmarking a function that does nothing. This overhead value
    will be reported in the result.

    `tries` indicates if your microbenchmark needed to be repeated,
    possibly because your system is under load and the benchmark was
    preempted by the operating system, or moved to a different core.

  oct(int)
      └─→ str

    Formats string as octal integer literal string. If the provided
    value is zero, the result will be `"0"`. Otherwise the resulting
    value will be the zero-prefixed octal string. The result is
    currently modulo 2^64. Negative numbers are converted to unsigned.

  hex(int)
      └─→ str

    Formats string as hexadecimal integer literal string. If the
    provided value is zero, the result will be `"0"`. Otherwise the
    resulting value will be the `"0x"`-prefixed hex string. The result
    is currently modulo 2^64. Negative numbers are converted to
    unsigned.

  bin(int)
      └─→ str

    Formats string as binary integer literal string. If the provided
    value is zero, the result will be `"0"`. Otherwise the resulting
    value will be the `"0b"`-prefixed binary str. The result is
    currently modulo 2^64. Negative numbers are converted to unsigned.

  ResolveIp(hostname:str)
      ├─→ ip:uint32
      └─→ nil, error:str

    Gets IP address associated with hostname.

    This function first checks if hostname is already an IP address, in
    which case it returns the result of `ParseIp`. Otherwise, it checks
    HOSTS.TXT on the local system and returns the first IPv4 address
    associated with hostname. If no such entry is found, a DNS lookup is
    performed using the system configured (e.g. /etc/resolv.conf) DNS
    resolution service. If the service returns multiple IN A records
    then only the first one is reutrned.

    The returned address is word-encoded in host endian order. For
    example, 1.2.3.4 is encoded as 0x01020304. The `FormatIp` function
    may be used to turn this value back into a string.

    If no IP address could be found, then nil is returned alongside a
    string of unspecified format describing the error. Calls to this
    function may be wrapped in assert() if an exception is desired.


────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

CONSTANTS

  kLogDebug
          Integer for debug logging level. See Log.

  kLogVerbose
          Integer for verbose logging level, which is less than kLogDebug.

  kLogInfo
          Integer for info logging level, which is less than kLogVerbose.

  kLogWarn
          Integer for warn logging level, which is less than kLogVerbose.

  kLogError
          Integer for error logging level, which is less than kLogWarn.

  kLogFatal
          Integer for fatal logging level, which is less than kLogError.
          Logging anything at this level will result in a backtrace and
          process exit.

────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

LSQLITE3 MODULE

  Please refer to the LuaSQLite3 Documentation.

  For example, you could put the following in your /.init.lua file:

    sqlite3 = require "lsqlite3"
    db = sqlite3.open_memory()
    db:exec[[
      CREATE TABLE test (
        id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
        content TEXT
      );
      INSERT INTO test (content) VALUES ('Hello World');
      INSERT INTO test (content) VALUES ('Hello Lua');
      INSERT INTO test (content) VALUES ('Hello Sqlite3');
    ]]

  Then, your Lua server pages or OnHttpRequest handler may perform SQL
  queries by accessing the db global. The performance is good too, at about
  400k qps.

    for row in db:nrows("SELECT * FROM test") do
       Write(row.id.." "..row.content.."<br>")
    end

  redbean supports a subset of what's defined in the upstream LuaSQLite3
  project. Most of the unsupported APIs relate to pointers and database
  notification hooks.

  redbean also currently disables SQLite features which don't make sense for
  production serving, such as ALTER, VACUUM, ANALYZE, etc. For that reason
  we provide an APE build of the SQLite shell which you can use to
  administrate your redbean database. See the sqlite3.com download above.

────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

RE MODULE

  This module exposes an API for POSIX regular expressions which enable you
  to validate input, search for substrings, extract pieces of strings, etc.
  Here's a usage example:

    # Example IPv4 Address Regular Expression (see also ParseIP)
    p = re.compile([[^([0-9]{1,3})\.([0-9]{1,3})\.([0-9]{1,3})\.([0-9]{1,3})$]])
    m,a,b,c,d = p:search(𝑠)
    if m then
      print("ok", tonumber(a), tonumber(b), tonumber(c), tonumber(d))
    else
      print("not ok")
    end

  re.search(regex:str,text:str[,flags:int]) → [match[,group_1,...]]
          Shortcut for re.compile plus regex_t*:search.

  re.compile(regex:str[,flags:int]) → regex_t*
          Compiles regular expression, using the POSIX extended syntax. This
          has an O(2^𝑛) cost, so it's a good idea to do this from your
          /.init.lua file. Flags may contain re.BASIC, re.ICASE, re.NOSUB,
          and/or re.NEWLINE. See also regcomp() from libc.

  regex_t*:search(text:str[,flags:int]) → [match[,group_1,...]]
          Executes regular expression. This has an O(𝑛) cost. This returns
          nothing (nil) if the pattern doesn't match anything. Otherwise it
          pushes the matched substring and any parenthesis-captured values
          too. Flags may contain re.NOTBOL or re.NOTEOL to indicate whether
          or not text should be considered at the start and/or end of a
          line.

  re.BASIC
          Use this flag if you prefer the default POSIX regex syntax. We use
          extended regex notation by default. For example, an extended
          regular expression for matching an IP address might look like
          ([0-9]*)\.([0-9]*)\.([0-9]*)\.([0-9]*) whereas with basic syntax
          it would look like \([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\).
          This flag may only be used with re.compile and re.search.

  re.ICASE
          Use this flag to make your pattern case ASCII case-insensitive.
          This means [a-z] will mean the same thing as [A-Za-z]. This flag
          may only be used with re.compile and re.search.

  re.NEWLINE
          Use this flag to change the handling of NEWLINE (\x0a) characters.
          When this flag is set, (1) a NEWLINE shall not be matched by a "."
          or any form of a non-matching list, (2) a "^" shall match the
          zero-length string immediately after a NEWLINE (regardless of
          re.NOTBOL), and (3) a "$" shall match the zero-length string
          immediately before a NEWLINE (regardless of re.NOTEOL).

  re.NOSUB
          Causes re.search to only report success and failure. This is
          reported via the API by returning empty string for success. This
          flag may only be used with re.compile and re.search.

  re.NOTBOL
          The first character of the string pointed to by string is not the
          beginning of the line. This flag may only be used with re.search
          and regex_t*:search.

  re.NOTEOL
          The last character of the string pointed to by string is not the
          end of the line. This flag may only be used with re.search and
          regex_t*:search.

────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

MAXMIND MODULE

  This module may be used to get city/country/asn/etc from IPs, e.g.

      -- .init.lua
      maxmind = require 'maxmind'
      asndb = maxmind.open('/usr/local/share/maxmind/GeoLite2-ASN.mmdb')

      -- request handler
      as = asndb:lookup(GetRemoteAddr())
      if as then
          asnum = as:get('autonomous_system_number')
          asorg = as:get('autonomous_system_organization')
          Write(EscapeHtml(asnum))
          Write(' ')
          Write(EscapeHtml(asorg))
      end

  For further details, please see maxmind.lua in redbean-demo.com.

────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

ARGON2 MODULE

  This module implemeents a password hashing algorithm based on blake2b
  that won the Password Hashing Competition.

  It can be used to securely store user passwords in your SQLite
  database, in a way that destroys the password, but can be verified by
  regenerating the hash again the next time the user logs in. Destroying
  the password is important, since if your database is compromised, the
  bad guys won't be able to use rainbow tables to recover the plain text
  of the passwords.

  Argon2 achieves this security by being expensive to compute. Care
  should be taken in choosing parameters, since an HTTP endpoint that
  uses Argon2 can just as easily become a denial of service vector. For
  example, you may want to consider throttling your login endpoint.

  argon2.hash_encoded(pass:str, salt:int[, config:table])
      ├─→ ascii:str
      └─→ nil, error:str

    Hashes password.

    This is consistent with the README of the reference implementation:

        >: assert(argon2.hash_encoded("password", "somesalt", {
               variant = argon2.variants.argon2_i,
               m_cost = 65536,
               hash_len = 24,
               parallelism = 4,
               t_cost = 2,
             }))
        "$argon2i$v=19$m=65536,t=2,p=4$c29tZXNhbHQ$RdescudvJCsgt3ub+b+dWRWJTmaaJObG"

    `pass` is the secret value to be encoded.

    `salt` is a nonce value used to hash the string.

    `config.m_cost` is the memory hardness in kibibytes, which defaults
    to 4096 (4 mibibytes). It's recommended that this be tuned upwards.

    `config.t_cost` is the number of iterations, which defaults to 3.

    `config.parallelism` is the parallelism factor, which defaults to 1.

    `config.hash_len` is the number of desired bytes in hash output,
    which defaults to 32.

    `config.variant` may be:

      - `argon2.variants.argon2_id` blend of other two methods [default]
      - `argon2.variants.argon2_i` maximize resistance to side-channel attacks
      - `argon2.variants.argon2_d` maximize resistance to gpu cracking attacks

  argon2.verify(encoded:str, pass:str)
      ├─→ ok:bool
      └─→ nil, error:str

    Verifies password, e.g.

        >: argon2.verify(
            "$argon2i$v=19$m=65536,t=2," ..
              "p=4$c29tZXNhbHQ$RdescudvJCsgt3ub+b+dWRWJTmaaJObG",
            "password")
        true

────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

UNIX MODULE

  This module exposes the low-level System Five system call interface.
  This module works on all supported platforms, including Windows NT.

  unix.open(path:str, flags:int[, mode:int[, dirfd:int]])
      ├─→ fd:int
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Opens file.

    Returns a file descriptor integer that needs to be closed, e.g.

        fd = assert(unix.open("/etc/passwd", unix.O_RDONLY))
        print(unix.read(fd))
        unix.close(fd)

    `flags` should have one of:

    - `O_RDONLY`:     open for reading (default)
    - `O_WRONLY`:     open for writing
    - `O_RDWR`:       open for reading and writing

    The following values may also be OR'd into `flags`:

     - `O_CREAT`      create file if it doesn't exist
     - `O_TRUNC`      automatic ftruncate(fd,0) if exists
     - `O_CLOEXEC`    automatic close() upon execve()
     - `O_EXCL`       exclusive access (see below)
     - `O_APPEND`     open file for append only
     - `O_NONBLOCK`   asks read/write to fail with EAGAIN rather than block
     - `O_DIRECT`     it's complicated (not supported on Apple and OpenBSD)
     - `O_DIRECTORY`  useful for stat'ing (hint on UNIX but required on NT)
     - `O_TMPFILE`    try to make temp more secure (Linux and Windows only)
     - `O_NOFOLLOW`   fail if it's a symlink (zero on Windows)
     - `O_DSYNC`      it's complicated (zero on non-Linux/Apple)
     - `O_RSYNC`      it's complicated (zero on non-Linux/Apple)
     - `O_PATH`       it's complicated (zero on non-Linux)
     - `O_VERIFY`     it's complicated (zero on non-FreeBSD)
     - `O_SHLOCK`     it's complicated (zero on non-BSD)
     - `O_EXLOCK`     it's complicated (zero on non-BSD)
     - `O_NOATIME`    don't record access time (zero on non-Linux)
     - `O_RANDOM`     hint random access intent (zero on non-Windows)
     - `O_SEQUENTIAL` hint sequential access intent (zero on non-Windows)
     - `O_COMPRESSED` ask fs to abstract compression (zero on non-Windows)
     - `O_INDEXED`    turns on that slow performance (zero on non-Windows)

     There are three regular combinations for the above flags:

     - `O_RDONLY`: Opens existing file for reading. If it doesn't
       exist then nil is returned and errno will be `ENOENT` (or in
       some other cases `ENOTDIR`).

     - `O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC`: Creates file. If it already
       exists, then the existing copy is destroyed and the opened
       file will start off with a length of zero. This is the
       behavior of the traditional creat() system call.

     - `O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_EXCL`: Create file only if doesn't exist
       already. If it does exist then `nil` is returned along with
       `errno` set to `EEXIST`.

    `dirfd` defaults to to `unix.AT_FDCWD` and may optionally be set to
    a directory file descriptor to which `path` is relative.

    Returns `ENOENT` if `path` doesn't exist.

    Returns `ENOTDIR` if `path` contained a directory component that
    wasn't a directory.

  unix.close(fd:int)
      ├─→ true
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Closes file descriptor.

  unix.read(fd:int[, bufsiz:str[, offset:int]])
      ├─→ data:str
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Reads from file descriptor.

  unix.write(fd:int, data:str[, offset:int])
      ├─→ wrotebytes:int
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Writes to file descriptor.

  unix.exit([exitcode:int])
      └─→ ⊥

    Invokes `_Exit(exitcode)` on the process. This will immediately
    halt the current process. Memory will be freed. File descriptors
    will be closed. Any open connections it owns will be reset. This
    function never returns.

  unix.environ()
      └─→ {str,...}

    Returns raw environment variables.

    This allocates and constructs the C/C++ `environ` variable as a Lua
    table consisting of string keys and string values.

    This data structure preserves casing. On Windows NT, by convention,
    environment variable keys are treated in a case-insensitive way. It
    is the responsibility of the caller to consider this.

    This data structure preserves valueless variables. It's possible on
    both UNIX and Windows to have an environment variable without an
    equals, even though it's unusual.

    This data structure preserves duplicates. For example, on Windows,
    there's some irregular uses of environment variables such as how the
    command prompt inserts multiple environment variables with empty
    string as keys, for its internal bookkeeping.

  unix.fork()
      ├─┬─→ 0
      │ └─→ childpid:int
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Creates a new process mitosis style.

    This system call returns twice. The parent process gets the nonzero
    pid. The child gets zero.

    Here's some benchmarks for fork() performance across platforms:

        Linux 5.4 fork      l:     97,200𝑐    31,395𝑛𝑠  [metal]
        FreeBSD 12 fork     l:    236,089𝑐    78,841𝑛𝑠  [vmware]
        Darwin 20.6 fork    l:    295,325𝑐    81,738𝑛𝑠  [metal]
        NetBSD 9 fork       l:  5,832,027𝑐 1,947,899𝑛𝑠  [vmware]
        OpenBSD 6.8 fork    l: 13,241,940𝑐 4,422,103𝑛𝑠  [vmware]
        Windows10 fork      l: 18,802,239𝑐 6,360,271𝑛𝑠  [metal]

    One of the benefits of using fork() is it creates an isolation
    barrier between the different parts of your app. This can lead to
    enhanced reliability and security. For example, redbean uses fork so
    it can wipe your ssl keys from memory before handing over control to
    request handlers that process untrusted input. It also ensures that
    if your Lua app crashes, it won't take down the server as a whole.
    Hence it should come as no surprise that fork() would go slower on
    operating systems that have more security features. So depending on
    your use case, you can choose the operating system that suits you.

  unix.commandv(prog:str)
      ├─→ path:str
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Performs `$PATH` lookup of executable.

        unix = require 'unix'
        prog = assert(unix.commandv('ls'))
        unix.execve(prog, {prog, '-hal', '.'}, {'PATH=/bin'})
        unix.exit(127)

    We automatically suffix `.com` and `.exe` for all platforms when
    path searching. By default, the current directory is not on the
    path. If `prog` is an absolute path, then it's returned as-is. If
    `prog` contains slashes then it's not path searched either and will
    be returned if it exists.

  unix.execve(prog:str[, args:List<*>, env:List<*>])
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Exits current process, replacing it with a new instance of the
    specified program. `prog` needs to be an absolute path, see
    commandv(). `env` defaults to to the current `environ`. Here's
    a basic usage example:

        unix.execve("/bin/ls", {"/bin/ls", "-hal"}, {"PATH=/bin"})
        unix.exit(127)

    `prog` needs to be the resolved pathname of your executable. You
    can use commandv() to search your `PATH`.

    `args` is a string list table. The first element in `args`
    should be `prog`. Values are coerced to strings. This parameter
    defaults to `{prog}`.

    `env` is a string list table. Values are coerced to strings. No
    ordering requirement is imposed. By convention, each string has its
    key and value divided by an equals sign without spaces. If this
    paremeter is not specified, it'll default to the C/C++ `environ`
    variable which is inherited from the shell that launched redbean.
    It's the responsibility of the user to supply a sanitized environ
    when spawning untrusted processes.

    execve() is normally called after fork() returns 0. If that isn't
    the case, then your redbean worker will be destroyed.

    This function never returns on success.

    `EAGAIN` is returned if you've enforced a max number of
    processes using `setrlimit(RLIMIT_NPROC)`.

  unix.dup(oldfd:int[, newfd:int[, flags:int]])
      ├─→ newfd:int
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Duplicates file descriptor.

    `newfd` defaults to the lowest number available file descriptor.
    If the new number is specified and it's already open, then it'll
    be silently closed before the duplication happens.

    `flags` can have `O_CLOEXEC` which means the returned file
    descriptors will be automatically closed upon execve().

  unix.pipe([flags:int])
      ├─→ reader:int, writer:int
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Creates fifo which enables communication between processes.

    `flags` may have any combination (using bitwise OR) of:

    - `O_CLOEXEC`: Automatically close file descriptor upon execve()

    - `O_NONBLOCK`: Request `EAGAIN` be raised rather than blocking

    - `O_DIRECT`: Enable packet mode w/ atomic reads and writes, so long
      as they're no larger than `PIPE_BUF` (guaranteed to be 512+ bytes)
      with support limited to Linux, Windows NT, FreeBSD, and NetBSD.

    Returns two file descriptors: one for reading and one for writing.

    Here's an example of how pipe(), fork(), dup(), etc. may be used
    to serve an HTTP response containing the output of a subprocess.

        local unix = require "unix"
        ls = assert(unix.commandv("ls"))
        reader, writer = assert(unix.pipe())
        if assert(unix.fork()) == 0 then
           unix.close(1)
           unix.dup(writer)
           unix.close(writer)
           unix.close(reader)
           unix.execve(ls, {ls, "-Shal"})
           unix.exit(127)
        else
           unix.close(writer)
           SetHeader('Content-Type', 'text/plain')
           while true do
              data, err = unix.read(reader)
              if data then
                 if data ~= "" then
                    Write(data)
                 else
                    break
                 end
              elseif err:errno() ~= EINTR then
                 Log(kLogWarn, tostring(err))
                 break
              end
           end
           assert(unix.close(reader))
           assert(unix.wait())
        end

  unix.wait([pid:int[, options:int]])
      ├─→ pid:int, wstatus:int, unix.Rusage
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Waits for subprocess to terminate.

    `pid` defaults to `-1` which means any child process. Setting
    `pid` to `0` is equivalent to `-getpid()`. If `pid < -1` then
    that means wait for any pid in the process group `-pid`. Then
    lastly if `pid > 0` then this waits for a specific process id

    Options may have `WNOHANG` which means don't block, check for
    the existence of processes that are already dead (technically
    speaking zombies) and if so harvest them immediately.

    Returns the process id of the child that terminated. In other
    cases, the returned `pid` is nil and `errno` is non-nil.

    The returned `wstatus` contains information about the process
    exit status. It's a complicated integer and there's functions
    that can help interpret it. For example:

        -- wait for zombies
        -- traditional technique for SIGCHLD handlers
        while true do
           pid, status = unix.wait(-1, unix.WNOHANG)
           if pid then
              if unix.WIFEXITED(status) then
                 print('child', pid, 'exited with',
                       unix.WEXITSTATUS(status))
              elseif unix.WIFSIGNALED(status) then
                 print('child', pid, 'crashed with',
                       unix.strsignal(unix.WTERMSIG(status)))
              end
           elseif status:errno() == unix.ECHILD then
              Log(kLogDebug, 'no more zombies')
              break
           else
              Log(kLogWarn, tostring(err))
              break
           end
        end

  unix.WIFEXITED(wstatus:int)
      └─→ bool

    Returns true if process exited cleanly.

  unix.WEXITSTATUS(wstatus:int)
      └─→ exitcode:uint8

    Returns code passed to exit() assuming `WIFEXITED(wstatus)` is true.

  unix.WIFSIGNALED(wstatus:int)
      └─→ bool

    Returns true if process terminated due to a signal.

  unix.WTERMSIG(wstatus:int)
      └─→ sig:uint8

    Returns signal that caused process to terminate assuming
    `WIFSIGNALED(wstatus)` is true.

  unix.getpid()
      └─→ pid:int

    Returns process id of current process.

    This function does not fail.

  unix.getppid()
      └─→ pid:int

    Returns process id of parent process.

    This function does not fail.

  unix.kill(pid:int, sig:int)
      ├─→ true
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Sends signal to process(es).

    The impact of this action can be terminating the process, or
    interrupting it to request something happen.

    `pid` can be:

    - `pid > 0` signals one process by id
    - `== 0`    signals all processes in current process group
    - `-1`      signals all processes possible (except init)
    - `< -1`    signals all processes in -pid process group

    `sig` can be:

    - `0`       checks both if pid exists and we can signal it
    - `SIGINT`  sends ctrl-c keyboard interrupt
    - `SIGQUIT` sends backtrace and exit signal
    - `SIGTERM` sends shutdown signal
    - etc.

    Windows NT only supports the kill() signals required by the ANSI C89
    standard, which are `SIGINT` and `SIGQUIT`. All other signals on the
    Windows platform that are sent to another process via kill() will be
    treated like `SIGKILL`.

  unix.raise(sig:int)
      ├─→ rc:int
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Triggers signal in current process.

    This is pretty much the same as `kill(getpid(), sig)`.

  unix.access(path:str, how:int[, flags:int[, dirfd:int]])
      ├─→ true
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Checks if effective user of current process has permission to access
    file. `how` can be `R_OK`, `W_OK`, `X_OK`, or `F_OK` to check for
    read, write, execute, and existence respectively.

    `flags` may have any of:

    - `AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW`: do not follow symbolic links.

  unix.mkdir(path:str[, mode:int[, dirfd:int]])
      ├─→ true
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Makes directory.

    `path` is the path of the directory you wish to create.

    `mode` is octal permission bits, e.g. `0755`.

    Fails with `EEXIST` if `path` already exists, whether it be a
    directory or a file.

    Fails with `ENOENT` if the parent directory of the directory you
    want to create doesn't exist. For making `a/really/long/path/`
    consider using makedirs() instead.

    Fails with `ENOTDIR` if a parent directory component existed that
    wasn't a directory.

    Fails with `EACCES` if the parent directory doesn't grant write
    permission to the current user.

    Fails with `ENAMETOOLONG` if the path is too long.

  unix.makedirs(path:str[, mode:int])
      ├─→ true
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Makes directories.

    Unlike mkdir() this convenience wrapper will automatically create
    parent parent directories as needed. If the directory already exists
    then, unlike mkdir() which returns EEXIST, the makedirs() function
    will return success.

    `path` is the path of the directory you wish to create.

    `mode` is octal permission bits, e.g. `0755`.

  unix.chdir(path:str)
      ├─→ true
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Changes current directory to `path`.

  unix.unlink(path:str[, dirfd:int])
      ├─→ true
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Removes file at `path`.

    If `path` refers to a symbolic link, the link is removed.

    Returns `EISDIR` if `path` refers to a directory. See rmdir().

  unix.rmdir(path:str[, dirfd:int])
      ├─→ true
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Removes empty directory at `path`.

    Returns `ENOTDIR` if `path` isn't a directory, or a path component
    in `path` exists yet wasn't a directory.

  unix.rename(oldpath:str, newpath:str[, olddirfd:int, newdirfd:int])
      ├─→ true
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Renames file or directory.

  unix.link(existingpath:str, newpath:str[, flags:int[, olddirfd, newdirfd]])
      ├─→ true
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Creates hard link, so your underlying inode has two names.

  unix.symlink(target:str, linkpath:str[, newdirfd:int])
      ├─→ true
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Creates symbolic link.

    On Windows NT a symbolic link is called a "reparse point" and can
    only be created from an administrator account. Your redbean will
    automatically request the appropriate permissions.

  unix.readlink(path:str[, dirfd:int])
      ├─→ content:str
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Reads contents of symbolic link.

    Note that broken links are supported on all platforms. A symbolic
    link can contain just about anything. It's important to not assume
    that `content` will be a valid filename.

    On Windows NT, this function transliterates `\` to `/` and
    furthermore prefixes `//?/` to WIN32 DOS-style absolute paths,
    thereby assisting with simple absolute filename checks in addition
    to enabling one to exceed the traditional 260 character limit.

  unix.realpath(path:str)
      ├─→ path:str
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Returns absolute path of filename, with `.` and `..` components
    removed, and symlinks will be resolved.

  unix.utimensat(path[, asecs, ananos, msecs, mnanos[, dirfd[, flags]]])
      ├─→ 0
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Changes access and/or modified timestamps on file.

    `path` is a string with the name of the file.

    The `asecs` and `ananos` parameters set the access time. If they're
    none or nil, the current time will be used.

    The `msecs` and `mnanos` parameters set the modified time. If
    they're none or nil, the current time will be used.

    The nanosecond parameters (`ananos` and `mnanos`) must be on the
    interval [0,1000000000) or `unix.EINVAL` is raised. On XNU this is
    truncated to microsecond precision. On Windows NT, it's truncated to
    hectonanosecond precision. These nanosecond parameters may also be
    set to one of the following special values:

    - `unix.UTIME_NOW`: Fill this timestamp with current time. This
      feature is not available on old versions of Linux, e.g. RHEL5.

    - `unix.UTIME_OMIT`: Do not alter this timestamp. This feature is
      not available on old versions of Linux, e.g. RHEL5.

    `dirfd` is a file descriptor integer opened with `O_DIRECTORY`
    that's used for relative path names. It defaults to `unix.AT_FDCWD`.

    `flags` may have have any of the following flags bitwise or'd

    - `AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW`: Do not follow symbolic links. This makes it
      possible to edit the timestamps on the symbolic link itself,
      rather than the file it points to.

  unix.futimens(fd:int[, asecs, ananos, msecs, mnanos])
      ├─→ 0
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Changes access and/or modified timestamps on file descriptor.

    `fd` is the file descriptor of a file opened with `unix.open`.

    The `asecs` and `ananos` parameters set the access time. If they're
    none or nil, the current time will be used.

    The `msecs` and `mnanos` parameters set the modified time. If
    they're none or nil, the current time will be used.

    The nanosecond parameters (`ananos` and `mnanos`) must be on the
    interval [0,1000000000) or `unix.EINVAL` is raised. On XNU this is
    truncated to microsecond precision. On Windows NT, it's truncated to
    hectonanosecond precision. These nanosecond parameters may also be
    set to one of the following special values:

    - `unix.UTIME_NOW`: Fill this timestamp with current time.

    - `unix.UTIME_OMIT`: Do not alter this timestamp.

    This system call is currently not available on very old versions of
    Linux, e.g. RHEL5.

  unix.chown(path:str, uid:int, gid:int[, flags:int[, dirfd:int]])
      ├─→ true
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Changes user and group on file.

    Returns `ENOSYS` on Windows NT.

  unix.chmod(path:str, mode:int[, flags:int[, dirfd:int]])
      ├─→ true
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Changes mode bits on file.

    On Windows NT the chmod system call only changes the read-only
    status of a file.

  unix.getcwd()
      ├─→ path:str
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Returns current working directory.

    On Windows NT, this function transliterates `\` to `/` and
    furthermore prefixes `//?/` to WIN32 DOS-style absolute paths,
    thereby assisting with simple absolute filename checks in addition
    to enabling one to exceed the traditional 260 character limit.

  unix.fcntl(fd:int, cmd:int, ...)
      ├─→ ...
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Manipulates file descriptor.

    Setting `cmd` to `F_GETFD`, `F_SETFD`, `F_GETFL` or `F_SETFL`
    lets you query and/or change the status of file descriptors. For
    example, it's possible using this to change `FD_CLOEXEC`.

    [work in progress] POSIX advisory locks can be controlled by setting
    `cmd` to `F_UNLCK`, `F_RDLCK`, `F_WRLCK`, `F_SETLK`, or `F_SETLKW`.

  unix.getsid(pid:int)
      ├─→ sid:int
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Gets session id.

  unix.getpgrp()
      ├─→ pgid:int
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Gets process group id.

  unix.setpgrp()
      ├─→ pgid:int
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Sets process group id. This is the same as `setpgid(0,0)`.

  unix.setpgid(pid:int, pgid:int)
      ├─→ true
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Sets process group id the modern way.

  unix.getpgid(pid:int)
      ├─→ pgid:int
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Gets process group id the modern way.

  unix.setsid()
      ├─→ sid:int
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Sets session id.

    This function can be used to create daemons.

    Fails with `ENOSYS` on Windows NT.

  unix.getuid()
      └─→ uid:int

    Gets real user id.

    On Windows this system call is polyfilled by running GetUserNameW()
    through Knuth's multiplicative hash.

    This function does not fail.

  unix.getgid()
      └─→ gid:int

    Sets real group id.

    On Windows this system call is polyfilled as getuid().

    This function does not fail.

  unix.geteuid()
      └─→ uid:int

    Gets effective user id.

    For example, if your redbean is a setuid binary, then getuid() will
    return the uid of the user running the program, and geteuid() shall
    return zero which means root, assuming that's the file owning user.

    On Windows this system call is polyfilled as getuid().

    This function does not fail.

  unix.getegid()
      └─→ gid:int

    Gets effective group id.

    On Windows this system call is polyfilled as getuid().

    This function does not fail.

  unix.chroot(path:str)
      ├─→ true
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Changes root directory.

    Returns `ENOSYS` on Windows NT.

  unix.setuid(uid:int)
      ├─→ true
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Sets user id.

    One use case for this function is dropping root privileges. Should
    you ever choose to run redbean as root and decide not to use the
    `-G` and `-U` flags, you can replicate that behavior in the Lua
    processes you spawn as follows:

        ok, err = unix.setgid(1000)  -- check your /etc/groups
        if not ok then Log(kLogFatal, tostring(err)) end
        ok, err = unix.setuid(1000)  -- check your /etc/passwd
        if not ok then Log(kLogFatal, tostring(err)) end

    If your goal is to relinquish privileges because redbean is a setuid
    binary, then things are more straightforward:

        ok, err = unix.setgid(unix.getgid())
        if not ok then Log(kLogFatal, tostring(err)) end
        ok, err = unix.setuid(unix.getuid())
        if not ok then Log(kLogFatal, tostring(err)) end

    See also the setresuid() function and be sure to refer to your local
    system manual about the subtleties of changing user id in a way that
    isn't restorable.

    Returns `ENOSYS` on Windows NT if `uid` isn't `getuid()`.

  unix.setgid(gid:int)
      ├─→ true
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Sets group id.

    Returns `ENOSYS` on Windows NT if `gid` isn't `getgid()`.

  unix.setresuid(real:int, effective:int, saved:int)
      ├─→ true
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Sets real, effective, and saved user ids.

    If any of the above parameters are -1, then it's a no-op.

    Returns `ENOSYS` on Windows NT.
    Returns `ENOSYS` on Macintosh and NetBSD if `saved` isn't -1.

  unix.setresgid(real:int, effective:int, saved:int)
      ├─→ true
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Sets real, effective, and saved group ids.

    If any of the above parameters are -1, then it's a no-op.

    Returns `ENOSYS` on Windows NT.
    Returns `ENOSYS` on Macintosh and NetBSD if `saved` isn't -1.

  unix.umask(newmask:int)
      └─→ oldmask:int

    Sets file permission mask and returns the old one.

    This is used to remove bits from the `mode` parameter of functions
    like open() and mkdir(). The masks typically used are 027 and 022.
    Those masks ensure that, even if a file is created with 0666 bits,
    it'll be turned into 0640 or 0644 so that users other than the owner
    can't modify it.

    To read the mask without changing it, try doing this:

        mask = unix.umask(027)
        unix.umask(mask)

    On Windows NT this is a no-op and `mask` is returned.

    This function does not fail.

  unix.syslog(priority:int, msg:str)

    Generates a log message, which will be distributed by syslogd.

    `priority` is a bitmask containing the facility value and the level
    value. If no facility value is ORed into priority, then the default
    value set by openlog() is used. If set to NULL, the program name is
    used. Level is one of `LOG_EMERG`, `LOG_ALERT`, `LOG_CRIT`,
    `LOG_ERR`, `LOG_WARNING`, `LOG_NOTICE`, `LOG_INFO`, `LOG_DEBUG`.

    This function currently works on Linux, Windows, and NetBSD. On
    WIN32 it uses the ReportEvent() facility.

  unix.clock_gettime([clock:int])
      ├─→ seconds:int, nanos:int
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Returns nanosecond precision timestamp from system, e.g.

        >: unix.clock_gettime()
        1651137352      774458779
        >: Benchmark(unix.clock_gettime)
        126     393     571     1

    `clock` can be any one of of:

    - `CLOCK_REALTIME`: universally supported
    - `CLOCK_REALTIME_FAST`: ditto but faster on freebsd
    - `CLOCK_MONOTONIC`: universally supported
    - `CLOCK_MONOTONIC_FAST`: ditto but faster on freebsd
    - `CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW`: nearly universally supported
    - `CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID`: linux and bsd
    - `CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID`: linux and bsd
    - `CLOCK_REALTIME_COARSE`: : linux and openbsd
    - `CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE`: linux
    - `CLOCK_PROF`: linux and netbsd
    - `CLOCK_BOOTTIME`: linux and openbsd
    - `CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM`: linux-only
    - `CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM`: linux-only
    - `CLOCK_TAI`: linux-only

    Returns `EINVAL` if clock isn't supported on platform.

    This function only fails if `clock` is invalid.

    This function goes fastest on Linux and Windows.

  unix.nanosleep(seconds:int, nanos:int)
      ├─→ remseconds:int, remnanos:int
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Sleeps with nanosecond precision.

    Returns `EINTR` if a signal was received while waiting.

  unix.sync()
  unix.fsync(fd:int)
      ├─→ true
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno
  unix.fdatasync(fd:int)
      ├─→ true
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    These functions are used to make programs slower by asking the
    operating system to flush data to the physical medium.

  unix.lseek(fd:int, offset:int[, whence:int])
      ├─→ newposbytes:int
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Seeks to file position.

    `whence` can be one of:

    - `SEEK_SET`: Sets the file position to `offset`
    - `SEEK_CUR`: Sets the file position to `position + offset`
    - `SEEK_END`: Sets the file position to `filesize + offset`

    Returns the new position relative to the start of the file.

  unix.truncate(path:str[, length:int])
      ├─→ true
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Reduces or extends underlying physical medium of file.
    If file was originally larger, content >length is lost.

    `length` defaults to zero.

  unix.ftruncate(fd:int[, length:int])
      ├─→ true
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Reduces or extends underlying physical medium of open file.
    If file was originally larger, content >length is lost.

    `length` defaults to zero.

  unix.socket([family:int[, type:int[, protocol:int]]])
      ├─→ fd:int
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    `family` defaults to `AF_INET` and can be:

    - `AF_INET`: Creates Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) socket.

    - `AF_UNIX`: Creates local UNIX domain socket. On the New Technology
      this requires Windows 10 and only works with `SOCK_STREAM`.

    `type` defaults to `SOCK_STREAM` and can be:

    - `SOCK_STREAM`
    - `SOCK_DGRAM`
    - `SOCK_RAW`
    - `SOCK_RDM`
    - `SOCK_SEQPACKET`

    You may bitwise OR any of the following into `type`:

    - `SOCK_CLOEXEC`
    - `SOCK_NONBLOCK`

    `protocol` defaults to `IPPROTO_TCP` for AF_INET` and `0` for
    `AF_UNIX`. It can also be:

    - `IPPROTO_IP`
    - `IPPROTO_ICMP`
    - `IPPROTO_TCP`
    - `IPPROTO_UDP`
    - `IPPROTO_RAW`

  unix.socketpair([family:int[, type:int[, protocol:int]]])
      ├─→ fd1:int, fd2:int
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Creates bidirectional pipe.

    `family` defaults to `AF_UNIX`.

    `type` defaults to `SOCK_STREAM` and can be:

    - `SOCK_STREAM`
    - `SOCK_DGRAM`
    - `SOCK_SEQPACKET`

    You may bitwise OR any of the following into `type`:

    - `SOCK_CLOEXEC`
    - `SOCK_NONBLOCK`

    `protocol` defaults to `0`.

  unix.bind(fd:int[, ip:uint32, port:uint16])
  unix.bind(fd:int[, unixpath:str])
      ├─→ true
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Binds socket.

    `ip` and `port` are in host endian order. For example, if you
    wanted to listen on `1.2.3.4:31337` you could do any of these

        unix.bind(sock, 0x01020304, 31337)
        unix.bind(sock, ParseIp('1.2.3.4'), 31337)
        unix.bind(sock, 1 << 24 | 0 << 16 | 0 << 8 | 1, 31337)

    `ip` and `port` both default to zero. The meaning of bind(0, 0)
    is to listen on all interfaces with a kernel-assigned ephemeral
    port number, that can be retrieved and used as follows:

        sock = assert(unix.socket())  -- create ipv4 tcp socket
        assert(unix.bind(sock))       -- all interfaces ephemeral port
        ip, port = assert(unix.getsockname(sock))
        print("listening on ip", FormatIp(ip), "port", port)
        assert(unix.listen(sock))
        while true do
           client, clientip, clientport = assert(unix.accept(sock))
           print("got client ip", FormatIp(clientip), "port", clientport)
           unix.close(client)
        end

    Further note that calling `unix.bind(sock)` is equivalent to not
    calling bind() at all, since the above behavior is the default.

  unix.siocgifconf()
      ├─→ {{name:str,ip:uint32,netmask:uint32}, ...}
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Returns list of network adapter addresses.

  unix.getsockopt(fd:int, level:int, optname:int) → ...
  unix.setsockopt(fd:int, level:int, optname:int, ...) → ok:bool, unix.Errno

    Tunes networking parameters.

    `level` and `optname` may be one of the following. The ellipses type
    signature above changes depending on which options are used.

    unix.getsockopt(fd:int, level:int, optname:int)
        ├─→ value:int
        └─→ nil, unix.Errno
    unix.setsockopt(fd:int, level:int, optname:int, value:bool)
        ├─→ true
        └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    - `SOL_SOCKET` + `SO_TYPE`
    - `SOL_SOCKET` + `SO_DEBUG`
    - `SOL_SOCKET` + `SO_ACCEPTCONN`
    - `SOL_SOCKET` + `SO_BROADCAST`
    - `SOL_SOCKET` + `SO_REUSEADDR`
    - `SOL_SOCKET` + `SO_REUSEPORT`
    - `SOL_SOCKET` + `SO_KEEPALIVE`
    - `SOL_SOCKET` + `SO_DONTROUTE`
    - `SOL_TCP` + `TCP_NODELAY`
    - `SOL_TCP` + `TCP_CORK`
    - `SOL_TCP` + `TCP_QUICKACK`
    - `SOL_TCP` + `TCP_FASTOPEN_CONNECT`
    - `SOL_TCP` + `TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT`
    - `SOL_IP` + `IP_HDRINCL`

    unix.getsockopt(fd:int, level:int, optname:int)
        ├─→ value:int
        └─→ nil, unix.Errno
    unix.setsockopt(fd:int, level:int, optname:int, value:int)
        ├─→ true
        └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    - `SOL_SOCKET` + `SO_SNDBUF`
    - `SOL_SOCKET` + `SO_RCVBUF`
    - `SOL_SOCKET` + `SO_RCVLOWAT`
    - `SOL_SOCKET` + `SO_SNDLOWAT`
    - `SOL_TCP` + `TCP_KEEPIDLE`
    - `SOL_TCP` + `TCP_KEEPINTVL`
    - `SOL_TCP` + `TCP_FASTOPEN`
    - `SOL_TCP` + `TCP_KEEPCNT`
    - `SOL_TCP` + `TCP_MAXSEG`
    - `SOL_TCP` + `TCP_SYNCNT`
    - `SOL_TCP` + `TCP_NOTSENT_LOWAT`
    - `SOL_TCP` + `TCP_WINDOW_CLAMP`
    - `SOL_IP` + `IP_TOS`
    - `SOL_IP` + `IP_MTU`
    - `SOL_IP` + `IP_TTL`

    unix.getsockopt(fd:int, level:int, optname:int)
        ├─→ secs:int, nsecs:int
        └─→ nil, unix.Errno
    unix.setsockopt(fd:int, level:int, optname:int, secs:int[, nanos:int])
        ├─→ true
        └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    - `SOL_SOCKET` + `SO_RCVTIMEO`: If this option is specified then
      your stream socket will have a read() / recv() timeout. If the
      specified interval elapses without receiving data, then EAGAIN
      shall be returned by read. If this option is used on listening
      sockets, it'll be inherited by accepted sockets. Your redbean
      already does this for GetClientFd() based on the `-t` flag.

    - `SOL_SOCKET` + `SO_SNDTIMEO`: This is the same as `SO_RCVTIMEO`
      but it applies to the write() / send() functions.

    unix.getsockopt(fd:int, unix.SOL_SOCKET, unix.SO_LINGER)
        ├─→ seconds:int, enabled:bool
        └─→ nil, unix.Errno
    unix.setsockopt(fd:int, unix.SOL_SOCKET, unix.SO_LINGER, secs:int, enabled:bool)
        ├─→ true
        └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    This `SO_LINGER` parameter can be used to make close() a blocking
    call. Normally when the kernel returns immediately when it receives
    close(). Sometimes it's desirable to have extra assurance on errors
    happened, even if it comes at the cost of performance.

    Returns `EINVAL` if settings other than the above are used.

    Returns `ENOSYS` if setting isn't supported by the host OS.

  unix.poll({[fd:int]=events:int, ...}[, timeoutms:int])
      ├─→ {[fd:int]=revents:int, ...}
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Checks for events on a set of file descriptors.

    The table of file descriptors to poll uses sparse integer keys. Any
    pairs with non-integer keys will be ignored. Pairs with negative
    keys are ignored by poll(). The returned table will be a subset of
    the supplied file descriptors.

    `timeoutms` is the number of seconds to block. If this is set to -1
    then that means block as long as it takes until there's an event or
    an interrupt. If the timeout expires, an empty table is returned.

  unix.gethostname()
      ├─→ host:str
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Returns hostname of system.

  unix.listen(fd:int[, backlog:int])
      ├─→ true
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Begins listening for incoming connections on a socket.

  unix.accept(serverfd:int[, flags:int])
      ├─→ clientfd:int, ip:uint32, port:uint16
      ├─→ clientfd:int, unixpath:str
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Accepts new client socket descriptor for a listening tcp socket.

    `flags` may have any combination (using bitwise OR) of:

    - `SOCK_CLOEXEC`
    - `SOCK_NONBLOCK`

  unix.connect(fd:int, ip:uint32, port:uint16)
  unix.connect(fd:int, unixpath:str)
      ├─→ true
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Connects a TCP socket to a remote host.

    With TCP this is a blocking operation. For a UDP socket it simply
    remembers the intended address so that send() or write() may be used
    rather than sendto().

  unix.getsockname(fd:int)
      ├─→ ip:uint32, port:uint16
      ├─→ unixpath:str
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Retrieves the local address of a socket.

  unix.getpeername(fd:int)
      ├─→ ip:uint32, port:uint16
      ├─→ unixpath:str
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Retrieves the remote address of a socket.

    This operation will either fail on `AF_UNIX` sockets or return an
    empty string.

  unix.recv(fd:int[, bufsiz:int[, flags:int]])
      ├─→ data:str
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    `flags` may have any combination (using bitwise OR) of:

    - `MSG_WAITALL`
    - `MSG_DONTROUTE`
    - `MSG_PEEK`
    - `MSG_OOB`

  unix.recvfrom(fd:int[, bufsiz:int[, flags:int]])
      ├─→ data:str, ip:uint32, port:uint16
      ├─→ data:str, unixpath:str
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    `flags` may have any combination (using bitwise OR) of:

    - `MSG_WAITALL`
    - `MSG_DONTROUTE`
    - `MSG_PEEK`
    - `MSG_OOB`

  unix.send(fd:int, data:str[, flags:int])
      ├─→ sent:int
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    This is the same as `write` except it has a `flags` argument
    that's intended for sockets.

    `flags` may have any combination (using bitwise OR) of:

    - `MSG_OOB`
    - `MSG_DONTROUTE`
    - `MSG_NOSIGNAL`

  unix.sendto(fd:int, data:str, ip:uint32, port:uint16[, flags:int])
  unix.sendto(fd:int, data:str, unixpath:str[, flags:int])
      ├─→ sent:int
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    This is useful for sending messages over UDP sockets to specific
    addresses.

    `flags` may have any combination (using bitwise OR) of:

    - `MSG_OOB`
    - `MSG_DONTROUTE`
    - `MSG_NOSIGNAL`

  unix.shutdown(fd:int, how:int)
      ├─→ true
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Partially closes socket.

    `how` is set to one of:

    - `SHUT_RD`: sends a tcp half close for reading
    - `SHUT_WR`: sends a tcp half close for writing
    - `SHUT_RDWR`

    This system call currently has issues on Macintosh, so portable code
    should log rather than assert failures reported by shutdown().

  unix.sigprocmask(how:int, newmask:unix.Sigset)
      ├─→ oldmask:unix.Sigset
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Manipulates bitset of signals blocked by process.

    `how` can be one of:

    - `SIG_BLOCK`: applies `mask` to set of blocked signals using bitwise OR
    - `SIG_UNBLOCK`: removes bits in `mask` from set of blocked signals
    - `SIG_SETMASK`: replaces process signal mask with `mask`

    `mask` is a unix.Sigset() object (see section below).

    For example, to temporarily block `SIGTERM` and `SIGINT` so critical
    work won't be interrupted, sigprocmask() can be used as follows:

        newmask = unix.Sigset(unix.SIGTERM)
        oldmask = assert(unix.sigprocmask(unix.SIG_BLOCK, newmask))
        -- do something...
        assert(unix.sigprocmask(unix.SIG_SETMASK, oldmask))

  unix.sigaction(sig:int[, handler:func|int[, flags:int[, mask:unix.Sigset]]])
      ├─→ oldhandler:func|int, flags:int, mask:unix.Sigset
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    `sig` can be one of:

    - `unix.SIGINT`
    - `unix.SIGQUIT`
    - `unix.SIGTERM`
    - etc.

    `handler` can be:

    - Lua function
    - `unix.SIG_IGN`
    - `unix.SIG_DFL`

    `flags` can have:

    - `unix.SA_RESTART`: Enables BSD signal handling semantics. Normally
      i/o entrypoints check for pending signals to deliver. If one gets
      delivered during an i/o call, the normal behavior is to cancel the
      i/o operation and return -1 with `EINTR` in errno. If you use the
      `SA_RESTART` flag then that behavior changes, so that any function
      that's been annotated with @restartable will not return `EINTR`
      and will instead resume the i/o operation. This makes coding
      easier but it can be an anti-pattern if not used carefully, since
      poor usage can easily result in latency issues. It also requires
      one to do more work in signal handlers, so special care needs to
      be given to which C library functions are @asyncsignalsafe.

    - `unix.SA_RESETHAND`: Causes signal handler to be single-shot. This
      means that, upon entry of delivery to a signal handler, it's reset
      to the `SIG_DFL` handler automatically. You may use the alias
      `SA_ONESHOT` for this flag, which means the same thing.

    - `unix.SA_NODEFER`: Disables the reentrancy safety check on your signal
      handler. Normally that's a good thing, since for instance if your
      `SIGSEGV` signal handler happens to segfault, you're going to want
      your process to just crash rather than looping endlessly. But in
      some cases it's desirable to use `SA_NODEFER` instead, such as at
      times when you wish to `longjmp()` out of your signal handler and
      back into your program. This is only safe to do across platforms
      for non-crashing signals such as `SIGCHLD` and `SIGINT`. Crash
      handlers should use Xed instead to recover execution, because on
      Windows a `SIGSEGV` or `SIGTRAP` crash handler might happen on a
      separate stack and/or a separate thread. You may use the alias
      `SA_NOMASK` for this flag, which means the same thing.

    - `unix.SA_NOCLDWAIT`: Changes `SIGCHLD` so the zombie is gone and
      you can't call wait() anymore; similar but may still deliver the
      SIGCHLD.

    - `unix.SA_NOCLDSTOP`: Lets you set `SIGCHLD` handler that's only
      notified on exit/termination and not notified on `SIGSTOP`,
      `SIGTSTP`, `SIGTTIN`, `SIGTTOU`, or `SIGCONT`.

    Example:

        assert(unix.sigaction(unix.SIGUSR1, function(sig)
           gotsigusr1 = true
        end))
        gotsigusr1 = false
        assert(unix.raise(unix.SIGUSR1))
        ok, err = unix.sigsuspend()
        assert(err:errno == unix.EINTR)
        if gotsigusr1
           print('hooray the signal was delivered')
        else
           print('oh no some other signal was handled')
        end

    It's a good idea to not do too much work in a signal handler.

  unix.sigsuspend([mask:Sigmask])
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Waits for signal to be delivered.

    The signal mask is temporarily replaced with `mask` during this
    system call. `mask` specifies which signals should be blocked.

  unix.setitimer(which[, intervalsec, intns, valuesec, valuens])
      ├─→ intervalsec:int, intervalns:int, valuesec:int, valuens:int
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Causes `SIGALRM` signals to be generated at some point(s) in the
    future. The `which` parameter should be `ITIMER_REAL`.

    Here's an example of how to create a 400 ms interval timer:

        ticks = 0
        assert(unix.sigaction(unix.SIGALRM, function(sig)
           print('tick no. %d' % {ticks})
           ticks = ticks + 1
        end))
        assert(unix.setitimer(unix.ITIMER_REAL, 0, 400e6, 0, 400e6))
        while true do
           unix.sigsuspend()
        end

    Here's how you'd do a single-shot timeout in 1 second:

        unix.sigaction(unix.SIGALRM, MyOnSigAlrm, unix.SA_RESETHAND)
        unix.setitimer(unix.ITIMER_REAL, 0, 0, 1, 0)

    `intns` needs to be on the interval `[0,1000000000)`
    `valuens` needs to be on the interval `[0,1000000000)`

  unix.strsignal(sig:int) → str

    Turns platform-specific `sig` code into its symbolic name.

    For example:

        >: unix.strsignal(9)
        "SIGKILL"
        >: unix.strsignal(unix.SIGKILL)
        "SIGKILL"

    Please note that signal numbers are normally different across
    supported platforms, and the constants should be preferred.

  unix.setrlimit(resource:int, soft:int[, hard:int])
      ├─→ true
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Changes resource limit.

    `resource` may be one of:

    - `RLIMIT_AS` limits the size of the virtual address space. This
      will work on all platforms. It's emulated on XNU and Windows which
      means it won't propagate across execve() currently.

    - `RLIMIT_CPU` causes `SIGXCPU` to be sent to the process when the
      soft limit on CPU time is exceeded, and the process is destroyed
      when the hard limit is exceeded. It works everywhere but Windows
      where it should be possible to poll getrusage() with setitimer().

    - `RLIMIT_FSIZE` causes `SIGXFSZ` to sent to the process when the
      soft limit on file size is exceeded and the process is destroyed
      when the hard limit is exceeded. It works everywhere but Windows.

    - `RLIMIT_NPROC` limits the number of simultaneous processes and it
      should work on all platforms except Windows. Please be advised it
      limits the process, with respect to the activities of the user id
      as a whole.

    - `RLIMIT_NOFILE` limits the number of open file descriptors and it
      should work on all platforms except Windows (TODO).

    If a limit isn't supported by the host platform, it'll be set to
    127. On most platforms these limits are enforced by the kernel and
    as such are inherited by subprocesses.

    `hard` defaults to whatever was specified in `soft`.

  unix.getrlimit(resource:int)
      ├─→ soft:int, hard:int
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Returns information about resource limits for current process.

  unix.getrusage([who:int])
      ├─→ unix.Rusage
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Returns information about resource usage for current process, e.g.

        >: unix.getrusage()
        {utime={0, 53644000}, maxrss=44896, minflt=545, oublock=24, nvcsw=9}

    `who` defaults to `RUSAGE_SELF` and can be any of:

    - `RUSAGE_SELF`: current process
    - `RUSAGE_THREAD`: current thread
    - `RUSAGE_CHILDREN`: not supported on Windows NT
    - `RUSAGE_BOTH`: not supported on non-Linux

    See the unix.Rusage section below for details on returned fields.

  unix.pledge([promises:str])
      ├─→ true
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Restrict system operations.

    This can be used to sandbox your redbean workers. It allows finer
    customization compared to the `-S` flag.

    By default exit and exit_group are always allowed. This is useful
    for processes that perform pure computation and interface with the
    parent via shared memory.

    Currently only available on OpenBSD and Linux. On Linux, the default
    action when your policy is violated is to return `EPERM`. On OpenBSD
    the kernel will kill the process.

    `promises` is a string that may include any of the following groups
    delimited by spaces.

    stdio

      Allows clock_getres, clock_gettime, close, dup, dup2, dup3,
      fchdir, fstat, fsync, ftruncate, getdents, getegid, getrandom,
      geteuid, getgid, getgroups, getitimer, getpgid, getpgrp, getpid,
      getppid, getresgid, getresuid, getrlimit, getsid, gettimeofday,
      getuid, lseek, madvise, brk, mmap, mprotect, munmap, nanosleep,
      pipe, pipe2, poll, pread, preadv, pwrite, pwritev, read, readv,
      recvfrom, recvmsg, select, sendmsg, sendto, setitimer, shutdown,
      sigaction, sigprocmask, sigreturn, socketpair, umask, wait4,
      write, writev.

    rpath

      Allows chdir, getcwd, openat, fstatat, faccessat, readlinkat,
      lstat, chmod, fchmod, fchmodat, chown, fchown, fchownat, fstat.

    wpath

      Allows getcwd, openat, fstatat, faccessat, readlinkat, lstat,
      chmod, fchmod, fchmodat, chown, fchown, fchownat, fstat.

    cpath

      Allows rename, renameat, link, linkat, symlink, symlinkat, unlink,
      unlinkat, mkdir, mkdirat, rmdir.

    dpath

      Allows mknod

    tmppath

      Allows lstat, chmod, chown, unlink, fstat.

    inet

      Allows socket, listen, bind, connect, accept4, accept,
      getpeername, getsockname, setsockopt, getsockopt.

    fattr

      Allows utimes, utimensat, chmod, fchmod, fchmodat, chown,
      fchownat, lchown, fchown, utimes.

    unix

      Allows socket, listen, bind, connect, accept4, accept,
      getpeername, getsockname, setsockopt, getsockopt.

    dns

      Allows sendto, recvfrom, socket, connect.

    proc

      Allows fork, vfork, kill, getpriority, setpriority, setrlimit,
      setpgid, setsid.

    exec

      Allows execve.

    id

      Allows setuid, setreuid, setresuid, setgid, setregid, setresgid,
      setgroups, setrlimit, getpriority, setpriority.

  unix.gmtime(unixts:int)
      ├─→ year,mon,mday,hour,min,sec,gmtoffsec,wday,yday,dst:int,zone:str
      └─→ nil,unix.Errno

    Breaks down UNIX timestamp into Zulu Time numbers.

    - `mon`     1 ≤ mon  ≤ 12
    - `mday`    1 ≤ mday ≤ 31
    - `hour`    0 ≤ hour ≤ 23
    - `min`     0 ≤ min  ≤ 59
    - `sec`     0 ≤ sec  ≤ 60
    - `gmtoff`  ±93600 seconds
    - `wday`    0 ≤ wday ≤ 6
    - `yday`    0 ≤ yday ≤ 365
    - `dst`     1 if daylight savings, 0 if not, -1 if not unknown

  unix.localtime(unixts:int)
      ├─→ year,mon,mday,hour,min,sec,gmtoffsec,wday,yday,dst:int,zone:str
      └─→ nil,unix.Errno

    Breaks down UNIX timestamp into local time numbers, e.g.

        >: unix.localtime(unix.clock_gettime())
        2022    4       28      2       14      22      -25200  4       117     1       "PDT"

    This follows the same API as gmtime() which has further details.

    Your redbean ships with a subset of the time zone database.

    - `/zip/usr/share/zoneinfo/Honolulu`   Z-10
    - `/zip/usr/share/zoneinfo/Anchorage`  Z -9
    - `/zip/usr/share/zoneinfo/GST`        Z -8
    - `/zip/usr/share/zoneinfo/Boulder`    Z -6
    - `/zip/usr/share/zoneinfo/Chicago`    Z -5
    - `/zip/usr/share/zoneinfo/New_York`   Z -4
    - `/zip/usr/share/zoneinfo/UTC`        Z +0
    - `/zip/usr/share/zoneinfo/GMT`        Z +0
    - `/zip/usr/share/zoneinfo/London`     Z +1
    - `/zip/usr/share/zoneinfo/Berlin`     Z +2
    - `/zip/usr/share/zoneinfo/Israel`     Z +3
    - `/zip/usr/share/zoneinfo/India`      Z +5
    - `/zip/usr/share/zoneinfo/Beijing`    Z +8
    - `/zip/usr/share/zoneinfo/Japan`      Z +9
    - `/zip/usr/share/zoneinfo/Sydney`     Z+10

    You can control which timezone is used using the `TZ` environment
    variable. If your time zone isn't included in the above list, you
    can simply copy it inside your redbean. The same is also the case
    for future updates to the database, which can be swapped out when
    needed, without having to recompile.

  unix.stat(path:str[, flags:int[, dirfd:int]])
      ├─→ unix.Stat
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Gets information about file or directory.

    `flags` may have any of:

    - `AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW`: do not follow symbolic links.

    `dirfd` defaults to to `unix.AT_FDCWD` and may optionally be set to
    a directory file descriptor to which `path` is relative.

  unix.fstat(fd:int)
      ├─→ unix.Stat
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Gets information about opened file descriptor.

    `fd` should be a file descriptor that was opened using
    `unix.open(path, O_RDONLY|O_DIRECTORY)`.

    `flags` may have any of:

    - `AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW`: do not follow symbolic links.

    `dirfd` defaults to to `unix.AT_FDCWD` and may optionally be set to
    a directory file descriptor to which `path` is relative.

    A common use for fstat() is getting the size of a file. For example:

        fd = assert(unix.open("hello.txt", unix.O_RDONLY))
        st = assert(unix.fstat(fd))
        Log(kLogInfo, 'hello.txt is %d bytes in size' % {st:size()})
        unix.close(fd)

  unix.opendir(path:str)
      ├─→ state:unix.Dir
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Opens directory for listing its contents.

    For example, to print a simple directory listing:

        Write('<ul>\r\n')
        for name, kind, ino, off in assert(unix.opendir(dir)) do
            if name ~= '.' and name ~= '..' then
               Write('<li>%s\r\n' % {EscapeHtml(name)})
            end
        end
        Write('</ul>\r\n')

  unix.fdopendir(fd:int)
      ├─→ next:function, state:unix.Dir
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Opens directory for listing its contents, via an fd.

    `fd` should be created by `open(path, O_RDONLY|O_DIRECTORY)`. The
    returned unix.Dir ownership takes ownership of the file descriptor
    and will close it automatically when garbage collected.


────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 UNIX DIR OBJECT

  unix.Dir objects are created by opendir() or fdopendir(). The
  following methods are available:

  unix.Dir:close()
      ├─→ true
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Closes directory stream object and associated its file descriptor.

    This is called automatically by the garbage collector.

    This may be called multiple times.

  unix.Dir:read()
      ├─→ name:str, kind:int, ino:int, off:int
      └─→ nil

    Reads entry from directory stream.

    Returns `nil` if there are no more entries. Or error, `nil` will
    be returned and `errno` will be non-nil.

    `kind` can be any of:

    - `DT_REG`: file is a regular file
    - `DT_DIR`: file is a directory
    - `DT_BLK`: file is a block device
    - `DT_LNK`: file is a symbolic link
    - `DT_CHR`: file is a character device
    - `DT_FIFO`: file is a named pipe
    - `DT_SOCK`: file is a named socket
    - `DT_UNKNOWN`

    Note: This function also serves as the `__call` metamethod, so that
    unix.Dir objects may be used as a for loop iterator.

  unix.Dir:fd()
      ├─→ fd:int
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Returns file descriptor of open directory object.

    Returns `EOPNOTSUPP` if using a `/zip/...` path.
    Returns `EOPNOTSUPP` if using Windows NT.

  unix.Dir:tell()
      ├─→ off:int
      └─→ nil, unix.Errno

    Returns current arbitrary offset into stream.

  unix.Dir:rewind()

    Resets stream back to beginning.


────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 UNIX RUSAGE OBJECT

  unix.Rusage objects are created by wait() or getrusage(). The
  following accessor methods are available.

  unix.Rusage:utime()
      └─→ seconds:int, nanos:int

    Returns amount of CPU consumed in userspace.

    It's always the case that `0 ≤ nanos < 1e9`.

    On Windows NT this is collected from GetProcessTimes().

  unix.Rusage:stime()
      └─→ seconds:int, nanos:int

    Returns amount of CPU consumed in kernelspace.

    It's always the case that `0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1e9`.

    On Windows NT this is collected from GetProcessTimes().

  unix.Rusage:maxrss()
      └─→ kilobytes:int

    Returns amount of physical memory used at peak consumption.

    On Windows NT this is collected from
    NtProcessMemoryCountersEx::PeakWorkingSetSize / 1024.

  unid.Rusage:idrss()
      └─→ integralkilobytes:int

    Returns integral private memory consumption w.r.t. scheduled ticks.

    If you chart memory usage over the lifetime of your process, then
    this would be the space filled in beneath the chart. The frequency
    of kernel scheduling is defined as unix.CLK_TCK.  Each time a tick
    happens, the kernel samples your process's memory usage, by adding
    it to this value. You can derive the average consumption from this
    value by computing how many ticks are in `utime + stime`.

    Currently only available on FreeBSD and NetBSD.

  unix.Rusage:ixrss()
      └─→ integralkilobytes:int

    Returns integral shared memory consumption w.r.t. scheduled ticks.

    If you chart memory usage over the lifetime of your process, then
    this would be the space filled in beneath the chart. The frequency
    of kernel scheduling is defined as unix.CLK_TCK.  Each time a tick
    happens, the kernel samples your process's memory usage, by adding
    it to this value. You can derive the average consumption from this
    value by computing how many ticks are in `utime + stime`.

    Currently only available on FreeBSD and NetBSD.

  unis.Rusage:isrss()
      └─→ integralkilobytes:int

    Returns integral stack memory consumption w.r.t. scheduled ticks.

    If you chart memory usage over the lifetime of your process, then
    this would be the space filled in beneath the chart. The frequency
    of kernel scheduling is defined as unix.CLK_TCK.  Each time a tick
    happens, the kernel samples your process's memory usage, by adding
    it to this value. You can derive the average consumption from this
    value by computing how many ticks are in `utime + stime`.

    This is only applicable to redbean if its built with MODE=tiny,
    because redbean likes to allocate its own deterministic stack.

    Currently only available on FreeBSD and NetBSD.

  unix.Rusage:minflt()
      └─→ count:int

    Returns number of minor page faults.

    This number indicates how many times redbean was preempted by the
    kernel to memcpy() a 4096-byte page. This is one of the tradeoffs
    fork() entails. This number is usually tinier, when your binaries
    are tinier.

    Not available on Windows NT.

  unix.Rusage:majflt()
      └─→ count:int

    Returns number of major page faults.

    This number indicates how many times redbean was preempted by the
    kernel to perform i/o. For example, you might have used mmap() to
    load a large file into memory lazily.

    On Windows NT this is NtProcessMemoryCountersEx::PageFaultCount.

  unix.Rusage:nswap()
      └─→ count:int

    Returns number of swap operations.

    Operating systems like to reserve hard disk space to back their RAM
    guarantees, like using a gold standard for fiat currency. When your
    system is under heavy memory load, swap operations may happen while
    redbean is working. This number keeps track of them.

    Not available on Linux, Windows NT.

  unix.Rusage:inblock()
      └─→ count:int

    Returns number of times filesystem had to perform input.

    On Windows NT this is NtIoCounters::ReadOperationCount.

  unix.Rusage:oublock()
      └─→ count:int

    Returns number of times filesystem had to perform output.

    On Windows NT this is NtIoCounters::WriteOperationCount.

  unix.Rusage:msgsnd()
      └─→ count:int

    Returns count of ipc messages sent.

    Not available on Linux, Windows NT.

  unix.Rusage:msgrcv()
      └─→ count:int

    Returns count of ipc messages received.

    Not available on Linux, Windows NT.

  unix.Rusage:nsignals()
      └─→ count:int

    Returns number of signals received.

    Not available on Linux.

  unix.Rusage:nvcsw()
      └─→ count:int

    Returns number of voluntary context switches.

    This number is a good thing. It means your redbean finished its work
    quickly enough within a time slice that it was able to give back the
    remaining time to the system.

  unix.Rusage:nivcsw()
      └─→ count:int

    Returns number of non-consensual context switches.

    This number is a bad thing. It means your redbean was preempted by a
    higher priority process after failing to finish its work, within the
    allotted time slice.


────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 UNIX STAT OBJECT

  unix.Stat objects are created by stat() or fstat(). The following
  accessor methods are available.

  unix.Stat:size()
      └─→ bytes:int

    Size of file in bytes.

  unix.Stat:mode()
      └─→ mode:int

   Contains file type and permissions.

   For example, `0010644` is what you might see for a file and
   `0040755` is what you might see for a directory.

   To determine the file type:

     - `unix.S_ISREG(st:mode())` means regular file
     - `unix.S_ISDIR(st:mode())` means directory
     - `unix.S_ISLNK(st:mode())` means symbolic link
     - `unix.S_ISCHR(st:mode())` means character device
     - `unix.S_ISBLK(st:mode())` means block device
     - `unix.S_ISFIFO(st:mode())` means fifo or pipe
     - `unix.S_ISSOCK(st:mode())` means socket

  unix.Stat:uid()
      └─→ uid:int

    User ID of file owner.

  unix.Stat:gid()
      └─→ gid:int

    Group ID of file owner.

  unix.Stat:birthtim()
      └─→ unixts:int, nanos:int

    File birth time.

    This field should be accurate on Apple, Windows, and BSDs. On Linux
    this is the mimimum of atim/mtim/ctim. On Windows NT nanos is only
    accurate to hectonanoseconds.

    Here's an example of how you might print a file timestamp:

        st = assert(unix.stat('/etc/passwd'))
        unixts, nanos = st:birthtim()
        year,mon,mday,hour,min,sec,gmtoffsec = unix.localtime(unixts)
        Write('%.4d-%.2d-%.2dT%.2d:%.2d:%.2d.%.9d%+.2d%.2d % {
                 year, mon, mday, hour, min, sec, nanos,
                 gmtoffsec / (60 * 60), math.abs(gmtoffsec) % 60})

  unix.Stat:mtim()
      └─→ unixts:int, nanos:int

    Last modified time.

  unix.Stat:atim()
      └─→ unixts:int, nanos:int

    Last access time.

    Please note that file systems are sometimes mounted with `noatime`
    out of concern for i/o performance. Linux also provides `O_NOATIME`
    as an option for open().

    On Windows NT this is the same as birth time.

  unix.Stat:ctim()
      └─→ unixts:int, nanos:int

    Complicated time.

    Means time file status was last changed on UNIX.

    On Windows NT this is the same as birth time.

  unix.Stat:blocks()
      └─→ count512:int

    Number of 512-byte blocks used by storage medium.

    This provides some indication of how much physical storage a file
    actually consumes. For example, for small file systems, your system
    might report this number as being 8, which means 4096 bytes.

    On Windows NT, if `O_COMPRESSED` is used for a file, then this
    number will reflect the size *after* compression. you can use:

        st = assert(unix.stat("moby.txt"))
        print('file size is %d bytes' % {st:size()})
        print('file takes up %d bytes of space' % {st:blocks() * 512})
        if GetHostOs() == 'WINDOWS' and st:flags() & 0x800 then
           print('thanks to file system compression')
        end

    To tell whether or not compression is being used on a file,

  unix.Stat:blksize()
      └─→ bytes:int

    Block size that underlying device uses.

    This field might be of assistance in computing optimal i/o sizes.

    Please note this field has no relationship to blocks, as the latter
    is fixed at a 512 byte size.

  unix.Stat:ino()
      └─→ inode:int

    Inode number.

    This can be used to detect some other process used rename() to swap
    out a file underneath you, so you can do a refresh. redbean does it
    during each main process heartbeat for its own use cases.

    On Windows NT this is set to NtByHandleFileInformation::FileIndex.

  unix.Stat:dev()
      └─→ dev:int

    ID of device containing file.

    On Windows NT this is set to
    NtByHandleFileInformation::VolumeSerialNumber.

  unix.Stat:rdev()
      └─→ rdev:int

    Information about device type.

    This value may be set to 0 or -1 for files that aren't devices,
    depending on the operating system. unix.major() and unix.minor()
    may be used to extract the device numbers.


────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 UNIX SIGSET OBJECT

  The unix.Sigset class defines a mutable bitset that may currently
  contain 128 entries. See `unix.NSIG` to find out how many signals
  your operating system actually supports.

  unix.Sigset(sig:int, ...)
      └─→ unix.Sigset

    Constructs new signal bitset object.

  unix.Sigset:add(sig:int)

    Adds signal to bitset.

  unix.Sigset:remove(sig:int)

    Removes signal from bitset.

  unix.Sigset:fill()

    Sets all bits in signal bitset to true.

  unix.Sigset:clear()

    Sets all bits in signal bitset to false.

  unix.Sigset:contains(sig:int)
      └─→ bool

    Returns true if `sig` is member of signal bitset.

  unix.Sigset:__repr()
  unix.Sigset:__tostring()

    Returns Lua code string that recreates object.


────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 UNIX SIGNAL MAGNUMS

  unix.SIGINT
    Terminal CTRL-C keystroke.

  unix.SIGQUIT
    Terminal CTRL-\ keystroke.

  unix.SIGHUP
    Terminal hangup or daemon reload; auto-broadcasted to process group.

  unix.SIGILL
    Illegal instruction.

  unix.SIGTRAP
    INT3 instruction.

  unix.SIGABRT
    Process aborted.

  unix.SIGBUS
    Valid memory access that went beyond underlying end of file.

  unix.SIGFPE
    Illegal math.

  unix.SIGKILL
    Terminate with extreme prejudice.

  unix.SIGUSR1
    Do whatever you want.

  unix.SIGUSR2
    Do whatever you want.

  unix.SIGSEGV
    Invalid memory access.

  unix.SIGPIPE
    Write to closed file descriptor.

  unix.SIGALRM
    Sent by setitimer().

  unix.SIGTERM
    Terminate.

  unix.SIGCHLD
    Child process exited or terminated and is now a zombie (unless this
    is SIG_IGN or SA_NOCLDWAIT) or child process stopped due to terminal
    i/o or profiling/debugging (unless you used SA_NOCLDSTOP)

  unix.SIGCONT
    Child process resumed from profiling/debugging.

  unix.SIGSTOP
    Child process stopped due to profiling/debugging.

  unix.SIGTSTP
    Terminal CTRL-Z keystroke.

  unix.SIGTTIN
    Terminal input for background process.

  unix.SIGTTOU
    Terminal output for background process.

  unix.SIGXCPU
    CPU time limit exceeded.

  unix.SIGXFSZ
    File size limit exceeded.

  unix.SIGVTALRM
    Virtual alarm clock.

  unix.SIGPROF
    Profiling timer expired.

  unix.SIGWINCH
    Terminal resized.

  unix.SIGPWR
    Not implemented in most community editions of system five.


────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 UNIX ERRNO OBJECT

  This object is returned by system calls that fail. We prefer returning
  an object because for many system calls, an error is part their normal
  operation. For example, it's often desirable to use the errno() method
  when performing a read() to check for EINTR.

  unix.Errno:errno()
      └─→ errno:int

    Returns error magic number.

    The error number is always different for different platforms. On
    UNIX systems, error numbers occupy the range [1,127] in practice.
    The System V ABI reserves numbers as high as 4095. On Windows NT,
    error numbers can go up to 65535.

  unix.Errno:winerr()
      └─→ errno:int

    Returns Windows error number.

    On UNIX systems this is always 0. On Windows NT this will normally
    be the same as errno(). Because Windows defines so many error codes,
    there's oftentimes a multimapping between its error codes and System
    Five. In those cases, this value reflect the GetLastError() result
    at the time the error occurred.

  unix.Errno:name()
      └─→ symbol:str

    Returns string of symbolic name of System Five error code.

    For example, this might return `"EINTR"`.

  unix.Errno:call()
      └─→ symbol:str

    Returns name of system call that failed.

    For example, this might return `"read"` if read() was what failed.

  unix.Errno:doc()
      └─→ symbol:str

    Returns English string describing System Five error code.

    For example, this might return `"Interrupted system call"`.

  unix.Errno:__tostring()
      └─→ str

    Returns verbose string describing error.

    Different information components are delimited by slash.

    For example, this might return `"EINTR/4/Interrupted system call"`.

    On Windows NT this will include additional information about the
    Windows error (including FormatMessage() output) if the WIN32 error
    differs from the System Five error code.


────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 UNIX ERROR MAGNUMS

  unix.EINVAL
    Invalid argument.

    Raised by [pretty much everything].

  unix.ENOSYS
    System call not available on this platform. On Windows this is

    Raised by chroot, setuid, setgid, getsid, setsid.

  unix.ENOENT
    No such file or directory.

    Raised by access, bind, chdir, chmod, chown, chroot, clock_getres,
    execve, opendir, inotify_add_watch, link, mkdir, mknod, open,
    readlink, rename, rmdir, stat, swapon, symlink, truncate, unlink,
    utime, utimensat.

  unix.ENOTDIR
    Not a directory. This means that a directory component in a supplied
    path *existed* but wasn't a directory. For example, if you try to
    `open("foo/bar")` and `foo` is a regular file, then `ENOTDIR` will
    be returned.

    Raised by open, access, chdir, chroot, execve, link, mkdir, mknod,
    opendir, readlink, rename, rmdir, stat, symlink, truncate, unlink,
    utimensat, bind, chmod, chown, fcntl, futimesat, inotify_add_watch.

  unix.EINTR
    The greatest of all errnos; crucial for building real time reliable
    software.

    Raised by accept, clock_nanosleep, close, connect, dup, fcntl,
    flock, getrandom, nanosleep, open, pause, poll, ptrace, read, recv,
    select, send, sigsuspend, sigwaitinfo, truncate, wait, write.

  unix.EIO
    Raised by access, acct, chdir, chmod, chown, chroot, close,
    copy_file_range, execve, fallocate, fsync, ioperm, link, madvise,
    mbind, pciconfig_read, ptrace, read, readlink, sendfile, statfs,
    symlink, sync_file_range, truncate, unlink, write.

  unix.ENXIO
    No such device or address.

    Raised by lseek, open, prctl

  unix.E2BIG
    Argument list too long.

    Raised by execve, sched_setattr.

  unix.ENOEXEC
    Exec format error.

    Raised by execve, uselib.

  unix.ECHILD
    No child process.

    Raised by wait, waitpid, waitid, wait3, wait4.

  unix.ESRCH
    No such process.

    Raised by getpriority, getrlimit, getsid, ioprio_set, kill, setpgid,
    tkill, utimensat.

  unix.EBADF
    Bad file descriptor; cf. EBADFD.

    Raised by accept, access, bind, chdir, chmod, chown, close, connect,
    copy_file_range, dup, fcntl, flock, fsync, futimesat, opendir,
    getpeername, getsockname, getsockopt, inotify_add_watch,
    inotify_rm_watch, ioctl, link, listen, llseek, lseek, mkdir, mknod,
    mmap, open, prctl, read, readahead, readlink, recv, rename, select,
    send, shutdown, splice, stat, symlink, sync, sync_file_range,
    timerfd_create, truncate, unlink, utimensat, write.

  unix.EAGAIN
    Resource temporarily unavailable (e.g. SO_RCVTIMEO expired, too many
    processes, too much memory locked, read or write with O_NONBLOCK
    needs polling, etc.).

    Raised by accept, connect, fcntl, fork, getrandom, mincore, mlock,
    mmap, mremap, poll, read, select, send, setresuid, setreuid, setuid,
    sigwaitinfo, splice, tee, timer_create, timerfd_create, tkill,
    write,

  unix.EPIPE
    Broken pipe. Returned by write, send. This happens when you try
    to write data to a subprocess via a pipe but the reader end has
    already closed, possibly because the process died. Normally i/o
    routines only return this if `SIGPIPE` doesn't kill the process.
    Unlike default UNIX programs, redbean currently ignores `SIGPIPE` by
    default, so this error code is a distinct possibility when pipes or
    sockets are being used.

  unix.ENAMETOOLONG
    Filename too long. Cosmopolitan Libc currently defines `PATH_MAX` as
    1024 characters. On UNIX that limit should only apply to system call
    wrappers like realpath. On Windows NT it's observed by all system
    calls that accept a pathname.

    Raised by access, bind, chdir, chmod, chown, chroot, execve,
    gethostname, inotify_add_watch, link, mkdir, mknod, open, readlink,
    rename, rmdir, stat, symlink, truncate, u unlink, utimensat.

  unix.EACCES
    Permission denied.

    Raised by access, bind, chdir, chmod, chown, chroot, clock_getres,
    connect, execve, fcntl, getpriority, inotify_add_watch, link, mkdir,
    mknod, mmap, mprotect, msgctl, open, prctl, ptrace, readlink,
    rename, rmdir, semget, send, setpgid, socket, stat, symlink,
    truncate, unlink, uselib, utime, utimensat.

  unix.ENOMEM
    We require more vespene gas.

    Raised by access, bind, chdir, chmod, chown, chroot, clone,
    copy_file_range, execve, fanotify_init, fork, getgroups, getrlimit,
    inotify_add_watch, inotify_init, ioperm, link, mbind, mincore,
    mkdir, mknod, mlock, mmap, mprotect, mremap, msync, open, poll,
    readlink, recv, rename, rmdir, select, send, sigaltstack, splice,
    stat, subpage_prot, swapon, symlink, sync_file_range, tee,
    timer_create, timerfd_create, unlink.

  unix.EPERM
    Operation not permitted.

    Raised by accept, chmod, chown, chroot, copy_file_range, execve,
    fallocate, fanotify_init, fcntl, futex, get_robust_list,
    getdomainname, getgroups, gethostname, getpriority, getrlimit,
    getsid, gettimeofday, idle, init_module, io_submit, ioctl_console,
    ioctl_ficlonerange, ioctl_fideduperange, ioperm, iopl, ioprio_set,
    keyctl, kill, link, lookup_dcookie, madvise, mbind, membarrier,
    migrate_pages, mkdir, mknod, mlock, mmap, mount, move_pages, msgctl,
    nice, open, open_by_handle_at, pciconfig_read, perf_event_open,
    pidfd_getfd, pidfd_send_signal, pivot_root, prctl, process_vm_readv,
    ptrace, quotactl, reboot, rename, request_key, rmdir,
    rt_sigqueueinfo, sched_setaffinity, sched_setattr, sched_setparam,
    sched_setscheduler, seteuid, setfsgid, setfsuid, setgid, setns,
    setpgid, setresuid, setreuid, setsid, setuid, setup, setxattr,
    sigaltstack, spu_create, stime, swapon, symlink, syslog, truncate,
    unlink, utime, utimensat, write.

  unix.ENOTBLK
    Block device required.

    Raised by umount.

  unix.EBUSY
    Device or resource busy.

    Raised by dup, fcntl, msync, prctl, ptrace, rename,
    rmdir.

  unix.EEXIST
    File exists.

    Raised by inotify_add_watch, link, mkdir, mknod, mmap, open, rename,
    rmdir, symlink

  unix.EXDEV
    Improper link.

    Raised by copy_file_range, link, rename.

  unix.ENODEV
    No such device.

    Raised by arch_prctl, mmap, open, prctl, timerfd_create.

  unix.EISDIR
    Is a a directory.

    Raised by copy_file_range, execve, open, read, rename, truncate,
    unlink.

  unix.ENFILE
    Too many open files in system.

    Raised by accept, execve, inotify_init, mmap, open, pipe, socket,
    socketpair, swapon, timerfd_create, uselib, userfaultfd.

  unix.EMFILE
    Too many open files.

    Raised by accept, dup, execve, fanotify_init, fcntl, inotify_init,
    open, pipe, socket, socketpair, timerfd_create.

  unix.ENOTTY
    Inappropriate i/o control operation.

    Raised by ioctl.

  unix.ETXTBSY
    Won't open executable that's executing in write mode.

    Raised by access, copy_file_range, execve, mmap, open, truncate.

  unix.EFBIG
    File too large.

    Raised by copy_file_range, open, truncate, write.

  unix.ENOSPC
    No space left on device.

    Raised by copy_file_range, fsync, inotify_add_watch, link,
    mkdir, mknod, open, rename, symlink, sync_file_range,
    write.

  unix.EDQUOT
    Disk quota exceeded.

    Raised by link, mkdir, mknod, open, rename, symlink,
    write.

  unix.ESPIPE
    Invalid seek.

    Raised by lseek, splice, sync_file_range.

  unix.EROFS
    Read-only filesystem.

    Raised by access, bind, chmod, chown, link, mkdir, mknod, open,
    rename, rmdir, symlink, truncate, unlink, utime, utimensat.

  unix.EMLINK
    Too many links;

    raised by link, mkdir, rename.

  unix.ERANGE
    Result too large.

    Raised by prctl.

  unix.EDEADLK
    Resource deadlock avoided.

    Raised by fcntl.

  unix.ENOLCK
    No locks available.

    Raised by fcntl, flock.

  unix.ENOTEMPTY
    Directory not empty. Raised by rmdir.

  unix.ELOOP
    Too many levels of symbolic links.

    Raised by access, bind, chdir, chmod, chown, chroot, execve, link,
    mkdir, mknod, open, readlink, rename, rmdir, stat, symlink,
    truncate, unlink, utimensat.

  unix.ENOMSG
    Raised by msgop.

  unix.EIDRM
    Identifier removed.

    Raised by msgctl.

  unix.ETIME
    Timer expired; timer expired.

    Raised by connect.

  unix.EPROTO
    Raised by accept, connect, socket, socketpair.

  unix.EOVERFLOW
    Raised by copy_file_range, fanotify_init, lseek, mmap,
    open, stat, statfs

  unix.ENOTSOCK
    Not a socket.

    Raised by accept, bind, connect, getpeername, getsockname,
    getsockopt, listen, recv, send, shutdown.

  unix.EDESTADDRREQ
    Destination address required.

    Raised by send, write.

  unix.EMSGSIZE
    Message too long.

    Raised by send.

  unix.EPROTOTYPE
    Protocol wrong type for socket.

    Raised by connect.

  unix.ENOPROTOOPT
    Protocol not available.

    Raised by getsockopt, accept.

  unix.EPROTONOSUPPORT
    Protocol not supported.

    Raised by socket, socketpair.

  unix.ESOCKTNOSUPPORT
    Socket type not supported.

  unix.ENOTSUP
    Operation not supported.

    Raised by chmod, clock_getres, clock_nanosleep,
    timer_create.

  unix.EOPNOTSUPP
    Socket operation not supported.

    Raised by accept, listen, mmap, prctl, readv, send,
    socketpair.

  unix.EPFNOSUPPORT
    Protocol family not supported.

  unix.EAFNOSUPPORT
    Address family not supported.

    Raised by connect, socket, socketpair

  unix.EADDRINUSE
    Address already in use.

    Raised by bind, connect, listen

  unix.EADDRNOTAVAIL
    Address not available.

    Raised by bind, connect.

  unix.ENETDOWN
    Network is down.

    Raised by accept

  unix.ENETUNREACH
    Host is unreachable.

    Raised by accept, connect

  unix.ENETRESET
    Connection reset by network.

  unix.ECONNABORTED
    Connection reset before accept.

    Raised by accept.

  unix.ECONNRESET
    Connection reset by client.

    Raised by send.

  unix.ENOBUFS
    No buffer space available;

    raised by getpeername, getsockname, send.

  unix.EISCONN
    Socket is connected.

    Raised by connect, send.

  unix.ENOTCONN
    Socket is not connected.

    Raised by getpeername, recv, send, shutdown.

  unix.ESHUTDOWN
    Cannot send after transport endpoint shutdown; note that shutdown
    write is an `EPIPE`.

  unix.ETOOMANYREFS
    Too many references: cannot splice.

    Raised by sendmsg.

  unix.ETIMEDOUT
    Connection timed out.

    Raised by connect.

  unix.ECONNREFUSED
    System-imposed limit on the number of threads was encountered.

    Raised by connect, listen, recv.

  unix.EHOSTDOWN
    Host is down.

    Raised by accept.

  unix.EHOSTUNREACH
    Host is unreachable.

    Raised by accept.

  unix.EALREADY
    Connection already in progress.

    Raised by connect, send.

  unix.ENODATA
    No message is available in xsi stream or named pipe is being closed;
    no data available; barely in posix; returned by ioctl; very close in
    spirit to EPIPE?


────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

 UNIX MISCELLANEOUS MAGNUMS

  unix.ARG_MAX

    Returns maximum length of arguments for new processes.

    This is the character limit when calling execve(). It's the sum of
    the lengths of `argv` and `envp` including any nul terminators and
    pointer arrays. For example to see how much your shell `envp` uses

        $ echo $(($(env | wc -c) + 1 + ($(env | wc -l) + 1) * 8))
        758

    POSIX mandates this be 4096 or higher. On Linux this it's 128*1024.
    On Windows NT it's 32767*2 because CreateProcess lpCommandLine and
    environment block are separately constrained to 32,767 characters.
    Most other systems define this limit much higher.

  unix.BUFSIZ

    Returns default buffer size.

    The UNIX module does not perform any buffering between calls.

    Each time a read or write is performed via the UNIX API your redbean
    will allocate a buffer of this size by default. This current default
    would be 4096 across platforms.

  unix.CLK_TCK

    Returns the scheduler frequency.

    This is granularity at which the kernel does work. For example, the
    Linux kernel normally operates at 100hz so its CLK_TCK will be 100.

    This value is useful for making sense out of unix.Rusage data.

  unix.PIPE_BUF

    Returns maximum size at which pipe i/o is guaranteed atomic.

    POSIX requires this be at least 512. Linux is more generous and
    allows 4096. On Windows NT this is currently 4096, and it's the
    parameter redbean passes to CreateNamedPipe().

  unix.PATH_MAX

    Returns maximum length of file path.

    This applies to a complete path being passed to system calls.

    POSIX.1 XSI requires this be at least 1024 so that's what most
    platforms support. On Windows NT, the limit is technically 260
    characters. Your redbean works around that by prefixing `//?/`
    to your paths as needed. On Linux this limit will be 4096, but
    that won't be the case for functions such as realpath that are
    implemented at the C library level; however such functions are
    the exception rather than the norm, and report enametoolong(),
    when exceeding the libc limit.

  unix.NAME_MAX

    Returns maximum length of file path component.

    POSIX requires this be at least 14. Most operating systems define it
    as 255. It's a good idea to not exceed 253 since that's the limit on
    DNS labels.

  unix.NSIG

    Returns maximum number of signals supported by underlying system.

    The limit for unix.Sigset is 128 to support FreeBSD, but most
    operating systems define this much lower, like 32. This constant
    reflects the value chosen by the underlying operating system.


────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

LEGAL

  redbean contains software licensed ISC, MIT, BSD-2, BSD-3, zlib
  which makes it a permissively licensed gift to anyone who might
  find it useful. The transitive closure of legalese can be found
  inside the binary structure, because notice licenses require we
  distribute the license along with any software that uses it. By
  putting them in the binary, compliance in automated and no need
  for further action on the part of the user who is distributing.


────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

SEE ALSO

  https://redbean.dev/
  https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=26271117
