python-3.6.zip added from Github

README.cosmo contains the necessary links.
This commit is contained in:
ahgamut 2021-08-08 09:38:33 +05:30 committed by Justine Tunney
parent 75fc601ff5
commit 0c4c56ff39
4219 changed files with 1968626 additions and 0 deletions

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#ifndef __CAPSULETHUNK_H
#define __CAPSULETHUNK_H
#if ( (PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02070000) \
|| ((PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03000000) \
&& (PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03010000)) )
#define __PyCapsule_GetField(capsule, field, default_value) \
( PyCapsule_CheckExact(capsule) \
? (((PyCObject *)capsule)->field) \
: (default_value) \
) \
#define __PyCapsule_SetField(capsule, field, value) \
( PyCapsule_CheckExact(capsule) \
? (((PyCObject *)capsule)->field = value), 1 \
: 0 \
) \
#define PyCapsule_Type PyCObject_Type
#define PyCapsule_CheckExact(capsule) (PyCObject_Check(capsule))
#define PyCapsule_IsValid(capsule, name) (PyCObject_Check(capsule))
#define PyCapsule_New(pointer, name, destructor) \
(PyCObject_FromVoidPtr(pointer, destructor))
#define PyCapsule_GetPointer(capsule, name) \
(PyCObject_AsVoidPtr(capsule))
/* Don't call PyCObject_SetPointer here, it fails if there's a destructor */
#define PyCapsule_SetPointer(capsule, pointer) \
__PyCapsule_SetField(capsule, cobject, pointer)
#define PyCapsule_GetDestructor(capsule) \
__PyCapsule_GetField(capsule, destructor)
#define PyCapsule_SetDestructor(capsule, dtor) \
__PyCapsule_SetField(capsule, destructor, dtor)
/*
* Sorry, there's simply no place
* to store a Capsule "name" in a CObject.
*/
#define PyCapsule_GetName(capsule) NULL
static int
PyCapsule_SetName(PyObject *capsule, const char *unused)
{
unused = unused;
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError,
"can't use PyCapsule_SetName with CObjects");
return 1;
}
#define PyCapsule_GetContext(capsule) \
__PyCapsule_GetField(capsule, descr)
#define PyCapsule_SetContext(capsule, context) \
__PyCapsule_SetField(capsule, descr, context)
static void *
PyCapsule_Import(const char *name, int no_block)
{
PyObject *object = NULL;
void *return_value = NULL;
char *trace;
size_t name_length = (strlen(name) + 1) * sizeof(char);
char *name_dup = (char *)PyMem_MALLOC(name_length);
if (!name_dup) {
return NULL;
}
memcpy(name_dup, name, name_length);
trace = name_dup;
while (trace) {
char *dot = strchr(trace, '.');
if (dot) {
*dot++ = '\0';
}
if (object == NULL) {
if (no_block) {
object = PyImport_ImportModuleNoBlock(trace);
} else {
object = PyImport_ImportModule(trace);
if (!object) {
PyErr_Format(PyExc_ImportError,
"PyCapsule_Import could not "
"import module \"%s\"", trace);
}
}
} else {
PyObject *object2 = PyObject_GetAttrString(object, trace);
Py_DECREF(object);
object = object2;
}
if (!object) {
goto EXIT;
}
trace = dot;
}
if (PyCObject_Check(object)) {
PyCObject *cobject = (PyCObject *)object;
return_value = cobject->cobject;
} else {
PyErr_Format(PyExc_AttributeError,
"PyCapsule_Import \"%s\" is not valid",
name);
}
EXIT:
Py_XDECREF(object);
if (name_dup) {
PyMem_FREE(name_dup);
}
return return_value;
}
#endif /* #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02070000 */
#endif /* __CAPSULETHUNK_H */

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#include <Python.h>
typedef struct {
PyObject_HEAD
/* Type-specific fields go here. */
} CustomObject;
static PyTypeObject CustomType = {
PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
.tp_name = "custom.Custom",
.tp_doc = "Custom objects",
.tp_basicsize = sizeof(CustomObject),
.tp_itemsize = 0,
.tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT,
.tp_new = PyType_GenericNew,
};
static PyModuleDef custommodule = {
PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
.m_name = "custom",
.m_doc = "Example module that creates an extension type.",
.m_size = -1,
};
PyMODINIT_FUNC
PyInit_custom(void)
{
PyObject *m;
if (PyType_Ready(&CustomType) < 0)
return NULL;
m = PyModule_Create(&custommodule);
if (m == NULL)
return NULL;
Py_INCREF(&CustomType);
PyModule_AddObject(m, "Custom", (PyObject *) &CustomType);
return m;
}

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#include <Python.h>
#include "structmember.h"
typedef struct {
PyObject_HEAD
PyObject *first; /* first name */
PyObject *last; /* last name */
int number;
} CustomObject;
static void
Custom_dealloc(CustomObject *self)
{
Py_XDECREF(self->first);
Py_XDECREF(self->last);
Py_TYPE(self)->tp_free((PyObject *) self);
}
static PyObject *
Custom_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
CustomObject *self;
self = (CustomObject *) type->tp_alloc(type, 0);
if (self != NULL) {
self->first = PyUnicode_FromString("");
if (self->first == NULL) {
Py_DECREF(self);
return NULL;
}
self->last = PyUnicode_FromString("");
if (self->last == NULL) {
Py_DECREF(self);
return NULL;
}
self->number = 0;
}
return (PyObject *) self;
}
static int
Custom_init(CustomObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
static char *kwlist[] = {"first", "last", "number", NULL};
PyObject *first = NULL, *last = NULL, *tmp;
if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "|OOi", kwlist,
&first, &last,
&self->number))
return -1;
if (first) {
tmp = self->first;
Py_INCREF(first);
self->first = first;
Py_XDECREF(tmp);
}
if (last) {
tmp = self->last;
Py_INCREF(last);
self->last = last;
Py_XDECREF(tmp);
}
return 0;
}
static PyMemberDef Custom_members[] = {
{"first", T_OBJECT_EX, offsetof(CustomObject, first), 0,
"first name"},
{"last", T_OBJECT_EX, offsetof(CustomObject, last), 0,
"last name"},
{"number", T_INT, offsetof(CustomObject, number), 0,
"custom number"},
{NULL} /* Sentinel */
};
static PyObject *
Custom_name(CustomObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
if (self->first == NULL) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_AttributeError, "first");
return NULL;
}
if (self->last == NULL) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_AttributeError, "last");
return NULL;
}
return PyUnicode_FromFormat("%S %S", self->first, self->last);
}
static PyMethodDef Custom_methods[] = {
{"name", (PyCFunction) Custom_name, METH_NOARGS,
"Return the name, combining the first and last name"
},
{NULL} /* Sentinel */
};
static PyTypeObject CustomType = {
PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
.tp_name = "custom2.Custom",
.tp_doc = "Custom objects",
.tp_basicsize = sizeof(CustomObject),
.tp_itemsize = 0,
.tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE,
.tp_new = Custom_new,
.tp_init = (initproc) Custom_init,
.tp_dealloc = (destructor) Custom_dealloc,
.tp_members = Custom_members,
.tp_methods = Custom_methods,
};
static PyModuleDef custommodule = {
PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
.m_name = "custom2",
.m_doc = "Example module that creates an extension type.",
.m_size = -1,
};
PyMODINIT_FUNC
PyInit_custom2(void)
{
PyObject *m;
if (PyType_Ready(&CustomType) < 0)
return NULL;
m = PyModule_Create(&custommodule);
if (m == NULL)
return NULL;
Py_INCREF(&CustomType);
PyModule_AddObject(m, "Custom", (PyObject *) &CustomType);
return m;
}

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#include <Python.h>
#include "structmember.h"
typedef struct {
PyObject_HEAD
PyObject *first; /* first name */
PyObject *last; /* last name */
int number;
} CustomObject;
static void
Custom_dealloc(CustomObject *self)
{
Py_XDECREF(self->first);
Py_XDECREF(self->last);
Py_TYPE(self)->tp_free((PyObject *) self);
}
static PyObject *
Custom_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
CustomObject *self;
self = (CustomObject *) type->tp_alloc(type, 0);
if (self != NULL) {
self->first = PyUnicode_FromString("");
if (self->first == NULL) {
Py_DECREF(self);
return NULL;
}
self->last = PyUnicode_FromString("");
if (self->last == NULL) {
Py_DECREF(self);
return NULL;
}
self->number = 0;
}
return (PyObject *) self;
}
static int
Custom_init(CustomObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
static char *kwlist[] = {"first", "last", "number", NULL};
PyObject *first = NULL, *last = NULL, *tmp;
if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "|UUi", kwlist,
&first, &last,
&self->number))
return -1;
if (first) {
tmp = self->first;
Py_INCREF(first);
self->first = first;
Py_DECREF(tmp);
}
if (last) {
tmp = self->last;
Py_INCREF(last);
self->last = last;
Py_DECREF(tmp);
}
return 0;
}
static PyMemberDef Custom_members[] = {
{"number", T_INT, offsetof(CustomObject, number), 0,
"custom number"},
{NULL} /* Sentinel */
};
static PyObject *
Custom_getfirst(CustomObject *self, void *closure)
{
Py_INCREF(self->first);
return self->first;
}
static int
Custom_setfirst(CustomObject *self, PyObject *value, void *closure)
{
PyObject *tmp;
if (value == NULL) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "Cannot delete the first attribute");
return -1;
}
if (!PyUnicode_Check(value)) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
"The first attribute value must be a string");
return -1;
}
tmp = self->first;
Py_INCREF(value);
self->first = value;
Py_DECREF(tmp);
return 0;
}
static PyObject *
Custom_getlast(CustomObject *self, void *closure)
{
Py_INCREF(self->last);
return self->last;
}
static int
Custom_setlast(CustomObject *self, PyObject *value, void *closure)
{
PyObject *tmp;
if (value == NULL) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "Cannot delete the last attribute");
return -1;
}
if (!PyUnicode_Check(value)) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
"The last attribute value must be a string");
return -1;
}
tmp = self->last;
Py_INCREF(value);
self->last = value;
Py_DECREF(tmp);
return 0;
}
static PyGetSetDef Custom_getsetters[] = {
{"first", (getter) Custom_getfirst, (setter) Custom_setfirst,
"first name", NULL},
{"last", (getter) Custom_getlast, (setter) Custom_setlast,
"last name", NULL},
{NULL} /* Sentinel */
};
static PyObject *
Custom_name(CustomObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
return PyUnicode_FromFormat("%S %S", self->first, self->last);
}
static PyMethodDef Custom_methods[] = {
{"name", (PyCFunction) Custom_name, METH_NOARGS,
"Return the name, combining the first and last name"
},
{NULL} /* Sentinel */
};
static PyTypeObject CustomType = {
PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
.tp_name = "custom3.Custom",
.tp_doc = "Custom objects",
.tp_basicsize = sizeof(CustomObject),
.tp_itemsize = 0,
.tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE,
.tp_new = Custom_new,
.tp_init = (initproc) Custom_init,
.tp_dealloc = (destructor) Custom_dealloc,
.tp_members = Custom_members,
.tp_methods = Custom_methods,
.tp_getset = Custom_getsetters,
};
static PyModuleDef custommodule = {
PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
.m_name = "custom3",
.m_doc = "Example module that creates an extension type.",
.m_size = -1,
};
PyMODINIT_FUNC
PyInit_custom3(void)
{
PyObject *m;
if (PyType_Ready(&CustomType) < 0)
return NULL;
m = PyModule_Create(&custommodule);
if (m == NULL)
return NULL;
Py_INCREF(&CustomType);
PyModule_AddObject(m, "Custom", (PyObject *) &CustomType);
return m;
}

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#include <Python.h>
#include "structmember.h"
typedef struct {
PyObject_HEAD
PyObject *first; /* first name */
PyObject *last; /* last name */
int number;
} CustomObject;
static int
Custom_traverse(CustomObject *self, visitproc visit, void *arg)
{
Py_VISIT(self->first);
Py_VISIT(self->last);
return 0;
}
static int
Custom_clear(CustomObject *self)
{
Py_CLEAR(self->first);
Py_CLEAR(self->last);
return 0;
}
static void
Custom_dealloc(CustomObject *self)
{
PyObject_GC_UnTrack(self);
Custom_clear(self);
Py_TYPE(self)->tp_free((PyObject *) self);
}
static PyObject *
Custom_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
CustomObject *self;
self = (CustomObject *) type->tp_alloc(type, 0);
if (self != NULL) {
self->first = PyUnicode_FromString("");
if (self->first == NULL) {
Py_DECREF(self);
return NULL;
}
self->last = PyUnicode_FromString("");
if (self->last == NULL) {
Py_DECREF(self);
return NULL;
}
self->number = 0;
}
return (PyObject *) self;
}
static int
Custom_init(CustomObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
static char *kwlist[] = {"first", "last", "number", NULL};
PyObject *first = NULL, *last = NULL, *tmp;
if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "|UUi", kwlist,
&first, &last,
&self->number))
return -1;
if (first) {
tmp = self->first;
Py_INCREF(first);
self->first = first;
Py_DECREF(tmp);
}
if (last) {
tmp = self->last;
Py_INCREF(last);
self->last = last;
Py_DECREF(tmp);
}
return 0;
}
static PyMemberDef Custom_members[] = {
{"number", T_INT, offsetof(CustomObject, number), 0,
"custom number"},
{NULL} /* Sentinel */
};
static PyObject *
Custom_getfirst(CustomObject *self, void *closure)
{
Py_INCREF(self->first);
return self->first;
}
static int
Custom_setfirst(CustomObject *self, PyObject *value, void *closure)
{
if (value == NULL) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "Cannot delete the first attribute");
return -1;
}
if (!PyUnicode_Check(value)) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
"The first attribute value must be a string");
return -1;
}
Py_INCREF(value);
Py_CLEAR(self->first);
self->first = value;
return 0;
}
static PyObject *
Custom_getlast(CustomObject *self, void *closure)
{
Py_INCREF(self->last);
return self->last;
}
static int
Custom_setlast(CustomObject *self, PyObject *value, void *closure)
{
if (value == NULL) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "Cannot delete the last attribute");
return -1;
}
if (!PyUnicode_Check(value)) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
"The last attribute value must be a string");
return -1;
}
Py_INCREF(value);
Py_CLEAR(self->last);
self->last = value;
return 0;
}
static PyGetSetDef Custom_getsetters[] = {
{"first", (getter) Custom_getfirst, (setter) Custom_setfirst,
"first name", NULL},
{"last", (getter) Custom_getlast, (setter) Custom_setlast,
"last name", NULL},
{NULL} /* Sentinel */
};
static PyObject *
Custom_name(CustomObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
return PyUnicode_FromFormat("%S %S", self->first, self->last);
}
static PyMethodDef Custom_methods[] = {
{"name", (PyCFunction) Custom_name, METH_NOARGS,
"Return the name, combining the first and last name"
},
{NULL} /* Sentinel */
};
static PyTypeObject CustomType = {
PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
.tp_name = "custom4.Custom",
.tp_doc = "Custom objects",
.tp_basicsize = sizeof(CustomObject),
.tp_itemsize = 0,
.tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC,
.tp_new = Custom_new,
.tp_init = (initproc) Custom_init,
.tp_dealloc = (destructor) Custom_dealloc,
.tp_traverse = (traverseproc) Custom_traverse,
.tp_clear = (inquiry) Custom_clear,
.tp_members = Custom_members,
.tp_methods = Custom_methods,
.tp_getset = Custom_getsetters,
};
static PyModuleDef custommodule = {
PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
.m_name = "custom4",
.m_doc = "Example module that creates an extension type.",
.m_size = -1,
};
PyMODINIT_FUNC
PyInit_custom4(void)
{
PyObject *m;
if (PyType_Ready(&CustomType) < 0)
return NULL;
m = PyModule_Create(&custommodule);
if (m == NULL)
return NULL;
Py_INCREF(&CustomType);
PyModule_AddObject(m, "Custom", (PyObject *) &CustomType);
return m;
}

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# Simple example presenting how persistent ID can be used to pickle
# external objects by reference.
import pickle
import sqlite3
from collections import namedtuple
# Simple class representing a record in our database.
MemoRecord = namedtuple("MemoRecord", "key, task")
class DBPickler(pickle.Pickler):
def persistent_id(self, obj):
# Instead of pickling MemoRecord as a regular class instance, we emit a
# persistent ID.
if isinstance(obj, MemoRecord):
# Here, our persistent ID is simply a tuple, containing a tag and a
# key, which refers to a specific record in the database.
return ("MemoRecord", obj.key)
else:
# If obj does not have a persistent ID, return None. This means obj
# needs to be pickled as usual.
return None
class DBUnpickler(pickle.Unpickler):
def __init__(self, file, connection):
super().__init__(file)
self.connection = connection
def persistent_load(self, pid):
# This method is invoked whenever a persistent ID is encountered.
# Here, pid is the tuple returned by DBPickler.
cursor = self.connection.cursor()
type_tag, key_id = pid
if type_tag == "MemoRecord":
# Fetch the referenced record from the database and return it.
cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM memos WHERE key=?", (str(key_id),))
key, task = cursor.fetchone()
return MemoRecord(key, task)
else:
# Always raises an error if you cannot return the correct object.
# Otherwise, the unpickler will think None is the object referenced
# by the persistent ID.
raise pickle.UnpicklingError("unsupported persistent object")
def main():
import io
import pprint
# Initialize and populate our database.
conn = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.execute("CREATE TABLE memos(key INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, task TEXT)")
tasks = (
'give food to fish',
'prepare group meeting',
'fight with a zebra',
)
for task in tasks:
cursor.execute("INSERT INTO memos VALUES(NULL, ?)", (task,))
# Fetch the records to be pickled.
cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM memos")
memos = [MemoRecord(key, task) for key, task in cursor]
# Save the records using our custom DBPickler.
file = io.BytesIO()
DBPickler(file).dump(memos)
print("Pickled records:")
pprint.pprint(memos)
# Update a record, just for good measure.
cursor.execute("UPDATE memos SET task='learn italian' WHERE key=1")
# Load the records from the pickle data stream.
file.seek(0)
memos = DBUnpickler(file, conn).load()
print("Unpickled records:")
pprint.pprint(memos)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()

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#!/usr/bin/env python3
import smtplib
from email.message import EmailMessage
from email.headerregistry import Address
from email.utils import make_msgid
# Create the base text message.
msg = EmailMessage()
msg['Subject'] = "Ayons asperges pour le déjeuner"
msg['From'] = Address("Pepé Le Pew", "pepe", "example.com")
msg['To'] = (Address("Penelope Pussycat", "penelope", "example.com"),
Address("Fabrette Pussycat", "fabrette", "example.com"))
msg.set_content("""\
Salut!
Cela ressemble à un excellent recipie[1] déjeuner.
[1] http://www.yummly.com/recipe/Roasted-Asparagus-Epicurious-203718
--Pepé
""")
# Add the html version. This converts the message into a multipart/alternative
# container, with the original text message as the first part and the new html
# message as the second part.
asparagus_cid = make_msgid()
msg.add_alternative("""\
<html>
<head></head>
<body>
<p>Salut!</p>
<p>Cela ressemble à un excellent
<a href="http://www.yummly.com/recipe/Roasted-Asparagus-Epicurious-203718">
recipie
</a> déjeuner.
</p>
<img src="cid:{asparagus_cid}" />
</body>
</html>
""".format(asparagus_cid=asparagus_cid[1:-1]), subtype='html')
# note that we needed to peel the <> off the msgid for use in the html.
# Now add the related image to the html part.
with open("roasted-asparagus.jpg", 'rb') as img:
msg.get_payload()[1].add_related(img.read(), 'image', 'jpeg',
cid=asparagus_cid)
# Make a local copy of what we are going to send.
with open('outgoing.msg', 'wb') as f:
f.write(bytes(msg))
# Send the message via local SMTP server.
with smtplib.SMTP('localhost') as s:
s.send_message(msg)

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#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""Send the contents of a directory as a MIME message."""
import os
import smtplib
# For guessing MIME type based on file name extension
import mimetypes
from argparse import ArgumentParser
from email.message import EmailMessage
from email.policy import SMTP
def main():
parser = ArgumentParser(description="""\
Send the contents of a directory as a MIME message.
Unless the -o option is given, the email is sent by forwarding to your local
SMTP server, which then does the normal delivery process. Your local machine
must be running an SMTP server.
""")
parser.add_argument('-d', '--directory',
help="""Mail the contents of the specified directory,
otherwise use the current directory. Only the regular
files in the directory are sent, and we don't recurse to
subdirectories.""")
parser.add_argument('-o', '--output',
metavar='FILE',
help="""Print the composed message to FILE instead of
sending the message to the SMTP server.""")
parser.add_argument('-s', '--sender', required=True,
help='The value of the From: header (required)')
parser.add_argument('-r', '--recipient', required=True,
action='append', metavar='RECIPIENT',
default=[], dest='recipients',
help='A To: header value (at least one required)')
args = parser.parse_args()
directory = args.directory
if not directory:
directory = '.'
# Create the message
msg = EmailMessage()
msg['Subject'] = 'Contents of directory %s' % os.path.abspath(directory)
msg['To'] = ', '.join(args.recipients)
msg['From'] = args.sender
msg.preamble = 'You will not see this in a MIME-aware mail reader.\n'
for filename in os.listdir(directory):
path = os.path.join(directory, filename)
if not os.path.isfile(path):
continue
# Guess the content type based on the file's extension. Encoding
# will be ignored, although we should check for simple things like
# gzip'd or compressed files.
ctype, encoding = mimetypes.guess_type(path)
if ctype is None or encoding is not None:
# No guess could be made, or the file is encoded (compressed), so
# use a generic bag-of-bits type.
ctype = 'application/octet-stream'
maintype, subtype = ctype.split('/', 1)
with open(path, 'rb') as fp:
msg.add_attachment(fp.read(),
maintype=maintype,
subtype=subtype,
filename=filename)
# Now send or store the message
if args.output:
with open(args.output, 'wb') as fp:
fp.write(msg.as_bytes(policy=SMTP))
else:
with smtplib.SMTP('localhost') as s:
s.send_message(msg)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()

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# Import the email modules we'll need
from email.parser import BytesParser, Parser
from email.policy import default
# If the e-mail headers are in a file, uncomment these two lines:
# with open(messagefile, 'rb') as fp:
# headers = BytesParser(policy=default).parse(fp)
# Or for parsing headers in a string (this is an uncommon operation), use:
headers = Parser(policy=default).parsestr(
'From: Foo Bar <user@example.com>\n'
'To: <someone_else@example.com>\n'
'Subject: Test message\n'
'\n'
'Body would go here\n')
# Now the header items can be accessed as a dictionary:
print('To: {}'.format(headers['to']))
print('From: {}'.format(headers['from']))
print('Subject: {}'.format(headers['subject']))
# You can also access the parts of the addresses:
print('Recipient username: {}'.format(headers['to'].addresses[0].username))
print('Sender name: {}'.format(headers['from'].addresses[0].display_name))

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# Import smtplib for the actual sending function
import smtplib
# And imghdr to find the types of our images
import imghdr
# Here are the email package modules we'll need
from email.message import EmailMessage
# Create the container email message.
msg = EmailMessage()
msg['Subject'] = 'Our family reunion'
# me == the sender's email address
# family = the list of all recipients' email addresses
msg['From'] = me
msg['To'] = ', '.join(family)
msg.preamble = 'Our family reunion'
# Open the files in binary mode. Use imghdr to figure out the
# MIME subtype for each specific image.
for file in pngfiles:
with open(file, 'rb') as fp:
img_data = fp.read()
msg.add_attachment(img_data, maintype='image',
subtype=imghdr.what(None, img_data))
# Send the email via our own SMTP server.
with smtplib.SMTP('localhost') as s:
s.send_message(msg)

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import os
import sys
import tempfile
import mimetypes
import webbrowser
# Import the email modules we'll need
from email import policy
from email.parser import BytesParser
# An imaginary module that would make this work and be safe.
from imaginary import magic_html_parser
# In a real program you'd get the filename from the arguments.
with open('outgoing.msg', 'rb') as fp:
msg = BytesParser(policy=policy.default).parse(fp)
# Now the header items can be accessed as a dictionary, and any non-ASCII will
# be converted to unicode:
print('To:', msg['to'])
print('From:', msg['from'])
print('Subject:', msg['subject'])
# If we want to print a preview of the message content, we can extract whatever
# the least formatted payload is and print the first three lines. Of course,
# if the message has no plain text part printing the first three lines of html
# is probably useless, but this is just a conceptual example.
simplest = msg.get_body(preferencelist=('plain', 'html'))
print()
print(''.join(simplest.get_content().splitlines(keepends=True)[:3]))
ans = input("View full message?")
if ans.lower()[0] == 'n':
sys.exit()
# We can extract the richest alternative in order to display it:
richest = msg.get_body()
partfiles = {}
if richest['content-type'].maintype == 'text':
if richest['content-type'].subtype == 'plain':
for line in richest.get_content().splitlines():
print(line)
sys.exit()
elif richest['content-type'].subtype == 'html':
body = richest
else:
print("Don't know how to display {}".format(richest.get_content_type()))
sys.exit()
elif richest['content-type'].content_type == 'multipart/related':
body = richest.get_body(preferencelist=('html'))
for part in richest.iter_attachments():
fn = part.get_filename()
if fn:
extension = os.path.splitext(part.get_filename())[1]
else:
extension = mimetypes.guess_extension(part.get_content_type())
with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=extension, delete=False) as f:
f.write(part.get_content())
# again strip the <> to go from email form of cid to html form.
partfiles[part['content-id'][1:-1]] = f.name
else:
print("Don't know how to display {}".format(richest.get_content_type()))
sys.exit()
with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w', delete=False) as f:
# The magic_html_parser has to rewrite the href="cid:...." attributes to
# point to the filenames in partfiles. It also has to do a safety-sanitize
# of the html. It could be written using html.parser.
f.write(magic_html_parser(body.get_content(), partfiles))
webbrowser.open(f.name)
os.remove(f.name)
for fn in partfiles.values():
os.remove(fn)
# Of course, there are lots of email messages that could break this simple
# minded program, but it will handle the most common ones.

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# Import smtplib for the actual sending function
import smtplib
# Import the email modules we'll need
from email.message import EmailMessage
# Open the plain text file whose name is in textfile for reading.
with open(textfile) as fp:
# Create a text/plain message
msg = EmailMessage()
msg.set_content(fp.read())
# me == the sender's email address
# you == the recipient's email address
msg['Subject'] = 'The contents of %s' % textfile
msg['From'] = me
msg['To'] = you
# Send the message via our own SMTP server.
s = smtplib.SMTP('localhost')
s.send_message(msg)
s.quit()

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#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""Unpack a MIME message into a directory of files."""
import os
import email
import mimetypes
from email.policy import default
from argparse import ArgumentParser
def main():
parser = ArgumentParser(description="""\
Unpack a MIME message into a directory of files.
""")
parser.add_argument('-d', '--directory', required=True,
help="""Unpack the MIME message into the named
directory, which will be created if it doesn't already
exist.""")
parser.add_argument('msgfile')
args = parser.parse_args()
with open(args.msgfile, 'rb') as fp:
msg = email.message_from_binary_file(fp, policy=default)
try:
os.mkdir(args.directory)
except FileExistsError:
pass
counter = 1
for part in msg.walk():
# multipart/* are just containers
if part.get_content_maintype() == 'multipart':
continue
# Applications should really sanitize the given filename so that an
# email message can't be used to overwrite important files
filename = part.get_filename()
if not filename:
ext = mimetypes.guess_extension(part.get_content_type())
if not ext:
# Use a generic bag-of-bits extension
ext = '.bin'
filename = 'part-%03d%s' % (counter, ext)
counter += 1
with open(os.path.join(args.directory, filename), 'wb') as fp:
fp.write(part.get_payload(decode=True))
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()

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import xml.dom.minidom
document = """\
<slideshow>
<title>Demo slideshow</title>
<slide><title>Slide title</title>
<point>This is a demo</point>
<point>Of a program for processing slides</point>
</slide>
<slide><title>Another demo slide</title>
<point>It is important</point>
<point>To have more than</point>
<point>one slide</point>
</slide>
</slideshow>
"""
dom = xml.dom.minidom.parseString(document)
def getText(nodelist):
rc = []
for node in nodelist:
if node.nodeType == node.TEXT_NODE:
rc.append(node.data)
return ''.join(rc)
def handleSlideshow(slideshow):
print("<html>")
handleSlideshowTitle(slideshow.getElementsByTagName("title")[0])
slides = slideshow.getElementsByTagName("slide")
handleToc(slides)
handleSlides(slides)
print("</html>")
def handleSlides(slides):
for slide in slides:
handleSlide(slide)
def handleSlide(slide):
handleSlideTitle(slide.getElementsByTagName("title")[0])
handlePoints(slide.getElementsByTagName("point"))
def handleSlideshowTitle(title):
print("<title>%s</title>" % getText(title.childNodes))
def handleSlideTitle(title):
print("<h2>%s</h2>" % getText(title.childNodes))
def handlePoints(points):
print("<ul>")
for point in points:
handlePoint(point)
print("</ul>")
def handlePoint(point):
print("<li>%s</li>" % getText(point.childNodes))
def handleToc(slides):
for slide in slides:
title = slide.getElementsByTagName("title")[0]
print("<p>%s</p>" % getText(title.childNodes))
handleSlideshow(dom)

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from multiprocessing import freeze_support
from multiprocessing.managers import BaseManager, BaseProxy
import operator
##
class Foo:
def f(self):
print('you called Foo.f()')
def g(self):
print('you called Foo.g()')
def _h(self):
print('you called Foo._h()')
# A simple generator function
def baz():
for i in range(10):
yield i*i
# Proxy type for generator objects
class GeneratorProxy(BaseProxy):
_exposed_ = ['__next__']
def __iter__(self):
return self
def __next__(self):
return self._callmethod('__next__')
# Function to return the operator module
def get_operator_module():
return operator
##
class MyManager(BaseManager):
pass
# register the Foo class; make `f()` and `g()` accessible via proxy
MyManager.register('Foo1', Foo)
# register the Foo class; make `g()` and `_h()` accessible via proxy
MyManager.register('Foo2', Foo, exposed=('g', '_h'))
# register the generator function baz; use `GeneratorProxy` to make proxies
MyManager.register('baz', baz, proxytype=GeneratorProxy)
# register get_operator_module(); make public functions accessible via proxy
MyManager.register('operator', get_operator_module)
##
def test():
manager = MyManager()
manager.start()
print('-' * 20)
f1 = manager.Foo1()
f1.f()
f1.g()
assert not hasattr(f1, '_h')
assert sorted(f1._exposed_) == sorted(['f', 'g'])
print('-' * 20)
f2 = manager.Foo2()
f2.g()
f2._h()
assert not hasattr(f2, 'f')
assert sorted(f2._exposed_) == sorted(['g', '_h'])
print('-' * 20)
it = manager.baz()
for i in it:
print('<%d>' % i, end=' ')
print()
print('-' * 20)
op = manager.operator()
print('op.add(23, 45) =', op.add(23, 45))
print('op.pow(2, 94) =', op.pow(2, 94))
print('op._exposed_ =', op._exposed_)
##
if __name__ == '__main__':
freeze_support()
test()

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import multiprocessing
import time
import random
import sys
#
# Functions used by test code
#
def calculate(func, args):
result = func(*args)
return '%s says that %s%s = %s' % (
multiprocessing.current_process().name,
func.__name__, args, result
)
def calculatestar(args):
return calculate(*args)
def mul(a, b):
time.sleep(0.5 * random.random())
return a * b
def plus(a, b):
time.sleep(0.5 * random.random())
return a + b
def f(x):
return 1.0 / (x - 5.0)
def pow3(x):
return x ** 3
def noop(x):
pass
#
# Test code
#
def test():
PROCESSES = 4
print('Creating pool with %d processes\n' % PROCESSES)
with multiprocessing.Pool(PROCESSES) as pool:
#
# Tests
#
TASKS = [(mul, (i, 7)) for i in range(10)] + \
[(plus, (i, 8)) for i in range(10)]
results = [pool.apply_async(calculate, t) for t in TASKS]
imap_it = pool.imap(calculatestar, TASKS)
imap_unordered_it = pool.imap_unordered(calculatestar, TASKS)
print('Ordered results using pool.apply_async():')
for r in results:
print('\t', r.get())
print()
print('Ordered results using pool.imap():')
for x in imap_it:
print('\t', x)
print()
print('Unordered results using pool.imap_unordered():')
for x in imap_unordered_it:
print('\t', x)
print()
print('Ordered results using pool.map() --- will block till complete:')
for x in pool.map(calculatestar, TASKS):
print('\t', x)
print()
#
# Test error handling
#
print('Testing error handling:')
try:
print(pool.apply(f, (5,)))
except ZeroDivisionError:
print('\tGot ZeroDivisionError as expected from pool.apply()')
else:
raise AssertionError('expected ZeroDivisionError')
try:
print(pool.map(f, list(range(10))))
except ZeroDivisionError:
print('\tGot ZeroDivisionError as expected from pool.map()')
else:
raise AssertionError('expected ZeroDivisionError')
try:
print(list(pool.imap(f, list(range(10)))))
except ZeroDivisionError:
print('\tGot ZeroDivisionError as expected from list(pool.imap())')
else:
raise AssertionError('expected ZeroDivisionError')
it = pool.imap(f, list(range(10)))
for i in range(10):
try:
x = next(it)
except ZeroDivisionError:
if i == 5:
pass
except StopIteration:
break
else:
if i == 5:
raise AssertionError('expected ZeroDivisionError')
assert i == 9
print('\tGot ZeroDivisionError as expected from IMapIterator.next()')
print()
#
# Testing timeouts
#
print('Testing ApplyResult.get() with timeout:', end=' ')
res = pool.apply_async(calculate, TASKS[0])
while 1:
sys.stdout.flush()
try:
sys.stdout.write('\n\t%s' % res.get(0.02))
break
except multiprocessing.TimeoutError:
sys.stdout.write('.')
print()
print()
print('Testing IMapIterator.next() with timeout:', end=' ')
it = pool.imap(calculatestar, TASKS)
while 1:
sys.stdout.flush()
try:
sys.stdout.write('\n\t%s' % it.next(0.02))
except StopIteration:
break
except multiprocessing.TimeoutError:
sys.stdout.write('.')
print()
print()
if __name__ == '__main__':
multiprocessing.freeze_support()
test()

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import time
import random
from multiprocessing import Process, Queue, current_process, freeze_support
#
# Function run by worker processes
#
def worker(input, output):
for func, args in iter(input.get, 'STOP'):
result = calculate(func, args)
output.put(result)
#
# Function used to calculate result
#
def calculate(func, args):
result = func(*args)
return '%s says that %s%s = %s' % \
(current_process().name, func.__name__, args, result)
#
# Functions referenced by tasks
#
def mul(a, b):
time.sleep(0.5*random.random())
return a * b
def plus(a, b):
time.sleep(0.5*random.random())
return a + b
#
#
#
def test():
NUMBER_OF_PROCESSES = 4
TASKS1 = [(mul, (i, 7)) for i in range(20)]
TASKS2 = [(plus, (i, 8)) for i in range(10)]
# Create queues
task_queue = Queue()
done_queue = Queue()
# Submit tasks
for task in TASKS1:
task_queue.put(task)
# Start worker processes
for i in range(NUMBER_OF_PROCESSES):
Process(target=worker, args=(task_queue, done_queue)).start()
# Get and print results
print('Unordered results:')
for i in range(len(TASKS1)):
print('\t', done_queue.get())
# Add more tasks using `put()`
for task in TASKS2:
task_queue.put(task)
# Get and print some more results
for i in range(len(TASKS2)):
print('\t', done_queue.get())
# Tell child processes to stop
for i in range(NUMBER_OF_PROCESSES):
task_queue.put('STOP')
if __name__ == '__main__':
freeze_support()
test()

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#include <Python.h>
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
PyObject *pName, *pModule, *pFunc;
PyObject *pArgs, *pValue;
int i;
if (argc < 3) {
fprintf(stderr,"Usage: call pythonfile funcname [args]\n");
return 1;
}
Py_Initialize();
pName = PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefault(argv[1]);
/* Error checking of pName left out */
pModule = PyImport_Import(pName);
Py_DECREF(pName);
if (pModule != NULL) {
pFunc = PyObject_GetAttrString(pModule, argv[2]);
/* pFunc is a new reference */
if (pFunc && PyCallable_Check(pFunc)) {
pArgs = PyTuple_New(argc - 3);
for (i = 0; i < argc - 3; ++i) {
pValue = PyLong_FromLong(atoi(argv[i + 3]));
if (!pValue) {
Py_DECREF(pArgs);
Py_DECREF(pModule);
fprintf(stderr, "Cannot convert argument\n");
return 1;
}
/* pValue reference stolen here: */
PyTuple_SetItem(pArgs, i, pValue);
}
pValue = PyObject_CallObject(pFunc, pArgs);
Py_DECREF(pArgs);
if (pValue != NULL) {
printf("Result of call: %ld\n", PyLong_AsLong(pValue));
Py_DECREF(pValue);
}
else {
Py_DECREF(pFunc);
Py_DECREF(pModule);
PyErr_Print();
fprintf(stderr,"Call failed\n");
return 1;
}
}
else {
if (PyErr_Occurred())
PyErr_Print();
fprintf(stderr, "Cannot find function \"%s\"\n", argv[2]);
}
Py_XDECREF(pFunc);
Py_DECREF(pModule);
}
else {
PyErr_Print();
fprintf(stderr, "Failed to load \"%s\"\n", argv[1]);
return 1;
}
if (Py_FinalizeEx() < 0) {
return 120;
}
return 0;
}

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from distutils.core import setup, Extension
setup(name="noddy", version="1.0",
ext_modules=[
Extension("noddy", ["noddy.c"]),
Extension("noddy2", ["noddy2.c"]),
Extension("noddy3", ["noddy3.c"]),
Extension("noddy4", ["noddy4.c"]),
Extension("shoddy", ["shoddy.c"]),
])

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import sqlite3
import datetime
import time
def adapt_datetime(ts):
return time.mktime(ts.timetuple())
sqlite3.register_adapter(datetime.datetime, adapt_datetime)
con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
cur = con.cursor()
now = datetime.datetime.now()
cur.execute("select ?", (now,))
print(cur.fetchone()[0])

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import sqlite3
class Point:
def __init__(self, x, y):
self.x, self.y = x, y
def __conform__(self, protocol):
if protocol is sqlite3.PrepareProtocol:
return "%f;%f" % (self.x, self.y)
con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
cur = con.cursor()
p = Point(4.0, -3.2)
cur.execute("select ?", (p,))
print(cur.fetchone()[0])

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import sqlite3
class Point:
def __init__(self, x, y):
self.x, self.y = x, y
def adapt_point(point):
return "%f;%f" % (point.x, point.y)
sqlite3.register_adapter(Point, adapt_point)
con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
cur = con.cursor()
p = Point(4.0, -3.2)
cur.execute("select ?", (p,))
print(cur.fetchone()[0])

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import sqlite3
def collate_reverse(string1, string2):
if string1 == string2:
return 0
elif string1 < string2:
return 1
else:
return -1
con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
con.create_collation("reverse", collate_reverse)
cur = con.cursor()
cur.execute("create table test(x)")
cur.executemany("insert into test(x) values (?)", [("a",), ("b",)])
cur.execute("select x from test order by x collate reverse")
for row in cur:
print(row)
con.close()

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# A minimal SQLite shell for experiments
import sqlite3
con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
con.isolation_level = None
cur = con.cursor()
buffer = ""
print("Enter your SQL commands to execute in sqlite3.")
print("Enter a blank line to exit.")
while True:
line = input()
if line == "":
break
buffer += line
if sqlite3.complete_statement(buffer):
try:
buffer = buffer.strip()
cur.execute(buffer)
if buffer.lstrip().upper().startswith("SELECT"):
print(cur.fetchall())
except sqlite3.Error as e:
print("An error occurred:", e.args[0])
buffer = ""
con.close()

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import sqlite3
con = sqlite3.connect("mydb")

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import sqlite3
con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")

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import sqlite3
class Point:
def __init__(self, x, y):
self.x, self.y = x, y
def __repr__(self):
return "(%f;%f)" % (self.x, self.y)
def adapt_point(point):
return ("%f;%f" % (point.x, point.y)).encode('ascii')
def convert_point(s):
x, y = list(map(float, s.split(b";")))
return Point(x, y)
# Register the adapter
sqlite3.register_adapter(Point, adapt_point)
# Register the converter
sqlite3.register_converter("point", convert_point)
p = Point(4.0, -3.2)
#########################
# 1) Using declared types
con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:", detect_types=sqlite3.PARSE_DECLTYPES)
cur = con.cursor()
cur.execute("create table test(p point)")
cur.execute("insert into test(p) values (?)", (p,))
cur.execute("select p from test")
print("with declared types:", cur.fetchone()[0])
cur.close()
con.close()
#######################
# 1) Using column names
con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:", detect_types=sqlite3.PARSE_COLNAMES)
cur = con.cursor()
cur.execute("create table test(p)")
cur.execute("insert into test(p) values (?)", (p,))
cur.execute('select p as "p [point]" from test')
print("with column names:", cur.fetchone()[0])
cur.close()
con.close()

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import sqlite3
class CountCursorsConnection(sqlite3.Connection):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
sqlite3.Connection.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
self.numcursors = 0
def cursor(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.numcursors += 1
return sqlite3.Connection.cursor(self, *args, **kwargs)
con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:", factory=CountCursorsConnection)
cur1 = con.cursor()
cur2 = con.cursor()
print(con.numcursors)

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# Not referenced from the documentation, but builds the database file the other
# code snippets expect.
import sqlite3
import os
DB_FILE = "mydb"
if os.path.exists(DB_FILE):
os.remove(DB_FILE)
con = sqlite3.connect(DB_FILE)
cur = con.cursor()
cur.execute("""
create table people
(
name_last varchar(20),
age integer
)
""")
cur.execute("insert into people (name_last, age) values ('Yeltsin', 72)")
cur.execute("insert into people (name_last, age) values ('Putin', 51)")
con.commit()
cur.close()
con.close()

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import sqlite3
con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
con.execute("create table person (id integer primary key, firstname varchar unique)")
# Successful, con.commit() is called automatically afterwards
with con:
con.execute("insert into person(firstname) values (?)", ("Joe",))
# con.rollback() is called after the with block finishes with an exception, the
# exception is still raised and must be caught
try:
with con:
con.execute("insert into person(firstname) values (?)", ("Joe",))
except sqlite3.IntegrityError:
print("couldn't add Joe twice")

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import sqlite3
con = sqlite3.connect("mydb")
cur = con.cursor()
SELECT = "select name_last, age from people order by age, name_last"
# 1. Iterate over the rows available from the cursor, unpacking the
# resulting sequences to yield their elements (name_last, age):
cur.execute(SELECT)
for (name_last, age) in cur:
print('%s is %d years old.' % (name_last, age))
# 2. Equivalently:
cur.execute(SELECT)
for row in cur:
print('%s is %d years old.' % (row[0], row[1]))

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import sqlite3
# Create a connection to the database file "mydb":
con = sqlite3.connect("mydb")
# Get a Cursor object that operates in the context of Connection con:
cur = con.cursor()
# Execute the SELECT statement:
cur.execute("select * from people order by age")
# Retrieve all rows as a sequence and print that sequence:
print(cur.fetchall())

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import sqlite3
con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
cur = con.cursor()
cur.execute("create table people (name_last, age)")
who = "Yeltsin"
age = 72
# This is the qmark style:
cur.execute("insert into people values (?, ?)", (who, age))
# And this is the named style:
cur.execute("select * from people where name_last=:who and age=:age", {"who": who, "age": age})
print(cur.fetchone())

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import sqlite3
con = sqlite3.connect("mydb")
cur = con.cursor()
who = "Yeltsin"
age = 72
cur.execute("select name_last, age from people where name_last=:who and age=:age",
locals())
print(cur.fetchone())

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import sqlite3
class IterChars:
def __init__(self):
self.count = ord('a')
def __iter__(self):
return self
def __next__(self):
if self.count > ord('z'):
raise StopIteration
self.count += 1
return (chr(self.count - 1),) # this is a 1-tuple
con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
cur = con.cursor()
cur.execute("create table characters(c)")
theIter = IterChars()
cur.executemany("insert into characters(c) values (?)", theIter)
cur.execute("select c from characters")
print(cur.fetchall())

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import sqlite3
import string
def char_generator():
for c in string.ascii_lowercase:
yield (c,)
con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
cur = con.cursor()
cur.execute("create table characters(c)")
cur.executemany("insert into characters(c) values (?)", char_generator())
cur.execute("select c from characters")
print(cur.fetchall())

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import sqlite3
con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
cur = con.cursor()
cur.executescript("""
create table person(
firstname,
lastname,
age
);
create table book(
title,
author,
published
);
insert into book(title, author, published)
values (
'Dirk Gently''s Holistic Detective Agency',
'Douglas Adams',
1987
);
""")

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import sqlite3
con = sqlite3.connect("mydb")
cur = con.cursor()
newPeople = (
('Lebed' , 53),
('Zhirinovsky' , 57),
)
for person in newPeople:
cur.execute("insert into people (name_last, age) values (?, ?)", person)
# The changes will not be saved unless the transaction is committed explicitly:
con.commit()

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import sqlite3
con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
# enable extension loading
con.enable_load_extension(True)
# Load the fulltext search extension
con.execute("select load_extension('./fts3.so')")
# alternatively you can load the extension using an API call:
# con.load_extension("./fts3.so")
# disable extension loading again
con.enable_load_extension(False)
# example from SQLite wiki
con.execute("create virtual table recipe using fts3(name, ingredients)")
con.executescript("""
insert into recipe (name, ingredients) values ('broccoli stew', 'broccoli peppers cheese tomatoes');
insert into recipe (name, ingredients) values ('pumpkin stew', 'pumpkin onions garlic celery');
insert into recipe (name, ingredients) values ('broccoli pie', 'broccoli cheese onions flour');
insert into recipe (name, ingredients) values ('pumpkin pie', 'pumpkin sugar flour butter');
""")
for row in con.execute("select rowid, name, ingredients from recipe where name match 'pie'"):
print(row)

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import sqlite3
import hashlib
def md5sum(t):
return hashlib.md5(t).hexdigest()
con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
con.create_function("md5", 1, md5sum)
cur = con.cursor()
cur.execute("select md5(?)", (b"foo",))
print(cur.fetchone()[0])

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import sqlite3
class MySum:
def __init__(self):
self.count = 0
def step(self, value):
self.count += value
def finalize(self):
return self.count
con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
con.create_aggregate("mysum", 1, MySum)
cur = con.cursor()
cur.execute("create table test(i)")
cur.execute("insert into test(i) values (1)")
cur.execute("insert into test(i) values (2)")
cur.execute("select mysum(i) from test")
print(cur.fetchone()[0])

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import sqlite3
import datetime
con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:", detect_types=sqlite3.PARSE_COLNAMES)
cur = con.cursor()
cur.execute('select ? as "x [timestamp]"', (datetime.datetime.now(),))
dt = cur.fetchone()[0]
print(dt, type(dt))

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import sqlite3
import datetime
con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:", detect_types=sqlite3.PARSE_DECLTYPES|sqlite3.PARSE_COLNAMES)
cur = con.cursor()
cur.execute("create table test(d date, ts timestamp)")
today = datetime.date.today()
now = datetime.datetime.now()
cur.execute("insert into test(d, ts) values (?, ?)", (today, now))
cur.execute("select d, ts from test")
row = cur.fetchone()
print(today, "=>", row[0], type(row[0]))
print(now, "=>", row[1], type(row[1]))
cur.execute('select current_date as "d [date]", current_timestamp as "ts [timestamp]"')
row = cur.fetchone()
print("current_date", row[0], type(row[0]))
print("current_timestamp", row[1], type(row[1]))

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import sqlite3
def dict_factory(cursor, row):
d = {}
for idx, col in enumerate(cursor.description):
d[col[0]] = row[idx]
return d
con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
con.row_factory = dict_factory
cur = con.cursor()
cur.execute("select 1 as a")
print(cur.fetchone()["a"])

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import sqlite3
con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
con.row_factory = sqlite3.Row
cur = con.cursor()
cur.execute("select 'John' as name, 42 as age")
for row in cur:
assert row[0] == row["name"]
assert row["name"] == row["nAmE"]
assert row[1] == row["age"]
assert row[1] == row["AgE"]

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import sqlite3
# The shared cache is only available in SQLite versions 3.3.3 or later
# See the SQLite documentation for details.
sqlite3.enable_shared_cache(True)

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import sqlite3
persons = [
("Hugo", "Boss"),
("Calvin", "Klein")
]
con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
# Create the table
con.execute("create table person(firstname, lastname)")
# Fill the table
con.executemany("insert into person(firstname, lastname) values (?, ?)", persons)
# Print the table contents
for row in con.execute("select firstname, lastname from person"):
print(row)
print("I just deleted", con.execute("delete from person").rowcount, "rows")

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import sqlite3
FIELD_MAX_WIDTH = 20
TABLE_NAME = 'people'
SELECT = 'select * from %s order by age, name_last' % TABLE_NAME
con = sqlite3.connect("mydb")
cur = con.cursor()
cur.execute(SELECT)
# Print a header.
for fieldDesc in cur.description:
print(fieldDesc[0].ljust(FIELD_MAX_WIDTH), end=' ')
print() # Finish the header with a newline.
print('-' * 78)
# For each row, print the value of each field left-justified within
# the maximum possible width of that field.
fieldIndices = range(len(cur.description))
for row in cur:
for fieldIndex in fieldIndices:
fieldValue = str(row[fieldIndex])
print(fieldValue.ljust(FIELD_MAX_WIDTH), end=' ')
print() # Finish the row with a newline.

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import sqlite3
con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
cur = con.cursor()
AUSTRIA = "\xd6sterreich"
# by default, rows are returned as Unicode
cur.execute("select ?", (AUSTRIA,))
row = cur.fetchone()
assert row[0] == AUSTRIA
# but we can make sqlite3 always return bytestrings ...
con.text_factory = bytes
cur.execute("select ?", (AUSTRIA,))
row = cur.fetchone()
assert type(row[0]) is bytes
# the bytestrings will be encoded in UTF-8, unless you stored garbage in the
# database ...
assert row[0] == AUSTRIA.encode("utf-8")
# we can also implement a custom text_factory ...
# here we implement one that appends "foo" to all strings
con.text_factory = lambda x: x.decode("utf-8") + "foo"
cur.execute("select ?", ("bar",))
row = cur.fetchone()
assert row[0] == "barfoo"

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#include <Python.h>
typedef struct {
PyListObject list;
int state;
} SubListObject;
static PyObject *
SubList_increment(SubListObject *self, PyObject *unused)
{
self->state++;
return PyLong_FromLong(self->state);
}
static PyMethodDef SubList_methods[] = {
{"increment", (PyCFunction) SubList_increment, METH_NOARGS,
PyDoc_STR("increment state counter")},
{NULL},
};
static int
SubList_init(SubListObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
if (PyList_Type.tp_init((PyObject *) self, args, kwds) < 0)
return -1;
self->state = 0;
return 0;
}
static PyTypeObject SubListType = {
PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
.tp_name = "sublist.SubList",
.tp_doc = "SubList objects",
.tp_basicsize = sizeof(SubListObject),
.tp_itemsize = 0,
.tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE,
.tp_init = (initproc) SubList_init,
.tp_methods = SubList_methods,
};
static PyModuleDef sublistmodule = {
PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
.m_name = "sublist",
.m_doc = "Example module that creates an extension type.",
.m_size = -1,
};
PyMODINIT_FUNC
PyInit_sublist(void)
{
PyObject *m;
SubListType.tp_base = &PyList_Type;
if (PyType_Ready(&SubListType) < 0)
return NULL;
m = PyModule_Create(&sublistmodule);
if (m == NULL)
return NULL;
Py_INCREF(&SubListType);
PyModule_AddObject(m, "SubList", (PyObject *) &SubListType);
return m;
}

199
third_party/python/Doc/includes/test.py vendored Normal file
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"""Test module for the custom examples
Custom 1:
>>> import custom
>>> c1 = custom.Custom()
>>> c2 = custom.Custom()
>>> del c1
>>> del c2
Custom 2
>>> import custom2
>>> c1 = custom2.Custom('jim', 'fulton', 42)
>>> c1.first
'jim'
>>> c1.last
'fulton'
>>> c1.number
42
>>> c1.name()
'jim fulton'
>>> c1.first = 'will'
>>> c1.name()
'will fulton'
>>> c1.last = 'tell'
>>> c1.name()
'will tell'
>>> del c1.first
>>> c1.name()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AttributeError: first
>>> c1.first
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AttributeError: first
>>> c1.first = 'drew'
>>> c1.first
'drew'
>>> del c1.number
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: can't delete numeric/char attribute
>>> c1.number=2
>>> c1.number
2
>>> c1.first = 42
>>> c1.name()
'42 tell'
>>> c2 = custom2.Custom()
>>> c2.name()
' '
>>> c2.first
''
>>> c2.last
''
>>> del c2.first
>>> c2.first
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AttributeError: first
>>> c2.first
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AttributeError: first
>>> c2.name()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
AttributeError: first
>>> c2.number
0
>>> n3 = custom2.Custom('jim', 'fulton', 'waaa')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
TypeError: an integer is required (got type str)
>>> del c1
>>> del c2
Custom 3
>>> import custom3
>>> c1 = custom3.Custom('jim', 'fulton', 42)
>>> c1 = custom3.Custom('jim', 'fulton', 42)
>>> c1.name()
'jim fulton'
>>> del c1.first
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
TypeError: Cannot delete the first attribute
>>> c1.first = 42
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
TypeError: The first attribute value must be a string
>>> c1.first = 'will'
>>> c1.name()
'will fulton'
>>> c2 = custom3.Custom()
>>> c2 = custom3.Custom()
>>> c2 = custom3.Custom()
>>> n3 = custom3.Custom('jim', 'fulton', 'waaa')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
TypeError: an integer is required (got type str)
>>> del c1
>>> del c2
Custom 4
>>> import custom4
>>> c1 = custom4.Custom('jim', 'fulton', 42)
>>> c1.first
'jim'
>>> c1.last
'fulton'
>>> c1.number
42
>>> c1.name()
'jim fulton'
>>> c1.first = 'will'
>>> c1.name()
'will fulton'
>>> c1.last = 'tell'
>>> c1.name()
'will tell'
>>> del c1.first
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: Cannot delete the first attribute
>>> c1.name()
'will tell'
>>> c1.first = 'drew'
>>> c1.first
'drew'
>>> del c1.number
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: can't delete numeric/char attribute
>>> c1.number=2
>>> c1.number
2
>>> c1.first = 42
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: The first attribute value must be a string
>>> c1.name()
'drew tell'
>>> c2 = custom4.Custom()
>>> c2 = custom4.Custom()
>>> c2 = custom4.Custom()
>>> c2 = custom4.Custom()
>>> c2.name()
' '
>>> c2.first
''
>>> c2.last
''
>>> c2.number
0
>>> n3 = custom4.Custom('jim', 'fulton', 'waaa')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: an integer is required (got type str)
Test cyclic gc(?)
>>> import gc
>>> gc.disable()
>>> class Subclass(custom4.Custom): pass
...
>>> s = Subclass()
>>> s.cycle = [s]
>>> s.cycle.append(s.cycle)
>>> x = object()
>>> s.x = x
>>> del s
>>> sys.getrefcount(x)
3
>>> ignore = gc.collect()
>>> sys.getrefcount(x)
2
>>> gc.enable()
"""
import os
import sys
from distutils.util import get_platform
PLAT_SPEC = "%s-%d.%d" % (get_platform(), *sys.version_info[:2])
src = os.path.join("build", "lib.%s" % PLAT_SPEC)
sys.path.append(src)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest, __main__
doctest.testmod(__main__)

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from turtle import *
color('red', 'yellow')
begin_fill()
while True:
forward(200)
left(170)
if abs(pos()) < 1:
break
end_fill()
done()

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typedef struct _typeobject {
PyObject_VAR_HEAD
const char *tp_name; /* For printing, in format "<module>.<name>" */
Py_ssize_t tp_basicsize, tp_itemsize; /* For allocation */
/* Methods to implement standard operations */
destructor tp_dealloc;
printfunc tp_print;
getattrfunc tp_getattr;
setattrfunc tp_setattr;
PyAsyncMethods *tp_as_async; /* formerly known as tp_compare (Python 2)
or tp_reserved (Python 3) */
reprfunc tp_repr;
/* Method suites for standard classes */
PyNumberMethods *tp_as_number;
PySequenceMethods *tp_as_sequence;
PyMappingMethods *tp_as_mapping;
/* More standard operations (here for binary compatibility) */
hashfunc tp_hash;
ternaryfunc tp_call;
reprfunc tp_str;
getattrofunc tp_getattro;
setattrofunc tp_setattro;
/* Functions to access object as input/output buffer */
PyBufferProcs *tp_as_buffer;
/* Flags to define presence of optional/expanded features */
unsigned long tp_flags;
const char *tp_doc; /* Documentation string */
/* call function for all accessible objects */
traverseproc tp_traverse;
/* delete references to contained objects */
inquiry tp_clear;
/* rich comparisons */
richcmpfunc tp_richcompare;
/* weak reference enabler */
Py_ssize_t tp_weaklistoffset;
/* Iterators */
getiterfunc tp_iter;
iternextfunc tp_iternext;
/* Attribute descriptor and subclassing stuff */
struct PyMethodDef *tp_methods;
struct PyMemberDef *tp_members;
struct PyGetSetDef *tp_getset;
struct _typeobject *tp_base;
PyObject *tp_dict;
descrgetfunc tp_descr_get;
descrsetfunc tp_descr_set;
Py_ssize_t tp_dictoffset;
initproc tp_init;
allocfunc tp_alloc;
newfunc tp_new;
freefunc tp_free; /* Low-level free-memory routine */
inquiry tp_is_gc; /* For PyObject_IS_GC */
PyObject *tp_bases;
PyObject *tp_mro; /* method resolution order */
PyObject *tp_cache;
PyObject *tp_subclasses;
PyObject *tp_weaklist;
destructor tp_del;
/* Type attribute cache version tag. Added in version 2.6 */
unsigned int tp_version_tag;
destructor tp_finalize;
} PyTypeObject;

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from datetime import tzinfo, timedelta, datetime, timezone
ZERO = timedelta(0)
HOUR = timedelta(hours=1)
SECOND = timedelta(seconds=1)
# A class capturing the platform's idea of local time.
# (May result in wrong values on historical times in
# timezones where UTC offset and/or the DST rules had
# changed in the past.)
import time as _time
STDOFFSET = timedelta(seconds = -_time.timezone)
if _time.daylight:
DSTOFFSET = timedelta(seconds = -_time.altzone)
else:
DSTOFFSET = STDOFFSET
DSTDIFF = DSTOFFSET - STDOFFSET
class LocalTimezone(tzinfo):
def fromutc(self, dt):
assert dt.tzinfo is self
stamp = (dt - datetime(1970, 1, 1, tzinfo=self)) // SECOND
args = _time.localtime(stamp)[:6]
dst_diff = DSTDIFF // SECOND
# Detect fold
fold = (args == _time.localtime(stamp - dst_diff))
return datetime(*args, microsecond=dt.microsecond,
tzinfo=self, fold=fold)
def utcoffset(self, dt):
if self._isdst(dt):
return DSTOFFSET
else:
return STDOFFSET
def dst(self, dt):
if self._isdst(dt):
return DSTDIFF
else:
return ZERO
def tzname(self, dt):
return _time.tzname[self._isdst(dt)]
def _isdst(self, dt):
tt = (dt.year, dt.month, dt.day,
dt.hour, dt.minute, dt.second,
dt.weekday(), 0, 0)
stamp = _time.mktime(tt)
tt = _time.localtime(stamp)
return tt.tm_isdst > 0
Local = LocalTimezone()
# A complete implementation of current DST rules for major US time zones.
def first_sunday_on_or_after(dt):
days_to_go = 6 - dt.weekday()
if days_to_go:
dt += timedelta(days_to_go)
return dt
# US DST Rules
#
# This is a simplified (i.e., wrong for a few cases) set of rules for US
# DST start and end times. For a complete and up-to-date set of DST rules
# and timezone definitions, visit the Olson Database (or try pytz):
# http://www.twinsun.com/tz/tz-link.htm
# http://sourceforge.net/projects/pytz/ (might not be up-to-date)
#
# In the US, since 2007, DST starts at 2am (standard time) on the second
# Sunday in March, which is the first Sunday on or after Mar 8.
DSTSTART_2007 = datetime(1, 3, 8, 2)
# and ends at 2am (DST time) on the first Sunday of Nov.
DSTEND_2007 = datetime(1, 11, 1, 2)
# From 1987 to 2006, DST used to start at 2am (standard time) on the first
# Sunday in April and to end at 2am (DST time) on the last
# Sunday of October, which is the first Sunday on or after Oct 25.
DSTSTART_1987_2006 = datetime(1, 4, 1, 2)
DSTEND_1987_2006 = datetime(1, 10, 25, 2)
# From 1967 to 1986, DST used to start at 2am (standard time) on the last
# Sunday in April (the one on or after April 24) and to end at 2am (DST time)
# on the last Sunday of October, which is the first Sunday
# on or after Oct 25.
DSTSTART_1967_1986 = datetime(1, 4, 24, 2)
DSTEND_1967_1986 = DSTEND_1987_2006
def us_dst_range(year):
# Find start and end times for US DST. For years before 1967, return
# start = end for no DST.
if 2006 < year:
dststart, dstend = DSTSTART_2007, DSTEND_2007
elif 1986 < year < 2007:
dststart, dstend = DSTSTART_1987_2006, DSTEND_1987_2006
elif 1966 < year < 1987:
dststart, dstend = DSTSTART_1967_1986, DSTEND_1967_1986
else:
return (datetime(year, 1, 1), ) * 2
start = first_sunday_on_or_after(dststart.replace(year=year))
end = first_sunday_on_or_after(dstend.replace(year=year))
return start, end
class USTimeZone(tzinfo):
def __init__(self, hours, reprname, stdname, dstname):
self.stdoffset = timedelta(hours=hours)
self.reprname = reprname
self.stdname = stdname
self.dstname = dstname
def __repr__(self):
return self.reprname
def tzname(self, dt):
if self.dst(dt):
return self.dstname
else:
return self.stdname
def utcoffset(self, dt):
return self.stdoffset + self.dst(dt)
def dst(self, dt):
if dt is None or dt.tzinfo is None:
# An exception may be sensible here, in one or both cases.
# It depends on how you want to treat them. The default
# fromutc() implementation (called by the default astimezone()
# implementation) passes a datetime with dt.tzinfo is self.
return ZERO
assert dt.tzinfo is self
start, end = us_dst_range(dt.year)
# Can't compare naive to aware objects, so strip the timezone from
# dt first.
dt = dt.replace(tzinfo=None)
if start + HOUR <= dt < end - HOUR:
# DST is in effect.
return HOUR
if end - HOUR <= dt < end:
# Fold (an ambiguous hour): use dt.fold to disambiguate.
return ZERO if dt.fold else HOUR
if start <= dt < start + HOUR:
# Gap (a non-existent hour): reverse the fold rule.
return HOUR if dt.fold else ZERO
# DST is off.
return ZERO
def fromutc(self, dt):
assert dt.tzinfo is self
start, end = us_dst_range(dt.year)
start = start.replace(tzinfo=self)
end = end.replace(tzinfo=self)
std_time = dt + self.stdoffset
dst_time = std_time + HOUR
if end <= dst_time < end + HOUR:
# Repeated hour
return std_time.replace(fold=1)
if std_time < start or dst_time >= end:
# Standard time
return std_time
if start <= std_time < end - HOUR:
# Daylight saving time
return dst_time
Eastern = USTimeZone(-5, "Eastern", "EST", "EDT")
Central = USTimeZone(-6, "Central", "CST", "CDT")
Mountain = USTimeZone(-7, "Mountain", "MST", "MDT")
Pacific = USTimeZone(-8, "Pacific", "PST", "PDT")