Introduce more CTL content

This change introduces accumulate, addressof, advance, all_of, distance,
array, enable_if, allocator_traits, back_inserter, bad_alloc, is_signed,
any_of, copy, exception, fill, fill_n, is_same, is_same_v, out_of_range,
lexicographical_compare, is_integral, uninitialized_fill_n, is_unsigned,
numeric_limits, uninitialized_fill, iterator_traits, move_backward, min,
max, iterator_tag, move_iterator, reverse_iterator, uninitialized_move_n

This change experiments with rewriting the ctl::vector class to make the
CTL design more similar to the STL. So far it has not slowed things down
to have 42 #include lines rather than 2, since it's still almost nothing
compared to LLVM's code. In fact the closer we can flirt with being just
like libcxx, the better chance we might have of discovering exactly what
makes it so slow to compile. It would be an enormous discovery if we can
find one simple trick to solving the issue there instead.

This also fixes a bug in `ctl::string(const string &s)` when `s` is big.

ctl/allocator_traits.h

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+#ifndef CTL_ALLOCATOR_TRAITS_H_
+#define CTL_ALLOCATOR_TRAITS_H_
+#include "type_traits.h"
+
+namespace ctl {
+
+template<typename Alloc>
+struct allocator_traits
+{
+    using allocator_type = Alloc;
+    using value_type = typename Alloc::value_type;
+    using pointer = typename Alloc::pointer;
+    using const_pointer = typename Alloc::const_pointer;
+    using void_pointer = void*;
+    using const_void_pointer = const void*;
+    using difference_type = typename Alloc::difference_type;
+    using size_type = typename Alloc::size_type;
+
+    using propagate_on_container_copy_assignment = false_type;
+    using propagate_on_container_move_assignment = true_type;
+    using propagate_on_container_swap = false_type;
+    using is_always_equal = true_type;
+
+    template<typename T>
+    using rebind_alloc = typename Alloc::template rebind<T>::other;
+
+    template<typename T>
+    using rebind_traits = allocator_traits<rebind_alloc<T>>;
+
+    __attribute__((__always_inline__)) static pointer allocate(Alloc& a,
+                                                               size_type n)
+    {
+        return a.allocate(n);
+    }
+
+    __attribute__((__always_inline__)) static void deallocate(Alloc& a,
+                                                              pointer p,
+                                                              size_type n)
+    {
+        a.deallocate(p, n);
+    }
+
+    template<typename T, typename... Args>
+    __attribute__((__always_inline__)) static void construct(Alloc& a,
+                                                             T* p,
+                                                             Args&&... args)
+    {
+        ::new ((void*)p) T(static_cast<Args&&>(args)...);
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    __attribute__((__always_inline__)) static void destroy(Alloc& a, T* p)
+    {
+        p->~T();
+    }
+
+    __attribute__((__always_inline__)) static size_type max_size(
+      const Alloc& a) noexcept
+    {
+        return __PTRDIFF_MAX__ / sizeof(value_type);
+    }
+
+    __attribute__((__always_inline__)) static Alloc
+    select_on_container_copy_construction(const Alloc& a)
+    {
+        return a;
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace ctl
+
+#endif // CTL_ALLOCATOR_TRAITS_H_