Merge branch 'master' into fastcall-wrapup

merging with 363d2ec436
2025-08-07 02:10:27 +00:00 · 2022-05-09 13:38:05 +05:30 · 2022-05-09 13:38:05 +05:30 · 4b85809dd8
commit 4b85809dd8
parent a2c4c343be 363d2ec436
4529 changed files with 199703 additions and 268223 deletions
--- a/.vscode/c_cpp_properties.json
+++ b/.vscode/c_cpp_properties.json
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 				"alignas(x)",
 				"alignof(x)",
 				"artificial=",
-				"nodiscard=",
+				"dontdiscard=",
 				"mayalias=",
 				"forceinline=",
 				"forcealign(x)=",
@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
 				"nosideeffect=",
 				"unreachable=",
 				"thatispacked=",
-				"nothrow=",
+				"dontthrow=",
 				"nocallback=",
 				"relegated=",
 				"hidden=",
--- a/39
+++ b/39
@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
 #
 #   # basic debugging
 #   make -j8 -O MODE=dbg o/dbg/examples/crashreport.com
-#   o/dbg/examples/crashreport.com
+#   o/examples/crashreport.com
 #   less examples/crashreport.c
 #
 #   # extremely tiny binaries
@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
 #   build/config.mk

 SHELL   = /bin/sh
-HOSTS  ?= freebsd openbsd netbsd rhel7 rhel5 xnu win7 win10
+HOSTS  ?= freebsd openbsd netbsd rhel7 rhel5 win7 win10 xnu
 SANITY := $(shell build/sanitycheck $$PPID)

 .SUFFIXES:
@ -69,7 +69,10 @@ SANITY := $(shell build/sanitycheck $$PPID)
 .PHONY: all o bins check test depend tags

 all:	o
-o:	o/$(MODE)/ape		\
+o:	o/$(MODE)
+
+o/$(MODE):			\
+	o/$(MODE)/ape		\
 	o/$(MODE)/dsp		\
 	o/$(MODE)/net		\
 	o/$(MODE)/libc		\
@ -108,13 +111,13 @@ include libc/rand/rand.mk			# │
 include libc/unicode/unicode.mk			# │
 include third_party/dlmalloc/dlmalloc.mk	#─┘
 include libc/mem/mem.mk				#─┐
-include libc/ohmyplus/ohmyplus.mk		# ├──DYNAMIC RUNTIME
-include libc/zipos/zipos.mk			# │  You can now use stdio
-include third_party/gdtoa/gdtoa.mk		# │  You can finally call malloc()
-include libc/time/time.mk			# │
+include libc/zipos/zipos.mk			# ├──DYNAMIC RUNTIME
+include third_party/gdtoa/gdtoa.mk		# │  You can now use stdio
+include libc/time/time.mk			# │  You can finally call malloc()
+include libc/thread/thread.mk			# │
 include libc/alg/alg.mk				# │
 include libc/stdio/stdio.mk			# │
-include libc/thread/thread.mk			# │
+include third_party/libcxx/libcxx.mk		# │
 include net/net.mk				# │
 include libc/log/log.mk				# │
 include third_party/bzip2/bzip2.mk		# │
@ -138,14 +141,16 @@ include third_party/third_party.mk
 include libc/testlib/testlib.mk
 include tool/viz/lib/vizlib.mk
 include third_party/linenoise/linenoise.mk
+include third_party/maxmind/maxmind.mk
 include third_party/lua/lua.mk
 include third_party/make/make.mk
 include third_party/argon2/argon2.mk
+include third_party/smallz4/smallz4.mk
 include third_party/sqlite3/sqlite3.mk
 include third_party/mbedtls/test/test.mk
 include third_party/quickjs/quickjs.mk
 include third_party/lz4cli/lz4cli.mk
-include third_party/infozip/infozip.mk
+include third_party/zip/zip.mk
 include tool/build/lib/buildlib.mk
 include third_party/chibicc/chibicc.mk
 include third_party/chibicc/test/test.mk
@ -157,6 +162,11 @@ include examples/examples.mk
 include examples/pyapp/pyapp.mk
 include tool/decode/lib/decodelib.mk
 include tool/decode/decode.mk
+include tool/lambda/lib/lib.mk
+include tool/lambda/lambda.mk
+include tool/plinko/lib/lib.mk
+include tool/plinko/plinko.mk
+include test/tool/plinko/test.mk
 include tool/hash/hash.mk
 include tool/net/net.mk
 include tool/viz/viz.mk
@ -167,6 +177,7 @@ include test/libc/intrin/test.mk
 include test/libc/mem/test.mk
 include test/libc/nexgen32e/test.mk
 include test/libc/runtime/test.mk
+include test/libc/thread/test.mk
 include test/libc/sock/test.mk
 include test/libc/bits/test.mk
 include test/libc/str/test.mk
@ -210,7 +221,7 @@ CHECKS	 = $(foreach x,$(PKGS),$($(x)_CHECKS))

 bins:	$(BINS)
 check:	$(CHECKS)
-test:	$(TESTS) all
+test:	$(TESTS)
 depend:	o/$(MODE)/depend
 tags:	TAGS HTAGS

@ -249,7 +260,6 @@ COSMOPOLITAN_OBJECTS =		\
 	LIBC_NT_WS2_32		\
 	LIBC_NT_IPHLPAPI	\
 	LIBC_NT_MSWSOCK		\
-	LIBC_OHMYPLUS		\
 	LIBC_X			\
 	THIRD_PARTY_GETOPT	\
 	LIBC_LOG		\
@ -270,7 +280,9 @@ COSMOPOLITAN_OBJECTS =		\
 	LIBC_CALLS		\
 	LIBC_RAND		\
 	LIBC_SYSV_CALLS		\
-	LIBC_NT_KERNELBASE	\
+	LIBC_NT_PSAPI		\
+	LIBC_NT_POWRPROF	\
+	LIBC_NT_PDH		\
 	LIBC_NT_SHELL32		\
 	LIBC_NT_GDI32		\
 	LIBC_NT_COMDLG32	\
@ -283,6 +295,7 @@ COSMOPOLITAN_OBJECTS =		\
 	THIRD_PARTY_COMPILER_RT	\
 	LIBC_THREAD		\
 	LIBC_TINYMATH		\
+	THIRD_PARTY_XED		\
 	LIBC_STR		\
 	LIBC_SYSV		\
 	LIBC_INTRIN		\
@ -302,11 +315,11 @@ COSMOPOLITAN_HEADERS =		\
 	LIBC_MEM		\
 	LIBC_NEXGEN32E		\
 	LIBC_NT			\
-	LIBC_OHMYPLUS		\
 	LIBC_RAND		\
 	LIBC_RUNTIME		\
 	LIBC_SOCK		\
 	LIBC_STDIO		\
+	THIRD_PARTY_XED		\
 	LIBC_STR		\
 	LIBC_SYSV		\
 	LIBC_THREAD		\
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ If you're doing your development work on Linux or BSD then you need just
 five files to get started. Here's what you do on Linux:

 ```sh
-wget https://justine.lol/cosmopolitan/cosmopolitan-amalgamation-1.0.zip
-unzip cosmopolitan-amalgamation-1.0.zip
+wget https://justine.lol/cosmopolitan/cosmopolitan.zip
+unzip cosmopolitan.zip
 printf 'main() { printf("hello world\\n"); }\n' >hello.c
 gcc -g -Os -static -nostdlib -nostdinc -fno-pie -no-pie -mno-red-zone \
  -fno-omit-frame-pointer -pg -mnop-mcount \
@ -72,14 +72,45 @@ repository that bootstraps using a vendored static gcc9 executable.
 No further dependencies are required.

 ```sh
-wget https://justine.lol/cosmopolitan/cosmopolitan-1.0.tar.gz
-tar xf cosmopolitan-1.0.tar.gz  # see releases page
+wget https://justine.lol/cosmopolitan/cosmopolitan.tar.gz
+tar xf cosmopolitan.tar.gz  # see releases page
 cd cosmopolitan
 make -j16
 o//examples/hello.com
 find o -name \*.com | xargs ls -rShal | less
 ```

+## GDB
+
+Here's the recommended `~/.gdbinit` config:
+
+```
+set host-charset UTF-8
+set target-charset UTF-8
+set target-wide-charset UTF-8
+set osabi none
+set complaints 0
+set confirm off
+set history save on
+set history filename ~/.gdb_history
+define asm
+  layout asm
+  layout reg
+end
+define src
+  layout src
+  layout reg
+end
+src
+```
+
+You normally run the `.com.dbg` file under gdb. If you need to debug the
+`.com` file itself, then you can load the debug symbols independently as
+
+```
+gdb foo.com -ex 'add-symbol-file foo.com.dbg 0x401000'
+```
+
 ## Support Vector

 | Platform        | Min Version | Circa |
--- a/ape/ape.S
+++ b/ape/ape.S
@ -660,6 +660,7 @@ apesh:	.ascii	"'\n#'\"\n"			# sixth edition shebang

 #if SupportsSystemv() || SupportsMetal()
 	.section .elf.phdrs,"a",@progbits
+
 	.long	PT_LOAD
 	.long	PF_R|PF_X
 	.stub	ape_rom_offset,quad
@ -668,6 +669,7 @@ apesh:	.ascii	"'\n#'\"\n"			# sixth edition shebang
 	.stub	ape_rom_filesz,quad
 	.stub	ape_rom_memsz,quad
 	.stub	ape_rom_align,quad
+
 	.long	PT_LOAD
 	.long	PF_R|PF_W
 	.stub	ape_ram_offset,quad
@ -676,14 +678,32 @@ apesh:	.ascii	"'\n#'\"\n"			# sixth edition shebang
 	.stub	ape_ram_filesz,quad
 	.stub	ape_ram_memsz,quad
 	.stub	ape_ram_align,quad
+
+//	APE Stack Configuration
+//
+//	We actually respect this when allocating a deterministically
+//	addressed stack on Windows and other operating systems. However
+//	there's a few caveats:
+//
+//	- If ape_stack_pf has PF_X then OpenBSD probably won't work
+//	- We don't bother creating a deterministic stack in MODE=tiny
+//
+//	With that said, here's some examples of configuration:
+//
+//	    STATIC_SYMBOL("ape_stack_pf", "7");  // RWX
+//	    STATIC_STACK_ADDR(0x6fffffff0000);
+//	    STATIC_STACK_SIZE(65536);
+//
+//	@see ape.lds for defaults
 	.long	PT_GNU_STACK
-	.long	PF_R|PF_W
-	.stub	ape_stack_offset,quad
-	.stub	ape_stack_vaddr,quad
-	.stub	ape_stack_paddr,quad
-	.stub	ape_stack_filesz,quad
-	.stub	ape_stack_memsz,quad
-	.stub	ape_stack_align,quad
+	.stub	ape_stack_pf,long		# override w/ PF_X for execstack
+	.stub	ape_stack_offset,quad		# ignored
+	.stub	ape_stack_vaddr,quad		# is mmap()'d with MAP_FIXED
+	.stub	ape_stack_paddr,quad		# ignored
+	.stub	ape_stack_filesz,quad		# ignored
+	.stub	ape_stack_memsz,quad		# is mmap(size) argument
+	.stub	ape_stack_align,quad		# must be 16+
+
 #if SupportsOpenbsd() || SupportsNetbsd()
 	.long	PT_NOTE
 	.long	PF_R
@ -1070,18 +1090,12 @@ str.error:
 str.crlf:
 	.asciz	"\r\n"
 	.endobj	str.crlf
-str.cpuid:
-	.asciz	"cpuid"
-	.endobj	str.cpuid
-str.oldskool:
-	.asciz	"oldskool"
-	.endobj	str.oldskool
 str.e820:
 	.asciz	"e820"
 	.endobj	str.e820
-str.long:
-	.asciz	"nolong"
-	.endobj	str.long
+str.oldcpu:
+	.asciz	"oldcpu"
+	.endobj	str.oldcpu

 //	Serial Line Configuration (8250 UART 16550)
 //	If it's hacked, it'll at least get hacked very slowly.
@ -1264,7 +1278,7 @@ longmodeloader:
 lcheck:	pushf				# check for i8086 / i8088 / i80186
 	pop	%ax
 	test	$0x80,%ah		# see intel manual volume 1 20.1.2
-	jnz	9f			# we now assume 32bit is supported
+	jnz	10f			# we now assume 32bit is supported
 	pushfl				# now check for i386 or early i486
 	pop	%eax			# test ability to change cpuid bit
 	mov	%eax,%ecx
@ -1275,7 +1289,7 @@ lcheck:	pushf				# check for i8086 / i8088 / i80186
 	pushfl
 	pop	%eax
 	cmp	%eax,%ecx
-	je	12f			# we assume cpuid inst is available
+	je	10f			# we assume cpuid inst is available
 	or	%ebx,%eax		# puts cpuid bit in the on position
 	push	%eax
 	popfl
@ -1293,11 +1307,7 @@ lcheck:	pushf				# check for i8086 / i8088 / i80186
 	jne	10f
 	xor	%ax,%ax
 1:	ret
-9:	mov	$REAL(str.oldskool),%di
-	jmp	20f
-10:	mov	$REAL(str.long),%di
-	jmp	20f
-12:	mov	$REAL(str.cpuid),%di
+10:	mov	$REAL(str.oldcpu),%di
 20:	call	rldie
 	.endfn	lcheck

@ -1615,5 +1625,26 @@ ape_idata_ro:
 __data_start:
 	.previous

+	.section .dataepilogue,"aw",@progbits
+	.type	__data_end,@object
+	.globl	__data_end
+	.hidden	__data_end
+__data_end:
+	.previous
+
+	.section .bssprologue,"aw",@nobits
+	.type	__bss_start,@object
+	.globl	__bss_start
+	.hidden	__bss_start
+__bss_start:
+	.previous
+
+	.section .bssepilogue,"aw",@nobits
+	.type	__bss_end,@object
+	.globl	__bss_end
+	.hidden	__bss_end
+__bss_end:
+	.previous
+
 .end

--- a/ape/ape.lds
+++ b/ape/ape.lds
@ -177,6 +177,8 @@
 #include "ape/macros.internal.h"
 #include "ape/relocations.h"
 #include "libc/dce.h"
+#include "libc/elf/def.h"
+#include "libc/elf/pf2prot.internal.h"
 #include "libc/nt/pedef.internal.h"
 #include "libc/zip.h"

@ -342,7 +344,7 @@ SECTIONS {
 /*END: Read Only Data (only needed for initialization) */
 /*END: Read Only Data */
  } :Rom
-  
+
  .tdata . : {
    _tdata_start = .;
    *(SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT(.tdata))
@ -358,6 +360,8 @@ SECTIONS {

  .data . : {
 /*BEGIN: Read/Write Data */
+    KEEP(*(SORT_BY_NAME(.piro.data.sort.iat.*)))
+/*BEGIN: NT FORK COPYING */
    KEEP(*(.dataprologue))
    *(.data .data.*)
    KEEP(*(SORT_BY_NAME(.sort.data.*)))
@ -378,6 +382,8 @@ SECTIONS {
    . = ALIGN(__SIZEOF_POINTER__);
    KEEP(*(SORT_BY_NAME(.piro.data.sort.*)))
    KEEP(*(.piro.pad.data))
+    KEEP(*(.dataepilogue))
+/*END: NT FORK COPYING */
    . = ALIGN(PAGESIZE);
    HIDDEN(_edata = .);
    PROVIDE_HIDDEN(edata = .);
@ -404,6 +410,8 @@ SECTIONS {
 /*BEGIN: bss memory that's addressable */

  .bss ALIGN(64) : {
+/*BEGIN: NT FORK COPYING */
+    KEEP(*(.bssprologue))
    KEEP(*(SORT_BY_NAME(.piro.bss.init.*)))
    *(.piro.bss)
    KEEP(*(SORT_BY_NAME(.piro.bss.sort.*)))
@ -418,6 +426,8 @@ SECTIONS {

    KEEP(*(SORT_BY_NAME(.sort.bss.*)))

+    KEEP(*(.bssepilogue))
+/*END: NT FORK COPYING */
    . = ALIGN(FRAMESIZE); /* for brk()/sbrk() allocation */
    HIDDEN(_end = .);
    PROVIDE_HIDDEN(end = .);
@ -477,9 +487,9 @@ PFSTUB4(ape_elf_phnum, (ape_phdrs_end - ape_phdrs) / 56);
 PFSTUB4(ape_elf_shnum, 0);
 PFSTUB4(ape_elf_shstrndx, 0);

-HIDDEN(__privileged_addr = ROUNDDOWN(__privileged_start, PAGESIZE)); 
+HIDDEN(__privileged_addr = ROUNDDOWN(__privileged_start, PAGESIZE));
 HIDDEN(__privileged_size = (ROUNDUP(__privileged_end, PAGESIZE) -
-                            ROUNDDOWN(__privileged_start, PAGESIZE))); 
+                            ROUNDDOWN(__privileged_start, PAGESIZE)));

 HIDDEN(ape_rom_offset = 0);
 HIDDEN(ape_rom_vaddr = ADDR(.head));
@ -497,6 +507,8 @@ HIDDEN(ape_ram_memsz = ADDR(.bss) + SIZEOF(.bss) - ape_ram_vaddr);
 HIDDEN(ape_ram_align = PAGESIZE);
 HIDDEN(ape_ram_rva = RVA(ape_ram_vaddr));

+HIDDEN(ape_stack_pf = DEFINED(ape_stack_pf) ? ape_stack_pf : PF_R | PF_W);
+HIDDEN(ape_stack_prot = _PF2PROT(ape_stack_pf));
 HIDDEN(ape_stack_offset = ape_ram_offset + ape_ram_filesz);
 HIDDEN(ape_stack_vaddr = DEFINED(ape_stack_vaddr) ? ape_stack_vaddr : 0x700000000000 - STACKSIZE);
 HIDDEN(ape_stack_paddr = ape_ram_paddr + ape_ram_filesz);
--- a/build/bootstrap/ar.com
+++ b/build/bootstrap/ar.com
--- a/build/bootstrap/compile.com
+++ b/build/bootstrap/compile.com
--- a/build/bootstrap/mkdeps.com
+++ b/build/bootstrap/mkdeps.com
--- a/build/bootstrap/package.com
+++ b/build/bootstrap/package.com
--- a/build/bootstrap/zipobj.com
+++ b/build/bootstrap/zipobj.com
--- a/build/config.mk
+++ b/build/config.mk
@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #
 #   - `make`
 #   - Backtraces
+#   - Syscall tracing
 #   - Function tracing
 #   - Reasonably small
 #   - Reasonably optimized
@ -13,6 +14,7 @@ ifeq ($(MODE),)
 CONFIG_CCFLAGS +=		\
 	$(BACKTRACES)		\
 	$(FTRACE)		\
+	-DSYSDEBUG		\
 	-Og
 TARGET_ARCH ?=			\
 	-msse3
@ -23,6 +25,8 @@ endif
 #   - `make MODE=opt`
 #   - Backtraces
 #   - More optimized
+#   - Syscall tracing
+#   - Function tracing
 #   - Reasonably small
 #   - No memory corruption detection
 #   - assert() / CHECK_xx() may leak code into binary for debuggability
@ -35,7 +39,9 @@ CONFIG_CPPFLAGS +=		\
 CONFIG_CCFLAGS +=		\
 	$(BACKTRACES)		\
 	$(FTRACE)		\
-	-O3
+	-DSYSDEBUG		\
+	-O3			\
+	-fmerge-all-constants
 TARGET_ARCH ?=			\
 	-march=native
 endif
@ -55,7 +61,7 @@ CONFIG_CPPFLAGS +=		\
 	-Wa,-msse2avx		\
 	-DSUPPORT_VECTOR=1
 CONFIG_CCFLAGS +=		\
-	-O3
+	-O3 -fmerge-all-constants
 DEFAULT_COPTS +=		\
 	-mred-zone
 TARGET_ARCH ?=			\
@ -122,10 +128,12 @@ CONFIG_CPPFLAGS +=		\
 CONFIG_CCFLAGS +=		\
 	$(BACKTRACES)		\
 	$(FTRACE)		\
+	-DSYSDEBUG		\
 	-O2			\
 	-fno-inline
 CONFIG_COPTS +=			\
-	-fsanitize=address
+	-fsanitize=address	\
+	-fsanitize=undefined
 TARGET_ARCH ?=			\
 	-msse3
 OVERRIDE_CCFLAGS +=		\
@ -287,7 +295,7 @@ endif
 # LLVM Mode
 ifeq ($(MODE), llvm)
 TARGET_ARCH ?= -msse3
-CONFIG_CCFLAGS += $(BACKTRACES) $(FTRACE) -O2
+CONFIG_CCFLAGS += $(BACKTRACES) $(FTRACE) -DSYSDEBUG -O2
 AS = clang
 CC = clang
 CXX = clang++
--- a/build/definitions.mk
+++ b/build/definitions.mk
@ -100,7 +100,8 @@ SANITIZER =								\
 NO_MAGIC =								\
 	-mno-fentry							\
 	-fno-stack-protector						\
-	-fwrapv
+	-fwrapv								\
+	-fno-sanitize=all

 OLD_CODE =								\
 	-fno-strict-aliasing						\
@ -148,7 +149,6 @@ DEFAULT_CFLAGS =							\
 	-std=gnu2x

 DEFAULT_CXXFLAGS =							\
-	-std=gnu++11							\
 	-fno-rtti							\
 	-fno-exceptions							\
 	-fuse-cxa-atexit						\
@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ DEFAULT_LDFLAGS =							\
 	--gc-sections							\
 	--build-id=none							\
 	--no-dynamic-linker						\
-	-zmax-page-size=0x1000
+	-zmax-page-size=0x1000 #--cref -Map=$@.map

 ZIPOBJ_FLAGS =								\
 	 -b$(IMAGE_BASE_VIRTUAL)
@ -301,6 +301,9 @@ OBJECTIFY.greg.c =							\
 	-fno-instrument-functions					\
 	-fno-optimize-sibling-calls					\
 	-fno-sanitize=all						\
+	-ffreestanding							\
+	-mno-fentry							\
+	-fwrapv								\
 	-c

 OBJECTIFY.ansi.c = $(CC) $(OBJECTIFY.c.flags) -ansi -Wextra -Werror -pedantic-errors -c
--- a/build/htags
+++ b/build/htags
@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
 set -- --regex-c='/^\(\(hidden\|extern\|const\) \)*[_[:alpha:]][_[:alnum:]]*[ *][ *]*\([_[:alpha:]][_[:alnum:]]*[ *][ *]*\)*\([_[:alpha:]][_$[:alnum:]]*\)/\4/b' "$@"

 # ctags doesn't understand function prototypes, e.g.
-#   bool isheap(void *p) nothrow nocallback;
+#   bool isheap(void *p) dontthrow nocallback;
 set -- --regex-c='/^[_[:alpha:]][_[:alnum:]]*[ *][ *]*\([_[:alpha:]][_[:alnum:]]*[ *][ *]*\)*\([_[:alpha:]][_$[:alnum:]]*\)(.*/\2/b' "$@"

 # ctags doesn't understand function pointers, e.g.
--- a/build/rules.mk
+++ b/build/rules.mk
@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ o/%.lds: %.lds                     ; @$(COMPILE) -APREPROCESS $(PREPROCESS.lds)
 o/%.inc: %.h                       ; @$(COMPILE) -APREPROCESS $(PREPROCESS) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) -D__ASSEMBLER__ -P $<
 o/%.pkg:                           ; @$(COMPILE) -APACKAGE -T$@ $(PKG) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $(addprefix -d,$(filter %.pkg,$^)) $(filter %.o,$^)
 o/%.h.ok: %.h                      ; @$(COMPILE) -ACHECK.h $(COMPILE.c) -xc -g0 -o $@ $<
-o/%.h.okk: %.h                     ; @$(COMPILE) -ACHECK.h $(COMPILE.cxx) -xc++ -g0 -o $@ $<
+o/%.okk: %                         ; @$(COMPILE) -ACHECK.h $(COMPILE.cxx) -xc++ -g0 -o $@ $<
 o/%.greg.o: %.greg.c               ; @$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.greg $(OBJECTIFY.greg.c) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
 o/%.zip.o: o/%                     ; @$(COMPILE) -AZIPOBJ $(ZIPOBJ) $(ZIPOBJ_FLAGS) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<

@ -60,7 +60,8 @@ o/$(MODE)/%.o: %.cc                ; @$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.cxx $(OBJECTIFY.cxx
 o/$(MODE)/%.o: o/$(MODE)/%.cc      ; @$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.cxx $(OBJECTIFY.cxx) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
 o/$(MODE)/%.lds: %.lds             ; @$(COMPILE) -APREPROCESS $(PREPROCESS.lds) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
 o/$(MODE)/%.h.ok: %.h              ; @$(COMPILE) -ACHECK.h $(COMPILE.c) -xc -g0 -o $@ $<
-o/$(MODE)/%.h.okk: %.h             ; @$(COMPILE) -ACHECK.h $(COMPILE.cxx) -xc++ -g0 -o $@ $<
+o/$(MODE)/%.hh.ok: %.hh            ; @$(COMPILE) -ACHECK.h $(COMPILE.cxx) -xc++ -g0 -o $@ $<
+o/$(MODE)/%.okk: %                 ; @$(COMPILE) -ACHECK.h $(COMPILE.cxx) -xc++ -g0 -o $@ $<
 o/$(MODE)/%.cxx.o: %.c             ; @$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.cxx $(OBJECTIFY.cxx) -xc++ $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
 o/$(MODE)/%.o: %.greg.c            ; @$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.greg $(OBJECTIFY.greg.c) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
 o/$(MODE)/%.greg.o: %.greg.c       ; @$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.greg $(OBJECTIFY.greg.c) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
@ -77,7 +78,9 @@ o/$(MODE)/%.runs: o/$(MODE)/%      ; @$(COMPILE) -ACHECK -tT$@ $< $(TESTARGS)
 o/$(MODE)/%.pkg:                   ; @$(COMPILE) -APACKAGE -T$@ $(PKG) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $(addprefix -d,$(filter %.pkg,$^)) $(filter %.o,$^)
 o/$(MODE)/%.zip.o: %               ; @$(COMPILE) -AZIPOBJ $(ZIPOBJ) $(ZIPOBJ_FLAGS) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
 o/$(MODE)/%-gcc.asm: %.c           ; @$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.c $(OBJECTIFY.c) -S -g0 $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
+o/$(MODE)/%-gcc.asm: %.cc          ; @$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.c $(OBJECTIFY.cxx) -S -g0 $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
 o/$(MODE)/%-clang.asm: %.c         ; @$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.c $(OBJECTIFY.c) -S -g0 $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
+o/$(MODE)/%-clang.asm: %.cc        ; @$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.c $(OBJECTIFY.cxx) -S -g0 $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
 o/$(MODE)/%-clang.asm: CC = $(CLANG)

 o/%.a:
--- a/dsp/core/sad16x8n.S
+++ b/dsp/core/sad16x8n.S
@ -37,4 +37,3 @@ sad16x8n:
 	jnz	0b
 1:	.leafepilogue
 	.endfn	sad16x8n,globl,hidden
-	.source	__FILE__
--- a/dsp/mpeg/clamp4int256-core.S
+++ b/dsp/mpeg/clamp4int256-core.S
@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #include "libc/macros.internal.h"
-.source	__FILE__

 clamp4int256$core:
 	.leafprologue
--- a/dsp/mpeg/mpeg1.c
+++ b/dsp/mpeg/mpeg1.c
@ -72,7 +72,8 @@ static const float PLM_VIDEO_PIXEL_ASPECT_RATIO[] = {
    0.6735, /* 3:4? */
    0.7031, /* MPEG-1 / MPEG-2 video encoding divergence? */
    0.7615, 0.8055, 0.8437, 0.8935, 0.9157, 0.9815,
-    1.0255, 1.0695, 1.0950, 1.1575, 1.2051};
+    1.0255, 1.0695, 1.0950, 1.1575, 1.2051,
+};

 static const float PLM_VIDEO_PICTURE_RATE[] = {
    23.976, /* NTSC-Film */
--- a/dsp/scale/gyarados.c
+++ b/dsp/scale/gyarados.c
@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ struct SamplingSolution *ComputeSamplingSolution(long dn, long sn, double dar,
  if (!off) off = (dar - 1) / 2;
  f = dar < 1 ? 1 / dar : dar;
  s = 3 * f + 4;
-  fweights = gc(xcalloc(s, sizeof(double)));
+  fweights = gc(xcalloc(s + /*xxx*/ 2, sizeof(double)));
  res = NewSamplingSolution(dn, s);
  weights = res->weights;
  indices = res->indices;
--- a/dsp/tty/hidecursor.c
+++ b/dsp/tty/hidecursor.c
@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include "dsp/tty/tty.h"
 #include "libc/bits/pushpop.h"
 #include "libc/dce.h"
+#include "libc/log/internal.h"
 #include "libc/log/log.h"
 #include "libc/nt/console.h"
 #include "libc/nt/runtime.h"
@ -30,7 +31,7 @@
 static int ttysetcursor(int fd, bool visible) {
  struct NtConsoleCursorInfo ntcursor;
  char code[8] = "\e[?25l";
-  if (IsTerminalInarticulate()) return 0;
+  if (__nocolor) return 0;
  if (visible) code[5] = 'h';
  if (SupportsWindows()) {
    GetConsoleCursorInfo(GetStdHandle(kNtStdOutputHandle), &ntcursor);
--- a/dsp/tty/setraw.c
+++ b/dsp/tty/setraw.c
@ -31,13 +31,6 @@ int ttysetraw(struct termios *conf, int64_t flags) {
  conf->c_cflag &= ~(CSIZE | PARENB);
  conf->c_cflag |= CS8;
  conf->c_iflag |= IUTF8;
-  /* if (flags & kTtyLfToCrLf) { */
-  /*   /\* conf->c_oflag &= ~(OLCUC | OCRNL | ONLRET | OFILL | OFDEL); *\/ */
-  /*   /\* conf->c_oflag |= ONLCR | ONOCR; *\/ */
-  /*   conf->c_oflag |= ONLCR; */
-  /* } else { */
-  /*   conf->c_oflag &= ~OPOST; */
-  /* } */
  if (!(flags & kTtySigs)) {
    conf->c_iflag &= ~(IGNBRK | BRKINT);
    conf->c_lflag &= ~(ISIG);
--- a/dsp/tty/ttyraster.c
+++ b/dsp/tty/ttyraster.c
@ -731,19 +731,19 @@ static bool ChunkEq(struct TtyRgb c[hasatleast 4],
 }

 static struct TtyRgb *CopyChunk(struct TtyRgb chunk[hasatleast 4],
-                                const struct TtyRgb *c, size_t n) {
-  chunk[TL] = c[0 + 0];
-  chunk[TR] = c[0 + 1];
-  chunk[BL] = c[n + 0];
-  chunk[BR] = c[n + 1];
+                                const struct TtyRgb *c, size_t xn) {
+  chunk[TL] = c[00 + 0];
+  chunk[TR] = c[00 + 1];
+  chunk[BL] = c[xn + 0];
+  chunk[BR] = c[xn + 1];
  return chunk;
 }

 static dontinline char *CopyRun(char *v, size_t n,
-                              struct TtyRgb lastchunk[hasatleast 4],
-                              const struct TtyRgb **c, size_t *x,
-                              struct TtyRgb *bg, struct TtyRgb *fg,
-                              struct Glyph *glyph) {
+                                struct TtyRgb lastchunk[hasatleast 4],
+                                const struct TtyRgb **c, size_t *x,
+                                struct TtyRgb *bg, struct TtyRgb *fg,
+                                struct Glyph *glyph) {
  struct TtyRgb chunk[4];
  if (memcmp(glyph, &kGlyphs[1][0], sizeof(*glyph)) == 0) {
    if (!ttyeq(*bg, *fg)) {
@ -766,17 +766,18 @@ static dontinline char *CopyRun(char *v, size_t n,
 /**
 * Maps 2×2 pixel chunks onto ANSI UNICODE cells.
 * @note h/t Nick Black for his quadrant blitting work on notcurses
+ * @note yn and xn need to be even
 */
-char *ttyraster(char *v, const struct TtyRgb *c, size_t yn, size_t n,
+char *ttyraster(char *v, const struct TtyRgb *c, size_t yn, size_t xn,
                struct TtyRgb bg, struct TtyRgb fg) {
  unsigned y, x;
  struct Pick p;
  struct Glyph glyph;
  struct TtyRgb chun[4], lastchunk[4];
-  for (y = 0; y < yn; y += 2, c += n) {
+  for (y = 0; y < yn; y += 2, c += xn) {
    if (y) *v++ = '\r', *v++ = '\n';
-    for (x = 0; x < n; x += 2, c += 2) {
-      CopyChunk(chun, c, n);
+    for (x = 0; x < xn; x += 2, c += 2) {
+      CopyChunk(chun, c, xn);
      if (ttyquant()->alg == kTtyQuantTrue) {
        if (ttyquant()->blocks == kTtyBlocksCp437) {
          p = PickBlockCp437True(chun[TL], chun[TR], chun[BL], chun[BR]);
--- a/dsp/tty/windex-avx2.S
+++ b/dsp/tty/windex-avx2.S
@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #include "libc/macros.internal.h"
-.source	__FILE__

 //	Returns index of minimum uint16 in array.
 //
--- a/dsp/tty/windex-sse4.S
+++ b/dsp/tty/windex-sse4.S
@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #include "libc/macros.internal.h"
-.source	__FILE__

 //	Returns index of minimum positive int16 in array.
 //
--- a/dsp/tty/windex.S
+++ b/dsp/tty/windex.S
@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #include "libc/nexgen32e/x86feature.h"
 #include "libc/macros.internal.h"
-.source	__FILE__

 //	Dispatches to fastest windex() implementation.
 	.initbss 300,_init_windex
--- a/examples/auto-launch-gdb-on-crash.c
+++ b/examples/auto-launch-gdb-on-crash.c
@ -18,9 +18,12 @@
 *     make -j12 o//examples/auto-launch-gdb-on-crash.com
 *     o//examples/auto-launch-gdb-on-crash.com
 *
- * Backtrace is logged instead if run outside interactive terminal.
- * Environmental factors such as GDB, MAKEFLAGS, ADDR2LINE, TERM, and
- * isatty(STDERR_FILENO) should also be taken into consideration:
+ * Backtrace is logged instead if run outside interactive terminal. We
+ * also don't auto-launch GDB on non-Linux since the development tools
+ * on other platforms generally can't be relied upon to correctly debug
+ * binaries built with a Linux toolchain. Environmental factors such as
+ * GDB, MAKEFLAGS, ADDR2LINE, TERM, and isatty(STDERR_FILENO) should
+ * also be taken into consideration:
 *
 *     $ export GDB=eoatuhshtuone
 *     $ o//examples/auto-launch-gdb-on-crash.com
@ -37,7 +40,7 @@
 */

 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
-  showcrashreports();
+  ShowCrashReports();
  asm("int3"); /* cf. __die(), perror("msg"), abort(), exit(1), _Exit(1) */
  return 0;
 }
--- a/examples/auto-memory-safety-crash.c
+++ b/examples/auto-memory-safety-crash.c
@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+#if 0
+/*─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╗
+│ To the extent possible under law, Justine Tunney has waived      │
+│ all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this file,    │
+│ as it is written in the following disclaimers:                   │
+│   • http://unlicense.org/                                        │
+│   • http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/            │
+╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
+#endif
+#include "libc/bits/bits.h"
+#include "libc/dce.h"
+#include "libc/log/log.h"
+#include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
+
+/**
+ * ASAN static memory safety crash example.
+ *
+ *     make -j8 MODE=dbg o/dbg/examples/auto-memory-safety-crash.com
+ *     o/dbg/examples/auto-memory-safety-crash.com
+ *
+ * You should see:
+ *
+ *     global redzone 1-byte store at 0x42700d shadow 0x8007ce01
+ *     ./o/dbg/examples/auto-memory-safety-crash.com
+ *                                             x
+ *     ........................................GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
+ *        |0      |0      |0      |0      |5      |-18    |-18    |-18    |-18
+ *      f.☼▼ä     f.☼▼ä     f☼▼D  hello                                                
+ *     000000400000-000000427000 .text
+ *     000000427000-000000429000 .data ←address
+ *     00007fff0000-00008000ffff
+ *     000080070000-00008008ffff ←shadow
+ *     0e007fff0000-0e008000ffff
+ *     100047d20000-100047d3ffff
+ *     6ffffffe0000-6fffffffffff
+ *     the memory in question belongs to the symbols
+ *         buffer [0x427000,0x42700c] size 13
+ *     the crash was caused by
+ *     0x00000000004046f3: __die at libc/log/die.c:40
+ *     0x0000000000404aed: __asan_report_store at libc/intrin/asan.c:1183
+ *     0x0000000000402552: main at examples/auto-memory-safety-crash.c:27
+ *     0x000000000040268d: cosmo at libc/runtime/cosmo.S:64
+ *     0x00000000004021ae: _start at libc/crt/crt.S:77
+ *
+ * @see libc/intrin/asancodes.h for meaning of G, etc. and negative numbers
+ * @see libc/nexgen32e/kcp437.S for meaning of symbols
+ */
+
+char buffer[13] = "hello";
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+  if (!IsAsan()) {
+    printf("this example is intended for MODE=asan or MODE=dbg\n");
+    exit(1);
+  }
+  ShowCrashReports(); /* not needed but yoinks appropriate symbols */
+  int i = 13;
+  asm("" : "+r"(i)); /* prevent compiler being smart */
+  buffer[i] = 1;
+  return 0;
+}
--- a/examples/auto-memory-safety-crash2.c
+++ b/examples/auto-memory-safety-crash2.c
@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+#if 0
+/*─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╗
+│ To the extent possible under law, Justine Tunney has waived      │
+│ all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this file,    │
+│ as it is written in the following disclaimers:                   │
+│   • http://unlicense.org/                                        │
+│   • http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/            │
+╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
+#endif
+#include "libc/bits/bits.h"
+#include "libc/dce.h"
+#include "libc/log/log.h"
+#include "libc/mem/mem.h"
+#include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
+#include "libc/str/str.h"
+
+/**
+ * ASAN heap memory safety crash example.
+ *
+ *     make -j8 MODE=dbg o/dbg/examples/auto-memory-safety-crash2.com
+ *     o/dbg/examples/auto-memory-safety-crash2.com
+ *
+ * You should see:
+ *
+ *     heap overrun 1-byte store at 0x10008004002d shadow 0x20090000005
+ *     ./o/dbg/examples/auto-memory-safety-crash2.com
+ *                                             x
+ *     OOOOOOOOOOOUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU.............OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
+ *        |-7     |-6     |-6     |0      |5      |-7     |-7     |-7     |-7
+ *        »!@     ÿ▄:Y╩≥= S       hello ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙           ♪     GT◘&@     á+@     »!@  
+ *     000000400000-00000042b000 .text
+ *     00000042b000-00000042d000 .data
+ *     00007fff0000-00008000ffff
+ *     000080070000-00008008ffff
+ *     02008fff0000-02009000ffff ←shadow
+ *     0e007fff0000-0e008000ffff
+ *     10003ab90000-10003abaffff
+ *     100080000000-10008000ffff ←address
+ *     6ffffffe0000-6fffffffffff
+ *
+ *     the memory was allocated by
+ *     0x100080040020 64 bytes [dlmalloc]
+ *     0x100080040030 13 bytes [actual]
+ *           402608 main
+ *           402ba0 cosmo
+ *           4021af _start
+ *
+ *     the crash was caused by
+ *     0x0000000000404793: __die at libc/log/die.c:40
+ *     0x0000000000404f56: __asan_report_store at libc/intrin/asan.c:1183
+ *     0x0000000000402579: main at examples/auto-memory-safety-crash2.c:30
+ *     0x000000000040270f: cosmo at libc/runtime/cosmo.S:64
+ *     0x00000000004021ae: _start at libc/crt/crt.S:77
+ *
+ * @see libc/intrin/asancodes.h for meaning of U, O, etc. and negative numbers
+ * @see libc/nexgen32e/kcp437.S for meaning of symbols
+ */
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+  if (!IsAsan()) {
+    printf("this example is intended for MODE=asan or MODE=dbg\n");
+    exit(1);
+  }
+  char *buffer;
+  ShowCrashReports(); /* not needed but yoinks appropriate symbols */
+  buffer = malloc(13);
+  strcpy(buffer, "hello");
+  int i = 13;
+  asm("" : "+r"(i)); /* prevent compiler being smart */
+  buffer[i] = 1;
+  asm("" : "+r"(buffer)); /* prevent compiler being smart */
+  return 0;
+}
--- a/examples/auto-memory-safety-crash3.c
+++ b/examples/auto-memory-safety-crash3.c
@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+#if 0
+/*─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╗
+│ To the extent possible under law, Justine Tunney has waived      │
+│ all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this file,    │
+│ as it is written in the following disclaimers:                   │
+│   • http://unlicense.org/                                        │
+│   • http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/            │
+╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
+#endif
+#include "libc/bits/bits.h"
+#include "libc/dce.h"
+#include "libc/log/log.h"
+#include "libc/mem/mem.h"
+#include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
+#include "libc/str/str.h"
+
+/**
+ * ASAN use-after-free memory safety crash example.
+ *
+ *     make -j8 MODE=dbg o/dbg/examples/auto-memory-safety-crash3.com
+ *     o/dbg/examples/auto-memory-safety-crash3.com
+ *
+ */
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+  if (!IsAsan()) {
+    printf("this example is intended for MODE=asan or MODE=dbg\n");
+    exit(1);
+  }
+  char *buffer;
+  ShowCrashReports(); /* not needed but yoinks appropriate symbols */
+  buffer = malloc(13);
+  strcpy(buffer, "hello");
+  free(buffer);
+  asm("" : "+r"(buffer)); /* prevent compiler being smart */
+  buffer[0] = 1;
+  return 0;
+}
--- a/examples/breakpoint.c
+++ b/examples/breakpoint.c
@ -7,19 +7,30 @@
 │   • http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/            │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #endif
+#include "libc/intrin/kprintf.h"
 #include "libc/log/backtrace.internal.h"
 #include "libc/log/log.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/symbols.internal.h"
-#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"

 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
-  showcrashreports();
+  ShowCrashReports();
+
  if (IsDebuggerPresent(false)) {
-    printf("debugger found!\r\n");
-    DebugBreak();
-    return 0;
+    kprintf("debugger found!%n");
+  } else {
+    kprintf("try running: gdb %s%n", argv[0]);
+    kprintf("try running: o//tool/build/strace.com %s%n", argv[0]);
  }
-  printf("try running: gdb %s\r\n", argv[0]);
-  return 1;
+
+  asm volatile("mov\t%4,%%r10\n\t"
+               "mov\t%5,%%r8\n\t"
+               "mov\t%6,%%r9\n\t"
+               "int3"
+               : /* no outputs */
+               : "a"(0), "D"(1), "S"(2), "d"(3), "g"(4), "g"(5), "g"(6)
+               : "r8", "r9", "r10");
+
+  printf("recovered from SIGTRAP without handler\r\n");
+  return 0;
 }
--- a/examples/cp.c
+++ b/examples/cp.c
@ -73,14 +73,14 @@ void GetOpts(int argc, char *argv[]) {

 int cp(const char *src, const char *dst) {
  if (endswith(dst, "/") || isdirectory(dst)) {
-    dst = _gc(xasprintf("%s/%s", dst, basename));
+    dst = _gc(xasprintf("%s/%s", dst, basename(src)));
  }
  if (!force && access(dst, W_OK) == -1 && errno != ENOENT) goto OnFail;
  if (copyfile(src, dst, flags) == -1) goto OnFail;
  return 0;
 OnFail:
  fprintf(stderr, "%s %s %s: %s\n", "error: cp", src, dst, strerror(errno));
-  return 1;
+  return -1;
 }

 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
--- a/examples/cplusplus-stl.cc
+++ b/examples/cplusplus-stl.cc
@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/*-*-mode:c++;indent-tabs-mode:nil;c-basic-offset:2;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8-*-│
+│vi: set net ft=c++ ts=2 sts=2 sw=2 fenc=utf-8                              :vi│
+╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡
+│ Copyright 2020 Justine Alexandra Roberts Tunney                              │
+│                                                                              │
+│ Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for         │
+│ any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the         │
+│ above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.      │
+│                                                                              │
+│ THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL                │
+│ WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED                │
+│ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE             │
+│ AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL         │
+│ DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR        │
+│ PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER               │
+│ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
+│ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
+╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
+#include "third_party/libcxx/map"
+#include "third_party/libcxx/string"
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+  printf("std::map + std::string example\n");
+  std::map<std::string, int> m{
+      {"CPU", 10},
+      {"GPU", 15},
+      {"RAM", 20},
+  };
+  printf("m[\"CPU\"] is %d\n", m["CPU"]);
+  printf("m[\"RAM\"] is %d\n", m["RAM"]);
+  printf("m[\"GPU\"] is %d\n", m["GPU"]);
+  printf("setting cpu to 25\n");
+  m["CPU"] = 25;  // update an existing value
+  printf("m[\"CPU\"] is %d\n", m["CPU"]);
+  printf("m[\"RAM\"] is %d\n", m["RAM"]);
+  printf("m[\"GPU\"] is %d\n", m["GPU"]);
+}
--- a/examples/crashreport.c
+++ b/examples/crashreport.c
@ -24,6 +24,6 @@

 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
  volatile int64_t x;
-  showcrashreports();
+  ShowCrashReports();
  return 1 / (x = 0);
 }
--- a/examples/crashreport2.c
+++ b/examples/crashreport2.c
@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+#if 0
+/*─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╗
+│ To the extent possible under law, Justine Tunney has waived      │
+│ all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this file,    │
+│ as it is written in the following disclaimers:                   │
+│   • http://unlicense.org/                                        │
+│   • http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/            │
+╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
+#endif
+#include "libc/calls/calls.h"
+#include "libc/log/log.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
+
+/**
+ * @fileoverview CTRL+\ debugging example
+ *
+ *     make -j8 -O o//examples/crashreport2.com
+ *     o//examples/crashreport2.com
+ *
+ * Assuming you call ShowCrashReports() from main(), you can press
+ * `CTRL+\` at anny time to generate a `SIGQUIT` message that lets you
+ * debug wrongness and freezups.
+ *
+ * On supported platforms, this will cause GDB to automatically attach.
+ * The nice thing about this, is you can start stepping through your
+ * code at the precice instruction where the interrupt happened. See
+ * `libc/log/attachdebugger.c` to see how it works.
+ *
+ * If you wish to suppress the auto-GDB behavior, then:
+ *
+ *     export GDB=
+ *
+ * Or alternatively:
+ *
+ *    extern int __isworker;
+ *    __isworker = true;
+ *
+ * Will cause your `SIGQUIT` handler to just print a crash report
+ * instead. This is useful for production software that might be running
+ * in a terminal environment like GNU Screen, but it's not desirable to
+ * have ten worker processes trying to attach GDB at once.
+ */
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+  volatile int64_t x;
+  ShowCrashReports();
+  printf("please press ctrl+\\ and see what happens...\n");
+  sigsuspend(0);
+  printf("\n\n");
+  printf("congratulations! your program is now resuming\n");
+  return 0;
+}
--- a/examples/ctrlc.c
+++ b/examples/ctrlc.c
@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
  fprintf(stderr, "This echos stdio until Ctrl+C is pressed.\n");
  CHECK_NE(-1, sigaction(SIGINT, &saint, NULL));
  for (;;) {
-    rc = read(0, buf, BUFSIZ);
+    rc = read(0, buf, 512);
    if (rc != -1) {
      got = rc;
    } else {
--- a/examples/curl.c
+++ b/examples/curl.c
@ -65,11 +65,26 @@
 #define HeaderEqualCase(H, S) \
  SlicesEqualCase(S, strlen(S), HeaderData(H), HeaderLength(H))

+int sock;
+
 static bool TuneSocket(int fd, int a, int b, int x) {
  if (!b) return false;
  return setsockopt(fd, a, b, &x, sizeof(x)) != -1;
 }

+static void Write(const void *p, size_t n) {
+  ssize_t rc;
+  rc = write(1, p, n);
+  if (rc == -1 && errno == EPIPE) {
+    close(sock);
+    exit(128 + SIGPIPE);
+  }
+  if (rc != n) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "write failed: %m\n");
+    exit(1);
+  }
+}
+
 static int TlsSend(void *c, const unsigned char *p, size_t n) {
  int rc;
  NOISEF("begin send %zu", n);
@ -106,8 +121,7 @@ static wontreturn void PrintUsage(FILE *f, int rc) {
 }

 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
-  if (!NoDebug()) showcrashreports();
-  xsigaction(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN, 0, 0, 0);
+  if (!NoDebug()) ShowCrashReports();

  /*
   * Read flags.
@ -226,19 +240,17 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
   */
  mbedtls_ssl_config conf;
  mbedtls_ssl_context ssl;
-  mbedtls_x509_crt *cachain = 0;
  mbedtls_ctr_drbg_context drbg;
  if (usessl) {
    mbedtls_ssl_init(&ssl);
    mbedtls_ctr_drbg_init(&drbg);
    mbedtls_ssl_config_init(&conf);
-    cachain = GetSslRoots();
    CHECK_EQ(0, mbedtls_ctr_drbg_seed(&drbg, GetEntropy, 0, "justine", 7));
    CHECK_EQ(0, mbedtls_ssl_config_defaults(&conf, MBEDTLS_SSL_IS_CLIENT,
                                            MBEDTLS_SSL_TRANSPORT_STREAM,
                                            MBEDTLS_SSL_PRESET_DEFAULT));
    mbedtls_ssl_conf_authmode(&conf, authmode);
-    mbedtls_ssl_conf_ca_chain(&conf, cachain, 0);
+    mbedtls_ssl_conf_ca_chain(&conf, GetSslRoots(), 0);
    mbedtls_ssl_conf_rng(&conf, mbedtls_ctr_drbg_random, &drbg);
    if (!IsTiny()) mbedtls_ssl_conf_dbg(&conf, TlsDebug, 0);
    CHECK_EQ(0, mbedtls_ssl_setup(&ssl, &conf));
@ -258,7 +270,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
  /*
   * Connect to server.
   */
-  int ret, sock;
+  int ret;
  CHECK_NE(-1, (sock = GoodSocket(addr->ai_family, addr->ai_socktype,
                                  addr->ai_protocol, false,
                                  &(struct timeval){-60})));
@ -283,6 +295,8 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
    CHECK_EQ(n, write(sock, request, n));
  }

+  xsigaction(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN, 0, 0, 0);
+
  /*
   * Handle response.
   */
@ -330,7 +344,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
            break;
          }
          if (method == kHttpHead) {
-            CHECK_EQ(hdrlen, write(1, p, hdrlen));
+            Write(p, hdrlen);
            goto Finished;
          } else if (msg.status == 204 || msg.status == 304) {
            goto Finished;
@ -348,32 +362,32 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
            t = kHttpClientStateBodyLengthed;
            paylen = rc;
            if (paylen > i - hdrlen) {
-              CHECK_EQ(i - hdrlen, write(1, p + hdrlen, i - hdrlen));
+              Write(p + hdrlen, i - hdrlen);
            } else {
-              CHECK_EQ(paylen, write(1, p + hdrlen, paylen));
+              Write(p + hdrlen, paylen);
              goto Finished;
            }
          } else {
            t = kHttpClientStateBody;
-            CHECK_EQ(i - hdrlen, write(1, p + hdrlen, i - hdrlen));
+            Write(p + hdrlen, i - hdrlen);
          }
        }
        break;
      case kHttpClientStateBody:
        if (!g) goto Finished;
-        CHECK_EQ(g, write(1, p + i - g, g));
+        Write(p + i - g, g);
        break;
      case kHttpClientStateBodyLengthed:
        CHECK(g);
        if (i - hdrlen > paylen) g = hdrlen + paylen - (i - g);
-        CHECK_EQ(g, write(1, p + i - g, g));
+        Write(p + i - g, g);
        if (i - hdrlen >= paylen) goto Finished;
        break;
      case kHttpClientStateBodyChunked:
      Chunked:
        CHECK_NE(-1, (rc = Unchunk(&u, p + hdrlen, i - hdrlen, &paylen)));
        if (rc) {
-          CHECK_EQ(paylen, write(1, p + hdrlen, paylen));
+          Write(p + hdrlen, paylen);
          goto Finished;
        }
        break;
@ -397,7 +411,6 @@ Finished:
    mbedtls_ssl_free(&ssl);
    mbedtls_ctr_drbg_free(&drbg);
    mbedtls_ssl_config_free(&conf);
-    mbedtls_x509_crt_free(cachain);
    mbedtls_ctr_drbg_free(&drbg);
  }

--- a/examples/datauri.c
+++ b/examples/datauri.c
@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+#if 0
+/*─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╗
+│ To the extent possible under law, Justine Tunney has waived      │
+│ all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this file,    │
+│ as it is written in the following disclaimers:                   │
+│   • http://unlicense.org/                                        │
+│   • http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/            │
+╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
+#endif
+#include "libc/log/log.h"
+#include "libc/runtime/gc.internal.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
+#include "libc/x/x.h"
+#include "net/http/escape.h"
+#include "net/http/http.h"
+#include "third_party/getopt/getopt.h"
+#include "third_party/stb/stb_image.h"
+
+#define USAGE \
+  " [FLAGS] FILE...\n\
+Utility for printing data:base64 URIs.\n\
+\n\
+FLAGS\n\
+\n\
+  -h      Help\n"
+
+void PrintUsage(int rc, FILE *f) {
+  fputs("Usage: ", f);
+  fputs(program_invocation_name, f);
+  fputs(USAGE, f);
+  exit(rc);
+}
+
+void PrintUri(const char *path) {
+  size_t n;
+  void *img, *src, *mime;
+  int opt, i;
+  if (!(img = gc(xslurp(path, &n)))) exit(2);
+  fputs("data:", stdout);
+  fputs(FindContentType(path, -1), stdout);
+  fputs(";base64,", stdout);
+  fputs(gc(EncodeBase64(img, n, 0)), stdout);
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+  int i;
+  while ((i = getopt(argc, argv, "?h")) != -1) {
+    switch (i) {
+      case '?':
+      case 'h':
+        PrintUsage(0, stdout);
+      default:
+        PrintUsage(1, stderr);
+    }
+  }
+  if (optind == argc) {
+    PrintUsage(1, stderr);
+  }
+  for (i = optind; i < argc; ++i) {
+    PrintUri(argv[i]);
+  }
+}
--- a/examples/examples.mk
+++ b/examples/examples.mk
@ -8,135 +8,146 @@ EXAMPLES_MAINS_S = $(filter %.S,$(EXAMPLES_FILES))
 EXAMPLES_MAINS_C = $(filter %.c,$(EXAMPLES_FILES))
 EXAMPLES_MAINS_CC = $(filter %.cc,$(EXAMPLES_FILES))

-EXAMPLES_SRCS =							\
-	$(EXAMPLES_MAINS_S)					\
-	$(EXAMPLES_MAINS_C)					\
+EXAMPLES_SRCS =									\
+	$(EXAMPLES_MAINS_S)							\
+	$(EXAMPLES_MAINS_C)							\
 	$(EXAMPLES_MAINS_CC)

-EXAMPLES_MAINS =						\
-	$(EXAMPLES_MAINS_S)					\
-	$(EXAMPLES_MAINS_C)					\
+EXAMPLES_MAINS =								\
+	$(EXAMPLES_MAINS_S)							\
+	$(EXAMPLES_MAINS_C)							\
 	$(EXAMPLES_MAINS_CC)

-EXAMPLES_OBJS =							\
-	$(EXAMPLES_MAINS_S:%.S=o/$(MODE)/%.o)			\
-	$(EXAMPLES_MAINS_C:%.c=o/$(MODE)/%.o)			\
+EXAMPLES_OBJS =									\
+	$(EXAMPLES_MAINS_S:%.S=o/$(MODE)/%.o)					\
+	$(EXAMPLES_MAINS_C:%.c=o/$(MODE)/%.o)					\
 	$(EXAMPLES_MAINS_CC:%.cc=o/$(MODE)/%.o)

-EXAMPLES_COMS =							\
-	$(EXAMPLES_MAINS_S:%.S=o/$(MODE)/%.com)			\
-	$(EXAMPLES_MAINS_C:%.c=o/$(MODE)/%.com)			\
+EXAMPLES_COMS =									\
+	$(EXAMPLES_MAINS_S:%.S=o/$(MODE)/%.com)					\
+	$(EXAMPLES_MAINS_C:%.c=o/$(MODE)/%.com)					\
 	$(EXAMPLES_MAINS_CC:%.cc=o/$(MODE)/%.com)

-EXAMPLES_BINS =							\
-	$(EXAMPLES_COMS)					\
+EXAMPLES_BINS =									\
+	$(EXAMPLES_COMS)							\
 	$(EXAMPLES_COMS:%=%.dbg)

-EXAMPLES_DIRECTDEPS =						\
-	DSP_CORE						\
-	DSP_SCALE						\
-	DSP_TTY							\
-	LIBC_ALG						\
-	LIBC_BITS						\
-	LIBC_CALLS						\
-	LIBC_DNS						\
-	LIBC_FMT						\
-	LIBC_INTRIN						\
-	LIBC_LOG						\
-	LIBC_MEM						\
-	LIBC_NEXGEN32E						\
-	LIBC_NT_IPHLPAPI					\
-	LIBC_NT_KERNEL32					\
-	LIBC_NT_NTDLL						\
-	LIBC_NT_USER32						\
-	LIBC_NT_WS2_32						\
-	LIBC_NT_ADVAPI32					\
-	LIBC_OHMYPLUS						\
-	LIBC_RAND						\
-	LIBC_RUNTIME						\
-	LIBC_SOCK						\
-	LIBC_STDIO						\
-	LIBC_STR						\
-	LIBC_STUBS						\
-	LIBC_SYSV						\
-	LIBC_SYSV_CALLS						\
-	LIBC_TESTLIB						\
-	LIBC_THREAD						\
-	LIBC_TIME						\
-	LIBC_TINYMATH						\
-	LIBC_UNICODE						\
-	LIBC_X							\
-	LIBC_ZIPOS						\
-	NET_HTTP						\
-	NET_HTTPS						\
-	THIRD_PARTY_COMPILER_RT					\
-	THIRD_PARTY_DLMALLOC					\
-	THIRD_PARTY_GDTOA					\
-	THIRD_PARTY_GETOPT					\
-	THIRD_PARTY_LINENOISE					\
-	THIRD_PARTY_LUA						\
-	THIRD_PARTY_MBEDTLS					\
-	THIRD_PARTY_MUSL					\
-	THIRD_PARTY_QUICKJS					\
-	THIRD_PARTY_STB						\
-	THIRD_PARTY_XED						\
-	THIRD_PARTY_ZLIB					\
-	TOOL_BUILD_LIB						\
+EXAMPLES_DIRECTDEPS =								\
+	DSP_CORE								\
+	DSP_SCALE								\
+	DSP_TTY									\
+	LIBC_ALG								\
+	LIBC_BITS								\
+	LIBC_CALLS								\
+	LIBC_DNS								\
+	LIBC_FMT								\
+	LIBC_INTRIN								\
+	LIBC_LOG								\
+	LIBC_MEM								\
+	LIBC_NEXGEN32E								\
+	LIBC_NT_IPHLPAPI							\
+	LIBC_NT_KERNEL32							\
+	LIBC_NT_NTDLL								\
+	LIBC_NT_USER32								\
+	LIBC_NT_WS2_32								\
+	LIBC_NT_ADVAPI32							\
+	LIBC_RAND								\
+	LIBC_RUNTIME								\
+	LIBC_SOCK								\
+	LIBC_STDIO								\
+	LIBC_STR								\
+	LIBC_STUBS								\
+	LIBC_SYSV								\
+	LIBC_SYSV_CALLS								\
+	LIBC_TESTLIB								\
+	LIBC_THREAD								\
+	LIBC_TIME								\
+	LIBC_TINYMATH								\
+	LIBC_UNICODE								\
+	LIBC_X									\
+	LIBC_ZIPOS								\
+	NET_HTTP								\
+	NET_HTTPS								\
+	THIRD_PARTY_COMPILER_RT							\
+	THIRD_PARTY_DLMALLOC							\
+	THIRD_PARTY_GDTOA							\
+	THIRD_PARTY_GETOPT							\
+	THIRD_PARTY_LIBCXX							\
+	THIRD_PARTY_LINENOISE							\
+	THIRD_PARTY_LUA								\
+	THIRD_PARTY_MBEDTLS							\
+	THIRD_PARTY_MUSL							\
+	THIRD_PARTY_QUICKJS							\
+	THIRD_PARTY_STB								\
+	THIRD_PARTY_XED								\
+	THIRD_PARTY_ZLIB							\
+	TOOL_BUILD_LIB								\
 	TOOL_VIZ_LIB

-EXAMPLES_DEPS :=						\
+EXAMPLES_DEPS :=								\
 	$(call uniq,$(foreach x,$(EXAMPLES_DIRECTDEPS),$($(x))))

-o/$(MODE)/examples/examples.pkg:				\
-		$(EXAMPLES_OBJS)				\
+o/$(MODE)/examples/examples.pkg:						\
+		$(EXAMPLES_OBJS)						\
 		$(foreach x,$(EXAMPLES_DIRECTDEPS),$($(x)_A).pkg)

-o/$(MODE)/examples/unbourne.o:					\
-		OVERRIDE_CPPFLAGS +=				\
-			-DSTACK_FRAME_UNLIMITED
+o/$(MODE)/examples/unbourne.o:							\
+		OVERRIDE_CPPFLAGS +=						\
+			-DSTACK_FRAME_UNLIMITED					\
+			-fpie

-o/$(MODE)/examples/%.com.dbg:					\
-		$(EXAMPLES_DEPS)				\
-		o/$(MODE)/examples/%.o				\
-		o/$(MODE)/examples/examples.pkg			\
-		$(CRT)						\
+o/$(MODE)/examples/%.com.dbg:							\
+		$(EXAMPLES_DEPS)						\
+		o/$(MODE)/examples/%.o						\
+		o/$(MODE)/examples/examples.pkg					\
+		$(CRT)								\
 		$(APE)
 	@$(APELINK)

-o/$(MODE)/examples/hellolua.com.dbg:				\
-		$(EXAMPLES_DEPS)				\
-		o/$(MODE)/examples/hellolua.o			\
-		o/$(MODE)/examples/hellolua.lua.zip.o		\
-		o/$(MODE)/examples/examples.pkg			\
-		$(CRT)						\
+o/$(MODE)/examples/hellolua.com.dbg:						\
+		$(EXAMPLES_DEPS)						\
+		o/$(MODE)/examples/hellolua.o					\
+		o/$(MODE)/examples/hellolua.lua.zip.o				\
+		o/$(MODE)/examples/examples.pkg					\
+		$(CRT)								\
 		$(APE)
 	@$(APELINK)

-o/$(MODE)/examples/ispell.com.dbg:				\
-		$(EXAMPLES_DEPS)				\
-		o/$(MODE)/examples/ispell.o			\
-		o/$(MODE)/usr/share/dict/words.zip.o		\
-		o/$(MODE)/examples/examples.pkg			\
-		$(CRT)						\
+o/$(MODE)/examples/ispell.com.dbg:						\
+		$(EXAMPLES_DEPS)						\
+		o/$(MODE)/examples/ispell.o					\
+		o/$(MODE)/usr/share/dict/words.zip.o				\
+		o/$(MODE)/examples/examples.pkg					\
+		$(CRT)								\
 		$(APE)
 	@$(APELINK)

-o/$(MODE)/examples/nesemu1.com.dbg:				\
-		$(EXAMPLES_DEPS)				\
-		o/$(MODE)/examples/nesemu1.o			\
-		o/$(MODE)/usr/share/rom/mario.nes.zip.o		\
-		o/$(MODE)/usr/share/rom/zelda.nes.zip.o		\
-		o/$(MODE)/usr/share/rom/tetris.nes.zip.o	\
-		o/$(MODE)/examples/examples.pkg			\
-		$(CRT)						\
+o/$(MODE)/examples/nesemu1.com.dbg:						\
+		$(EXAMPLES_DEPS)						\
+		o/$(MODE)/examples/nesemu1.o					\
+		o/$(MODE)/usr/share/rom/mario.nes.zip.o				\
+		o/$(MODE)/usr/share/rom/zelda.nes.zip.o				\
+		o/$(MODE)/usr/share/rom/tetris.nes.zip.o			\
+		o/$(MODE)/examples/examples.pkg					\
+		$(CRT)								\
 		$(APE)
 	@$(APELINK)

-o/$(MODE)/examples/hello.com.dbg:				\
-		$(EXAMPLES_DEPS)				\
-		o/$(MODE)/examples/hello.o			\
-		o/$(MODE)/examples/examples.pkg			\
-		$(CRT)						\
+o/$(MODE)/examples/nesemu1.com:							\
+		o/$(MODE)/examples/nesemu1.com.dbg				\
+		o/$(MODE)/third_party/zip/zip.com				\
+		o/$(MODE)/tool/build/symtab.com
+	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJCOPY -T$@ $(OBJCOPY) -S -O binary $< $@
+	@$(COMPILE) -ASYMTAB o/$(MODE)/tool/build/symtab.com			\
+		-o o/$(MODE)/examples/.nesemu1/.symtab $<
+	@$(COMPILE) -AZIP -T$@ o/$(MODE)/third_party/zip/zip.com -0qj $@	\
+		o/$(MODE)/examples/.nesemu1/.symtab
+
+o/$(MODE)/examples/hello.com.dbg:						\
+		$(EXAMPLES_DEPS)						\
+		o/$(MODE)/examples/hello.o					\
+		o/$(MODE)/examples/examples.pkg					\
+		$(CRT)								\
 		$(APE_NO_MODIFY_SELF)
 	@$(APELINK)

@ -149,6 +160,6 @@ usr/share/dict/words: usr/share/dict/words.gz
 	@$(GZ) $(ZFLAGS) -d <$< >$@

 .PHONY: o/$(MODE)/examples
-o/$(MODE)/examples:						\
-		o/$(MODE)/examples/package			\
+o/$(MODE)/examples:								\
+		o/$(MODE)/examples/package					\
 		$(EXAMPLES_BINS)
--- a/examples/exec.c
+++ b/examples/exec.c
@ -8,14 +8,26 @@
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #endif
 #include "libc/calls/calls.h"
+#include "libc/calls/sigbits.h"
+#include "libc/calls/struct/sigset.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
 #include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
+#include "libc/sysv/consts/sig.h"
+
+STATIC_YOINK("strerror");

 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
-  if (argc < 3) {
-    fputs("USAGE: EXEC.COM PROG ARGV₀ [ARGV₁...]\n", stderr);
+  sigset_t ss;
+  if (argc < 2) {
+    fputs("USAGE: EXEC.COM PROG [ARGV₀...]\n", stderr);
    return 1;
  }
+
+  // block arbitrary signal so __printargs() looks cooler
+  sigemptyset(&ss);
+  sigaddset(&ss, SIGPWR);
+  sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &ss, 0);
+
  execv(argv[1], argv + 2);
  return 127;
 }
--- a/examples/forkexec.c
+++ b/examples/forkexec.c
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#if 0
+/*─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╗
+│ To the extent possible under law, Justine Tunney has waived      │
+│ all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this file,    │
+│ as it is written in the following disclaimers:                   │
+│   • http://unlicense.org/                                        │
+│   • http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/            │
+╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
+#endif
+#include "libc/calls/calls.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+  int pid;
+  if (argc < 3) {
+    fputs("USAGE: FORKEXEC.COM PROG ARGV₀ [ARGV₁...]\n", stderr);
+    return 1;
+  }
+  if (!fork()) {
+    execv(argv[1], argv + 2);
+    return 127;
+  }
+}
--- a/examples/forkexecwait.c
+++ b/examples/forkexecwait.c
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#if 0
+/*─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╗
+│ To the extent possible under law, Justine Tunney has waived      │
+│ all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this file,    │
+│ as it is written in the following disclaimers:                   │
+│   • http://unlicense.org/                                        │
+│   • http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/            │
+╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
+#endif
+#include "libc/calls/calls.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+  int pid;
+  volatile void *p;
+  if (argc < 3) {
+    fputs("USAGE: FORKEXECWAIT.COM PROG ARGV₀ [ARGV₁...]\n", stderr);
+    return 1;
+  }
+  if (!fork()) {
+    execv(argv[1], argv + 2);
+    return 127;
+  }
+  wait(0);
+}
--- a/examples/forkrand.c
+++ b/examples/forkrand.c
@ -8,13 +8,17 @@
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #endif
 #include "libc/calls/calls.h"
+#include "libc/intrin/kprintf.h"
 #include "libc/log/check.h"
 #include "libc/log/log.h"
 #include "libc/nt/nt/process.h"
 #include "libc/rand/rand.h"
+#include "libc/runtime/gc.h"
+#include "libc/runtime/memtrack.internal.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
 #include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
 #include "libc/time/time.h"
+#include "libc/x/x.h"

 dontinline void dostuff(const char *s) {
  int i, us;
--- a/examples/getcpucount.c
+++ b/examples/getcpucount.c
@ -14,11 +14,11 @@

 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
  int c, n;
-  char a[22];
+  char a[22], *p;
  if ((c = GetCpuCount())) {
-    n = int64toarray_radix10(c, a);
-    a[n++] = '\n';
-    return write(1, a, n) == n ? 0 : 1;
+    p = FormatInt64(a, c);
+    *p++ = '\n';
+    return write(1, a, p - a) == p - a ? 0 : 1;
  } else {
    return 1;
  }
--- a/examples/getrandom.c
+++ b/examples/getrandom.c
@ -209,6 +209,7 @@ const struct Function {
    {"getrandom", GetRandom},    //
    {"inc", inc},                //
    {"knuth", knuth},            //
+    {"lemur64", lemur64},        //
    {"libc", libc},              //
    {"moby", moby},              //
    {"mt19937", _mt19937},       //
--- a/examples/hangman.c
+++ b/examples/hangman.c
@ -44,8 +44,8 @@
 #include "libc/str/str.h"
 #include "libc/time/time.h"
 #include "third_party/zlib/zlib.h"
+// clang-format off

-/* clang-format off */
 #define DICT "usr/share/dict/hangman"
 #define MAXERR 7
 #define MINSCORE 0
--- a/examples/hello.c
+++ b/examples/hello.c
@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
 #endif
 #include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"

+STATIC_YOINK("mmap");  // TODO: fix bandaid for MODE=asan
+
 int main() {
  printf("%s\n", "hello world");
  return 0;
--- a/examples/img.c
+++ b/examples/img.c
@ -7,23 +7,98 @@
 │   • http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/            │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #endif
+#include "libc/dce.h"
+#include "libc/log/log.h"
+#include "libc/runtime/gc.internal.h"
 #include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
 #include "libc/x/x.h"
+#include "net/http/escape.h"
+#include "net/http/http.h"
+#include "third_party/getopt/getopt.h"
 #include "third_party/stb/stb_image.h"

-/**
- * @fileoverview Utility for printing HTML <img> tags.
- */
+#define USAGE \
+  " [FLAGS] IMG...\n\
+Utility for printing HTML <img> tags.\n\
+\n\
+FLAGS\n\
+\n\
+  -h      Help\n\
+  -a      Wrap with <a> tag\n\
+  -u      Embed data:base64 URI\n"
+
+int scale;
+bool linktag;
+bool datauri;
+bool sizeonly;
+
+void PrintUsage(int rc, FILE *f) {
+  fputs("Usage: ", f);
+  fputs(program_invocation_name, f);
+  fputs(USAGE, f);
+  exit(rc);
+}
+
+void PrintImg(const char *path) {
+  size_t n;
+  int opt, i, yn, xn, cn, w, h;
+  void *img, *pix, *src, *mime;
+  if (!(img = gc(xslurp(path, &n)))) exit(2);
+  if (!(pix = gc(stbi_load_from_memory(img, n, &xn, &yn, &cn, 0)))) exit(3);
+  if (linktag) {
+    printf("<a href=\"%s\"\n  >", path);
+  }
+  src = path;
+  if (datauri) {
+    src = xasprintf("data:%s;base64,%s", FindContentType(path, -1),
+                    gc(EncodeBase64(img, n, &n)));
+  }
+  w = (xn + (1 << scale) / 2) >> scale;
+  h = (yn + (1 << scale) / 2) >> scale;
+  if (sizeonly) {
+    printf("width=\"%d\" height=\"%d\"", w, h);
+  } else {
+    printf("<img width=\"%d\" height=\"%d\" alt=\"[%s]\"\n     src=\"%s\">", w,
+           h, path, src);
+  }
+  if (linktag) {
+    printf("</a>");
+  }
+  printf("\n");
+}

 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
-  void *p;
-  size_t n;
-  int yn, xn, cn;
-  if (argc != 2) return 1;
-  if (!(p = xslurp(argv[1], &n))) return 2;
-  if (!(p = stbi_load_from_memory(p, n, &xn, &yn, &cn, 0))) return 3;
-  printf("<img src=\"%s\" width=\"%d\" height=\"%d\"\n"
-         "     alt=\"[%s]\">\n",
-         argv[1], (xn + 1) >> 1, (yn + 1) >> 1, argv[1]);
-  return 0;
+  if (!NoDebug()) ShowCrashReports();
+  int i;
+  while ((i = getopt(argc, argv, "?huas01234")) != -1) {
+    switch (i) {
+      case '0':
+      case '1':
+      case '2':
+      case '3':
+      case '4':
+        scale = i - '0';
+        break;
+      case 's':
+        sizeonly = true;
+        break;
+      case 'a':
+        linktag = true;
+        break;
+      case 'u':
+        datauri = true;
+        break;
+      case '?':
+      case 'h':
+        PrintUsage(0, stdout);
+      default:
+        PrintUsage(1, stderr);
+    }
+  }
+  if (optind == argc) {
+    PrintUsage(1, stderr);
+  }
+  for (i = optind; i < argc; ++i) {
+    PrintImg(argv[i]);
+  }
 }
--- a/examples/ispell.c
+++ b/examples/ispell.c
@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ void SpellChecker(void) {
    printf("word: ");
    fflush(stdout);
    if (getline(&line, &linesize, stdin) > 0) {
-      query = strtolower(chomp(line));
+      query = strtolower(_chomp(line));
      if (critbit0_contains(&words, query)) {
        printf("ok\r\n");
      } else {
@ -147,13 +147,13 @@ void SpellChecker(void) {
 void LoadWords(void) {
  CHECK_NOTNULL((f = fopen("/zip/usr/share/dict/words", "r")));
  while (getline(&line, &linesize, f) > 0) {
-    critbit0_insert(&words, strtolower(chomp(line)));
+    critbit0_insert(&words, strtolower(_chomp(line)));
  }
  CHECK_NE(-1, fclose(f));
 }

 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
-  showcrashreports();
+  if (!NoDebug()) ShowCrashReports();
  LoadWords();
  SpellChecker();
  return 0;
--- a/examples/kilo.c
+++ b/examples/kilo.c
@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ void editorSetStatusMessage(const char *fmt, ...);
 * matches and keywords. The file name matches are used in order to match
 * a given syntax with a given file name: if a match pattern starts with a
 * dot, it is matched as the last past of the filename, for example ".c".
- * Otherwise the pattern is just searched inside the filenme, like "Makefile").
+ * Otherwise the pattern is just searched inside the filename, like "Makefile").
 *
 * The list of keywords to highlight is just a list of words, however if they
 * a trailing '|' character is added at the end, they are highlighted in
@ -249,7 +249,10 @@ fatal:
 int editorReadKey(int64_t fd) {
  int nread;
  char c, seq[3];
-  if ((nread = read(fd, &c, 1)) == -1) exit(1);
+  do {
+    nread = read(fd, &c, 1);
+    if (nread == -1) exit(1);
+  } while (!nread);

  while (1) {
    switch (c) {
@ -390,7 +393,7 @@ int is_separator(int c) {

 /* Return true if the specified row last char is part of a multi line comment
 * that starts at this row or at one before, and does not end at the end
- * of the row but spawns to the next row. */
+ * of the row but spans to the next row. */
 int editorRowHasOpenComment(erow *row) {
  if (row->hl && row->rsize && row->hl[row->rsize - 1] == HL_MLCOMMENT &&
      (row->rsize < 2 || (row->render[row->rsize - 2] != '*' ||
@ -651,7 +654,7 @@ void editorFreeRow(erow *row) {
  free(row->hl);
 }

-/* Remove the row at the specified position, shifting the remainign on the
+/* Remove the row at the specified position, shifting the remaining on the
 * top. */
 void editorDelRow(int at) {
  erow *row;
@ -667,7 +670,7 @@ void editorDelRow(int at) {

 /* Turn the editor rows into a single heap-allocated string.
 * Returns the pointer to the heap-allocated string and populate the
- * integer pointed by 'buflen' with the size of the string, escluding
+ * integer pointed by 'buflen' with the size of the string, excluding
 * the final nulterm. */
 char *editorRowsToString(int *buflen) {
  char *buf = NULL, *p;
--- a/examples/linenoise.c
+++ b/examples/linenoise.c
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#if 0
+/*─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╗
+│ To the extent possible under law, Justine Tunney has waived      │
+│ all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this file,    │
+│ as it is written in the following disclaimers:                   │
+│   • http://unlicense.org/                                        │
+│   • http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/            │
+╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
+#endif
+#include "libc/mem/mem.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
+#include "third_party/linenoise/linenoise.h"
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+  char *line;
+  while ((line = linenoiseWithHistory("IN> ", "foo"))) {
+    fputs("OUT> ", stdout);
+    fputs(line, stdout);
+    fputs("\n", stdout);
+    free(line);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
--- a/examples/loadavg.c
+++ b/examples/loadavg.c
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#if 0
+/*─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╗
+│ To the extent possible under law, Justine Tunney has waived      │
+│ all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this file,    │
+│ as it is written in the following disclaimers:                   │
+│   • http://unlicense.org/                                        │
+│   • http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/            │
+╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
+#endif
+#include "libc/calls/calls.h"
+#include "libc/log/check.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
+#include "libc/time/time.h"
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+  double x[3];
+  CHECK_NE(-1, getloadavg(x, 3));
+  printf("%g %g %g\n", x[0], x[1], x[2]);
+  return 0;
+}
--- a/examples/nesemu1.cc
+++ b/examples/nesemu1.cc
@ -26,7 +26,6 @@
 #include "libc/macros.internal.h"
 #include "libc/math.h"
 #include "libc/mem/mem.h"
-#include "libc/ohmyplus/vector.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
 #include "libc/sock/sock.h"
 #include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
@ -43,6 +42,7 @@
 #include "libc/zip.h"
 #include "libc/zipos/zipos.internal.h"
 #include "third_party/getopt/getopt.h"
+#include "third_party/libcxx/vector"
 #include "tool/viz/lib/knobs.h"

 STATIC_YOINK("zip_uri_support");
@ -1673,7 +1673,7 @@ char* GetLine(void) {
  static char* line;
  static size_t linesize;
  if (getline(&line, &linesize, stdin) > 0) {
-    return chomp(line);
+    return _chomp(line);
  } else {
    return NULL;
  }
@ -1703,7 +1703,7 @@ int PlayGame(const char* romfile, const char* opt_tasfile) {
  if ((ffplay = commandvenv("FFPLAY", "ffplay"))) {
    devnull = open("/dev/null", O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
    pipe2(pipefds, O_CLOEXEC);
-    if (!(playpid_ = vfork())) {
+    if (!(playpid_ = fork())) {
      const char* const args[] = {
          "ffplay",   "-nodisp", "-loglevel", "quiet", "-fflags",
          "nobuffer", "-ac",     "1",         "-ar",   "1789773",
--- a/examples/panels.c
+++ b/examples/panels.c
@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 #include "libc/calls/struct/sigaction.h"
 #include "libc/calls/struct/termios.h"
 #include "libc/calls/struct/winsize.h"
+#include "libc/dce.h"
 #include "libc/log/check.h"
 #include "libc/log/gdb.h"
 #include "libc/log/log.h"
@ -152,7 +153,7 @@ void Draw(void) {
 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
  struct sigaction sa[2] = {{.sa_handler = OnShutdown},
                            {.sa_handler = OnInvalidate}};
-  showcrashreports();
+  if (!NoDebug()) ShowCrashReports();
  Setup();
  Enter();
  GetTtySize();
--- a/examples/printargs.c
+++ b/examples/printargs.c
@ -7,94 +7,8 @@
 │   • http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/            │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #endif
-#include "libc/calls/calls.h"
-#include "libc/log/log.h"
-#include "libc/macros.internal.h"
-#include "libc/nt/process.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
-#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
-#include "libc/str/str.h"
-#include "libc/sysv/consts/auxv.h"

-const struct AuxiliaryValue {
-  const char *fmt;
-  long *id;
-  const char *name;
-  const char *description;
-} kAuxiliaryValues[] = {
-    {"%012lx", &AT_EXECFD, "AT_EXECFD", "file descriptor of program"},
-    {"%012lx", &AT_PHDR, "AT_PHDR", "address of elf program headers"},
-    {"%012lx", &AT_PHENT, "AT_PHENT", "size of program header entry"},
-    {"%012lx", &AT_PHNUM, "AT_PHNUM", "number of program headers"},
-    {"%012lx", &AT_PAGESZ, "AT_PAGESZ", "system page size"},
-    {"%012lx", &AT_BASE, "AT_BASE", "base address of the program interpreter"},
-    {"%012lx", &AT_ENTRY, "AT_ENTRY", "entry address of executable"},
-    {"%012lx", &AT_NOTELF, "AT_NOTELF", "set if not an elf"},
-    {"%-12d", &AT_UID, "AT_UID", "real user id of thread"},
-    {"%-12d", &AT_EUID, "AT_EUID", "effective user id of thread"},
-    {"%-12d", &AT_GID, "AT_GID", "real group id of thread"},
-    {"%-12d", &AT_EGID, "AT_EGID", "effective group id of thread"},
-    {"%-12d", &AT_CLKTCK, "AT_CLKTCK", "frequency of times() counts"},
-    {"%012lx", &AT_OSRELDATE, "AT_OSRELDATE",
-     "freebsd release number, e.g. 1200086"},
-    {"%012lx", &AT_PLATFORM, "AT_PLATFORM",
-     "string identifying hardware platform"},
-    {"%012lx", &AT_DCACHEBSIZE, "AT_DCACHEBSIZE", "data cache block size"},
-    {"%012lx", &AT_ICACHEBSIZE, "AT_ICACHEBSIZE",
-     "instruction cache block size"},
-    {"%012lx", &AT_UCACHEBSIZE, "AT_UCACHEBSIZE", "unified cache block size"},
-    {"%012lx", &AT_SECURE, "AT_SECURE",
-     "for set{u,g}id binz & security blankets"},
-    {"%-12s", &AT_BASE_PLATFORM, "AT_BASE_PLATFORM",
-     "string identifying real platform"},
-    {"%012lx", &AT_RANDOM, "AT_RANDOM", "address of sixteen random bytes"},
-    {"%-12s", &AT_EXECFN, "AT_EXECFN", "pathname used to execute program"},
-    {"%012lx", &AT_SYSINFO_EHDR, "AT_SYSINFO_EHDR",
-     "linux virtual dso page address"},
-    {"%012lx", &AT_FLAGS, "AT_FLAGS", "unused?"},
-    {"%012lx", &AT_HWCAP, "AT_HWCAP", "cpu stuff"},
-    {"%012lx", &AT_HWCAP2, "AT_HWCAP2", "more cpu stuff"},
-};
-
-const struct AuxiliaryValue *DescribeAuxv(unsigned long x) {
-  int i;
-  for (i = 0; i < ARRAYLEN(kAuxiliaryValues); ++i) {
-    if (x == *kAuxiliaryValues[i].id) {
-      return kAuxiliaryValues + i;
-    }
-  }
-  return NULL;
-}
-
-int main(int argc, char *argv[], char **envp) {
-  long key;
-  unsigned i;
-  unsigned long *auxp;
-  char fmt[64], **env;
-  struct AuxiliaryValue *auxinfo;
-  uint32_t varlen;
-  char16_t var[PATH_MAX];
-  printf("\nArguments:\n");
-  for (i = 0; i < __argc; ++i) {
-    printf(" ☼ %s\n", argv[i]);
-  }
-  printf("\nEnvironment:\n");
-  for (env = envp; *env; ++env) {
-    printf(" ☼ %s\n", *env);
-  }
-  printf("\nAuxiliary Values:\n");
-  for (auxp = __auxv; *auxp; auxp += 2) {
-    if ((auxinfo = DescribeAuxv(auxp[0]))) {
-      stpcpy(stpcpy(stpcpy(fmt, "%16s[%4ld] = "), auxinfo->fmt), "  # %s\n");
-      printf(fmt, auxinfo->name, auxp[0], auxp[1], auxinfo->description);
-    } else {
-      printf("%16s[%4ld] = %012lx\n", "unknown", auxp[0], auxp[1]);
-    }
-  }
-  printf("\nSpecial Directories:\n");
-  printf(" ☼ kTmpPath = %`'s\n", kTmpPath);
-  printf(" ☼ kNtSystemDirectory = %`'s\n", kNtSystemDirectory);
-  printf(" ☼ kNtWindowsDirectory = %`'s\n", kNtWindowsDirectory);
-  printf(" ☼ program_executable_name = %`'s\n", program_executable_name);
-  return 0;
+int main() {
+  __printargs("");
 }
--- a/examples/printprimes.c
+++ b/examples/printprimes.c
@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
      }
    }
    if (isprime) {
-      int64toarray_radix10(i, buf);
+      FormatInt64(buf, i);
      fputs(buf, stdout);
      fputc('\n', stdout);
      if (k++ % 100 == 0) {
--- a/examples/rlimit.c
+++ b/examples/rlimit.c
@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+#if 0
+/*─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╗
+│ To the extent possible under law, Justine Tunney has waived      │
+│ all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this file,    │
+│ as it is written in the following disclaimers:                   │
+│   • http://unlicense.org/                                        │
+│   • http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/            │
+╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
+#endif
+#include "libc/calls/calls.h"
+#include "libc/calls/strace.internal.h"
+#include "libc/calls/struct/rlimit.h"
+#include "libc/errno.h"
+#include "libc/intrin/kprintf.h"
+#include "libc/log/color.internal.h"
+#include "libc/macros.internal.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
+#include "libc/str/str.h"
+#include "libc/sysv/consts/rlim.h"
+#include "libc/sysv/consts/rlimit.h"
+
+/**
+ * @fileoverview tool for printing and changing system resource limits
+ *
+ * This is what you do if you want to not accidentally bomb your system
+ * with runaway code. If you haven't accidentally bombed your UNIX
+ * system before then you're not pushing it hard enough.
+ */
+
+static void SetLimit(int resource, uint64_t soft, uint64_t hard) {
+  struct rlimit old;
+  struct rlimit lim = {soft, hard};
+  if (resource == 127) return;
+  if (setrlimit(resource, &lim) == -1) {
+    if (!getrlimit(resource, &old)) {
+      lim.rlim_max = MIN(hard, old.rlim_max);
+      lim.rlim_cur = MIN(soft, lim.rlim_max);
+      if (!setrlimit(resource, &lim)) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%sNOTE: SETRLIMIT(%s) DOWNGRADED TO {%,ld, %,ld}\n",
+                __strace_rlimit_name(resource), lim.rlim_cur, lim.rlim_max);
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+    fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: SETRLIMIT(%s, %,ld, %,ld) FAILED %m%n",
+            __strace_rlimit_name(resource), soft, hard);
+    exit(1);
+  }
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+  int i, rc;
+  struct rlimit rlim;
+
+  // // example of how you might change the limits
+  // SetLimit(RLIMIT_CPU, 3, 33);
+  // SetLimit(RLIMIT_NPROC, 4, 128);
+  // SetLimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, 32, 128);
+  // SetLimit(RLIMIT_SIGPENDING, 16, 1024);
+  // SetLimit(RLIMIT_AS, 8 * 1024 * 1024, 1l * 1024 * 1024 * 1024);
+  // SetLimit(RLIMIT_RSS, 8 * 1024 * 1024, 1l * 1024 * 1024 * 1024);
+  // SetLimit(RLIMIT_DATA, 8 * 1024 * 1024, 1l * 1024 * 1024 * 1024);
+  // SetLimit(RLIMIT_FSIZE, 8 * 1000 * 1000, 1l * 1000 * 1000 * 1000);
+
+  for (i = 0; i < RLIM_NLIMITS; ++i) {
+    rc = getrlimit(i, &rlim);
+    printf("SETRLIMIT(%-20s, %,16ld, %,16ld) → %d %s\n",
+           __strace_rlimit_name(i), rlim.rlim_cur, rlim.rlim_max, rc,
+           !rc ? "" : strerror(errno));
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
--- a/examples/rusage.c
+++ b/examples/rusage.c
@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
  sigaddset(&chldmask, SIGCHLD);
  sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &chldmask, &savemask);
  ts1 = nowl();
-  CHECK_NE(-1, (pid = vfork()));
+  CHECK_NE(-1, (pid = fork()));
  if (!pid) {
    sigaction(SIGINT, &dflt, 0);
    sigaction(SIGQUIT, &dflt, 0);
--- a/examples/seq.c
+++ b/examples/seq.c
@ -7,8 +7,9 @@
 │   • http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/            │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #endif
+#include "libc/calls/calls.h"
 #include "libc/fmt/conv.h"
-#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
+#include "libc/fmt/itoa.h"

 /**
 * @fileoverview Prints sequence of numbers.
@ -16,6 +17,7 @@

 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
  long a, b, i;
+  char buf[21], *p;
  switch (argc) {
    case 2:
      a = 1;
@ -29,6 +31,9 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
      return 1;
  }
  for (i = a; i <= b; ++i) {
-    printf("%ld\n", i);
+    p = buf;
+    p = FormatInt64(p, i);
+    *p++ = '\n';
+    write(1, buf, p - buf);
  }
 }
--- a/examples/setitimer.c
+++ b/examples/setitimer.c
@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+#if 0
+/*─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╗
+│ To the extent possible under law, Justine Tunney has waived      │
+│ all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this file,    │
+│ as it is written in the following disclaimers:                   │
+│   • http://unlicense.org/                                        │
+│   • http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/            │
+╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
+#endif
+#include "libc/calls/calls.h"
+#include "libc/calls/struct/itimerval.h"
+#include "libc/calls/struct/sigaction.h"
+#include "libc/calls/struct/siginfo.h"
+#include "libc/calls/ucontext.h"
+#include "libc/log/check.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
+#include "libc/sysv/consts/itimer.h"
+#include "libc/sysv/consts/sa.h"
+#include "libc/sysv/consts/sig.h"
+#include "libc/time/time.h"
+
+volatile bool gotalrm;
+
+void OnSigAlrm(int sig, siginfo_t *si, ucontext_t *ctx) {
+  gotalrm = true;
+}
+
+int main() {
+
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+  printf("first tutorial: set singleshot alarm for 1.5 seconds from now\n");
+
+  // setup alarm in 1.5 seconds
+  // this timer tears itself down once it's handled
+  struct itimerval shot = {{0, 0}, {1, 500000}};
+  struct sigaction handler = {.sa_sigaction = OnSigAlrm,
+                              .sa_flags = SA_RESETHAND | SA_SIGINFO};
+  CHECK_EQ(0, sigaction(SIGALRM, &handler, 0));
+  CHECK_EQ(0, setitimer(ITIMER_REAL, &shot, 0));
+
+  // wait for alarm
+  pause();
+  printf("got singleshot alarm!\n\n");
+
+  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+  printf("second tutorial: interval timer\n");
+
+  // setup timer every 1.5 seconds
+  struct sigaction oldalrm;
+  struct sigaction sigalrm = {.sa_sigaction = OnSigAlrm,
+                              .sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO};
+  CHECK_EQ(0, sigaction(SIGALRM, &sigalrm, &oldalrm));
+  struct itimerval oldtimer;
+  struct itimerval timer = {{1, 500000}, {1, 500000}};
+  CHECK_EQ(0, setitimer(ITIMER_REAL, &timer, &oldtimer));
+
+  // wait for three timeouts
+  int i = 0;
+  int n = 3;
+  while (i < n) {
+    pause();
+    if (gotalrm) {
+      ++i;
+      printf("got timeout %d out of %d\n", i, n);
+      gotalrm = false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // teardown timer
+  CHECK_EQ(0, setitimer(ITIMER_REAL, &oldtimer, 0));
+  CHECK_EQ(0, sigaction(SIGALRM, &oldalrm, 0));
+}
--- a/examples/time.c
+++ b/examples/time.c
@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ void PrintMetric(const char *name, long double d) {
  mils = fmodl(d * 1000, 1000);
  mics = fmodl(d * 1000000, 1000);
  p = stpcpy(p, name), *p++ = '\t';
-  p += int64toarray_radix10(mins, p), *p++ = 'm';
-  p += int64toarray_radix10(secs, p), *p++ = '.';
+  p = FormatInt64(p, mins), *p++ = 'm';
+  p = FormatInt64(p, secs), *p++ = '.';
  *p++ = '0' + mils / 100;
  *p++ = '0' + mils / 10 % 10;
  *p++ = '0' + mils % 10;
@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
  long double real;
  char exebuf[PATH_MAX];
  if (argc >= 2) {
-    if ((exepath = commandv(argv[1], exebuf))) {
+    if ((exepath = commandv(argv[1], exebuf, sizeof(exebuf)))) {
      real = nowl();
      argv[1] = exepath;
      if ((ws = xvspawn(OnChild, argv + 1, &r)) != -1) {
--- a/examples/touch.c
+++ b/examples/touch.c
@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
  int i;
  for (i = 1; i < argc; ++i) {
-    if (touch(argv[i], 0644) == -1) {
+    if (touch(argv[i], 0666) == -1) {
      fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: %s: %s\n", argv[i], strerror(errno));
      exit(1);
    }
--- a/examples/ttyinfo.c
+++ b/examples/ttyinfo.c
@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 #include "libc/x/x.h"

 #define CTRL(C)                ((C) ^ 0b01000000)
+#define WRITE(FD, SLIT)        write(FD, SLIT, strlen(SLIT))
 #define ENABLE_SAFE_PASTE      "\e[?2004h"
 #define ENABLE_MOUSE_TRACKING  "\e[?1000;1002;1015;1006h"
 #define DISABLE_MOUSE_TRACKING "\e[?1000;1002;1015;1006l"
@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ void onkilled(int sig) {
 }

 void restoretty(void) {
-  write(1, DISABLE_MOUSE_TRACKING, strlen(DISABLE_MOUSE_TRACKING));
+  WRITE(1, DISABLE_MOUSE_TRACKING);
  ioctl(1, TCSETS, &oldterm);
 }

@ -72,9 +73,9 @@ int rawmode(void) {
  t.c_cflag |= CS8;
  t.c_iflag |= IUTF8;
  ioctl(1, TCSETS, &t);
-  write(1, ENABLE_SAFE_PASTE, strlen(ENABLE_SAFE_PASTE));
-  write(1, ENABLE_MOUSE_TRACKING, strlen(ENABLE_MOUSE_TRACKING));
-  write(1, PROBE_DISPLAY_SIZE, strlen(PROBE_DISPLAY_SIZE));
+  WRITE(1, ENABLE_SAFE_PASTE);
+  WRITE(1, ENABLE_MOUSE_TRACKING);
+  WRITE(1, PROBE_DISPLAY_SIZE);
  return 0;
 }

--- a/examples/ucontext-sigfpe-recovery.c
+++ b/examples/ucontext-sigfpe-recovery.c
@ -16,12 +16,22 @@
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/sig.h"
 #include "third_party/xed/x86.h"

+/**
+ * @fileoverview How to change CPU state on signal delivery
+ *
+ * This program redefines division by zero so that it has a definition.
+ * The definition is the meaning of life, the universe, and everything.
+ * Normally crash signals like `SIGSEGV`, `SIGILL`, and `SIGFPE` aren't
+ * recoverable. This example shows how it actually can be done with Xed
+ * and this example should work on all supported platforms even Windows
+ */
+
 void handler(int sig, siginfo_t *si, ucontext_t *ctx) {
  struct XedDecodedInst xedd;
  xed_decoded_inst_zero_set_mode(&xedd, XED_MACHINE_MODE_LONG_64);
  xed_instruction_length_decode(&xedd, (void *)ctx->uc_mcontext.rip, 15);
  ctx->uc_mcontext.rip += xedd.length;
-  ctx->uc_mcontext.rax = 42;
+  ctx->uc_mcontext.rax = 42;  // set the DIV result registers rdx:rax
  ctx->uc_mcontext.rdx = 0;
 }

--- a/examples/uname.c
+++ b/examples/uname.c
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#if 0
+/*─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╗
+│ To the extent possible under law, Justine Tunney has waived      │
+│ all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this file,    │
+│ as it is written in the following disclaimers:                   │
+│   • http://unlicense.org/                                        │
+│   • http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/            │
+╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
+#endif
+#include "libc/calls/calls.h"
+#include "libc/calls/struct/utsname.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+  struct utsname names;
+  if (uname(&names)) return 1;
+  printf("%-10s %s\n", "sysname", names.sysname);
+  printf("%-10s %s\n", "nodename", names.nodename);
+  printf("%-10s %s\n", "release", names.release);
+  printf("%-10s %s\n", "version", names.version);
+  printf("%-10s %s\n", "machine", names.machine);
+  printf("%-10s %s\n", "domainname", names.domainname);
+  return 0;
+}
--- a/examples/unbourne.c
+++ b/examples/unbourne.c
@ -5731,7 +5731,7 @@ retry:
    linenoiseSetFreeHintsCallback(free);
    linenoiseSetHintsCallback(ShellHint);
    linenoiseSetCompletionCallback(ShellCompletion);
-    if ((p = linenoiseWithHistory("$ ", "unbourne"))) {
+    if ((p = linenoiseWithHistory(">: ", "unbourne"))) {
      nr = min(strlen(p), IBUFSIZ - 2);
      memcpy(buf, p, nr);
      buf[nr++] = '\n';
--- a/examples/x86split.c
+++ b/examples/x86split.c
@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ int fgethex(FILE *f) {
 }

 int main(int argc, char *argv[argc]) {
+  int err;
  unsigned c, i, j, l;
-  enum XedError err;
  struct XedDecodedInst xedd;
  unsigned char buf[XED_MAX_INSTRUCTION_BYTES];
  memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
--- a/libc/alg/alg.h
+++ b/libc/alg/alg.h
@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ COSMOPOLITAN_C_START_

 void *bsearch(const void *, const void *, size_t, size_t,
              int cmp(const void *, const void *))
-    paramsnonnull() nothrow nosideeffect;
+    paramsnonnull() dontthrow nosideeffect;
 void *bsearch_r(const void *, const void *, size_t, size_t,
                int cmp(const void *, const void *, void *), void *)
-    paramsnonnull((1, 2, 5)) nothrow nosideeffect;
+    paramsnonnull((1, 2, 5)) dontthrow nosideeffect;
 void djbsort(int32_t *, size_t);
 void qsort(void *, size_t, size_t, int (*)(const void *, const void *))
    paramsnonnull();
@ -19,9 +19,9 @@ void qsort_r(void *, size_t, size_t,
             int cmp(const void *, const void *, void *), void *arg)
    paramsnonnull((1, 4));
 int tarjan(int, const int (*)[2], int, int[], int[], int *)
-    paramsnonnull((2, 4)) nocallback nothrow;
+    paramsnonnull((2, 4)) nocallback dontthrow;

-#define __algalloc returnspointerwithnoaliases nothrow nocallback nodiscard
+#define __algalloc returnspointerwithnoaliases dontthrow nocallback dontdiscard

 char *replacestr(const char *, const char *, const char *)
    paramsnonnull() __algalloc;
--- a/libc/alg/bisect.internal.h
+++ b/libc/alg/bisect.internal.h
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ forceinline void *bisect(const void *k, const void *data, size_t n, size_t size,
    r = n - 1;
    p = data;
    while (l <= r) {
-      m = (l + r) >> 1;
+      m = (l & r) + ((l ^ r) >> 1);
      c = cmp(k, p + m * size, arg);
      if (c > 0) {
        l = m + 1;
--- a/libc/alg/critbit0.h
+++ b/libc/alg/critbit0.h
@ -11,15 +11,15 @@ struct critbit0 {
  size_t count;
 };

-bool critbit0_contains(struct critbit0 *, const char *) nothrow nosideeffect
+bool critbit0_contains(struct critbit0 *, const char *) dontthrow nosideeffect
    paramsnonnull();
 bool critbit0_insert(struct critbit0 *, const char *) paramsnonnull();
-bool critbit0_delete(struct critbit0 *, const char *) nothrow paramsnonnull();
-void critbit0_clear(struct critbit0 *) nothrow paramsnonnull();
+bool critbit0_delete(struct critbit0 *, const char *) dontthrow paramsnonnull();
+void critbit0_clear(struct critbit0 *) dontthrow paramsnonnull();
 char *critbit0_get(struct critbit0 *, const char *);
 intptr_t critbit0_allprefixed(struct critbit0 *, const char *,
                              intptr_t (*)(const char *, void *), void *)
-    paramsnonnull((1, 2, 3)) nothrow;
+    paramsnonnull((1, 2, 3)) dontthrow;
 bool critbit0_emplace(struct critbit0 *, char *, size_t) paramsnonnull();

 COSMOPOLITAN_C_END_
--- a/libc/assert.h
+++ b/libc/assert.h
@ -12,7 +12,9 @@ void __assert_fail(const char *, const char *, int) hidden wontreturn relegated;
  ((void)((EXPR) || (__assert_fail(#EXPR, __FILE__, __LINE__), 0)))
 #endif

+#ifndef __cplusplus
 #define static_assert _Static_assert
+#endif

 COSMOPOLITAN_C_END_
 #endif /* !(__ASSEMBLER__ + __LINKER__ + 0) */
--- a/libc/bits/asmflag.h
+++ b/libc/bits/asmflag.h
@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#ifndef COSMOPOLITAN_LIBC_BITS_ASMFLAG_H_
+#define COSMOPOLITAN_LIBC_BITS_ASMFLAG_H_
+#if !(__ASSEMBLER__ + __LINKER__ + 0)
+
+/*
+ * Constraints for virtual machine flags.
+ * @note we beseech clang devs for flag constraints
+ */
+#ifdef __GCC_ASM_FLAG_OUTPUTS__ /* GCC6+ CLANG10+ */
+#define CFLAG_CONSTRAINT  "=@ccc"
+#define CFLAG_ASM(OP)     OP
+#define ZFLAG_CONSTRAINT  "=@ccz"
+#define ZFLAG_ASM(OP)     OP
+#define OFLAG_CONSTRAINT  "=@cco"
+#define OFLAG_ASM(OP)     OP
+#define SFLAG_CONSTRAINT  "=@ccs"
+#define SFLAG_ASM(SP)     SP
+#define ABOVE_CONSTRAINT  "=@cca" /* i.e. !ZF && !CF */
+#define ABOVEFLAG_ASM(OP) OP
+#else
+#define CFLAG_CONSTRAINT  "=q"
+#define CFLAG_ASM(OP)     OP "\n\tsetc\t%b0"
+#define ZFLAG_CONSTRAINT  "=q"
+#define ZFLAG_ASM(OP)     OP "\n\tsetz\t%b0"
+#define OFLAG_CONSTRAINT  "=q"
+#define OFLAG_ASM(OP)     OP "\n\tseto\t%b0"
+#define SFLAG_CONSTRAINT  "=q"
+#define SFLAG_ASM(SP)     OP "\n\tsets\t%b0"
+#define ABOVE_CONSTRAINT  "=@cca"
+#define ABOVEFLAG_ASM(OP) OP "\n\tseta\t%b0"
+#endif
+
+#endif /* !(__ASSEMBLER__ + __LINKER__ + 0) */
+#endif /* COSMOPOLITAN_LIBC_BITS_ASMFLAG_H_ */
--- a/libc/bits/atomic.h
+++ b/libc/bits/atomic.h
@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #ifndef COSMOPOLITAN_LIBC_BITS_ATOMIC_H_
 #define COSMOPOLITAN_LIBC_BITS_ATOMIC_H_
 #include "libc/bits/bits.h"
+#include "libc/intrin/lockcmpxchg.h"
 #if !(__ASSEMBLER__ + __LINKER__ + 0)
 COSMOPOLITAN_C_START_

@ -31,8 +32,8 @@ COSMOPOLITAN_C_START_
  })
 #define atomic_init(PTR, VAL)                         atomic_store(PTR, VAL)
 #define atomic_exchange(PTR, VAL)                     lockxchg(PTR, &(VAL))
-#define atomic_compare_exchange_strong(X, Y, Z)       lockcmpxchg(X, Y, Z)
-#define atomic_compare_exchange_weak(X, Y, Z)         lockcmpxchg(X, Y, Z)
+#define atomic_compare_exchange_strong(X, Y, Z)       _lockcmpxchg(X, Y, Z)
+#define atomic_compare_exchange_weak(X, Y, Z)         _lockcmpxchg(X, Y, Z)
 #define atomic_load_explicit(PTR, ORDER)              atomic_load(PTR)
 #define atomic_store_explicit(PTR, VAL, ORDER)        atomic_store(PTR, VAL)
 #define atomic_flag_clear_explicit(PTR, ORDER)        atomic_store(PTR, 0)
--- a/libc/bits/bitop.h
+++ b/libc/bits/bitop.h
@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#ifndef COSMOPOLITAN_LIBC_BITS_BITOP_H_
+#define COSMOPOLITAN_LIBC_BITS_BITOP_H_
+#if !(__ASSEMBLER__ + __LINKER__ + 0)
+COSMOPOLITAN_C_START_
+
+#define bts(MEM, BIT)     __BitOp("bts", BIT, MEM) /** bit test and set */
+#define btr(MEM, BIT)     __BitOp("btr", BIT, MEM) /** bit test and reset */
+#define btc(MEM, BIT)     __BitOp("btc", BIT, MEM) /** bit test and complement */
+#define lockbts(MEM, BIT) __BitOp("lock bts", BIT, MEM)
+#define lockbtr(MEM, BIT) __BitOp("lock btr", BIT, MEM)
+#define lockbtc(MEM, BIT) __BitOp("lock btc", BIT, MEM)
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__STRICT_ANSI__)
+#define __BitOp(OP, BIT, MEM)                                  \
+  ({                                                           \
+    bool OldBit;                                               \
+    if (__builtin_constant_p(BIT)) {                           \
+      asm(CFLAG_ASM(OP "%z1\t%2,%1")                           \
+          : CFLAG_CONSTRAINT(OldBit),                          \
+            "+m"((MEM)[(BIT) / (sizeof((MEM)[0]) * CHAR_BIT)]) \
+          : "J"((BIT) % (sizeof((MEM)[0]) * CHAR_BIT))         \
+          : "cc");                                             \
+    } else if (sizeof((MEM)[0]) == 2) {                        \
+      asm(CFLAG_ASM(OP "\t%w2,%1")                             \
+          : CFLAG_CONSTRAINT(OldBit), "+m"((MEM)[0])           \
+          : "r"(BIT)                                           \
+          : "cc");                                             \
+    } else if (sizeof((MEM)[0]) == 4) {                        \
+      asm(CFLAG_ASM(OP "\t%k2,%1")                             \
+          : CFLAG_CONSTRAINT(OldBit), "+m"((MEM)[0])           \
+          : "r"(BIT)                                           \
+          : "cc");                                             \
+    } else if (sizeof((MEM)[0]) == 8) {                        \
+      asm(CFLAG_ASM(OP "\t%q2,%1")                             \
+          : CFLAG_CONSTRAINT(OldBit), "+m"((MEM)[0])           \
+          : "r"(BIT)                                           \
+          : "cc");                                             \
+    }                                                          \
+    OldBit;                                                    \
+  })
+#endif /* __GNUC__ && !__STRICT_ANSI__ */
+
+COSMOPOLITAN_C_END_
+#endif /* !(__ASSEMBLER__ + __LINKER__ + 0) */
+#endif /* COSMOPOLITAN_LIBC_BITS_BITOP_H_ */
--- a/libc/bits/bits.h
+++ b/libc/bits/bits.h
@ -21,11 +21,6 @@ unsigned long roundup2pow(unsigned long) libcesque pureconst;
 unsigned long roundup2log(unsigned long) libcesque pureconst;
 unsigned long rounddown2pow(unsigned long) libcesque pureconst;
 unsigned long hamming(unsigned long, unsigned long) pureconst;
-intptr_t lockxchg(void *, void *, size_t);
-bool cmpxchg(void *, intptr_t, intptr_t, size_t);
-bool lockcmpxchg(void *, intptr_t, intptr_t, size_t);
-intptr_t atomic_load(void *, size_t);
-intptr_t atomic_store(void *, intptr_t, size_t);
 unsigned bextra(const unsigned *, size_t, char);

 /*───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────│─╗
@ -136,84 +131,6 @@ unsigned bextra(const unsigned *, size_t, char);
 ╚────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────│*/
 #if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__STRICT_ANSI__)

-/*
- * Constraints for virtual machine flags.
- * @note we beseech clang devs for flag constraints
- */
-#ifdef __GCC_ASM_FLAG_OUTPUTS__ /* GCC6+ CLANG10+ */
-#define CFLAG_CONSTRAINT  "=@ccc"
-#define CFLAG_ASM(OP)     OP
-#define ZFLAG_CONSTRAINT  "=@ccz"
-#define ZFLAG_ASM(OP)     OP
-#define OFLAG_CONSTRAINT  "=@cco"
-#define OFLAG_ASM(OP)     OP
-#define SFLAG_CONSTRAINT  "=@ccs"
-#define SFLAG_ASM(SP)     SP
-#define ABOVE_CONSTRAINT  "=@cca" /* i.e. !ZF && !CF */
-#define ABOVEFLAG_ASM(OP) OP
-#else
-#define CFLAG_CONSTRAINT  "=q"
-#define CFLAG_ASM(OP)     OP "\n\tsetc\t%b0"
-#define ZFLAG_CONSTRAINT  "=q"
-#define ZFLAG_ASM(OP)     OP "\n\tsetz\t%b0"
-#define OFLAG_CONSTRAINT  "=q"
-#define OFLAG_ASM(OP)     OP "\n\tseto\t%b0"
-#define SFLAG_CONSTRAINT  "=q"
-#define SFLAG_ASM(SP)     OP "\n\tsets\t%b0"
-#define ABOVE_CONSTRAINT  "=@cca"
-#define ABOVEFLAG_ASM(OP) OP "\n\tseta\t%b0"
-#endif
-
-/**
- * Reads scalar from memory w/ one operation.
- *
- * @param MEM is alignas(𝑘) uint𝑘_t[hasatleast 1] where 𝑘 ∈ {8,16,32,64}
- * @return *(MEM)
- * @note defeats compiler load tearing optimizations
- * @note alignas(𝑘) is implied if compiler knows type
- * @note alignas(𝑘) only avoids multi-core / cross-page edge cases
- * @see Intel's Six-Thousand Page Manual V.3A §8.2.3.1
- * @see atomic_store()
- */
-#define atomic_load(MEM)                       \
-  ({                                           \
-    autotype(MEM) Mem = (MEM);                 \
-    typeof(*Mem) Reg;                          \
-    asm("mov\t%1,%0" : "=r"(Reg) : "m"(*Mem)); \
-    Reg;                                       \
-  })
-
-/**
- * Saves scalar to memory w/ one operation.
- *
- * This is guaranteed to happen in either one or zero operations,
- * depending on whether or not it's possible for *(MEM) to be read
- * afterwards. This macro only forbids compiler from using >1 ops.
- *
- * @param MEM is alignas(𝑘) uint𝑘_t[hasatleast 1] where 𝑘 ∈ {8,16,32,64}
- * @param VAL is uint𝑘_t w/ better encoding for immediates (constexpr)
- * @return VAL
- * @note alignas(𝑘) on nexgen32e only needed for end of page gotcha
- * @note alignas(𝑘) is implied if compiler knows type
- * @note needed to defeat store tearing optimizations
- * @see Intel Six-Thousand Page Manual Manual V.3A §8.2.3.1
- * @see atomic_load()
- */
-#define atomic_store(MEM, VAL)                    \
-  ({                                              \
-    autotype(VAL) Val = (VAL);                    \
-    typeof(&Val) Mem = (MEM);                     \
-    asm("mov%z1\t%1,%0" : "=m"(*Mem) : "r"(Val)); \
-    Val;                                          \
-  })
-
-#define bts(MEM, BIT)     __BitOp("bts", BIT, MEM) /** bit test and set */
-#define btr(MEM, BIT)     __BitOp("btr", BIT, MEM) /** bit test and reset */
-#define btc(MEM, BIT)     __BitOp("btc", BIT, MEM) /** bit test and complement */
-#define lockbts(MEM, BIT) __BitOp("lock bts", BIT, MEM)
-#define lockbtr(MEM, BIT) __BitOp("lock btr", BIT, MEM)
-#define lockbtc(MEM, BIT) __BitOp("lock btc", BIT, MEM)
-
 #define lockinc(MEM) __ArithmeticOp1("lock inc", MEM)
 #define lockdec(MEM) __ArithmeticOp1("lock dec", MEM)
 #define locknot(MEM) __ArithmeticOp1("lock not", MEM)
@ -225,66 +142,6 @@ unsigned bextra(const unsigned *, size_t, char);
 #define lockandeq(MEM, VAL) __ArithmeticOp2("lock and", VAL, MEM)
 #define lockoreq(MEM, VAL)  __ArithmeticOp2("lock or", VAL, MEM)

-/**
- * Exchanges *MEMORY into *LOCALVAR w/ one operation.
- *
- * @param MEMORY is uint𝑘_t[hasatleast 1] where 𝑘 ∈ {8,16,32,64}
- * @param LOCALVAR is uint𝑘_t[hasatleast 1]
- * @return LOCALVAR[0]
- * @see xchg()
- */
-#define lockxchg(MEMORY, LOCALVAR)                            \
-  ({                                                          \
-    asm("xchg\t%0,%1" : "+%m"(*(MEMORY)), "+r"(*(LOCALVAR))); \
-    *(LOCALVAR);                                              \
-  })
-
-/**
- * Compares and exchanges.
- *
- * @param IFTHING is uint𝑘_t[hasatleast 1] where 𝑘 ∈ {8,16,32,64}
- * @return true if value was exchanged, otherwise false
- * @see lockcmpxchg()
- */
-#define cmpxchg(IFTHING, ISEQUALTOME, REPLACEITWITHME)                        \
-  ({                                                                          \
-    bool DidIt;                                                               \
-    autotype(IFTHING) IfThing = (IFTHING);                                    \
-    typeof(*IfThing) IsEqualToMe = (ISEQUALTOME);                             \
-    typeof(*IfThing) ReplaceItWithMe = (REPLACEITWITHME);                     \
-    asm volatile(ZFLAG_ASM("cmpxchg\t%3,%1")                                  \
-                 : ZFLAG_CONSTRAINT(DidIt), "+m"(*IfThing), "+a"(IsEqualToMe) \
-                 : "r"(ReplaceItWithMe)                                       \
-                 : "cc");                                                     \
-    DidIt;                                                                    \
-  })
-
-/**
- * Compares and exchanges w/ one operation.
- *
- * @param IFTHING is uint𝑘_t[hasatleast 1] where 𝑘 ∈ {8,16,32,64}
- * @return true if value was exchanged, otherwise false
- * @see lockcmpxchg()
- */
-#define lockcmpxchg(IFTHING, ISEQUALTOME, REPLACEITWITHME)                    \
-  ({                                                                          \
-    bool DidIt;                                                               \
-    autotype(IFTHING) IfThing = (IFTHING);                                    \
-    typeof(*IfThing) IsEqualToMe = (ISEQUALTOME);                             \
-    typeof(*IfThing) ReplaceItWithMe = (REPLACEITWITHME);                     \
-    asm volatile(ZFLAG_ASM("lock cmpxchg\t%3,%1")                             \
-                 : ZFLAG_CONSTRAINT(DidIt), "+m"(*IfThing), "+a"(IsEqualToMe) \
-                 : "r"(ReplaceItWithMe)                                       \
-                 : "cc");                                                     \
-    DidIt;                                                                    \
-  })
-
-#define IsAddressCanonicalForm(P)                             \
-  ({                                                          \
-    intptr_t p2 = (intptr_t)(P);                              \
-    (0xffff800000000000l <= p2 && p2 <= 0x00007fffffffffffl); \
-  })
-
 /*───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────│─╗
 │ cosmopolitan § bits » implementation details                             ─╬─│┼
 ╚────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────│*/
@ -301,44 +158,6 @@ unsigned bextra(const unsigned *, size_t, char);
    MEM;                                                       \
  })

-#define __BitOp(OP, BIT, MEM)                                  \
-  ({                                                           \
-    bool OldBit;                                               \
-    if (__builtin_constant_p(BIT)) {                           \
-      asm(CFLAG_ASM(OP "%z1\t%2,%1")                           \
-          : CFLAG_CONSTRAINT(OldBit),                          \
-            "+m"((MEM)[(BIT) / (sizeof((MEM)[0]) * CHAR_BIT)]) \
-          : "J"((BIT) % (sizeof((MEM)[0]) * CHAR_BIT))         \
-          : "cc");                                             \
-    } else if (sizeof((MEM)[0]) == 2) {                        \
-      asm(CFLAG_ASM(OP "\t%w2,%1")                             \
-          : CFLAG_CONSTRAINT(OldBit), "+m"((MEM)[0])           \
-          : "r"(BIT)                                           \
-          : "cc");                                             \
-    } else if (sizeof((MEM)[0]) == 4) {                        \
-      asm(CFLAG_ASM(OP "\t%k2,%1")                             \
-          : CFLAG_CONSTRAINT(OldBit), "+m"((MEM)[0])           \
-          : "r"(BIT)                                           \
-          : "cc");                                             \
-    } else if (sizeof((MEM)[0]) == 8) {                        \
-      asm(CFLAG_ASM(OP "\t%q2,%1")                             \
-          : CFLAG_CONSTRAINT(OldBit), "+m"((MEM)[0])           \
-          : "r"(BIT)                                           \
-          : "cc");                                             \
-    }                                                          \
-    OldBit;                                                    \
-  })
-
-#else
-#define cmpxchg(MEM, CMP, VAL) \
-  cmpxchg(MEM, (intptr_t)(CMP), (intptr_t)(VAL), sizeof(*(MEM)))
-#define lockcmpxchg(MEM, CMP, VAL) \
-  lockcmpxchg(MEM, (intptr_t)(CMP), (intptr_t)(VAL), sizeof(*(MEM)))
-#define lockxchg(MEM, VAR) \
-  lockxchg(MEM, VAR, sizeof(*(MEM)) / (sizeof(*(MEM)) == sizeof(*(VAR))))
-#define atomic_store(MEM, VAL) \
-  atomic_store(MEM, VAL, sizeof(*(MEM)) / (sizeof(*(MEM)) == sizeof(*(VAL))))
-#define atomic_load(MEM) atomic_load(MEM, sizeof(*(MEM)))
 #endif /* __GNUC__ && !__STRICT_ANSI__ */
 COSMOPOLITAN_C_END_
 #endif /* !(__ASSEMBLER__ + __LINKER__ + 0) */
--- a/libc/bits/midpoint.h
+++ b/libc/bits/midpoint.h
@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#ifndef COSMOPOLITAN_LIBC_BITS_MIDPOINT_H_
+#define COSMOPOLITAN_LIBC_BITS_MIDPOINT_H_
+#include "libc/assert.h"
+#if !(__ASSEMBLER__ + __LINKER__ + 0)
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__STRICT_ANSI__) && defined(__x86__)
+/**
+ * Computes `(a + b) / 2` assuming unsigned.
+ *
+ * This implementation is the fastest on AMD Zen architecture.
+ */
+#define _midpoint(a, b)         \
+  ({                            \
+    typeof((a) + (b)) a_ = (a); \
+    typeof(a_) b_ = (b);        \
+    assert(a_ >= 0);            \
+    assert(b_ >= 0);            \
+    asm("add\t%1,%0\n\t"        \
+        "rcr\t%0"               \
+        : "+r"(a_)              \
+        : "r"(b_));             \
+    a_;                         \
+  })
+#else
+/**
+ * Computes `(a + b) / 2` assuming unsigned.
+ */
+#define _midpoint(a, b) (((a) & (b)) + ((a) ^ (b)) / 2)
+#endif /* __GNUC__ && !__STRICT_ANSI__ && x86 */
+
+#endif /* !(__ASSEMBLER__ + __LINKER__ + 0) */
+#endif /* COSMOPOLITAN_LIBC_BITS_MIDPOINT_H_ */
--- a/libc/calls/addtimespec.c
+++ b/libc/calls/addtimespec.c
@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #include "libc/calls/math.h"

 /**
- * Adds two microsecond timestamps.
+ * Adds two nanosecond timestamps.
 */
 struct timespec AddTimespec(struct timespec x, struct timespec y) {
  x.tv_sec += y.tv_sec;
--- a/libc/calls/atfork.c
+++ b/libc/calls/atfork.c
@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 │ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
-#include "libc/bits/bits.h"
+#include "libc/intrin/cmpxchg.h"
 #include "libc/macros.internal.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/errfuns.h"
@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ int atfork(void *fn, void *arg) {
  for (;;) {
    i = g_atfork.i;
    if (i == ARRAYLEN(g_atfork.p)) return enomem();
-    if (cmpxchg(&g_atfork.i, i, i + 1)) {
+    if (_cmpxchg(&g_atfork.i, i, i + 1)) {
      g_atfork.p[i] = (struct AtForkCallback){.fn = fn, .arg = arg};
      return 0;
    }
--- a/libc/calls/calls.h
+++ b/libc/calls/calls.h
@ -17,6 +17,10 @@
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/s.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/sig.h"

+#define _POSIX_VERSION  200809L
+#define _POSIX2_VERSION _POSIX_VERSION
+#define _XOPEN_VERSION  700
+
 #define EOF      -1  /* end of file */
 #define WEOF     -1u /* end of file (multibyte) */
 #define _IOFBF   0   /* fully buffered */
@ -48,14 +52,14 @@
 #define S_ISLNK(mode)  (((mode)&S_IFMT) == S_IFLNK)
 #define S_ISSOCK(mode) (((mode)&S_IFMT) == S_IFSOCK)

-#define WCOREDUMP(s)    ((s)&0x80)
-#define WEXITSTATUS(s)  (((s)&0xff00) >> 8)
+#define WCOREDUMP(s)    (0x80 & (s))
+#define WEXITSTATUS(s)  ((0xff00 & (s)) >> 8)
 #define WIFCONTINUED(s) ((s) == 0xffff)
 #define WIFEXITED(s)    (!WTERMSIG(s))
-#define WIFSIGNALED(s)  (((s)&0xffff) - 1u < 0xffu)
-#define WIFSTOPPED(s)   ((short)((((s)&0xffff) * 0x10001) >> 8) > 0x7f00)
+#define WIFSIGNALED(s)  ((0xffff & (s)) - 1u < 0xffu)
+#define WIFSTOPPED(s)   ((short)(((0xffff & (s)) * 0x10001) >> 8) > 0x7f00)
 #define WSTOPSIG(s)     WEXITSTATUS(s)
-#define WTERMSIG(s)     ((s)&0x7f)
+#define WTERMSIG(s)     (127 & (s))
 #define W_STOPCODE(s)   ((s) << 8 | 0177)

 #if !(__ASSEMBLER__ + __LINKER__ + 0)
@ -66,8 +70,8 @@ COSMOPOLITAN_C_START_

 typedef int sig_atomic_t;

-DIR *fdopendir(int) nodiscard;
-DIR *opendir(const char *) nodiscard;
+DIR *fdopendir(int) dontdiscard;
+DIR *opendir(const char *) dontdiscard;
 bool fileexists(const char *);
 bool isdirectory(const char *);
 bool isexecutable(const char *);
@ -75,19 +79,18 @@ bool isregularfile(const char *);
 bool issymlink(const char *);
 bool32 isatty(int) nosideeffect;
 bool32 ischardev(int) nosideeffect;
-char *commandv(const char *, char[hasatleast PATH_MAX]);
-char *get_current_dir_name(void) nodiscard;
+char *commandv(const char *, char *, size_t);
+char *get_current_dir_name(void) dontdiscard;
 char *getcwd(char *, size_t);
 char *realpath(const char *, char *);
-char *replaceuser(const char *) nodiscard;
+char *replaceuser(const char *) dontdiscard;
 char *ttyname(int);
-int access(const char *, int) nothrow;
+int access(const char *, int) dontthrow;
 int arch_prctl();
 int chdir(const char *);
 int chmod(const char *, uint32_t);
 int chown(const char *, uint32_t, uint32_t);
 int chroot(const char *);
-int clone(int (*)(void *), void *, int, void *, ...);
 int close(int);
 int closedir(DIR *);
 int creat(const char *, uint32_t);
@ -105,7 +108,7 @@ int execvpe(const char *, char *const[], char *const[]);
 int faccessat(int, const char *, int, uint32_t);
 int fadvise(int, uint64_t, uint64_t, int);
 int fchdir(int);
-int fchmod(int, uint32_t) nothrow;
+int fchmod(int, uint32_t) dontthrow;
 int fchmodat(int, const char *, uint32_t, int);
 int fchown(int, uint32_t, uint32_t);
 int fchownat(int, const char *, uint32_t, uint32_t, int);
@ -120,16 +123,24 @@ int fsync(int);
 int ftruncate(int, int64_t);
 int getdents(unsigned, void *, unsigned, long *);
 int getdomainname(char *, size_t);
+int getegid(void) nosideeffect;
+int geteuid(void) nosideeffect;
+int getgid(void) nosideeffect;
 int gethostname(char *, size_t);
+int getloadavg(double *, int);
 int getpgid(int);
+int getpgrp(void) nosideeffect;
 int getpid(void);
 int getppid(void);
 int getpriority(int, unsigned);
 int getrlimit(int, struct rlimit *);
 int getrusage(int, struct rusage *);
+int getsid(int) nosideeffect;
+int gettid(void);
+int getuid(void) nosideeffect;
 int kill(int, int);
 int killpg(int, int);
-int link(const char *, const char *) nothrow;
+int link(const char *, const char *) dontthrow;
 int linkat(int, const char *, int, const char *, int);
 int lstat(const char *, struct stat *);
 int lutimes(const char *, const struct timeval[2]);
@ -147,7 +158,6 @@ int munlock(const void *, size_t);
 int munlockall(void);
 int nice(int);
 int open(const char *, int, ...);
-int openanon(char *, unsigned);
 int openat(int, const char *, int, ...);
 int pause(void);
 int personality(uint64_t);
@ -155,7 +165,7 @@ int pipe(int[hasatleast 2]);
 int pipe2(int[hasatleast 2], int);
 int posix_fadvise(int, uint64_t, uint64_t, int);
 int posix_madvise(void *, uint64_t, int);
-int prctl();
+int prctl(int, ...);
 int raise(int);
 int reboot(int);
 int remove(const char *);
@ -166,18 +176,22 @@ int rmdir(const char *);
 int sched_getaffinity(int, uint64_t, void *);
 int sched_setaffinity(int, uint64_t, const void *);
 int sched_yield(void);
+int seccomp(unsigned, unsigned, void *);
 int setegid(uint32_t);
 int seteuid(uint32_t);
-int setgid(uint32_t);
+int setgid(int);
 int setpgid(int, int);
+int setpgrp(void);
 int setpriority(int, unsigned, int);
 int setregid(uint32_t, uint32_t);
 int setresgid(uint32_t, uint32_t, uint32_t);
 int setresuid(uint32_t, uint32_t, uint32_t);
+int getresgid(uint32_t *, uint32_t *, uint32_t *);
+int getresuid(uint32_t *, uint32_t *, uint32_t *);
 int setreuid(uint32_t, uint32_t);
 int setrlimit(int, const struct rlimit *);
 int setsid(void);
-int setuid(uint32_t);
+int setuid(int);
 int sigignore(int);
 int siginterrupt(int, int);
 int sigprocmask(int, const struct sigset *, struct sigset *);
@ -192,6 +206,7 @@ int sysinfo(struct sysinfo *);
 int touch(const char *, uint32_t);
 int truncate(const char *, uint64_t);
 int ttyname_r(int, char *, size_t);
+int umask(int);
 int uname(struct utsname *);
 int unlink(const char *);
 int unlink_s(const char **);
@ -202,13 +217,13 @@ int wait3(int *, int, struct rusage *);
 int wait4(int, int *, int, struct rusage *);
 int waitpid(int, int *, int);
 intptr_t syscall(int, ...);
-long ptrace(int, int, void *, void *);
+long ptrace(int, ...);
 long telldir(DIR *);
 long times(struct tms *);
 size_t GetFileSize(const char *);
-size_t getfiledescriptorsize(int);
 ssize_t copy_file_range(int, long *, int, long *, size_t, uint32_t);
 ssize_t copyfd(int, int64_t *, int, int64_t *, size_t, uint32_t);
+ssize_t getfiledescriptorsize(int);
 ssize_t lseek(int, int64_t, unsigned);
 ssize_t pread(int, void *, size_t, int64_t);
 ssize_t preadv(int, struct iovec *, int, int64_t);
@ -222,16 +237,12 @@ ssize_t splice(int, int64_t *, int, int64_t *, size_t, uint32_t);
 ssize_t vmsplice(int, const struct iovec *, int64_t, uint32_t);
 ssize_t write(int, const void *, size_t);
 struct dirent *readdir(DIR *);
-uint32_t getegid(void) nosideeffect;
-uint32_t geteuid(void) nosideeffect;
-uint32_t getgid(void) nosideeffect;
-uint32_t getpgrp(void) nosideeffect;
-uint32_t getsid(int) nosideeffect;
-uint32_t gettid(void) nosideeffect;
-uint32_t getuid(void) nosideeffect;
-uint32_t umask(int32_t);
 void rewinddir(DIR *);
 void sync(void);
+int pledge(const char *, const char *);
+
+int clone(int (*)(void *), void *, size_t, int, void *, int *, void *, size_t,
+          int *);

 /*───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────│─╗
 │ cosmopolitan § system calls » formatting                                 ─╬─│┼
--- a/libc/calls/calls.mk
+++ b/libc/calls/calls.mk
@ -44,7 +44,9 @@ LIBC_CALLS_A_DIRECTDEPS =				\
 	LIBC_NT_IPHLPAPI				\
 	LIBC_NT_KERNEL32				\
 	LIBC_NT_NTDLL					\
-	LIBC_NT_POWERPROF				\
+	LIBC_NT_PDH					\
+	LIBC_NT_PSAPI					\
+	LIBC_NT_POWRPROF				\
 	LIBC_NT_WS2_32					\
 	LIBC_STR					\
 	LIBC_STUBS					\
@ -63,8 +65,12 @@ $(LIBC_CALLS_A).pkg:					\
 		$(LIBC_CALLS_A_OBJS)			\
 		$(foreach x,$(LIBC_CALLS_A_DIRECTDEPS),$($(x)_A).pkg)

+o/$(MODE)/libc/calls/vdsofunc.greg.o			\
+o/$(MODE)/libc/calls/directmap.o			\
+o/$(MODE)/libc/calls/directmap-nt.o			\
 o/$(MODE)/libc/calls/raise.o:				\
 		OVERRIDE_COPTS +=			\
+			-ffreestanding			\
 			$(NO_MAGIC)

 o/$(MODE)/libc/calls/termios2linux.o			\
@ -78,6 +84,9 @@ o/$(MODE)/libc/calls/ntcontext2linux.o:			\
 			-O3

 # TODO(jart): make va_arg optimize well in default mode
+o//libc/calls/open.o					\
+o//libc/calls/openat.o					\
+o//libc/calls/prctl.o					\
 o//libc/calls/ioctl.o					\
 o//libc/calls/ioctl_default.o				\
 o//libc/calls/ioctl_fioclex-nt.o			\
@ -96,11 +105,18 @@ o//libc/calls/fcntl.o:					\
 		OVERRIDE_CFLAGS +=			\
 			-Os

+# must use alloca() or path_max*2*2
 o/$(MODE)/libc/calls/execl.o				\
 o/$(MODE)/libc/calls/execle.o				\
 o/$(MODE)/libc/calls/execlp.o				\
+o/$(MODE)/libc/calls/copyfile.o				\
 o/$(MODE)/libc/calls/execve-nt.o			\
+o/$(MODE)/libc/calls/linkat-nt.o			\
+o/$(MODE)/libc/calls/renameat-nt.o			\
 o/$(MODE)/libc/calls/execve-sysv.o			\
+o/$(MODE)/libc/calls/symlinkat-nt.o			\
+o/$(MODE)/libc/calls/readlinkat-nt.o			\
+o/$(MODE)/libc/calls/describeopenflags.greg.o		\
 o/$(MODE)/libc/calls/mkntenvblock.o:			\
 		OVERRIDE_CPPFLAGS +=			\
 			-DSTACK_FRAME_UNLIMITED
--- a/libc/calls/chdir-nt.c
+++ b/libc/calls/chdir-nt.c
@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #include "libc/calls/internal.h"
+#include "libc/errno.h"
 #include "libc/macros.internal.h"
 #include "libc/nt/errors.h"
 #include "libc/nt/files.h"
@ -27,9 +28,10 @@

 textwindows int sys_chdir_nt(const char *path) {
  uint32_t n;
-  int e, ms, len;
+  int e, ms, err, len;
  char16_t path16[PATH_MAX], var[4];
  if ((len = __mkntpath(path, path16)) == -1) return -1;
+  if (!len) return enoent();
  if (len && path16[len - 1] != u'\\') {
    if (len + 2 > PATH_MAX) return enametoolong();
    path16[len + 0] = u'\\';
@ -39,7 +41,7 @@ textwindows int sys_chdir_nt(const char *path) {
   * chdir() seems flaky on windows 7
   * in a similar way to rmdir() sigh
   */
-  for (ms = 1;; ms *= 2) {
+  for (err = errno, ms = 1;; ms *= 2) {
    if (SetCurrentDirectory(path16)) {
      /*
       * Now we need to set a magic environment variable.
@ -68,12 +70,12 @@ textwindows int sys_chdir_nt(const char *path) {
      if (ms <= 512 &&
          (e == kNtErrorFileNotFound || e == kNtErrorAccessDenied)) {
        Sleep(ms);
+        errno = err;
        continue;
      } else {
        break;
      }
    }
  }
-  errno = e;
-  return -1;
+  return __fix_enotdir(-1, path16);
 }
--- a/libc/calls/chdir.c
+++ b/libc/calls/chdir.c
@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #include "libc/calls/internal.h"
+#include "libc/calls/strace.internal.h"
 #include "libc/dce.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/asan.internal.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/errfuns.h"
@ -30,10 +31,14 @@
 * @see fchdir()
 */
 int chdir(const char *path) {
-  if (IsAsan() && !__asan_is_valid(path, 1)) return efault();
-  if (!IsWindows()) {
-    return sys_chdir(path);
+  int rc;
+  if (!path || (IsAsan() && !__asan_is_valid(path, 1))) {
+    rc = efault();
+  } else if (!IsWindows()) {
+    rc = sys_chdir(path);
  } else {
-    return sys_chdir_nt(path);
+    rc = sys_chdir_nt(path);
  }
+  STRACE("%s(%#s) → %d% m", "chdir", path, rc);
+  return rc;
 }
--- a/libc/calls/chroot.c
+++ b/libc/calls/chroot.c
@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+/*-*- mode:c;indent-tabs-mode:nil;c-basic-offset:2;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8 -*-│
+│vi: set net ft=c ts=2 sts=2 sw=2 fenc=utf-8                                :vi│
+╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡
+│ Copyright 2022 Justine Alexandra Roberts Tunney                              │
+│                                                                              │
+│ Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for         │
+│ any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the         │
+│ above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.      │
+│                                                                              │
+│ THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL                │
+│ WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED                │
+│ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE             │
+│ AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL         │
+│ DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR        │
+│ PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER               │
+│ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
+│ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
+╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
+#include "libc/calls/calls.h"
+#include "libc/calls/internal.h"
+#include "libc/calls/strace.internal.h"
+
+/**
+ * Changes root directory.
+ *
+ * @raise ENOSYS on Windows
+ */
+int chroot(const char *path) {
+  int rc;
+  rc = sys_chroot(path);
+  STRACE("chroot(%s) → %d% m", path, rc);
+  return rc;
+}
--- a/libc/calls/clock_gettime.c
+++ b/libc/calls/clock_gettime.c
@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #include "libc/assert.h"
 #include "libc/calls/internal.h"
+#include "libc/calls/strace.internal.h"
 #include "libc/calls/struct/timeval.h"
 #include "libc/dce.h"
 #include "libc/fmt/conv.h"
@ -25,6 +26,8 @@
 #include "libc/nt/synchronization.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/errfuns.h"

+static typeof(sys_clock_gettime) *__clock_gettime = sys_clock_gettime;
+
 /**
 * Returns nanosecond time.
 *
@ -39,14 +42,20 @@
 * @see strftime(), gettimeofday()
 * @asyncsignalsafe
 */
-int clock_gettime(int clockid, struct timespec *ts) {
-  int rc;
+noinstrument int clock_gettime(int clockid, struct timespec *ts) {
+  int rc, e;
  axdx_t ad;
-  if (!ts) return efault();
-  if (IsAsan() && !__asan_is_valid(ts, sizeof(*ts))) return efault();
-  if (clockid == -1) return einval();
-  if (!IsWindows()) {
-    if ((rc = sys_clock_gettime(clockid, ts)) == -1 && errno == ENOSYS) {
+  char buf[45];
+  if (!ts) {
+    rc = efault();
+  } else if (IsAsan() && !__asan_is_valid(ts, sizeof(*ts))) {
+    rc = efault();
+  } else if (clockid == -1) {
+    rc = einval();
+  } else if (!IsWindows()) {
+    e = errno;
+    if ((rc = __clock_gettime(clockid, ts))) {
+      errno = e;
      ad = sys_gettimeofday((struct timeval *)ts, NULL, NULL);
      assert(ad.ax != -1);
      if (SupportsXnu() && ad.ax) {
@ -56,8 +65,32 @@ int clock_gettime(int clockid, struct timespec *ts) {
      ts->tv_nsec *= 1000;
      rc = 0;
    }
-    return rc;
  } else {
-    return sys_clock_gettime_nt(clockid, ts);
+    rc = sys_clock_gettime_nt(clockid, ts);
  }
+  if (!__time_critical) {
+    STRACE("clock_gettime(%d, [%s]) → %d% m", clockid,
+           __strace_timespec(buf, sizeof(buf), rc, ts), rc);
+  }
+  return rc;
 }
+
+/**
+ * Returns fast system clock_gettime() if it exists.
+ */
+void *__get_clock_gettime(void) {
+  void *vdso;
+  static bool once;
+  static void *result;
+  if (!once) {
+    if ((vdso = __vdsofunc("__vdso_clock_gettime"))) {
+      __clock_gettime = result = vdso;
+    }
+    once = true;
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+const void *const __clock_gettime_ctor[] initarray = {
+    __get_clock_gettime,
+};
--- a/libc/calls/close-nt.c
+++ b/libc/calls/close-nt.c
@ -16,25 +16,41 @@
 │ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
+#include "libc/bits/weaken.h"
 #include "libc/calls/internal.h"
 #include "libc/nt/enum/filetype.h"
 #include "libc/nt/files.h"
 #include "libc/nt/runtime.h"
+#include "libc/sock/ntstdin.internal.h"
+#include "libc/sysv/consts/o.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/errfuns.h"

 textwindows int sys_close_nt(struct Fd *fd) {
-  bool32 ok;
-  if (fd->kind == kFdFile && GetFileType(fd->handle) == kNtFileTypeDisk) {
-    /*
-     * Like Linux, closing a file on Windows doesn't guarantee it's
-     * immediately synced to disk. But unlike Linux, this could cause
-     * subsequent operations, e.g. unlink() to break w/ access error.
-     */
+  int e;
+  bool ok = true;
+
+  if (fd->kind == kFdFile && ((fd->flags & O_ACCMODE) != O_RDONLY &&
+                              GetFileType(fd->handle) == kNtFileTypeDisk)) {
+    // Like Linux, closing a file on Windows doesn't guarantee it's
+    // immediately synced to disk. But unlike Linux, this could cause
+    // subsequent operations, e.g. unlink() to break w/ access error.
+    e = errno;
    FlushFileBuffers(fd->handle);
+    errno = e;
+  }
+
+  // if this file descriptor is wrapped in a named pipe worker thread
+  // then we need to close our copy of the worker thread handle. it's
+  // also required that whatever install a worker use malloc, so free
+  if (fd->worker) {
+    if (!weaken(UnrefNtStdinWorker)(fd->worker)) ok = false;
+    fd->worker = 0;
+  } else {
+    if (!CloseHandle(fd->handle)) ok = false;
  }
-  ok = CloseHandle(fd->handle);
  if (fd->kind == kFdConsole && fd->extra && fd->extra != -1) {
-    ok &= CloseHandle(fd->extra);
+    if (!CloseHandle(fd->extra)) ok = false;
  }
-  return ok ? 0 : __winerr();
+
+  return ok ? 0 : -1;
 }
--- a/libc/calls/close.c
+++ b/libc/calls/close.c
@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #include "libc/bits/weaken.h"
 #include "libc/calls/calls.h"
 #include "libc/calls/internal.h"
-#include "libc/calls/sysdebug.internal.h"
+#include "libc/calls/strace.internal.h"
 #include "libc/macros.internal.h"
 #include "libc/sock/internal.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/errfuns.h"
@ -31,36 +31,52 @@
 * This function may be used for file descriptors returned by socket,
 * accept, epoll_create, and zipos file descriptors too.
 *
+ * This function should never be called twice for the same file
+ * descriptor, regardless of whether or not an error happened. However
+ * that doesn't mean the error should be ignored.
+ *
 * @return 0 on success, or -1 w/ errno
+ * @error EINTR means a signal was received while closing (possibly
+ *     because linger is enabled) in which case close() does not need to
+ *     be called again, since the fd will close in the background, and
+ *     chances are that on linux, the fd is already closed, even if the
+ *     underlying resource isn't closed yet
 * @asyncsignalsafe
 * @vforksafe
 */
 int close(int fd) {
  int rc;
-  if (fd == -1) return 0;
-  if (fd < 0) return einval();
-  if (fd < g_fds.n && g_fds.p[fd].kind == kFdZip) {
-    rc = weaken(__zipos_close)(fd);
+  if (fd == -1) {
+    rc = 0;
+  } else if (fd < 0) {
+    rc = einval();
  } else {
-    if (!IsWindows() && !IsMetal()) {
-      rc = sys_close(fd);
-    } else if (IsMetal()) {
-      rc = 0;
+    if (fd < g_fds.n && g_fds.p[fd].kind == kFdZip) {
+      rc = weaken(__zipos_close)(fd);
    } else {
-      if (fd < g_fds.n && g_fds.p[fd].kind == kFdEpoll) {
-        rc = weaken(sys_close_epoll_nt)(fd);
-      } else if (fd < g_fds.n && g_fds.p[fd].kind == kFdSocket) {
-        rc = weaken(sys_closesocket_nt)(g_fds.p + fd);
-      } else if (fd < g_fds.n && (g_fds.p[fd].kind == kFdFile ||
-                                  g_fds.p[fd].kind == kFdConsole ||
-                                  g_fds.p[fd].kind == kFdProcess)) {
-        rc = sys_close_nt(g_fds.p + fd);
+      if (!IsWindows() && !IsMetal()) {
+        rc = sys_close(fd);
+      } else if (IsMetal()) {
+        rc = 0;
      } else {
-        rc = ebadf();
+        if (fd < g_fds.n && g_fds.p[fd].kind == kFdEpoll) {
+          rc = weaken(sys_close_epoll_nt)(fd);
+        } else if (fd < g_fds.n && g_fds.p[fd].kind == kFdSocket) {
+          rc = weaken(sys_closesocket_nt)(g_fds.p + fd);
+        } else if (fd < g_fds.n && (g_fds.p[fd].kind == kFdFile ||
+                                    g_fds.p[fd].kind == kFdConsole ||
+                                    g_fds.p[fd].kind == kFdProcess)) {
+          rc = sys_close_nt(g_fds.p + fd);
+        } else {
+          STRACE("close(%d) unknown kind: %d", fd, g_fds.p[fd].kind);
+          rc = ebadf();
+        }
      }
    }
+    if (!__vforked) {
+      __releasefd(fd);
+    }
  }
-  __releasefd(fd);
-  SYSDEBUG("close(%d) -> %d", fd, rc);
+  STRACE("%s(%d) → %d% m", "close", fd, rc);
  return rc;
 }
--- a/libc/calls/commandv.c
+++ b/libc/calls/commandv.c
@ -16,60 +16,69 @@
 │ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
+#include "libc/bits/bits.h"
 #include "libc/bits/safemacros.internal.h"
 #include "libc/calls/calls.h"
+#include "libc/calls/strace.internal.h"
+#include "libc/dce.h"
+#include "libc/errno.h"
 #include "libc/log/libfatal.internal.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
 #include "libc/str/str.h"
+#include "libc/sysv/consts/ok.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/errfuns.h"

-static noasan bool EndsWithIgnoreCase(const char *p, size_t n, const char *s) {
-  size_t i, m;
-  m = __strlen(s);
-  if (n >= m) {
-    for (i = n - m; i < n; ++i) {
-      if (kToLower[p[i] & 255] != (*s++ & 255)) {
-        return false;
-      }
-    }
-    return true;
-  } else {
-    return false;
-  }
+static bool IsExePath(const char *s, size_t n) {
+  return n >= 4 && (READ32LE(s + n - 4) == READ32LE(".exe") ||
+                    READ32LE(s + n - 4) == READ32LE(".EXE"));
 }

-static noasan bool AccessCommand(const char *name,
-                                 char path[hasatleast PATH_MAX], size_t namelen,
-                                 const char *suffix, size_t pathlen) {
+static bool IsComPath(const char *s, size_t n) {
+  return n >= 4 && (READ32LE(s + n - 4) == READ32LE(".com") ||
+                    READ32LE(s + n - 4) == READ32LE(".COM"));
+}
+
+static bool IsComDbgPath(const char *s, size_t n) {
+  return n >= 8 && (READ64LE(s + n - 8) == READ64LE(".com.dbg") ||
+                    READ64LE(s + n - 8) == READ64LE(".COM.DBG"));
+}
+
+static bool AccessCommand(const char *name, char *path, size_t pathsz,
+                          size_t namelen, int *err, const char *suffix,
+                          size_t pathlen) {
  size_t suffixlen;
-  suffixlen = __strlen(suffix);
-  if (pathlen + 1 + namelen + suffixlen + 1 > PATH_MAX) return -1;
+  suffixlen = strlen(suffix);
+  if (pathlen + 1 + namelen + suffixlen + 1 > pathsz) return false;
  if (pathlen && (path[pathlen - 1] != '/' && path[pathlen - 1] != '\\')) {
-    path[pathlen] = !IsWindows()                    ? '/'
-                    : __memchr(path, '\\', pathlen) ? '\\'
-                                                    : '/';
+    path[pathlen] = !IsWindows()                  ? '/'
+                    : memchr(path, '\\', pathlen) ? '\\'
+                                                  : '/';
    pathlen++;
  }
-  __repmovsb(path + pathlen, name, namelen);
-  __repmovsb(path + pathlen + namelen, suffix, suffixlen + 1);
-  return isexecutable(path);
+  memcpy(path + pathlen, name, namelen);
+  memcpy(path + pathlen + namelen, suffix, suffixlen + 1);
+  if (!access(path, X_OK)) return true;
+  if (errno == EACCES || *err != EACCES) *err = errno;
+  return false;
 }

-static noasan bool SearchPath(const char *name, char path[hasatleast PATH_MAX],
-                              size_t namelen, const char *suffix) {
+static bool SearchPath(const char *name, char *path, size_t pathsz,
+                       size_t namelen, int *err, const char *suffix) {
+  char sep;
  size_t i;
  const char *p;
-  p = firstnonnull(emptytonull(getenv("PATH")), "/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin");
+  if (!(p = getenv("PATH"))) p = "/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin";
+  sep = IsWindows() && strchr(p, ';') ? ';' : ':';
  for (;;) {
-    for (i = 0; p[i] && p[i] != ':' && p[i] != ';'; ++i) {
-      if (i < PATH_MAX) {
+    for (i = 0; p[i] && p[i] != sep; ++i) {
+      if (i < pathsz) {
        path[i] = p[i];
      }
    }
-    if (AccessCommand(name, path, namelen, suffix, i)) {
+    if (AccessCommand(name, path, pathsz, namelen, err, suffix, i)) {
      return true;
    }
-    if (p[i] == ':' || p[i] == ';') {
+    if (p[i] == sep) {
      p += i + 1;
    } else {
      break;
@ -78,21 +87,36 @@ static noasan bool SearchPath(const char *name, char path[hasatleast PATH_MAX],
  return false;
 }

-static noasan bool FindCommand(const char *name,
-                               char pathbuf[hasatleast PATH_MAX],
-                               size_t namelen, const char *suffix) {
-  if (memchr(name, '/', namelen) || memchr(name, '\\', namelen)) {
-    pathbuf[0] = 0;
-    return AccessCommand(name, pathbuf, namelen, suffix, 0);
+static bool FindCommand(const char *name, char *pb, size_t pbsz, size_t namelen,
+                        bool pri, const char *suffix, int *err) {
+  if (pri && (memchr(name, '/', namelen) || memchr(name, '\\', namelen))) {
+    pb[0] = 0;
+    return AccessCommand(name, pb, pbsz, namelen, err, suffix, 0);
  }
-  return ((IsWindows() &&
-           (AccessCommand(name, pathbuf, namelen, suffix,
-                          stpcpy(pathbuf, kNtSystemDirectory) - pathbuf) ||
-            AccessCommand(name, pathbuf, namelen, suffix,
-                          stpcpy(pathbuf, kNtWindowsDirectory) - pathbuf) ||
-            AccessCommand(name, pathbuf, namelen, suffix,
-                          stpcpy(pathbuf, ".") - pathbuf))) ||
-          SearchPath(name, pathbuf, namelen, suffix));
+  if (IsWindows() && pri &&
+      pbsz > max(strlen(kNtSystemDirectory), strlen(kNtWindowsDirectory))) {
+    return AccessCommand(name, pb, pbsz, namelen, err, suffix,
+                         stpcpy(pb, kNtSystemDirectory) - pb) ||
+           AccessCommand(name, pb, pbsz, namelen, err, suffix,
+                         stpcpy(pb, kNtWindowsDirectory) - pb);
+  }
+  return (IsWindows() &&
+          (pbsz > 1 && AccessCommand(name, pb, pbsz, namelen, err, suffix,
+                                     stpcpy(pb, ".") - pb))) ||
+         SearchPath(name, pb, pbsz, namelen, err, suffix);
+}
+
+static bool FindVerbatim(const char *name, char *pb, size_t pbsz,
+                         size_t namelen, bool pri, int *err) {
+  return FindCommand(name, pb, pbsz, namelen, pri, "", err);
+}
+
+static bool FindSuffixed(const char *name, char *pb, size_t pbsz,
+                         size_t namelen, bool pri, int *err) {
+  return !IsExePath(name, namelen) && !IsComPath(name, namelen) &&
+         !IsComDbgPath(name, namelen) &&
+         (FindCommand(name, pb, pbsz, namelen, pri, ".com", err) ||
+          FindCommand(name, pb, pbsz, namelen, pri, ".exe", err));
 }

 /**
@ -104,29 +128,36 @@ static noasan bool FindCommand(const char *name,
 * @asyncsignalsafe
 * @vforksafe
 */
-noasan char *commandv(const char *name, char pathbuf[hasatleast PATH_MAX]) {
-  int olderr;
+char *commandv(const char *name, char *pathbuf, size_t pathbufsz) {
+  int e, f;
+  char *res;
  size_t namelen;
+  res = 0;
  if (!name) {
    efault();
-    return 0;
-  }
-  if (!(namelen = __strlen(name))) {
+  } else if (!(namelen = strlen(name))) {
    enoent();
-    return 0;
-  }
-  if (namelen + 1 > PATH_MAX) {
+  } else if (namelen + 1 > pathbufsz) {
    enametoolong();
-    return 0;
-  }
-  if (FindCommand(name, pathbuf, namelen, "") ||
-      (!EndsWithIgnoreCase(name, namelen, ".exe") &&
-       !EndsWithIgnoreCase(name, namelen, ".com") &&
-       !EndsWithIgnoreCase(name, namelen, ".com.dbg") &&
-       (FindCommand(name, pathbuf, namelen, ".com") ||
-        FindCommand(name, pathbuf, namelen, ".exe")))) {
-    return pathbuf;
  } else {
-    return 0;
+    e = errno;
+    f = ENOENT;
+    if ((IsWindows() &&
+         (FindSuffixed(name, pathbuf, pathbufsz, namelen, true, &f) ||
+          FindVerbatim(name, pathbuf, pathbufsz, namelen, true, &f) ||
+          FindSuffixed(name, pathbuf, pathbufsz, namelen, false, &f) ||
+          FindVerbatim(name, pathbuf, pathbufsz, namelen, false, &f))) ||
+        (!IsWindows() &&
+         (FindVerbatim(name, pathbuf, pathbufsz, namelen, true, &f) ||
+          FindSuffixed(name, pathbuf, pathbufsz, namelen, true, &f) ||
+          FindVerbatim(name, pathbuf, pathbufsz, namelen, false, &f) ||
+          FindSuffixed(name, pathbuf, pathbufsz, namelen, false, &f)))) {
+      errno = e;
+      res = pathbuf;
+    } else {
+      errno = f;
+    }
  }
+  STRACE("commandv(%#s, %p, %'zu) → %#s% m", name, pathbuf, pathbufsz, res);
+  return res;
 }
--- a/libc/calls/copyfile.c
+++ b/libc/calls/copyfile.c
@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include "libc/calls/internal.h"
 #include "libc/calls/struct/stat.h"
 #include "libc/dce.h"
+#include "libc/intrin/kprintf.h"
 #include "libc/nt/createfile.h"
 #include "libc/nt/enum/accessmask.h"
 #include "libc/nt/enum/creationdisposition.h"
@ -27,6 +28,7 @@
 #include "libc/nt/enum/filesharemode.h"
 #include "libc/nt/files.h"
 #include "libc/nt/runtime.h"
+#include "libc/nt/struct/filetime.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/at.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/madv.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/o.h"
@ -66,12 +68,12 @@ static int sys_copyfile(const char *src, const char *dst, int flags) {
  int64_t inoffset, outoffset;
  int rc, srcfd, dstfd, oflags, omode;
  rc = -1;
-  if ((srcfd = sys_openat(AT_FDCWD, src, O_RDONLY, 0)) != -1) {
-    if (sys_fstat(srcfd, &st) != -1) {
+  if ((srcfd = openat(AT_FDCWD, src, O_RDONLY, 0)) != -1) {
+    if (fstat(srcfd, &st) != -1) {
      omode = st.st_mode & 0777;
      oflags = O_WRONLY | O_CREAT;
      if (flags & COPYFILE_NOCLOBBER) oflags |= O_EXCL;
-      if ((dstfd = sys_openat(AT_FDCWD, dst, oflags, omode)) != -1) {
+      if ((dstfd = openat(AT_FDCWD, dst, oflags, omode)) != -1) {
        remaining = st.st_size;
        ftruncate(dstfd, remaining);
        inoffset = 0;
@ -86,13 +88,13 @@ static int sys_copyfile(const char *src, const char *dst, int flags) {
          if (flags & COPYFILE_PRESERVE_TIMESTAMPS) {
            amtime[0] = st.st_atim;
            amtime[1] = st.st_mtim;
-            sys_utimensat(dstfd, NULL, amtime, 0);
+            utimensat(dstfd, NULL, amtime, 0);
          }
        }
-        rc |= sys_close(dstfd);
+        rc |= close(dstfd);
      }
    }
-    rc |= sys_close(srcfd);
+    rc |= close(srcfd);
  }
  return rc;
 }
@ -108,7 +110,7 @@ static int sys_copyfile(const char *src, const char *dst, int flags) {
 * @return 0 on success, or -1 w/ errno
 */
 int copyfile(const char *src, const char *dst, int flags) {
-  if (!IsWindows()) {
+  if (!IsWindows() || startswith(src, "/zip/") || startswith(dst, "/zip/")) {
    return sys_copyfile(src, dst, flags);
  } else {
    return sys_copyfile_nt(src, dst, flags);
--- a/libc/calls/creat.c
+++ b/libc/calls/creat.c
@ -35,6 +35,6 @@
 * @see open(), touch()
 * @asyncsignalsafe
 */
-nodiscard int creat(const char *file, uint32_t mode) {
+dontdiscard int creat(const char *file, uint32_t mode) {
  return openat(AT_FDCWD, file, O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC, mode);
 }
--- a/libc/calls/createfileflags.c
+++ b/libc/calls/createfileflags.c
@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+/*-*- mode:c;indent-tabs-mode:nil;c-basic-offset:2;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8 -*-│
+│vi: set net ft=c ts=2 sts=2 sw=2 fenc=utf-8                                :vi│
+╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡
+│ Copyright 2022 Justine Alexandra Roberts Tunney                              │
+│                                                                              │
+│ Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for         │
+│ any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the         │
+│ above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.      │
+│                                                                              │
+│ THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL                │
+│ WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED                │
+│ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE             │
+│ AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL         │
+│ DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR        │
+│ PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER               │
+│ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
+│ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
+╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
+#include "libc/assert.h"
+#include "libc/calls/calls.h"
+#include "libc/nt/createfile.h"
+#include "libc/nt/enum/accessmask.h"
+#include "libc/nt/enum/creationdisposition.h"
+#include "libc/nt/enum/fileflagandattributes.h"
+#include "libc/nt/enum/filesharemode.h"
+#include "libc/sysv/consts/o.h"
+
+// code size optimization
+// <sync libc/sysv/consts.sh>
+#define _O_APPEND     0x00000400  // kNtFileAppendData
+#define _O_CREAT      0x00000040  // kNtOpenAlways
+#define _O_EXCL       0x00000080  // kNtCreateNew
+#define _O_TRUNC      0x00000200  // kNtCreateAlways
+#define _O_DIRECTORY  0x00010000  // kNtFileFlagBackupSemantics
+#define _O_TMPFILE    0x00410000  // AttributeTemporary|FlagDeleteOnClose
+#define _O_DIRECT     0x00004000  // kNtFileFlagNoBuffering
+#define _O_NDELAY     0x00000800  // kNtFileFlagWriteThrough
+#define _O_RANDOM     0x80000000  // kNtFileFlagRandomAccess
+#define _O_SEQUENTIAL 0x40000000  // kNtFileFlagSequentialScan
+#define _O_COMPRESSED 0x20000000  // kNtFileAttributeCompressed
+#define _O_INDEXED    0x10000000  // !kNtFileAttributeNotContentIndexed
+#define _O_NONBLOCK   0x00000800
+#define _O_CLOEXEC    0x00080000
+// </sync libc/sysv/consts.sh>
+
+textwindows int GetNtOpenFlags(int flags, int mode, uint32_t *out_perm,
+                               uint32_t *out_share, uint32_t *out_disp,
+                               uint32_t *out_attr) {
+  uint32_t perm, share, disp, attr;
+
+  switch (flags & O_ACCMODE) {
+    case O_RDONLY:
+      perm = kNtFileGenericRead | kNtGenericExecute;
+      break;
+    case O_WRONLY:
+      perm = kNtFileGenericWrite | kNtGenericExecute;
+      break;
+    case O_RDWR:
+      perm = kNtFileGenericRead | kNtFileGenericWrite | kNtGenericExecute;
+      break;
+    default:
+      return -1;
+  }
+  if (flags & _O_APPEND) {
+    perm = kNtFileAppendData;
+  }
+
+  if (flags & _O_EXCL) {
+    share = kNtFileShareExclusive;
+  } else {
+    share = kNtFileShareRead | kNtFileShareWrite | kNtFileShareDelete;
+  }
+
+  if ((flags & _O_CREAT) && (flags & _O_EXCL)) {
+    disp = kNtCreateNew;
+  } else if ((flags & _O_CREAT) && (flags & _O_TRUNC)) {
+    disp = kNtCreateAlways;
+  } else if (flags & _O_CREAT) {
+    disp = kNtOpenAlways;
+  } else if (flags & _O_TRUNC) {
+    disp = kNtTruncateExisting;
+  } else {
+    disp = kNtOpenExisting;
+  }
+
+  if ((flags & _O_TMPFILE) == _O_TMPFILE) {
+    attr = kNtFileAttributeTemporary | kNtFileFlagDeleteOnClose;
+  } else {
+    attr = kNtFileAttributeNormal;
+    if (flags & _O_DIRECTORY) {
+      attr |= kNtFileFlagBackupSemantics;
+    }
+    if (~mode & 0200) {
+      attr |= kNtFileAttributeReadonly;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (~flags & _O_INDEXED) attr |= kNtFileAttributeNotContentIndexed;
+  if (flags & _O_COMPRESSED) attr |= kNtFileAttributeCompressed;
+  if (flags & _O_SEQUENTIAL) attr |= kNtFileFlagSequentialScan;
+  if (flags & _O_RANDOM) attr |= kNtFileFlagRandomAccess;
+  if (flags & _O_DIRECT) attr |= kNtFileFlagNoBuffering;
+  if (flags & _O_NDELAY) attr |= kNtFileFlagWriteThrough;
+
+  if (out_perm) *out_perm = perm;
+  if (out_share) *out_share = share;
+  if (out_disp) *out_disp = disp;
+  if (out_attr) *out_attr = attr;
+  return 0;
+}
--- a/libc/calls/createpipename.c
+++ b/libc/calls/createpipename.c
@ -16,32 +16,35 @@
 │ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
-#include "libc/alg/reverse.internal.h"
 #include "libc/calls/calls.h"
+#include "libc/intrin/lockxadd.h"
 #include "libc/nt/process.h"

-static const char kPipeNamePrefix[] = "\\\\?\\pipe\\cosmo\\";
-
-static textwindows size_t UintToChar16Array(char16_t *a, uint64_t i) {
-  size_t j = 0;
+static textwindows char16_t *UintToChar16Array(char16_t p[21], uint64_t x) {
+  char t;
+  size_t a, b, i = 0;
  do {
-    a[j++] = i % 10 + '0';
-    i /= 10;
-  } while (i > 0);
-  a[j] = 0;
-  reverse(a, j);
-  return j;
+    p[i++] = x % 10 + '0';
+    x = x / 10;
+  } while (x > 0);
+  if (i) {
+    for (a = 0, b = i - 1; a < b; ++a, --b) {
+      t = p[a];
+      p[a] = p[b];
+      p[b] = t;
+    }
+  }
+  return p + i;
 }

 textwindows char16_t *CreatePipeName(char16_t *a) {
  static long x;
-  unsigned i;
-  for (i = 0; kPipeNamePrefix[i]; ++i) a[i] = kPipeNamePrefix[i];
-  i += UintToChar16Array(a + i, GetCurrentProcessId());
-  a[i++] = u'-';
-  i += UintToChar16Array(a + i, GetCurrentProcessId());
-  a[i++] = u'-';
-  i += UintToChar16Array(a + i, x++);
-  a[i] = u'\0';
+  char16_t *p = a;
+  const char *q = "\\\\?\\pipe\\cosmo\\";
+  while (*q) *p++ = *q++;
+  p = UintToChar16Array(p, GetCurrentProcessId());
+  *p++ = '-';
+  p = UintToChar16Array(p, _lockxadd(&x, 1));
+  *p = 0;
  return a;
 }
--- a/libc/calls/describeclockname.c
+++ b/libc/calls/describeclockname.c
@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/*-*- mode:c;indent-tabs-mode:nil;c-basic-offset:2;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8 -*-│
+│vi: set net ft=c ts=2 sts=2 sw=2 fenc=utf-8                                :vi│
+╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡
+│ Copyright 2022 Justine Alexandra Roberts Tunney                              │
+│                                                                              │
+│ Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for         │
+│ any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the         │
+│ above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.      │
+│                                                                              │
+│ THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL                │
+│ WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED                │
+│ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE             │
+│ AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL         │
+│ DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR        │
+│ PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER               │
+│ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
+│ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
+╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
+#include "libc/fmt/itoa.h"
+#include "libc/fmt/magnumstrs.internal.h"
+#include "libc/str/str.h"
+#include "libc/sysv/consts/sol.h"
+
+/**
+ * Describes clock_gettime() clock argument.
+ */
+char *DescribeClockName(int x) {
+  int i;
+  char *s;
+  _Alignas(char) static char buf[32];
+  if ((s = GetMagnumStr(kClockNames, x))) {
+    stpcpy(stpcpy(buf, "CLOCK_"), s);
+    return buf;
+  } else {
+    FormatInt32(buf, x);
+    return buf;
+  }
+}
--- a/libc/runtime/describeframe.c
+++ b/libc/runtime/describeframe.c
@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 │ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
-#include "libc/log/libfatal.internal.h"
+#include "libc/intrin/kprintf.h"
 #include "libc/macros.internal.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/memtrack.internal.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
@ -28,21 +28,19 @@
 noasan const char *DescribeFrame(int x) {
  /* asan runtime depends on this function */
  char *p;
-  static char buf[128];
+  static char buf[32];
  if (IsShadowFrame(x)) {
-    p = buf;
-    p = __stpcpy(p, " shadow of ");
-    p = __fixcpy(p, UNSHADOW(ADDR(x)), 48);
+    ksnprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), " /*shadow:%.12p*/", UNSHADOW(ADDR(x)));
    return buf;
-    return " shadow ";
+    return " /*shadow*/ ";
  } else if (IsAutoFrame(x)) {
-    return " automap";
+    return " /*automap*/";
  } else if (IsFixedFrame(x)) {
-    return " fixed  ";
+    return " /*fixed*/  ";
  } else if (IsArenaFrame(x)) {
-    return " arena  ";
+    return " /*arena*/  ";
  } else if (IsStaticStackFrame(x)) {
-    return " stack  ";
+    return " /*stack*/  ";
  } else {
    return "";
  }
--- a/libc/runtime/describemapping.c
+++ b/libc/runtime/describemapping.c
@ -20,19 +20,32 @@
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/map.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/prot.h"

-noasan char *DescribeMapping(int prot, int flags, char p[hasatleast 8]) {
-  /* asan runtime depends on this function */
+static noasan char DescribeMapType(int flags) {
+  switch (flags & MAP_TYPE) {
+    case MAP_FILE:
+      return 'f';
+    case MAP_PRIVATE:
+      return 'p';
+    case MAP_SHARED:
+      return 's';
+    default:
+      return '?';
+  }
+}
+
+noasan char *DescribeProt(int prot, char p[hasatleast 4]) {
  p[0] = (prot & PROT_READ) ? 'r' : '-';
  p[1] = (prot & PROT_WRITE) ? 'w' : '-';
  p[2] = (prot & PROT_EXEC) ? 'x' : '-';
-  if (flags & MAP_PRIVATE) {
-    p[3] = 'p';
-  } else if (flags & MAP_SHARED) {
-    p[3] = 's';
-  } else {
-    p[3] = '?';
-  }
-  p[4] = (flags & MAP_ANONYMOUS) ? 'a' : 'f';
+  p[3] = 0;
+  return p;
+}
+
+noasan char *DescribeMapping(int prot, int flags, char p[hasatleast 8]) {
+  /* asan runtime depends on this function */
+  DescribeProt(prot, p);
+  p[3] = DescribeMapType(flags);
+  p[4] = (flags & MAP_ANONYMOUS) ? 'a' : '-';
  p[5] = (flags & MAP_GROWSDOWN) ? 'S' : '-';
  p[6] = (flags & MAP_FIXED) ? 'F' : '-';
  p[7] = 0;
--- a/libc/calls/describeopenflags.greg.c
+++ b/libc/calls/describeopenflags.greg.c
@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/*-*- mode:c;indent-tabs-mode:nil;c-basic-offset:2;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8 -*-│
+│vi: set net ft=c ts=2 sts=2 sw=2 fenc=utf-8                                :vi│
+╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡
+│ Copyright 2022 Justine Alexandra Roberts Tunney                              │
+│                                                                              │
+│ Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for         │
+│ any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the         │
+│ above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.      │
+│                                                                              │
+│ THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL                │
+│ WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED                │
+│ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE             │
+│ AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL         │
+│ DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR        │
+│ PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER               │
+│ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
+│ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
+╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
+#include "libc/fmt/itoa.h"
+#include "libc/fmt/magnumstrs.internal.h"
+#include "libc/intrin/describeflags.internal.h"
+#include "libc/mem/alloca.h"
+#include "libc/sysv/consts/sol.h"
+
+/**
+ * Describes clock_gettime() clock argument.
+ */
+char *DescribeOpenFlags(int x) {
+  char *s;
+  int i, n;
+  struct DescribeFlags *d;
+  _Alignas(char) static char openflags[128];
+  // TODO(jart): unify DescribeFlags and MagnumStr data structures
+  for (n = 0; kOpenFlags[n].x != MAGNUM_TERMINATOR;) ++n;
+  d = alloca(n * sizeof(struct DescribeFlags));
+  for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+    d[i].flag = MAGNUM_NUMBER(kOpenFlags, i);
+    d[i].name = MAGNUM_STRING(kOpenFlags, i);
+  }
+  return DescribeFlags(openflags, sizeof(openflags), d, n, "O_", x);
+}
--- a/libc/runtime/directmap-metal.c
+++ b/libc/runtime/directmap-metal.c
--- a/libc/calls/directmap-nt.c
+++ b/libc/calls/directmap-nt.c
@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+/*-*- mode:c;indent-tabs-mode:nil;c-basic-offset:2;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8 -*-│
+│vi: set net ft=c ts=2 sts=2 sw=2 fenc=utf-8                                :vi│
+╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡
+│ Copyright 2020 Justine Alexandra Roberts Tunney                              │
+│                                                                              │
+│ Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for         │
+│ any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the         │
+│ above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.      │
+│                                                                              │
+│ THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL                │
+│ WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED                │
+│ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE             │
+│ AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL         │
+│ DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR        │
+│ PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER               │
+│ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
+│ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
+╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
+#include "libc/assert.h"
+#include "libc/calls/internal.h"
+#include "libc/intrin/kprintf.h"
+#include "libc/nt/enum/filemapflags.h"
+#include "libc/nt/enum/pageflags.h"
+#include "libc/nt/memory.h"
+#include "libc/nt/process.h"
+#include "libc/nt/runtime.h"
+#include "libc/nt/struct/processmemorycounters.h"
+#include "libc/runtime/directmap.internal.h"
+#include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
+#include "libc/sysv/consts/map.h"
+#include "libc/sysv/consts/o.h"
+#include "libc/sysv/consts/prot.h"
+
+textwindows struct DirectMap sys_mmap_nt(void *addr, size_t size, int prot,
+                                         int flags, int fd, int64_t off) {
+  size_t i;
+  bool iscow;
+  int64_t handle;
+  uint32_t oldprot;
+  struct DirectMap dm;
+  struct ProtectNt fl;
+  const struct NtSecurityAttributes *sec;
+  struct NtProcessMemoryCountersEx memcount;
+
+  if (fd != -1) {
+    handle = g_fds.p[fd].handle;
+  } else {
+    handle = kNtInvalidHandleValue;
+  }
+
+  if (flags & MAP_PRIVATE) {
+    sec = 0;  // MAP_PRIVATE isn't inherited across fork()
+  } else {
+    sec = &kNtIsInheritable;  // MAP_SHARED gives us zero-copy fork()
+  }
+
+  // nt will whine under many circumstances if we change the execute bit
+  // later using mprotect(). the workaround is to always request execute
+  // and then virtualprotect() it away until we actually need it. please
+  // note that open-nt.c always requests an kNtGenericExecute accessmask
+  iscow = false;
+  if (handle != -1) {
+    if (flags & MAP_PRIVATE) {
+      // windows has cow pages but they can't propagate across fork()
+      // that means we only get copy-on-write for the root process :(
+      fl = (struct ProtectNt){kNtPageExecuteWritecopy,
+                              kNtFileMapCopy | kNtFileMapExecute};
+      iscow = true;
+    } else {
+      assert(flags & MAP_SHARED);
+      if ((g_fds.p[fd].flags & O_ACCMODE) == O_RDONLY) {
+        fl = (struct ProtectNt){kNtPageExecuteRead,
+                                kNtFileMapRead | kNtFileMapExecute};
+      } else {
+        fl = (struct ProtectNt){kNtPageExecuteReadwrite,
+                                kNtFileMapWrite | kNtFileMapExecute};
+      }
+    }
+  } else {
+    assert(flags & MAP_ANONYMOUS);
+    fl = (struct ProtectNt){kNtPageExecuteReadwrite,
+                            kNtFileMapWrite | kNtFileMapExecute};
+  }
+
+  if ((dm.maphandle = CreateFileMapping(handle, sec, fl.flags1,
+                                        (size + off) >> 32, (size + off), 0))) {
+    if ((dm.addr = MapViewOfFileEx(dm.maphandle, fl.flags2, off >> 32, off,
+                                   size, addr))) {
+      if (VirtualProtect(addr, size, __prot2nt(prot, iscow), &oldprot)) {
+        return dm;
+      } else {
+        return dm;
+        UnmapViewOfFile(dm.addr);
+      }
+    }
+    CloseHandle(dm.maphandle);
+  }
+
+  dm.maphandle = kNtInvalidHandleValue;
+  dm.addr = (void *)(intptr_t)-1;
+  return dm;
+}
--- a/libc/runtime/directmap.c
+++ b/libc/runtime/directmap.c
@ -17,8 +17,9 @@
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #include "libc/calls/internal.h"
-#include "libc/calls/sysdebug.internal.h"
+#include "libc/calls/strace.internal.h"
 #include "libc/errno.h"
+#include "libc/intrin/describeflags.internal.h"
 #include "libc/nt/runtime.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/directmap.internal.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/memtrack.internal.h"
@ -31,25 +32,24 @@
 * support Windows NT and Address Sanitizer. That memory tracking can be
 * bypassed by calling this function. However the caller is responsible
 * for passing the magic memory handle on Windows NT to CloseHandle().
+ *
+ * @asyncsignalsafe
+ * @threadsafe
 */
-noasan struct DirectMap sys_mmap(void *addr, size_t size, int prot, int flags,
-                                 int fd, int64_t off) {
+struct DirectMap sys_mmap(void *addr, size_t size, int prot, int flags, int fd,
+                          int64_t off) {
  /* asan runtime depends on this function */
-  char mode[8];
-  struct DirectMap dm;
+  struct DirectMap d;
  if (!IsWindows() && !IsMetal()) {
-    dm.addr = __sys_mmap(addr, size, prot, flags, fd, off, off);
-    SYSDEBUG("sys_mmap(0x%p%s, 0x%x, %s, %d, %d) -> 0x%p %s", addr,
-             DescribeFrame((intptr_t)addr >> 16), size,
-             DescribeMapping(prot, flags, mode), (long)fd, off, dm.addr,
-             dm.addr != MAP_FAILED ? "" : strerror(errno));
-    dm.maphandle = kNtInvalidHandleValue;
-    return dm;
+    d.addr = __sys_mmap(addr, size, prot, flags, fd, off, off);
+    d.maphandle = kNtInvalidHandleValue;
  } else if (IsMetal()) {
-    return sys_mmap_metal(addr, size, prot, flags, fd, off);
+    d = sys_mmap_metal(addr, size, prot, flags, fd, off);
  } else {
-    return sys_mmap_nt(addr, size, prot, flags,
-                       fd != -1 ? g_fds.p[fd].handle : kNtInvalidHandleValue,
-                       off);
+    d = sys_mmap_nt(addr, size, prot, flags, fd, off);
  }
+  KERNTRACE("sys_mmap(%.12p%s, %'zu, %s, %s, %d, %'ld) → {%.12p, %p}% m", addr,
+            DescribeFrame((intptr_t)addr >> 16), size, DescribeProtFlags(prot),
+            DescribeMapFlags(flags), fd, off, d.addr, d.maphandle);
+  return d;
 }
--- a/libc/calls/dup-nt.c
+++ b/libc/calls/dup-nt.c
@ -17,38 +17,69 @@
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #include "libc/bits/bits.h"
+#include "libc/bits/weaken.h"
 #include "libc/calls/calls.h"
 #include "libc/calls/internal.h"
 #include "libc/mem/mem.h"
 #include "libc/nt/files.h"
 #include "libc/nt/runtime.h"
+#include "libc/sock/internal.h"
+#include "libc/sock/ntstdin.internal.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/o.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/errfuns.h"

 /**
- * Implements dup(), dup2(), and dup3() for Windows NT.
+ * Implements dup(), dup2(), dup3(), and F_DUPFD for Windows.
 */
-textwindows int sys_dup_nt(int oldfd, int newfd, int flags) {
-  int64_t proc;
+textwindows int sys_dup_nt(int oldfd, int newfd, int flags, int start) {
+  int64_t proc, handle;
+
+  // validate the api usage
  if (oldfd < 0) return einval();
+  if (flags & ~O_CLOEXEC) return einval();
  if (oldfd >= g_fds.n ||
      (g_fds.p[oldfd].kind != kFdFile && g_fds.p[oldfd].kind != kFdSocket &&
       g_fds.p[oldfd].kind != kFdConsole)) {
    return ebadf();
  }
+
+  // allocate a new file descriptor
  if (newfd == -1) {
-    if ((newfd = __reservefd()) == -1) return -1;
+    if ((newfd = __reservefd(start)) == -1) {
+      return -1;
+    }
  } else {
    if (__ensurefds(newfd) == -1) return -1;
    if (g_fds.p[newfd].kind) close(newfd);
    g_fds.p[newfd].kind = kFdReserved;
  }
+
+  // if this file descriptor is wrapped in a named pipe worker thread
+  // then we should clone the original authentic handle rather than the
+  // stdin worker's named pipe. we won't clone the worker, since that
+  // can always be recreated again on demand.
+  if (g_fds.p[oldfd].worker) {
+    handle = g_fds.p[oldfd].worker->reader;
+  } else {
+    handle = g_fds.p[oldfd].handle;
+  }
+
  proc = GetCurrentProcess();
-  if (DuplicateHandle(proc, g_fds.p[oldfd].handle, proc, &g_fds.p[newfd].handle,
-                      0, true, kNtDuplicateSameAccess)) {
+  if (DuplicateHandle(proc, handle, proc, &g_fds.p[newfd].handle, 0, true,
+                      kNtDuplicateSameAccess)) {
    g_fds.p[newfd].kind = g_fds.p[oldfd].kind;
-    g_fds.p[newfd].extra = g_fds.p[oldfd].extra;
-    g_fds.p[newfd].flags = flags;
+    g_fds.p[newfd].mode = g_fds.p[oldfd].mode;
+    g_fds.p[newfd].flags = g_fds.p[oldfd].flags & ~O_CLOEXEC;
+    if (flags & O_CLOEXEC) g_fds.p[newfd].flags |= O_CLOEXEC;
+    if (g_fds.p[oldfd].kind == kFdSocket && weaken(_dupsockfd)) {
+      g_fds.p[newfd].extra =
+          (intptr_t)weaken(_dupsockfd)((struct SockFd *)g_fds.p[oldfd].extra);
+    } else {
+      g_fds.p[newfd].extra = g_fds.p[oldfd].extra;
+    }
+    if (g_fds.p[oldfd].worker) {
+      g_fds.p[newfd].worker = weaken(RefNtStdinWorker)(g_fds.p[oldfd].worker);
+    }
    return newfd;
  } else {
    __releasefd(newfd);
--- a/libc/calls/dup.c
+++ b/libc/calls/dup.c
@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #include "libc/calls/calls.h"
 #include "libc/calls/internal.h"
-#include "libc/calls/sysdebug.internal.h"
+#include "libc/calls/strace.internal.h"
 #include "libc/dce.h"

 /**
@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ int dup(int fd) {
  if (!IsWindows()) {
    fd2 = sys_dup(fd);
  } else {
-    fd2 = sys_dup_nt(fd, -1, 0);
+    fd2 = sys_dup_nt(fd, -1, 0, -1);
  }
-  SYSDEBUG("dup(%d) -> %d", fd, fd2);
+  STRACE("%s(%d) → %d% m", "dup", fd, fd2);
  return fd2;
 }
--- a/libc/calls/dup2.c
+++ b/libc/calls/dup2.c
@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #include "libc/calls/calls.h"
 #include "libc/calls/internal.h"
-#include "libc/calls/sysdebug.internal.h"
+#include "libc/calls/strace.internal.h"
 #include "libc/dce.h"

 /**
@ -32,11 +32,14 @@
 * @vforksafe
 */
 int dup2(int oldfd, int newfd) {
-  SYSDEBUG("dup2(%d, %d)", oldfd, newfd);
-  if (oldfd == newfd) return newfd;
-  if (!IsWindows()) {
-    return sys_dup3(oldfd, newfd, 0);
+  int rc;
+  if (oldfd == newfd) {
+    rc = newfd;
+  } else if (!IsWindows()) {
+    rc = sys_dup3(oldfd, newfd, 0);
  } else {
-    return sys_dup_nt(oldfd, newfd, 0);
+    rc = sys_dup_nt(oldfd, newfd, 0, -1);
  }
+  STRACE("dup2(%d, %d) → %d% m", oldfd, newfd, rc);
+  return rc;
 }
--- a/libc/calls/dup3-sysv.c
+++ b/libc/calls/dup3-sysv.c
@ -17,17 +17,17 @@
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #include "libc/calls/internal.h"
+#include "libc/calls/strace.internal.h"
 #include "libc/errno.h"

-#define __NR_dup3_linux 0x0124 /*RHEL5:CVE-2010-3301*/
-
 int32_t sys_dup3(int32_t oldfd, int32_t newfd, int flags) {
  static bool once, demodernize;
  int olderr, fd;
  if (!once) {
    olderr = errno;
    fd = __sys_dup3(oldfd, newfd, flags);
-    if ((fd == -1 && errno == ENOSYS) || fd == __NR_dup3_linux) {
+    if (fd == -1 && errno == ENOSYS) {
+      STRACE("demodernizing %s() due to %s", "dup3", "RHEL5:CVE-2010-3301");
      demodernize = true;
      once = true;
      errno = olderr;
--- a/Show more
+++ b/Show more