Import C++ Standard Template Library

You can now use the hardest fastest and most dangerous language there is
with Cosmopolitan. So far about 75% of LLVM libcxx has been added. A few
breaking changes needed to be made to help this go smoothly.

- Rename nothrow to dontthrow
- Rename nodiscard to dontdiscard
- Add some libm functions, e.g. lgamma, nan, etc.
- Change intmax_t from int128 to int64 like everything else
- Introduce %jjd formatting directive for int128_t
- Introduce strtoi128(), strtou128(), etc.
- Rename bsrmax() to bsr128()

Some of the templates that should be working currently are std::vector,
std::string, std::map, std::set, std::deque, etc.

libc/calls/calls.h

@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ COSMOPOLITAN_C_START_
 
 typedef int sig_atomic_t;
 
-DIR *fdopendir(int) nodiscard;
-DIR *opendir(const char *) nodiscard;
+DIR *fdopendir(int) dontdiscard;
+DIR *opendir(const char *) dontdiscard;
 bool fileexists(const char *);
 bool isdirectory(const char *);
 bool isexecutable(const char *);
@@ -76,12 +76,12 @@ bool issymlink(const char *);
 bool32 isatty(int) nosideeffect;
 bool32 ischardev(int) nosideeffect;
 char *commandv(const char *, char[hasatleast PATH_MAX]);
-char *get_current_dir_name(void) nodiscard;
+char *get_current_dir_name(void) dontdiscard;
 char *getcwd(char *, size_t);
 char *realpath(const char *, char *);
-char *replaceuser(const char *) nodiscard;
+char *replaceuser(const char *) dontdiscard;
 char *ttyname(int);
-int access(const char *, int) nothrow;
+int access(const char *, int) dontthrow;
 int arch_prctl();
 int chdir(const char *);
 int chmod(const char *, uint32_t);
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ int execvpe(const char *, char *const[], char *const[]);
 int faccessat(int, const char *, int, uint32_t);
 int fadvise(int, uint64_t, uint64_t, int);
 int fchdir(int);
-int fchmod(int, uint32_t) nothrow;
+int fchmod(int, uint32_t) dontthrow;
 int fchmodat(int, const char *, uint32_t, int);
 int fchown(int, uint32_t, uint32_t);
 int fchownat(int, const char *, uint32_t, uint32_t, int);
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ int getrlimit(int, struct rlimit *);
 int getrusage(int, struct rusage *);
 int kill(int, int);
 int killpg(int, int);
-int link(const char *, const char *) nothrow;
+int link(const char *, const char *) dontthrow;
 int linkat(int, const char *, int, const char *, int);
 int lstat(const char *, struct stat *);
 int lutimes(const char *, const struct timeval[2]);

libc/calls/creat.c

@@ -35,6 +35,6 @@
  * @see open(), touch()
  * @asyncsignalsafe
  */
-nodiscard int creat(const char *file, uint32_t mode) {
+dontdiscard int creat(const char *file, uint32_t mode) {
   return openat(AT_FDCWD, file, O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC, mode);
 }

libc/calls/internal.h

@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ int sys_truncate_nt(const char *, u64) hidden;
 int sys_unlinkat_nt(int, const char *, int) hidden;
 int sys_utimensat_nt(int, const char *, const struct timespec *, int) hidden;
 int sys_utimes_nt(const char *, const struct timeval[2]) hidden;
-ssize_t sys_open_nt(int, const char *, u32, i32) nodiscard hidden;
+ssize_t sys_open_nt(int, const char *, u32, i32) dontdiscard hidden;
 ssize_t sys_read_nt(struct Fd *, const struct iovec *, size_t, ssize_t) hidden;
 ssize_t sys_readlinkat_nt(int, const char *, char *, size_t) hidden;
 ssize_t sys_write_nt(int, const struct iovec *, size_t, ssize_t) hidden;

libc/calls/termios.h

@@ -17,14 +17,14 @@ int tcsetpgrp(int, int32_t);
 int32_t tcgetpgrp(int);
 
 int openpty(int *, int *, char *, const struct termios *,
-            const struct winsize *) paramsnonnull((1, 2)) nodiscard;
+            const struct winsize *) paramsnonnull((1, 2)) dontdiscard;
 int forkpty(int *, char *, const struct termios *, const struct winsize *)
-    paramsnonnull((1, 2)) nodiscard;
+    paramsnonnull((1, 2)) dontdiscard;
 errno_t ptsname_r(int, char *, size_t);
 
 int grantpt(int);
 int unlockpt(int);
-int posix_openpt(int) nodiscard;
+int posix_openpt(int) dontdiscard;
 
 int tcdrain(int);
 int tcgetsid(int);

libc/calls/weirdtypes.h

@@ -39,14 +39,14 @@
 #define uid_t         uint32_t
 #define rlim_t        uint64_t /* int64_t on bsd */
 
-#define int_fast8_t   __INT_FAST8_TYPE__
-#define uint_fast8_t  __UINT_FAST8_TYPE__
-#define int_fast16_t  __INT_FAST16_TYPE__
-#define uint_fast16_t __UINT_FAST16_TYPE__
-#define int_fast32_t  __INT_FAST32_TYPE__
-#define uint_fast32_t __UINT_FAST32_TYPE__
-#define int_fast64_t  __INT_FAST64_TYPE__
-#define uint_fast64_t __UINT_FAST64_TYPE__
+typedef __INT_FAST8_TYPE__ int_fast8_t;
+typedef __UINT_FAST8_TYPE__ uint_fast8_t;
+typedef __INT_FAST16_TYPE__ int_fast16_t;
+typedef __UINT_FAST16_TYPE__ uint_fast16_t;
+typedef __INT_FAST32_TYPE__ int_fast32_t;
+typedef __UINT_FAST32_TYPE__ uint_fast32_t;
+typedef __INT_FAST64_TYPE__ int_fast64_t;
+typedef __UINT_FAST64_TYPE__ uint_fast64_t;
 
 #define atomic_bool           _Atomic(_Bool)
 #define atomic_bool32         atomic_int_fast32_t