Add LLVM libcxxabi (#1063)

* third_party: Add libcxxabi

Added libcxxabi from LLVM 17.0.6
The library implements the Itanium C++ exception handling ABI.

* third_party/libcxxabi: Enable __cxa_thread_atexit

Enable `__cxa_thread_atexit` from libcxxabi.
`__cxa_thread_atexit_impl` is still implemented by the cosmo libc.
The original `__cxa_thread_atexit` has been removed.

* third_party/libcxx: Build with exceptions

Build libcxx with exceptions enabled.

- Removed `_LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS` from `__config`.
- Switched the exception implementation to `libcxxabi`. These two files
are taken from the same `libcxx` version as mentioned in `README.cosmo`.
- Removed `new_handler_fallback` in favor of `libcxxabi` implementation.
- Enable `-fexceptions` and `-frtti` for `libcxx`.
- Removed `THIRD_PARTY_LIBCXX` dependency from `libcxxabi` and
`libunwind`. These libraries do not use any runtime `libcxx` functions,
just headers.

* libc: Remove remaining redundant cxa functions

- `__cxa_pure_virtual` in `libcxxabi` is also a stub similar to the
existing one.
- `__cxa_guard_*` from `libcxxabi` is used instead of the ones from
Android.

Now there should be no more duplicate implementations.
`__cxa_thread_atexit_impl`, `__cxa_atexit`, and related supporting
functions, are still left to other libraries as in `libcxxabi`.

`libcxxabi` is also now added to `cosmopolitan.a` to make up for the
removed functions.

Affected in-tree libraries (`third_party/double-conversion`) have been
updated.

third_party/libcxxabi/stdlib_stdexcept.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
+// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#include "third_party/libcxx/stdexcept"
+#include "third_party/libcxx/new"
+#include "third_party/libcxx/cstdlib"
+#include "third_party/libcxx/cstring"
+#include "third_party/libcxx/cstdint"
+#include "third_party/libcxx/cstddef"
+#include "third_party/libcxx/refstring.hh" // from libc++
+
+static_assert(sizeof(std::__libcpp_refstring) == sizeof(const char *), "");
+
+namespace std  // purposefully not using versioning namespace
+{
+
+logic_error::~logic_error() noexcept {}
+
+const char*
+logic_error::what() const noexcept
+{
+    return __imp_.c_str();
+}
+
+runtime_error::~runtime_error() noexcept {}
+
+const char*
+runtime_error::what() const noexcept
+{
+    return __imp_.c_str();
+}
+
+domain_error::~domain_error() noexcept {}
+invalid_argument::~invalid_argument() noexcept {}
+length_error::~length_error() noexcept {}
+out_of_range::~out_of_range() noexcept {}
+
+range_error::~range_error() noexcept {}
+overflow_error::~overflow_error() noexcept {}
+underflow_error::~underflow_error() noexcept {}
+
+}  // std