diff --git a/dsp/tty/ident.c b/dsp/tty/ident.c
index 602a5212f..9ea569480 100644
--- a/dsp/tty/ident.c
+++ b/dsp/tty/ident.c
@@ -21,13 +21,13 @@
 #include "libc/calls/termios.h"
 #include "libc/dce.h"
 #include "libc/errno.h"
-#include "libc/fmt/fmt.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/safemacros.internal.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/weaken.h"
 #include "libc/mem/mem.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
 #include "libc/sock/sock.h"
 #include "libc/sock/struct/pollfd.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
 #include "libc/str/str.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/poll.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/errfuns.h"
diff --git a/examples/clear.c b/examples/clear.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a21e05c06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/clear.c
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#if 0
+/*─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╗
+│ To the extent possible under law, Justine Tunney has waived      │
+│ all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this file,    │
+│ as it is written in the following disclaimers:                   │
+│   • http://unlicense.org/                                        │
+│   • http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/            │
+╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
+#endif
+#include "libc/calls/calls.h"
+
+// clears the teletypewriter display with empty cells
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+  write(1, "\e[H", 3);
+}
diff --git a/examples/ctrlc.c b/examples/ctrlc.c
index 86e532714..c88e9835f 100644
--- a/examples/ctrlc.c
+++ b/examples/ctrlc.c
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 │   • http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/            │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #endif
+#include "libc/assert.h"
 #include "libc/calls/calls.h"
 #include "libc/calls/struct/sigaction.h"
 #include "libc/errno.h"
@@ -15,7 +16,9 @@
 #include "libc/sock/struct/pollfd.h"
 #include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
 #include "libc/str/str.h"
+#include "libc/sysv/consts/f.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/limits.h"
+#include "libc/sysv/consts/o.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/poll.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/sig.h"
 
@@ -45,7 +48,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
     // some programs are blocked on cpu rather than i/o
     // such programs shall rely on asynchronous signals
     printf("doing cpu task...\n");
-    for (volatile int i = 0; i < INT_MAX / 20; ++i) {
+    for (volatile int i = 0; i < INT_MAX / 5; ++i) {
       if (gotsig) {
         printf("\rgot ctrl+c asynchronously\n");
         exit(0);
@@ -55,7 +58,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
     // posix guarantees atomic i/o if you use pipe_buf sized buffers
     // that way we don't need to worry about things like looping and
     // we can also be assured that multiple actors wont have tearing
-    char buf[PIPE_BUF];
+    char buf[4];
 
     // read data from standard input
     //
@@ -107,5 +110,6 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
     // operating system will send SIGPIPE if there's any problem
     // which kills the process by default
     write(1, buf, got);
+    write(1, "\n", 1);
   }
 }
diff --git a/examples/ttyinfo.c b/examples/ttyinfo.c
index 1bfd871ab..11655a0c4 100644
--- a/examples/ttyinfo.c
+++ b/examples/ttyinfo.c
@@ -15,7 +15,9 @@
 #include "libc/fmt/fmt.h"
 #include "libc/log/check.h"
 #include "libc/log/log.h"
+#include "libc/nt/runtime.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
+#include "libc/sock/select.h"
 #include "libc/stdio/dprintf.h"
 #include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
 #include "libc/str/str.h"
@@ -26,6 +28,8 @@
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/termios.h"
 #include "libc/x/xsigaction.h"
 
+__static_yoink("WinMainStdin");
+
 #define CTRL(C)                ((C) ^ 0b01000000)
 #define WRITE(FD, SLIT)        write(FD, SLIT, strlen(SLIT))
 #define ENABLE_SAFE_PASTE      "\e[?2004h"
diff --git a/libc/calls/calls.mk b/libc/calls/calls.mk
index 7c6c3b583..2b49d09c2 100644
--- a/libc/calls/calls.mk
+++ b/libc/calls/calls.mk
@@ -93,6 +93,12 @@ o/$(MODE)/libc/calls/vdsofunc.greg.o: private		\
 			-ffreestanding			\
 			-fno-sanitize=address
 
+# we can't use magic because:
+#   this code is called by WinMain
+o/$(MODE)/libc/calls/winstdin1.o: private		\
+		COPTS +=				\
+			$(NO_MAGIC)
+
 # we can't use asan because:
 #   ntspawn allocates 128kb of heap memory via win32
 o/$(MODE)/libc/calls/ntspawn.o				\
diff --git a/libc/calls/fdatasync-nt.c b/libc/calls/fdatasync-nt.c
index 962d83d83..fa3c8ba04 100644
--- a/libc/calls/fdatasync-nt.c
+++ b/libc/calls/fdatasync-nt.c
@@ -17,12 +17,15 @@
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #include "libc/calls/internal.h"
+#include "libc/nt/enum/filetype.h"
 #include "libc/nt/files.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/errfuns.h"
 
-textwindows int sys_fdatasync_nt(int fd) {
-  // TODO(jart): what should we do with worker pipes?
-  if (!__isfdkind(fd, kFdFile)) return ebadf();
+textwindows int sys_fdatasync_nt(int fd, bool fake) {
+  if (!__isfdopen(fd)) return ebadf();
+  if (!__isfdkind(fd, kFdFile)) return einval();
+  if (GetFileType(g_fds.p[fd].handle) != kNtFileTypeDisk) return einval();
   if (_check_interrupts(0)) return -1;
+  if (fake) return 0;
   return FlushFileBuffers(g_fds.p[fd].handle) ? 0 : -1;
 }
diff --git a/libc/calls/fdatasync.c b/libc/calls/fdatasync.c
index 68822f83a..633c7f780 100644
--- a/libc/calls/fdatasync.c
+++ b/libc/calls/fdatasync.c
@@ -18,39 +18,46 @@
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #include "libc/calls/calls.h"
 #include "libc/calls/cp.internal.h"
-#include "libc/calls/struct/stat.h"
+#include "libc/calls/internal.h"
 #include "libc/calls/syscall-nt.internal.h"
 #include "libc/calls/syscall-sysv.internal.h"
 #include "libc/dce.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/strace.internal.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
+#include "libc/sysv/errfuns.h"
 
 /**
  * Blocks until kernel flushes non-metadata buffers for fd to disk.
  *
  * @return 0 on success, or -1 w/ errno
+ * @raise ECANCELED if thread was cancelled in masked mode
+ * @raise EROFS if `fd` is on a read-only filesystem e.g. /zip
+ * @raise EINVAL if `fd` is a special file w/o synchronization
+ * @raise ENOSPC if disk space was exhausted
+ * @raise EBADF if `fd` isn't an open file
+ * @raise EINTR if signal was delivered
+ * @raise EIO if an i/o error happened
  * @see sync(), fsync(), sync_file_range()
  * @see __nosync to secretly disable
- * @raise ECANCELED if thread was cancelled in masked mode
- * @raise EINTR if signal was delivered
  * @cancellationpoint
  * @asyncsignalsafe
  */
 int fdatasync(int fd) {
   int rc;
-  struct stat st;
-  if (__nosync != 0x5453455454534146) {
-    BEGIN_CANCELLATION_POINT;
-    if (!IsWindows()) {
+  bool fake = __nosync == 0x5453455454534146;
+  BEGIN_CANCELLATION_POINT;
+  if (__isfdkind(fd, kFdZip)) {
+    rc = erofs();
+  } else if (!IsWindows()) {
+    if (!fake) {
       rc = sys_fdatasync(fd);
     } else {
-      rc = sys_fdatasync_nt(fd);
+      rc = sys_fsync_fake(fd);
     }
-    END_CANCELLATION_POINT;
-    STRACE("fdatasync(%d) → %d% m", fd, rc);
   } else {
-    rc = fstat(fd, &st);
-    STRACE("fdatasync_fake(%d) → %d% m", fd, rc);
+    rc = sys_fdatasync_nt(fd, fake);
   }
+  END_CANCELLATION_POINT;
+  STRACE("fdatasync%s(%d) → %d% m", fake ? "_fake" : "", fd, rc);
   return rc;
 }
diff --git a/libc/calls/fsync-fake.c b/libc/calls/fsync-fake.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..301269827
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libc/calls/fsync-fake.c
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+/*-*- mode:c;indent-tabs-mode:nil;c-basic-offset:2;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8 -*-│
+│vi: set net ft=c ts=2 sts=2 sw=2 fenc=utf-8                                :vi│
+╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡
+│ Copyright 2023 Justine Alexandra Roberts Tunney                              │
+│                                                                              │
+│ Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for         │
+│ any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the         │
+│ above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.      │
+│                                                                              │
+│ THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL                │
+│ WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED                │
+│ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE             │
+│ AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL         │
+│ DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR        │
+│ PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER               │
+│ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
+│ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
+╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
+#include "libc/calls/calls.h"
+#include "libc/calls/struct/stat.h"
+#include "libc/calls/struct/stat.internal.h"
+#include "libc/sysv/consts/s.h"
+#include "libc/sysv/errfuns.h"
+
+int sys_fsync_fake(int fd) {
+  int rc;
+  struct stat st;
+  if (!(rc = sys_fstat(fd, &st))) {
+    if (S_ISSOCK(st.st_mode) ||  //
+        S_ISFIFO(st.st_mode) ||  //
+        S_ISLNK(st.st_mode)) {
+      rc = einval();
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
diff --git a/libc/calls/fsync.c b/libc/calls/fsync.c
index 9ff7df131..07554a3be 100644
--- a/libc/calls/fsync.c
+++ b/libc/calls/fsync.c
@@ -18,19 +18,25 @@
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #include "libc/calls/calls.h"
 #include "libc/calls/cp.internal.h"
-#include "libc/calls/struct/stat.h"
+#include "libc/calls/internal.h"
 #include "libc/calls/syscall-nt.internal.h"
 #include "libc/calls/syscall-sysv.internal.h"
 #include "libc/dce.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/strace.internal.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
+#include "libc/sysv/errfuns.h"
 
 /**
  * Blocks until kernel flushes buffers for fd to disk.
  *
  * @return 0 on success, or -1 w/ errno
  * @raise ECANCELED if thread was cancelled in masked mode
+ * @raise EROFS if `fd` is on a read-only filesystem e.g. /zip
+ * @raise EINVAL if `fd` is a special file w/o synchronization
+ * @raise ENOSPC if disk space was exhausted
+ * @raise EBADF if `fd` isn't an open file
  * @raise EINTR if signal was delivered
+ * @raise EIO if an i/o error happened
  * @see fdatasync(), sync_file_range()
  * @see __nosync to secretly disable
  * @cancellationpoint
@@ -38,19 +44,20 @@
  */
 int fsync(int fd) {
   int rc;
-  struct stat st;
-  if (__nosync != 0x5453455454534146) {
-    BEGIN_CANCELLATION_POINT;
-    if (!IsWindows()) {
+  bool fake = __nosync == 0x5453455454534146;
+  BEGIN_CANCELLATION_POINT;
+  if (__isfdkind(fd, kFdZip)) {
+    rc = erofs();
+  } else if (!IsWindows()) {
+    if (!fake) {
       rc = sys_fsync(fd);
     } else {
-      rc = sys_fdatasync_nt(fd);
+      rc = sys_fsync_fake(fd);
     }
-    END_CANCELLATION_POINT;
-    STRACE("fsync(%d) → %d% m", fd, rc);
   } else {
-    rc = fstat(fd, &st);
-    STRACE("fsync_fake(%d) → %d% m", fd, rc);
+    rc = sys_fdatasync_nt(fd, fake);
   }
+  END_CANCELLATION_POINT;
+  STRACE("fsync%s(%d) → %d% m", fake ? "_fake" : "", fd, rc);
   return rc;
 }
diff --git a/libc/calls/open-nt.c b/libc/calls/open-nt.c
index 119f1f6fc..df5314a4a 100644
--- a/libc/calls/open-nt.c
+++ b/libc/calls/open-nt.c
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 #include "libc/calls/syscall_support-nt.internal.h"
 #include "libc/errno.h"
 #include "libc/macros.internal.h"
+#include "libc/nt/console.h"
 #include "libc/nt/createfile.h"
 #include "libc/nt/enum/accessmask.h"
 #include "libc/nt/enum/creationdisposition.h"
@@ -144,14 +145,20 @@ static textwindows int sys_open_nt_console(int dirfd,
                                            const struct NtMagicPaths *mp,
                                            uint32_t flags, int32_t mode,
                                            size_t fd) {
-  if (GetFileType(g_fds.p[STDIN_FILENO].handle) == kNtFileTypeChar &&
-      GetFileType(g_fds.p[STDOUT_FILENO].handle) == kNtFileTypeChar) {
+  uint32_t cm;
+  int input, output;
+  if ((__isfdopen((input = STDIN_FILENO)) &&
+       GetConsoleMode(g_fds.p[input].handle, &cm)) &&
+      ((__isfdopen((output = STDOUT_FILENO)) &&
+        GetConsoleMode(g_fds.p[output].handle, &cm)) ||
+       (__isfdopen((output = STDERR_FILENO)) &&
+        GetConsoleMode(g_fds.p[output].handle, &cm)))) {
     // this is an ugly hack that works for observed usage patterns
-    g_fds.p[fd].handle = g_fds.p[STDIN_FILENO].handle;
-    g_fds.p[fd].extra = g_fds.p[STDOUT_FILENO].handle;
-    g_fds.p[STDOUT_FILENO].dontclose = true;
-    g_fds.p[STDIN_FILENO].dontclose = true;
+    g_fds.p[fd].handle = g_fds.p[input].handle;
+    g_fds.p[fd].extra = g_fds.p[output].handle;
     g_fds.p[fd].dontclose = true;
+    g_fds.p[input].dontclose = true;
+    g_fds.p[output].dontclose = true;
   } else if ((g_fds.p[fd].handle = sys_open_nt_impl(
                   dirfd, mp->conin, (flags & ~O_ACCMODE) | O_RDONLY, mode,
                   kNtFileFlagOverlapped)) != -1) {
@@ -187,7 +194,7 @@ textwindows int sys_open_nt(int dirfd, const char *file, uint32_t flags,
   ssize_t rc;
   __fds_lock();
   if ((rc = fd = __reservefd_unlocked(-1)) != -1) {
-    if ((flags & O_ACCMODE) == O_RDWR && !strcmp(file, kNtMagicPaths.devtty)) {
+    if (!strcmp(file, kNtMagicPaths.devtty)) {
       rc = sys_open_nt_console(dirfd, &kNtMagicPaths, flags, mode, fd);
     } else {
       rc = sys_open_nt_file(dirfd, file, flags, mode, fd);
diff --git a/libc/calls/pread.c b/libc/calls/pread.c
index 7a124eb94..c72c222ea 100644
--- a/libc/calls/pread.c
+++ b/libc/calls/pread.c
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ ssize_t pread(int fd, void *buf, size_t size, int64_t offset) {
   } else if (__isfdkind(fd, kFdSocket)) {
     rc = espipe();
   } else if (__isfdkind(fd, kFdFile)) {
-    rc = sys_read_nt(&g_fds.p[fd], (struct iovec[]){{buf, size}}, 1, offset);
+    rc = sys_read_nt(fd, (struct iovec[]){{buf, size}}, 1, offset);
   } else {
     rc = ebadf();
   }
diff --git a/libc/calls/preadv.c b/libc/calls/preadv.c
index ab64f22dc..4ceecd915 100644
--- a/libc/calls/preadv.c
+++ b/libc/calls/preadv.c
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ static ssize_t Preadv(int fd, struct iovec *iov, int iovlen, int64_t off) {
       if (g_fds.p[fd].kind == kFdSocket) {
         return espipe();
       } else {
-        return sys_read_nt(g_fds.p + fd, iov, iovlen, off);
+        return sys_read_nt(fd, iov, iovlen, off);
       }
     } else {
       return ebadf();
diff --git a/libc/calls/read-nt.c b/libc/calls/read-nt.c
index c34cc15ad..8d57784e8 100644
--- a/libc/calls/read-nt.c
+++ b/libc/calls/read-nt.c
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@
 #include "libc/nt/struct/overlapped.h"
 #include "libc/nt/synchronization.h"
 #include "libc/nt/thread.h"
+#include "libc/nt/thunk/msabi.h"
 #include "libc/str/str.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/o.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/sicode.h"
@@ -48,19 +49,24 @@
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/termios.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/errfuns.h"
 
+__static_yoink("WinMainStdin");
+
 #ifdef __x86_64__
 
+__msabi extern typeof(CloseHandle) *const __imp_CloseHandle;
+
 static textwindows void sys_read_nt_abort(int64_t handle,
                                           struct NtOverlapped *overlapped) {
   unassert(CancelIoEx(handle, overlapped) ||
            GetLastError() == kNtErrorNotFound);
 }
 
-static textwindows ssize_t sys_read_nt_impl(struct Fd *fd, void *data,
-                                            size_t size, int64_t offset) {
+textwindows ssize_t sys_read_nt_impl(int fd, void *data, size_t size,
+                                     int64_t offset) {
 
   // perform the read i/o operation
   bool32 ok;
+  struct Fd *f;
   uint32_t got;
   int filetype;
   int64_t handle;
@@ -69,27 +75,28 @@ static textwindows ssize_t sys_read_nt_impl(struct Fd *fd, void *data,
   uint32_t targetsize;
   bool is_console_input;
   int abort_errno = EAGAIN;
+  f = g_fds.p + fd;
 StartOver:
   size = MIN(size, 0x7ffff000);
-  handle = __resolve_stdin_handle(fd->handle);
+  handle = __resolve_stdin_handle(f->handle);
   filetype = GetFileType(handle);
-  is_console_input = g_fds.stdin.handle ? fd->handle == g_fds.stdin.handle
-                                        : fd->handle == g_fds.p[0].handle;
+  is_console_input = g_fds.stdin.handle ? f->handle == g_fds.stdin.handle
+                                        : f->handle == g_fds.p[0].handle;
 
   // the caller might be reading a single byte at a time. but we need to
   // be able to munge three bytes into just 1 e.g. "\342\220\200" → "\0"
-  if (size && fd->buflen) {
+  if (size && f->buflen) {
   ReturnDataFromBuffer:
-    got = MIN(size, fd->buflen);
-    remain = fd->buflen - got;
-    if (got) memcpy(data, fd->buf, got);
-    if (remain) memmove(fd->buf, fd->buf + got, remain);
-    fd->buflen = remain;
+    got = MIN(size, f->buflen);
+    remain = f->buflen - got;
+    if (got) memcpy(data, f->buf, got);
+    if (remain) memmove(f->buf, f->buf + got, remain);
+    f->buflen = remain;
     return got;
   }
   if (is_console_input && size && size < 3 && (__ttymagic & kFdTtyMunging)) {
-    targetdata = fd->buf;
-    targetsize = sizeof(fd->buf);
+    targetdata = f->buf;
+    targetsize = sizeof(f->buf);
   } else {
     targetdata = data;
     targetsize = size;
@@ -106,12 +113,11 @@ StartOver:
       // since for overlapped i/o, we always use GetOverlappedResult
       ok = ReadFile(handle, targetdata, targetsize, 0, &overlap);
       if (!ok && GetLastError() == kNtErrorIoPending) {
-      TryAgain:
         // the i/o operation is in flight; blocking is unavoidable
         // if we're in a non-blocking mode, then immediately abort
         // if an interrupt is pending then we abort before waiting
         // otherwise wait for i/o periodically checking interrupts
-        if (fd->flags & O_NONBLOCK) {
+        if (f->flags & O_NONBLOCK) {
           sys_read_nt_abort(handle, &overlap);
         } else if (_check_interrupts(kSigOpRestartable)) {
         Interrupted:
@@ -120,6 +126,9 @@ StartOver:
         } else {
           for (;;) {
             uint32_t i;
+            if (g_fds.stdin.inisem) {
+              ReleaseSemaphore(g_fds.stdin.inisem, 1, 0);
+            }
             i = WaitForSingleObject(overlap.hEvent, __SIG_POLLING_INTERVAL_MS);
             if (i == kNtWaitTimeout) {
               if (_check_interrupts(kSigOpRestartable)) {
@@ -138,10 +147,11 @@ StartOver:
         // for windows to acknowledge that it's done using that memory
         ok = GetOverlappedResult(handle, &overlap, &got, true);
         if (!ok && GetLastError() == kNtErrorIoIncomplete) {
-          goto TryAgain;
+          kprintf("you complete me\n");
+          ok = true;
         }
       }
-      CloseHandle(overlap.hEvent);
+      __imp_CloseHandle(overlap.hEvent);
     } else {
       ok = false;
     }
@@ -153,7 +163,7 @@ StartOver:
     int64_t position;
     // save file pointer which windows clobbers, even for overlapped i/o
     if (!SetFilePointerEx(handle, 0, &position, SEEK_CUR)) {
-      return __winerr();  // fd probably isn't seekable?
+      return __winerr();  // f probably isn't seekable?
     }
     struct NtOverlapped overlap = {0};
     overlap.Pointer = (void *)(uintptr_t)offset;
@@ -179,11 +189,11 @@ StartOver:
         }
       }
       if (__ttymagic & kFdTtyEchoing) {
-        _weaken(__echo_terminal_input)(fd, targetdata, got);
+        _weaken(__echo_terminal_input)(f, targetdata, got);
       }
     }
     if (targetdata != data) {
-      fd->buflen = got;
+      f->buflen = got;
       goto ReturnDataFromBuffer;
     }
     return got;
@@ -204,8 +214,8 @@ StartOver:
   }
 }
 
-textwindows ssize_t sys_read_nt(struct Fd *fd, const struct iovec *iov,
-                                size_t iovlen, int64_t opt_offset) {
+textwindows ssize_t sys_read_nt(int fd, const struct iovec *iov, size_t iovlen,
+                                int64_t opt_offset) {
   ssize_t rc;
   size_t i, total;
   if (opt_offset < -1) return einval();
diff --git a/libc/calls/read.c b/libc/calls/read.c
index e165256eb..441e6ded9 100644
--- a/libc/calls/read.c
+++ b/libc/calls/read.c
@@ -80,9 +80,9 @@ ssize_t read(int fd, void *buf, size_t size) {
   } else if (fd >= g_fds.n) {
     rc = ebadf();
   } else if (IsMetal()) {
-    rc = sys_readv_metal(g_fds.p + fd, &(struct iovec){buf, size}, 1);
+    rc = sys_readv_metal(fd, &(struct iovec){buf, size}, 1);
   } else if (IsWindows()) {
-    rc = sys_readv_nt(g_fds.p + fd, &(struct iovec){buf, size}, 1);
+    rc = sys_readv_nt(fd, &(struct iovec){buf, size}, 1);
   } else {
     rc = enosys();
   }
diff --git a/libc/calls/readv-metal.c b/libc/calls/readv-metal.c
index 46a6817e0..c4ffc3416 100644
--- a/libc/calls/readv-metal.c
+++ b/libc/calls/readv-metal.c
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 │ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
+#include "libc/calls/internal.h"
 #include "libc/calls/metalfile.internal.h"
 #include "libc/calls/struct/fd.internal.h"
 #include "libc/calls/struct/iovec.h"
@@ -28,11 +29,11 @@
 
 #ifdef __x86_64__
 
-ssize_t sys_readv_metal(struct Fd *fd, const struct iovec *iov, int iovlen) {
+ssize_t sys_readv_metal(int fd, const struct iovec *iov, int iovlen) {
   int i;
   size_t got, toto;
   struct MetalFile *file;
-  switch (fd->kind) {
+  switch (g_fds.p[fd].kind) {
     case kFdConsole:
       /*
        * The VGA teletypewriter code may wish to send out "status report"
@@ -40,14 +41,14 @@ ssize_t sys_readv_metal(struct Fd *fd, const struct iovec *iov, int iovlen) {
        * Read & return these if they are available.
        */
       if (_weaken(sys_readv_vga)) {
-        ssize_t res = _weaken(sys_readv_vga)(fd, iov, iovlen);
+        ssize_t res = _weaken(sys_readv_vga)(g_fds.p + fd, iov, iovlen);
         if (res > 0) return res;
       }
       /* fall through */
     case kFdSerial:
       return sys_readv_serial(fd, iov, iovlen);
     case kFdFile:
-      file = (struct MetalFile *)fd->handle;
+      file = (struct MetalFile *)g_fds.p[fd].handle;
       for (toto = i = 0; i < iovlen && file->pos < file->size; ++i) {
         got = MIN(iov[i].iov_len, file->size - file->pos);
         if (got) memcpy(iov[i].iov_base, file->base, got);
diff --git a/libc/calls/readv-nt.c b/libc/calls/readv-nt.c
index c15301039..cc8cff12b 100644
--- a/libc/calls/readv-nt.c
+++ b/libc/calls/readv-nt.c
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 │ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
+#include "libc/calls/internal.h"
 #include "libc/calls/struct/iovec.internal.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/weaken.h"
 #include "libc/sock/internal.h"
@@ -24,9 +25,8 @@
 
 #ifdef __x86_64__
 
-textwindows ssize_t sys_readv_nt(struct Fd *fd, const struct iovec *iov,
-                                 int iovlen) {
-  switch (fd->kind) {
+textwindows ssize_t sys_readv_nt(int fd, const struct iovec *iov, int iovlen) {
+  switch (g_fds.p[fd].kind) {
     case kFdFile:
     case kFdConsole:
       return sys_read_nt(fd, iov, iovlen, -1);
diff --git a/libc/calls/readv-serial.c b/libc/calls/readv-serial.c
index b1f91ca78..d2bf92d57 100644
--- a/libc/calls/readv-serial.c
+++ b/libc/calls/readv-serial.c
@@ -16,14 +16,15 @@
 │ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
+#include "libc/calls/internal.h"
 #include "libc/calls/struct/fd.internal.h"
 #include "libc/calls/struct/iovec.internal.h"
 #include "libc/nexgen32e/uart.internal.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/pc.internal.h"
 #ifdef __x86_64__
 
-static bool IsDataAvailable(struct Fd *fd) {
-  return inb(fd->handle + UART_LSR) & UART_TTYDA;
+static bool IsDataAvailable(int fd) {
+  return inb(g_fds.p[fd].handle + UART_LSR) & UART_TTYDA;
 }
 
 static int GetFirstIov(const struct iovec *iov, int iovlen) {
@@ -36,13 +37,13 @@ static int GetFirstIov(const struct iovec *iov, int iovlen) {
   return -1;
 }
 
-ssize_t sys_readv_serial(struct Fd *fd, const struct iovec *iov, int iovlen) {
+ssize_t sys_readv_serial(int fd, const struct iovec *iov, int iovlen) {
   size_t i;
   if ((i = GetFirstIov(iov, iovlen)) != -1) {
     while (!IsDataAvailable(fd)) {
       __builtin_ia32_pause();
     }
-    ((char *)iov[i].iov_base)[0] = inb(fd->handle);
+    ((char *)iov[i].iov_base)[0] = inb(g_fds.p[fd].handle);
     return 1;
   } else {
     return 0;
diff --git a/libc/calls/readv.c b/libc/calls/readv.c
index 67a9f0fb1..448b38bff 100644
--- a/libc/calls/readv.c
+++ b/libc/calls/readv.c
@@ -68,9 +68,9 @@ ssize_t readv(int fd, const struct iovec *iov, int iovlen) {
   } else if (fd >= g_fds.n) {
     rc = ebadf();
   } else if (IsMetal()) {
-    rc = sys_readv_metal(g_fds.p + fd, iov, iovlen);
+    rc = sys_readv_metal(fd, iov, iovlen);
   } else if (IsWindows()) {
-    rc = sys_readv_nt(g_fds.p + fd, iov, iovlen);
+    rc = sys_readv_nt(fd, iov, iovlen);
   } else {
     rc = enosys();
   }
diff --git a/libc/calls/struct/iovec.internal.h b/libc/calls/struct/iovec.internal.h
index e2b65790a..c39a3f56e 100644
--- a/libc/calls/struct/iovec.internal.h
+++ b/libc/calls/struct/iovec.internal.h
@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ int64_t sys_pwritev(int, const struct iovec *, int, int64_t, int64_t);
 int64_t sys_readv(int32_t, const struct iovec *, int32_t);
 int64_t sys_vmsplice(int, const struct iovec *, int64_t, uint32_t);
 int64_t sys_writev(int32_t, const struct iovec *, int32_t);
-ssize_t sys_read_nt(struct Fd *, const struct iovec *, size_t, int64_t);
-ssize_t sys_readv_metal(struct Fd *, const struct iovec *, int);
-ssize_t sys_readv_nt(struct Fd *, const struct iovec *, int);
-ssize_t sys_readv_serial(struct Fd *, const struct iovec *, int);
+ssize_t sys_read_nt(int, const struct iovec *, size_t, int64_t);
+ssize_t sys_readv_metal(int, const struct iovec *, int);
+ssize_t sys_readv_nt(int, const struct iovec *, int);
+ssize_t sys_readv_serial(int, const struct iovec *, int);
 ssize_t sys_write_nt(int, const struct iovec *, size_t, ssize_t);
 ssize_t sys_writev_metal(struct Fd *, const struct iovec *, int);
 ssize_t sys_writev_nt(int, const struct iovec *, int);
diff --git a/libc/calls/struct/timeval.h b/libc/calls/struct/timeval.h
index 4adaa8207..0073e6002 100644
--- a/libc/calls/struct/timeval.h
+++ b/libc/calls/struct/timeval.h
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ struct timeval timeval_sub(struct timeval, struct timeval) pureconst;
 struct timeval timeval_subz(struct timeval, struct timeval) pureconst;
 int64_t timeval_toseconds(struct timeval);
 int64_t timeval_tomicros(struct timeval);
+int64_t timeval_tomillis(struct timeval);
 struct timeval timespec_totimeval(struct timespec) pureconst;
 static inline struct timeval timeval_fromseconds(int64_t __x) {
   return (struct timeval){__x};
diff --git a/libc/calls/syscall-nt.internal.h b/libc/calls/syscall-nt.internal.h
index 01c4aefff..f4a8071a9 100644
--- a/libc/calls/syscall-nt.internal.h
+++ b/libc/calls/syscall-nt.internal.h
@@ -14,9 +14,10 @@ int sys_fadvise_nt(int, uint64_t, uint64_t, int);
 int sys_fchdir_nt(int);
 int sys_fchmodat_nt(int, const char *, uint32_t, int);
 int sys_fcntl_nt(int, int, uintptr_t);
-int sys_fdatasync_nt(int);
+int sys_fdatasync_nt(int, bool);
 int sys_flock_nt(int, int);
 int sys_fork_nt(uint32_t);
+int sys_fsync_fake(int);
 int sys_ftruncate_nt(int64_t, uint64_t);
 int sys_getloadavg_nt(double *, int);
 int sys_getppid_nt(void);
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@ int sys_sync_nt(void);
 int sys_truncate_nt(const char *, uint64_t);
 int sys_unlinkat_nt(int, const char *, int);
 int64_t sys_lseek_nt(int, int64_t, int);
+ssize_t sys_read_nt_impl(int, void *, size_t, int64_t);
 ssize_t sys_readlinkat_nt(int, const char *, char *, size_t);
 
 COSMOPOLITAN_C_END_
diff --git a/libc/calls/tcflush.c b/libc/calls/tcflush.c
index df32ce08c..2cea37d70 100644
--- a/libc/calls/tcflush.c
+++ b/libc/calls/tcflush.c
@@ -23,10 +23,14 @@
 #include "libc/calls/syscall_support-nt.internal.h"
 #include "libc/calls/termios.h"
 #include "libc/dce.h"
+#include "libc/errno.h"
 #include "libc/fmt/itoa.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/strace.internal.h"
 #include "libc/mem/alloca.h"
 #include "libc/nt/comms.h"
+#include "libc/nt/console.h"
+#include "libc/sysv/consts/fileno.h"
+#include "libc/sysv/consts/o.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/termios.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/errfuns.h"
 
@@ -45,18 +49,48 @@ static const char *DescribeFlush(char buf[12], int action) {
 }
 
 static dontinline textwindows int sys_tcflush_nt(int fd, int queue) {
-  bool32 ok;
-  int64_t h;
-  if (!__isfdopen(fd)) return ebadf();
-  ok = true;
-  h = g_fds.p[fd].handle;
-  if (queue == TCIFLUSH || queue == TCIOFLUSH) {
-    ok &= !!PurgeComm(h, kNtPurgeRxclear);
+  if (!__isfdopen(fd)) {
+    return ebadf();
   }
-  if (queue == TCOFLUSH || queue == TCIOFLUSH) {
-    ok &= !!PurgeComm(h, kNtPurgeTxclear);
+  int64_t hConin;
+  if (__isfdkind(fd, kFdConsole)) {
+    hConin = g_fds.p[fd].handle;
+  } else if (fd == 0 || fd == 1 || fd == 2) {
+    hConin = g_fds.p[(fd = 0)].handle;
+  } else {
+    return enotty();
   }
-  return ok ? 0 : __winerr();
+  uint32_t inmode;
+  if (!GetConsoleMode(hConin, &inmode)) {
+    return enotty();
+  }
+  if (queue == TCOFLUSH) {
+    return 0;  // windows console output is never buffered
+  }
+  FlushConsoleInputBuffer(hConin);
+  int rc = 0;
+  int e = errno;
+  int oldflags = g_fds.p[fd].flags;
+  g_fds.p[fd].flags |= O_NONBLOCK;
+  for (;;) {
+    char buf[512];
+    ssize_t got = sys_read_nt_impl(fd, buf, 512, -1);
+    if (!got) {
+      break;
+    } else if (got == -1) {
+      if (errno == EAGAIN) {
+        errno = e;
+      } else if (errno == EINTR) {
+        errno = e;
+        continue;
+      } else {
+        rc = -1;
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  g_fds.p[fd].flags = oldflags;
+  return rc;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -77,7 +111,9 @@ static dontinline textwindows int sys_tcflush_nt(int fd, int queue) {
  */
 int tcflush(int fd, int queue) {
   int rc;
-  if (fd < g_fds.n && g_fds.p[fd].kind == kFdZip) {
+  if (queue != TCIFLUSH && queue != TCOFLUSH && queue != TCIOFLUSH) {
+    rc = einval();
+  } else if (fd < g_fds.n && g_fds.p[fd].kind == kFdZip) {
     rc = enotty();
   } else if (IsLinux()) {
     rc = sys_ioctl(fd, TCFLSH, queue);
diff --git a/libc/calls/tcgetattr-nt.c b/libc/calls/tcgetattr-nt.c
index 5607d4e15..966277efa 100644
--- a/libc/calls/tcgetattr-nt.c
+++ b/libc/calls/tcgetattr-nt.c
@@ -22,79 +22,87 @@
 #include "libc/calls/struct/termios.h"
 #include "libc/calls/ttydefaults.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/nomultics.internal.h"
+#include "libc/macros.internal.h"
 #include "libc/nt/console.h"
 #include "libc/nt/enum/consolemodeflags.h"
 #include "libc/nt/struct/consolescreenbufferinfoex.h"
 #include "libc/str/str.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/baud.internal.h"
+#include "libc/sysv/consts/fileno.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/o.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/termios.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/errfuns.h"
 
-textwindows int tcgetattr_nt(int ignored, struct termios *tio) {
-  int64_t in, out;
-  bool32 inok, outok;
-  uint32_t inmode = 0, outmode = 0;
-  inok = GetConsoleMode((in = __getfdhandleactual(0)), &inmode);
-  outok = GetConsoleMode((out = __getfdhandleactual(1)), &outmode);
-  if (inok | outok) {
-    bzero(tio, sizeof(*tio));
+textwindows int tcgetattr_nt(int fd, struct termios *tio) {
+  int64_t hInput, hOutput;
+  uint32_t inmode, outmode;
 
-    tio->c_cc[VMIN] = 1;
-    tio->c_cc[VINTR] = __vintr;
-    tio->c_cc[VQUIT] = __vquit;
-    tio->c_cc[VERASE] = CTRL('?');
-    tio->c_cc[VWERASE] = CTRL('W');
-    tio->c_cc[VKILL] = CTRL('U');
-    tio->c_cc[VEOF] = CTRL('D');
-    tio->c_cc[VMIN] = CTRL('A');
-    tio->c_cc[VSTART] = _POSIX_VDISABLE;
-    tio->c_cc[VSTOP] = _POSIX_VDISABLE;
-    tio->c_cc[VSUSP] = _POSIX_VDISABLE;
-    tio->c_cc[VREPRINT] = CTRL('R');
-    tio->c_cc[VDISCARD] = CTRL('O');
-    tio->c_cc[VLNEXT] = CTRL('V');
-
-    tio->c_iflag = IUTF8;
-    tio->c_lflag = ECHOE;
-    tio->c_cflag = CS8 | CREAD;
-    tio->_c_ispeed = B38400;
-    tio->_c_ospeed = B38400;
-
-    if (inok) {
-      if (inmode & kNtEnableLineInput) {
-        tio->c_lflag |= ICANON;
-      }
-      // kNtEnableEchoInput only works with kNtEnableLineInput enabled.
-      if ((inmode & kNtEnableEchoInput) || (__ttymagic & kFdTtyEchoing)) {
-        tio->c_lflag |= ECHO;
-      }
-      // The Windows console itself always echos control codes as ASCII.
-      if ((inmode & kNtEnableEchoInput) || !(__ttymagic & kFdTtyEchoRaw)) {
-        tio->c_lflag |= ECHOCTL;
-      }
-      if (!(__ttymagic & kFdTtyNoCr2Nl)) {
-        tio->c_iflag |= ICRNL;
-      }
-      if (!(__ttymagic & kFdTtyNoIsigs)) {
-        tio->c_lflag |= ISIG;
-      }
-      if ((inmode & kNtEnableProcessedInput) || (__ttymagic & kFdTtyMunging)) {
-        tio->c_lflag |= IEXTEN;
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (outok) {
-      if (outmode & kNtEnableProcessedOutput) {
-        tio->c_oflag |= OPOST;
-      }
-      if (!(outmode & kNtDisableNewlineAutoReturn)) {
-        tio->c_oflag |= OPOST | ONLCR;
-      }
-    }
-
-    return 0;
+  if (__isfdkind(fd, kFdConsole)) {
+    hInput = g_fds.p[fd].handle;
+    hOutput = g_fds.p[fd].extra;
+  } else if (fd == STDIN_FILENO ||   //
+             fd == STDOUT_FILENO ||  //
+             fd == STDERR_FILENO) {
+    hInput = g_fds.p[STDIN_FILENO].handle;
+    hOutput = g_fds.p[MAX(STDOUT_FILENO, fd)].handle;
   } else {
     return enotty();
   }
+
+  if (!GetConsoleMode(hInput, &inmode) || !GetConsoleMode(hOutput, &outmode)) {
+    return enotty();
+  }
+
+  bzero(tio, sizeof(*tio));
+
+  tio->c_cc[VMIN] = 1;
+  tio->c_cc[VINTR] = __vintr;
+  tio->c_cc[VQUIT] = __vquit;
+  tio->c_cc[VERASE] = CTRL('?');
+  tio->c_cc[VWERASE] = CTRL('W');
+  tio->c_cc[VKILL] = CTRL('U');
+  tio->c_cc[VEOF] = CTRL('D');
+  tio->c_cc[VMIN] = CTRL('A');
+  tio->c_cc[VSTART] = _POSIX_VDISABLE;
+  tio->c_cc[VSTOP] = _POSIX_VDISABLE;
+  tio->c_cc[VSUSP] = _POSIX_VDISABLE;
+  tio->c_cc[VREPRINT] = CTRL('R');
+  tio->c_cc[VDISCARD] = CTRL('O');
+  tio->c_cc[VLNEXT] = CTRL('V');
+
+  tio->c_iflag = IUTF8;
+  tio->c_lflag = ECHOE;
+  tio->c_cflag = CS8 | CREAD;
+  tio->_c_ispeed = B38400;
+  tio->_c_ospeed = B38400;
+
+  if (inmode & kNtEnableLineInput) {
+    tio->c_lflag |= ICANON;
+  }
+  // kNtEnableEchoInput only works with kNtEnableLineInput enabled.
+  if ((inmode & kNtEnableEchoInput) || (__ttymagic & kFdTtyEchoing)) {
+    tio->c_lflag |= ECHO;
+  }
+  // The Windows console itself always echos control codes as ASCII.
+  if ((inmode & kNtEnableEchoInput) || !(__ttymagic & kFdTtyEchoRaw)) {
+    tio->c_lflag |= ECHOCTL;
+  }
+  if (!(__ttymagic & kFdTtyNoCr2Nl)) {
+    tio->c_iflag |= ICRNL;
+  }
+  if (!(__ttymagic & kFdTtyNoIsigs)) {
+    tio->c_lflag |= ISIG;
+  }
+  if ((inmode & kNtEnableProcessedInput) || (__ttymagic & kFdTtyMunging)) {
+    tio->c_lflag |= IEXTEN;
+  }
+
+  if (outmode & kNtEnableProcessedOutput) {
+    tio->c_oflag |= OPOST;
+  }
+  if (!(outmode & kNtDisableNewlineAutoReturn)) {
+    tio->c_oflag |= OPOST | ONLCR;
+  }
+
+  return 0;
 }
diff --git a/libc/calls/tcsetattr-nt.c b/libc/calls/tcsetattr-nt.c
index ddebd6d04..8d7acb02c 100644
--- a/libc/calls/tcsetattr-nt.c
+++ b/libc/calls/tcsetattr-nt.c
@@ -19,12 +19,15 @@
 #include "libc/calls/internal.h"
 #include "libc/calls/sig.internal.h"
 #include "libc/calls/struct/metatermios.internal.h"
+#include "libc/calls/syscall-nt.internal.h"
+#include "libc/calls/termios.h"
 #include "libc/calls/termios.internal.h"
 #include "libc/calls/ttydefaults.h"
 #include "libc/dce.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/describeflags.internal.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/nomultics.internal.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/strace.internal.h"
+#include "libc/macros.internal.h"
 #include "libc/nt/console.h"
 #include "libc/nt/enum/consolemodeflags.h"
 #include "libc/nt/enum/version.h"
@@ -32,6 +35,7 @@
 #include "libc/nt/version.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
 #include "libc/str/str.h"
+#include "libc/sysv/consts/fileno.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/o.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/sicode.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/sig.h"
@@ -166,94 +170,92 @@ textwindows int tcsetattr_nt(int fd, int opt, const struct termios *tio) {
   bool32 ok;
   int64_t hInput, hOutput;
   uint32_t inmode, outmode;
+
   if (__isfdkind(fd, kFdConsole)) {
-    // program manually opened /dev/tty in O_RDWR mode for cmd.exe
     hInput = g_fds.p[fd].handle;
     hOutput = g_fds.p[fd].extra;
-  } else if (fd == 0 || fd == 1) {
-    // otherwise just assume cmd.exe console stdio
-    // there's no serial port support yet
-    hInput = g_fds.p[0].handle;
-    hOutput = g_fds.p[1].handle;
-    fd = 0;
+  } else if (fd == STDIN_FILENO ||   //
+             fd == STDOUT_FILENO ||  //
+             fd == STDERR_FILENO) {
+    hInput = g_fds.p[STDIN_FILENO].handle;
+    hOutput = g_fds.p[MAX(STDOUT_FILENO, fd)].handle;
   } else {
-    STRACE("tcsetattr(fd) must be 0, 1, or open'd /dev/tty");
     return enotty();
   }
-  if (GetConsoleMode(hInput, &inmode) && GetConsoleMode(hOutput, &outmode)) {
 
-    if (opt == TCSAFLUSH) {
-      FlushConsoleInputBuffer(hInput);
-    }
-    inmode &= ~(kNtEnableLineInput | kNtEnableEchoInput |
-                kNtEnableProcessedInput | kNtEnableVirtualTerminalInput);
-    inmode |= kNtEnableWindowInput;
-    __ttymagic = 0;
-    if (tio->c_lflag & ICANON) {
-      inmode |= kNtEnableLineInput | kNtEnableProcessedInput;
-    } else {
-      __ttymagic |= kFdTtyMunging;
-      if (tio->c_cc[VMIN] != 1) {
-        STRACE("tcsetattr c_cc[VMIN] must be 1 on Windows");
-        return einval();
-      }
-      if (IsAtLeastWindows10()) {
-        // - keys like f1, up, etc. get turned into \e ansi codes
-        // - totally destroys default console gui (e.g. up arrow)
-        inmode |= kNtEnableVirtualTerminalInput;
-      }
-    }
-    if (!(tio->c_iflag & ICRNL)) {
-      __ttymagic |= kFdTtyNoCr2Nl;
-    }
-    if (!(tio->c_lflag & ECHOCTL)) {
-      __ttymagic |= kFdTtyEchoRaw;
-    }
-    if (tio->c_lflag & ECHO) {
-      // "kNtEnableEchoInput can be used only if the
-      //  kNtEnableLineInput mode is also enabled." -MSDN
-      if (tio->c_lflag & ICANON) {
-        inmode |= kNtEnableEchoInput;
-      } else {
-        // If ECHO is enabled in raw mode, then read(0) needs to
-        // magically write(1) to simulate echoing. This normally
-        // visualizes control codes, e.g. \r → ^M unless ECHOCTL
-        // hasn't been specified.
-        __ttymagic |= kFdTtyEchoing;
-      }
-    }
-    if (!(tio->c_lflag & ISIG)) {
-      __ttymagic |= kFdTtyNoIsigs;
-    }
-    __vintr = tio->c_cc[VINTR];
-    __vquit = tio->c_cc[VQUIT];
-    if ((tio->c_lflag & ISIG) &&  //
-        tio->c_cc[VINTR] == CTRL('C')) {
-      // allows ctrl-c to be delivered asynchronously via win32
-      inmode |= kNtEnableProcessedInput;
-    }
-    ok = SetConsoleMode(hInput, inmode);
-    (void)ok;
-    NTTRACE("SetConsoleMode(%p, %s) → %hhhd", hInput,
-            DescribeNtConsoleInFlags(inmode), ok);
+  if (!GetConsoleMode(hInput, &inmode) || !GetConsoleMode(hOutput, &outmode)) {
+    return enotty();
+  }
 
-    outmode &= ~kNtDisableNewlineAutoReturn;
-    outmode |= kNtEnableProcessedOutput;
-    if (!(tio->c_oflag & ONLCR)) {
-      outmode |= kNtDisableNewlineAutoReturn;
+  if (opt == TCSAFLUSH) {
+    tcflush(fd, TCIFLUSH);
+  }
+  inmode &= ~(kNtEnableLineInput | kNtEnableEchoInput |
+              kNtEnableProcessedInput | kNtEnableVirtualTerminalInput);
+  inmode |= kNtEnableWindowInput;
+  __ttymagic = 0;
+  if (tio->c_lflag & ICANON) {
+    inmode |= kNtEnableLineInput | kNtEnableProcessedInput;
+  } else {
+    __ttymagic |= kFdTtyMunging;
+    if (tio->c_cc[VMIN] != 1) {
+      STRACE("tcsetattr c_cc[VMIN] must be 1 on Windows");
+      return einval();
     }
     if (IsAtLeastWindows10()) {
-      outmode |= kNtEnableVirtualTerminalProcessing;
+      // - keys like f1, up, etc. get turned into \e ansi codes
+      // - totally destroys default console gui (e.g. up arrow)
+      inmode |= kNtEnableVirtualTerminalInput;
     }
-    ok = SetConsoleMode(hOutput, outmode);
-    (void)ok;
-    NTTRACE("SetConsoleMode(%p, %s) → %hhhd", hOutput,
-            DescribeNtConsoleOutFlags(outmode), ok);
-
-    return 0;
-  } else {
-    return enotty();
   }
+  if (!(tio->c_iflag & ICRNL)) {
+    __ttymagic |= kFdTtyNoCr2Nl;
+  }
+  if (!(tio->c_lflag & ECHOCTL)) {
+    __ttymagic |= kFdTtyEchoRaw;
+  }
+  if (tio->c_lflag & ECHO) {
+    // "kNtEnableEchoInput can be used only if the
+    //  kNtEnableLineInput mode is also enabled." -MSDN
+    if (tio->c_lflag & ICANON) {
+      inmode |= kNtEnableEchoInput;
+    } else {
+      // If ECHO is enabled in raw mode, then read(0) needs to
+      // magically write(1) to simulate echoing. This normally
+      // visualizes control codes, e.g. \r → ^M unless ECHOCTL
+      // hasn't been specified.
+      __ttymagic |= kFdTtyEchoing;
+    }
+  }
+  if (!(tio->c_lflag & ISIG)) {
+    __ttymagic |= kFdTtyNoIsigs;
+  }
+  __vintr = tio->c_cc[VINTR];
+  __vquit = tio->c_cc[VQUIT];
+  if ((tio->c_lflag & ISIG) &&  //
+      tio->c_cc[VINTR] == CTRL('C')) {
+    // allows ctrl-c to be delivered asynchronously via win32
+    inmode |= kNtEnableProcessedInput;
+  }
+  ok = SetConsoleMode(hInput, inmode);
+  (void)ok;
+  NTTRACE("SetConsoleMode(%p, %s) → %hhhd", hInput,
+          DescribeNtConsoleInFlags(inmode), ok);
+
+  outmode &= ~kNtDisableNewlineAutoReturn;
+  outmode |= kNtEnableProcessedOutput;
+  if (!(tio->c_oflag & ONLCR)) {
+    outmode |= kNtDisableNewlineAutoReturn;
+  }
+  if (IsAtLeastWindows10()) {
+    outmode |= kNtEnableVirtualTerminalProcessing;
+  }
+  ok = SetConsoleMode(hOutput, outmode);
+  (void)ok;
+  NTTRACE("SetConsoleMode(%p, %s) → %hhhd", hOutput,
+          DescribeNtConsoleOutFlags(outmode), ok);
+
+  return 0;
 }
 
 __attribute__((__constructor__)) static void tcsetattr_nt_init(void) {
diff --git a/libc/calls/winstdin1.c b/libc/calls/winstdin1.c
index c88a1b875..b0d569a5a 100644
--- a/libc/calls/winstdin1.c
+++ b/libc/calls/winstdin1.c
@@ -20,9 +20,11 @@
 #include "libc/calls/internal.h"
 #include "libc/calls/syscall_support-nt.internal.h"
 #include "libc/dce.h"
+#include "libc/fmt/itoa.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/atomic.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/strace.internal.h"
 #include "libc/log/libfatal.internal.h"
+#include "libc/nt/console.h"
 #include "libc/nt/createfile.h"
 #include "libc/nt/enum/accessmask.h"
 #include "libc/nt/enum/creationdisposition.h"
@@ -60,6 +62,7 @@ __msabi extern typeof(CreateFile) *const __imp_CreateFileW;
 __msabi extern typeof(CreateNamedPipe) *const __imp_CreateNamedPipeW;
 __msabi extern typeof(CreateSemaphore) *const __imp_CreateSemaphoreW;
 __msabi extern typeof(CreateThread) *const __imp_CreateThread;
+__msabi extern typeof(GetConsoleMode) *const __imp_GetConsoleMode;
 __msabi extern typeof(GetCurrentThreadId) *const __imp_GetCurrentThreadId;
 __msabi extern typeof(GetStdHandle) *const __imp_GetStdHandle;
 __msabi extern typeof(ReadFile) *const __imp_ReadFile;
@@ -78,78 +81,97 @@ static void Log(const char *s) {
 #endif
 }
 
-__msabi static dontasan dontubsan dontinstrument textwindows uint32_t
-WinStdinThread(void *lpParameter) {
-  char buf[4096];
+__msabi static textwindows uint32_t WinStdinThread(void *lpParameter) {
+  char buf[4];
   uint32_t i, got, wrote;
-
-  // wait forever for semaphore to exceed 0
-  //
-  // this semaphore is unlocked the first time read or poll happens. we
-  // need it so the prog has time to call functions like SetConsoleMode
-  // before we begin performing i/o.
-  __imp_WaitForSingleObject(g_fds.stdin.inisem, -1u);
-  __imp_CloseHandle(g_fds.stdin.inisem);
-
-  // relay stdin to process
-  Log("<stdin> activated\n");
+  Log("<stdin> activated thread\n");
   for (;;) {
+    Log("<stdin> wait\n");
+    __imp_WaitForSingleObject(g_fds.stdin.inisem, -1u);
+    Log("<stdin> read\n");
     if (!__imp_ReadFile(g_fds.stdin.handle, buf, sizeof(buf), &got, 0)) {
       Log("<stdin> read failed\n");
       goto Finish;
     }
     if (!got) {
-      Log("<stdin> end of file\n");
+      Log("<stdin> eof\n");
       goto Finish;
     }
     for (i = 0; i < got; i += wrote) {
+      Log("<stdin> write");
       if (!__imp_WriteFile(g_fds.stdin.writer, buf + i, got - i, &wrote, 0)) {
-        Log("<stdin> failed to write to pipe\n");
+        Log("<stdin> write failed\n");
         goto Finish;
       }
     }
   }
-
 Finish:
   __imp_CloseHandle(g_fds.stdin.writer);
   return 0;
 }
 
+textwindows static char16_t *FixCpy(char16_t p[17], uint64_t x, uint8_t k) {
+  while (k > 0) *p++ = "0123456789abcdef"[(x >> (k -= 4)) & 15];
+  *p = '\0';
+  return p;
+}
+
+textwindows static char16_t *CreateStdinPipeName(char16_t *a, int64_t h) {
+  char16_t *p = a;
+  const char *q = "\\\\?\\pipe\\cosmo\\stdin\\";
+  while (*q) *p++ = *q++;
+  p = FixCpy(p, h, 64);
+  *p = 0;
+  return a;
+}
+
 // this makes it possible for our read() implementation to periodically
 // poll for signals while performing a blocking overlapped io operation
-dontasan dontubsan dontinstrument textwindows void WinMainStdin(void) {
+textwindows void WinMainStdin(void) {
   char16_t pipename[64];
   int64_t hStdin, hWriter, hReader, hThread, hSemaphore;
   if (!SupportsWindows()) return;
+  // handle numbers stay the same when inherited by the subprocesses
   hStdin = __imp_GetStdHandle(kNtStdInputHandle);
   if (hStdin == kNtInvalidHandleValue) {
     Log("<stdin> GetStdHandle failed\n");
     return;
   }
-  // create non-inherited semaphore with initial value of 0
-  hSemaphore = __imp_CreateSemaphoreW(0, 0, 1, 0);
-  if (!hSemaphore) {
-    Log("<stdin> CreateSemaphore failed\n");
-    return;
-  }
-  __create_pipe_name(pipename);
-  hReader = __imp_CreateNamedPipeW(
-      pipename, kNtPipeAccessInbound | kNtFileFlagOverlapped,
-      kNtPipeTypeByte | kNtPipeReadmodeByte, 1, 4096, 4096, 0, 0);
-  if (hReader == kNtInvalidHandleValue) {
-    Log("<stdin> CreateNamedPipe failed\n");
-    return;
-  }
-  hWriter = __imp_CreateFileW(pipename, kNtGenericWrite, 0, 0, kNtOpenExisting,
+  CreateStdinPipeName(pipename, hStdin);
+  hReader = __imp_CreateFileW(pipename, kNtGenericRead, 0, 0, kNtOpenExisting,
                               kNtFileFlagOverlapped, 0);
-  if (hWriter == kNtInvalidHandleValue) {
-    Log("<stdin> CreateFile failed\n");
-    return;
-  }
-  hThread = __imp_CreateThread(0, 65536, WinStdinThread, 0, 0, 0);
-  if (!hThread) {
-    Log("<stdin> CreateThread failed\n");
-    return;
+  if (hReader == kNtInvalidHandleValue) {
+    // we are the init process; create pipe server to dole out stdin
+    hWriter = __imp_CreateNamedPipeW(
+        pipename, kNtPipeAccessOutbound | kNtFileFlagOverlapped,
+        kNtPipeTypeMessage | kNtPipeReadmodeMessage | kNtPipeNowait,
+        kNtPipeUnlimitedInstances, 4096, 4096, 0, 0);
+    if (hWriter == kNtInvalidHandleValue) {
+      Log("<stdin> CreateNamedPipe failed\n");
+      return;
+    }
+    hReader = __imp_CreateFileW(pipename, kNtGenericRead, 0, 0, kNtOpenExisting,
+                                kNtFileFlagOverlapped, 0);
+    if (hReader == kNtInvalidHandleValue) {
+      Log("<stdin> CreateFile failed\n");
+      return;
+    }
+    // create non-inherited semaphore with initial value of 0
+    hSemaphore = __imp_CreateSemaphoreW(0, 0, 1, 0);
+    if (!hSemaphore) {
+      Log("<stdin> CreateSemaphore failed\n");
+      return;
+    }
+    hThread = __imp_CreateThread(0, 65536, WinStdinThread, 0, 0, 0);
+    if (!hThread) {
+      Log("<stdin> CreateThread failed\n");
+      return;
+    }
+  } else {
+    // we are the child of a cosmo process with its own stdin thread
+    hWriter = 0;
+    hThread = 0;
+    hSemaphore = 0;
   }
   g_fds.stdin.handle = hStdin;
   g_fds.stdin.thread = hThread;
diff --git a/libc/calls/winstdin2.c b/libc/calls/winstdin2.c
index cfe091acc..45d6e74b5 100644
--- a/libc/calls/winstdin2.c
+++ b/libc/calls/winstdin2.c
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 
 textwindows int64_t __resolve_stdin_handle(int64_t handle) {
   if (handle == g_fds.stdin.handle) {
-    if (!atomic_exchange(&g_fds.stdin.once, 1)) {
+    if (g_fds.stdin.inisem) {
       ReleaseSemaphore(g_fds.stdin.inisem, 1, 0);
     }
     handle = g_fds.stdin.reader;
diff --git a/libc/fmt/fmt.h b/libc/fmt/fmt.h
index f7a65f4ed..704e5d27a 100644
--- a/libc/fmt/fmt.h
+++ b/libc/fmt/fmt.h
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 #ifndef COSMOPOLITAN_LIBC_FMT_FMT_H_
 #define COSMOPOLITAN_LIBC_FMT_FMT_H_
-/*───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────│─╗
-│ cosmopolitan § string formatting                                         ─╬─│┼
-╚────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────│*/
 
 #if __SIZEOF_POINTER__ == 8
 #define POINTER_XDIGITS 12 /* math.log(2**48-1,16) */
@@ -13,15 +10,6 @@
 #if !(__ASSEMBLER__ + __LINKER__ + 0)
 COSMOPOLITAN_C_START_
 
-int snprintf(char *, size_t, const char *, ...)
-    printfesque(3) dontthrow nocallback;
-int vsnprintf(char *, size_t, const char *, va_list)
-dontthrow nocallback;
-int sprintf(char *, const char *, ...) dontthrow nocallback;
-int vsprintf(char *, const char *, va_list)
-dontthrow nocallback;
-int sscanf(const char *, const char *, ...) scanfesque(2);
-int vsscanf(const char *, const char *, va_list);
 char *fcvt(double, int, int *, int *);
 char *ecvt(double, int, int *, int *);
 char *gcvt(double, int, char *);
diff --git a/libc/intrin/strace.internal.h b/libc/intrin/strace.internal.h
index 141b50308..55455e4bc 100644
--- a/libc/intrin/strace.internal.h
+++ b/libc/intrin/strace.internal.h
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@
 #include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
 
 #define _KERNTRACE  0 /* not configurable w/ flag yet */
-#define _POLLTRACE  0 /* not configurable w/ flag yet */
+#define _POLLTRACE  1 /* not configurable w/ flag yet */
 #define _DATATRACE  1 /* not configurable w/ flag yet */
 #define _STDIOTRACE 0 /* not configurable w/ flag yet */
 #define _LOCKTRACE  0 /* not configurable w/ flag yet */
-#define _NTTRACE    0 /* not configurable w/ flag yet */
+#define _NTTRACE    1 /* not configurable w/ flag yet */
 
 #define STRACE_PROLOGUE "%rSYS %6P %'18T "
 
diff --git a/libc/isystem/linux/param.h b/libc/isystem/linux/param.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4fa289b1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libc/isystem/linux/param.h
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#ifndef _LINUX_PARAM_H
+#define _LINUX_PARAM_H
+#include "libc/runtime/clktck.h"
+
+#ifndef HZ
+#define HZ CLK_TCK
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EXEC_PAGESIZE
+#define EXEC_PAGESIZE 65536
+#endif
+
+#ifndef NOGROUP
+#define NOGROUP (-1)
+#endif
+
+#define MAXHOSTNAMELEN 64
+
+#endif
diff --git a/libc/isystem/stdarg.h b/libc/isystem/stdarg.h
index 232d26075..f624adf10 100644
--- a/libc/isystem/stdarg.h
+++ b/libc/isystem/stdarg.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 #ifndef _STDARG_H
 #define _STDARG_H
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
 #endif /* _STDARG_H */
diff --git a/libc/sock/gethostips.c b/libc/sock/gethostips.c
index 8cd5e1874..7bd82696a 100644
--- a/libc/sock/gethostips.c
+++ b/libc/sock/gethostips.c
@@ -32,8 +32,6 @@
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/sio.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/sock.h"
 
-/* TODO(jart): DELETE */
-
 static uint32_t *GetUnixIps(void) {
   int fd, n;
   uint64_t z;
diff --git a/libc/sock/recv-nt.c b/libc/sock/recv-nt.c
index 7705a51e7..a0a8a7a75 100644
--- a/libc/sock/recv-nt.c
+++ b/libc/sock/recv-nt.c
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@
 #include "libc/sock/syscall_fd.internal.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/errfuns.h"
 
-textwindows ssize_t sys_recv_nt(struct Fd *fd, const struct iovec *iov,
-                                size_t iovlen, uint32_t flags) {
+textwindows ssize_t sys_recv_nt(int fd, const struct iovec *iov, size_t iovlen,
+                                uint32_t flags) {
   int err;
   ssize_t rc;
   uint32_t got;
@@ -37,17 +37,18 @@ textwindows ssize_t sys_recv_nt(struct Fd *fd, const struct iovec *iov,
   struct NtIovec iovnt[16];
   struct NtOverlapped overlapped = {.hEvent = WSACreateEvent()};
   err = errno;
-  if (!WSARecv(fd->handle, iovnt, __iovec2nt(iovnt, iov, iovlen), 0, &flags,
-               &overlapped, 0)) {
-    if (WSAGetOverlappedResult(fd->handle, &overlapped, &got, false, &flags)) {
+  if (!WSARecv(g_fds.p[fd].handle, iovnt, __iovec2nt(iovnt, iov, iovlen), 0,
+               &flags, &overlapped, 0)) {
+    if (WSAGetOverlappedResult(g_fds.p[fd].handle, &overlapped, &got, false,
+                               &flags)) {
       rc = got;
     } else {
       rc = -1;
     }
   } else {
     errno = err;
-    sockfd = (struct SockFd *)fd->extra;
-    rc = __wsablock(fd, &overlapped, &flags, kSigOpRestartable,
+    sockfd = (struct SockFd *)g_fds.p[fd].extra;
+    rc = __wsablock(g_fds.p + fd, &overlapped, &flags, kSigOpRestartable,
                     sockfd->rcvtimeo);
   }
   unassert(WSACloseEvent(overlapped.hEvent));
diff --git a/libc/sock/recv.c b/libc/sock/recv.c
index 822f32e5a..7dbf79bb2 100644
--- a/libc/sock/recv.c
+++ b/libc/sock/recv.c
@@ -53,12 +53,12 @@ ssize_t recv(int fd, void *buf, size_t size, int flags) {
     rc = sys_recvfrom(fd, buf, size, flags, 0, 0);
   } else if (__isfdopen(fd)) {
     if (__isfdkind(fd, kFdSocket)) {
-      rc = sys_recv_nt(&g_fds.p[fd], (struct iovec[]){{buf, size}}, 1, flags);
+      rc = sys_recv_nt(fd, (struct iovec[]){{buf, size}}, 1, flags);
     } else if (__isfdkind(fd, kFdFile)) {
       if (flags) {
         rc = einval();
       } else {
-        rc = sys_read_nt(&g_fds.p[fd], (struct iovec[]){{buf, size}}, 1, -1);
+        rc = sys_read_nt(fd, (struct iovec[]){{buf, size}}, 1, -1);
       }
     } else {
       rc = enotsock();
diff --git a/libc/sock/recvfrom-nt.c b/libc/sock/recvfrom-nt.c
index 4c4e36b1a..847f400c9 100644
--- a/libc/sock/recvfrom-nt.c
+++ b/libc/sock/recvfrom-nt.c
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 #include "libc/sock/syscall_fd.internal.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/errfuns.h"
 
-textwindows ssize_t sys_recvfrom_nt(struct Fd *fd, const struct iovec *iov,
+textwindows ssize_t sys_recvfrom_nt(int fd, const struct iovec *iov,
                                     size_t iovlen, uint32_t flags,
                                     void *opt_out_srcaddr,
                                     uint32_t *opt_inout_srcaddrsize) {
@@ -36,17 +36,19 @@ textwindows ssize_t sys_recvfrom_nt(struct Fd *fd, const struct iovec *iov,
   struct NtIovec iovnt[16];
   struct NtOverlapped overlapped = {.hEvent = WSACreateEvent()};
   err = errno;
-  if (!WSARecvFrom(fd->handle, iovnt, __iovec2nt(iovnt, iov, iovlen), 0, &flags,
-                   opt_out_srcaddr, opt_inout_srcaddrsize, &overlapped, NULL)) {
-    if (WSAGetOverlappedResult(fd->handle, &overlapped, &got, false, &flags)) {
+  if (!WSARecvFrom(g_fds.p[fd].handle, iovnt, __iovec2nt(iovnt, iov, iovlen), 0,
+                   &flags, opt_out_srcaddr, opt_inout_srcaddrsize, &overlapped,
+                   NULL)) {
+    if (WSAGetOverlappedResult(g_fds.p[fd].handle, &overlapped, &got, false,
+                               &flags)) {
       rc = got;
     } else {
       rc = -1;
     }
   } else {
     errno = err;
-    sockfd = (struct SockFd *)fd->extra;
-    rc = __wsablock(fd, &overlapped, &flags, kSigOpRestartable,
+    sockfd = (struct SockFd *)g_fds.p[fd].extra;
+    rc = __wsablock(g_fds.p + fd, &overlapped, &flags, kSigOpRestartable,
                     sockfd->rcvtimeo);
   }
   WSACloseEvent(overlapped.hEvent);
diff --git a/libc/sock/recvfrom.c b/libc/sock/recvfrom.c
index ff8e95e3e..23fa7996d 100644
--- a/libc/sock/recvfrom.c
+++ b/libc/sock/recvfrom.c
@@ -68,11 +68,11 @@ ssize_t recvfrom(int fd, void *buf, size_t size, int flags,
     rc = sys_recvfrom(fd, buf, size, flags, &addr, &addrsize);
   } else if (__isfdopen(fd)) {
     if (__isfdkind(fd, kFdSocket)) {
-      rc = sys_recvfrom_nt(&g_fds.p[fd], (struct iovec[]){{buf, size}}, 1,
-                           flags, &addr, &addrsize);
+      rc = sys_recvfrom_nt(fd, (struct iovec[]){{buf, size}}, 1, flags, &addr,
+                           &addrsize);
     } else if (__isfdkind(fd, kFdFile) && !opt_out_srcaddr) { /* socketpair */
       if (!flags) {
-        rc = sys_read_nt(&g_fds.p[fd], (struct iovec[]){{buf, size}}, 1, -1);
+        rc = sys_read_nt(fd, (struct iovec[]){{buf, size}}, 1, -1);
       } else {
         rc = einval();
       }
diff --git a/libc/sock/recvmsg.c b/libc/sock/recvmsg.c
index 0a6fa8cc2..188310972 100644
--- a/libc/sock/recvmsg.c
+++ b/libc/sock/recvmsg.c
@@ -74,12 +74,12 @@ ssize_t recvmsg(int fd, struct msghdr *msg, int flags) {
   } else if (__isfdopen(fd)) {
     if (!msg->msg_control) {
       if (__isfdkind(fd, kFdSocket)) {
-        rc = sys_recvfrom_nt(&g_fds.p[fd], msg->msg_iov, msg->msg_iovlen, flags,
+        rc = sys_recvfrom_nt(fd, msg->msg_iov, msg->msg_iovlen, flags,
                              msg->msg_name, &msg->msg_namelen);
       } else if (__isfdkind(fd, kFdFile) && !msg->msg_name) { /* socketpair */
         if (!flags) {
-          if ((got = sys_read_nt(&g_fds.p[fd], msg->msg_iov, msg->msg_iovlen,
-                                 -1)) != -1) {
+          if ((got = sys_read_nt(fd, msg->msg_iov, msg->msg_iovlen, -1)) !=
+              -1) {
             msg->msg_flags = 0;
             rc = got;
           } else {
diff --git a/libc/sock/select-nt.c b/libc/sock/select-nt.c
index 8f6a1c709..795427b63 100644
--- a/libc/sock/select-nt.c
+++ b/libc/sock/select-nt.c
@@ -56,8 +56,10 @@ int sys_select_nt(int nfds, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds,
   }
 
   // convert the wait time to a word
-  if (!timeout || ckd_add(&millis, timeout->tv_sec, timeout->tv_usec / 1000)) {
+  if (!timeout) {
     millis = -1;
+  } else {
+    millis = timeval_tomillis(*timeout);
   }
 
   // call our nt poll implementation
@@ -76,8 +78,7 @@ int sys_select_nt(int nfds, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds,
 
   // store remaining time back in caller's timeval
   if (timeout) {
-    timeout->tv_sec = millis / 1000;
-    timeout->tv_usec = millis % 1000 * 1000;
+    *timeout = timeval_frommillis(millis);
   }
 
   return fdcount;
diff --git a/libc/sock/syscall_fd.internal.h b/libc/sock/syscall_fd.internal.h
index b6c66d039..dd7ba684e 100644
--- a/libc/sock/syscall_fd.internal.h
+++ b/libc/sock/syscall_fd.internal.h
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ int sys_getsockopt_nt(struct Fd *, int, int, void *, uint32_t *);
 int sys_listen_nt(struct Fd *, int);
 int sys_setsockopt_nt(struct Fd *, int, int, const void *, uint32_t);
 int sys_shutdown_nt(struct Fd *, int);
-ssize_t sys_recv_nt(struct Fd *, const struct iovec *, size_t, uint32_t);
-ssize_t sys_recvfrom_nt(struct Fd *, const struct iovec *, size_t, uint32_t,
-                        void *, uint32_t *);
+ssize_t sys_recv_nt(int, const struct iovec *, size_t, uint32_t);
+ssize_t sys_recvfrom_nt(int, const struct iovec *, size_t, uint32_t, void *,
+                        uint32_t *);
 int __wsablock(struct Fd *, struct NtOverlapped *, uint32_t *, int, uint32_t);
 
 COSMOPOLITAN_C_END_
diff --git a/libc/stdio/gcvt.c b/libc/stdio/gcvt.c
index 633856e09..662b0df13 100644
--- a/libc/stdio/gcvt.c
+++ b/libc/stdio/gcvt.c
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #include "libc/fmt/fmt.h"
 #include "libc/mem/mem.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
 #include "libc/str/str.h"
 #include "libc/str/unicode.h"
 #include "third_party/gdtoa/gdtoa.h"
diff --git a/libc/stdio/snprintf.c b/libc/stdio/snprintf.c
index dff485baf..43bfd6e38 100644
--- a/libc/stdio/snprintf.c
+++ b/libc/stdio/snprintf.c
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 │ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
-#include "libc/fmt/fmt.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
 
 /**
  * Formats string to buffer.
diff --git a/libc/stdio/sscanf.c b/libc/stdio/sscanf.c
index cf2830305..0e688e327 100644
--- a/libc/stdio/sscanf.c
+++ b/libc/stdio/sscanf.c
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #include "libc/dce.h"
 #include "libc/fmt/fmt.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
 
 /**
  * String decoder.
diff --git a/libc/stdio/stdio.h b/libc/stdio/stdio.h
index 0aff90b24..3cad71ef4 100644
--- a/libc/stdio/stdio.h
+++ b/libc/stdio/stdio.h
@@ -108,6 +108,14 @@ int vscanf(const char *, va_list);
 int fscanf(FILE *, const char *, ...) scanfesque(2);
 int vfscanf(FILE *, const char *, va_list);
 
+int snprintf(char *, size_t, const char *, ...)
+    printfesque(3) dontthrow nocallback;
+int vsnprintf(char *, size_t, const char *, va_list)
+dontthrow nocallback;
+int sprintf(char *, const char *, ...) dontthrow nocallback;
+int vsprintf(char *, const char *, va_list)
+dontthrow nocallback;
+
 int fwprintf(FILE *, const wchar_t *, ...);
 int fwscanf(FILE *, const wchar_t *, ...);
 int swprintf(wchar_t *, size_t, const wchar_t *, ...);
@@ -122,6 +130,9 @@ int wprintf(const wchar_t *, ...);
 int wscanf(const wchar_t *, ...);
 int fwide(FILE *, int);
 
+int sscanf(const char *, const char *, ...) scanfesque(2);
+int vsscanf(const char *, const char *, va_list);
+
 /*───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────│─╗
 │ cosmopolitan § standard i/o » allocating                                 ─╬─│┼
 ╚────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────│*/
diff --git a/libc/stdio/vappendf.c b/libc/stdio/vappendf.c
index 492e0d676..746d5e97e 100644
--- a/libc/stdio/vappendf.c
+++ b/libc/stdio/vappendf.c
@@ -18,10 +18,10 @@
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #include "libc/assert.h"
 #include "libc/dce.h"
-#include "libc/fmt/fmt.h"
 #include "libc/macros.internal.h"
 #include "libc/mem/mem.h"
 #include "libc/stdio/append.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
 
 #define W sizeof(size_t)
 
diff --git a/libc/stdio/vasprintf.c b/libc/stdio/vasprintf.c
index cba7ae3b7..5e8a7035a 100644
--- a/libc/stdio/vasprintf.c
+++ b/libc/stdio/vasprintf.c
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #include "libc/assert.h"
-#include "libc/fmt/fmt.h"
 #include "libc/mem/mem.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
 
 /**
  * Formats string w/ dynamic memory allocation.
diff --git a/libc/stdio/vsprintf.c b/libc/stdio/vsprintf.c
index cea4ef7c0..e50d6d731 100644
--- a/libc/stdio/vsprintf.c
+++ b/libc/stdio/vsprintf.c
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@
 │ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
-#include "libc/fmt/fmt.h"
 #include "libc/limits.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
 
 /**
  * Formats string to buffer hopefully large enough w/ vararg state.
diff --git a/libc/testlib/comborunner.c b/libc/testlib/comborunner.c
index d53656584..b0150ba4b 100644
--- a/libc/testlib/comborunner.c
+++ b/libc/testlib/comborunner.c
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@
 │ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
-#include "libc/fmt/fmt.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/safemacros.internal.h"
 #include "libc/mem/mem.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
 #include "libc/str/str.h"
 #include "libc/testlib/testlib.h"
 
diff --git a/libc/testlib/fixturerunner.c b/libc/testlib/fixturerunner.c
index 59071ef89..6d9205b33 100644
--- a/libc/testlib/fixturerunner.c
+++ b/libc/testlib/fixturerunner.c
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@
 │ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
-#include "libc/fmt/fmt.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/internal.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/prot.h"
 #include "libc/testlib/testlib.h"
 
diff --git a/libc/testlib/formatint.c b/libc/testlib/formatint.c
index ebbdfc90f..fdfc8b345 100644
--- a/libc/testlib/formatint.c
+++ b/libc/testlib/formatint.c
@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@
 │ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
-#include "libc/fmt/fmt.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/bits.h"
 #include "libc/macros.internal.h"
 #include "libc/mem/mem.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
 #include "libc/testlib/testlib.h"
 
 static size_t sbufi_;
diff --git a/test/libc/calls/fchdir_test.c b/test/libc/calls/fchdir_test.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f80d8c594
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/libc/calls/fchdir_test.c
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+/*-*- mode:c;indent-tabs-mode:nil;c-basic-offset:2;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8 -*-│
+│vi: set net ft=c ts=2 sts=2 sw=2 fenc=utf-8                                :vi│
+╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡
+│ Copyright 2023 Justine Alexandra Roberts Tunney                              │
+│                                                                              │
+│ Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for         │
+│ any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the         │
+│ above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.      │
+│                                                                              │
+│ THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL                │
+│ WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED                │
+│ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE             │
+│ AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL         │
+│ DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR        │
+│ PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER               │
+│ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
+│ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
+╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
+#include "libc/calls/calls.h"
+#include "libc/mem/gc.internal.h"
+#include "libc/sysv/consts/o.h"
+#include "libc/testlib/testlib.h"
+
+char testlib_enable_tmp_setup_teardown;
+
+TEST(fchdir, test) {
+  const char *a, *b;
+  ASSERT_SYS(0, 0, mkdir("dog", 0755));
+  ASSERT_SYS(0, 0, chdir("dog"));
+  ASSERT_NE(NULL, (a = gc(getcwd(0, 0))));
+  ASSERT_SYS(0, 3, open(".", O_RDONLY));
+  ASSERT_SYS(0, 0, chdir("/"));
+  ASSERT_SYS(0, 0, fchdir(3));
+  ASSERT_NE(NULL, (b = gc(getcwd(0, 0))));
+  ASSERT_STREQ(a, b);
+  ASSERT_SYS(0, 0, close(3));
+}
diff --git a/test/libc/calls/setrlimit_test.c b/test/libc/calls/setrlimit_test.c
index 637c49ed6..ed89b9c31 100644
--- a/test/libc/calls/setrlimit_test.c
+++ b/test/libc/calls/setrlimit_test.c
@@ -21,12 +21,12 @@
 #include "libc/calls/struct/rlimit.h"
 #include "libc/dce.h"
 #include "libc/errno.h"
-#include "libc/fmt/fmt.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/directmap.internal.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/safemacros.internal.h"
 #include "libc/limits.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
 #include "libc/stdio/rand.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/auxv.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/map.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/o.h"
diff --git a/test/libc/calls/symlinkat_test.c b/test/libc/calls/symlinkat_test.c
index 436920cf2..1c1ae1437 100644
--- a/test/libc/calls/symlinkat_test.c
+++ b/test/libc/calls/symlinkat_test.c
@@ -19,11 +19,11 @@
 #include "libc/calls/calls.h"
 #include "libc/calls/struct/stat.h"
 #include "libc/errno.h"
-#include "libc/fmt/fmt.h"
 #include "libc/fmt/itoa.h"
 #include "libc/limits.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
 #include "libc/stdio/rand.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/at.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/s.h"
 #include "libc/testlib/testlib.h"
diff --git a/test/libc/intrin/kprintf_test.c b/test/libc/intrin/kprintf_test.c
index 59f44e3f7..23d21e365 100644
--- a/test/libc/intrin/kprintf_test.c
+++ b/test/libc/intrin/kprintf_test.c
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 #include "libc/calls/calls.h"
 #include "libc/dce.h"
 #include "libc/errno.h"
-#include "libc/fmt/fmt.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/bits.h"
 #include "libc/limits.h"
 #include "libc/log/libfatal.internal.h"
@@ -29,6 +28,7 @@
 #include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/symbols.internal.h"
 #include "libc/stdio/rand.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
 #include "libc/str/str.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/map.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/prot.h"
diff --git a/test/libc/log/backtrace_test.c b/test/libc/log/backtrace_test.c
index 9b541fe53..3b62b90fd 100644
--- a/test/libc/log/backtrace_test.c
+++ b/test/libc/log/backtrace_test.c
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ TEST(ShowCrashReports, testMemoryLeakCrash) {
     return;
   }
   ASSERT_NE(-1, pipe2(fds, O_CLOEXEC));
-  ASSERT_NE(-1, (pid = vfork()));
+  ASSERT_NE(-1, (pid = fork()));
   if (!pid) {
     dup2(fds[1], 1);
     dup2(fds[1], 2);
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ TEST(ShowCrashReports, testDivideByZero) {
   int ws, pid, fds[2];
   char *output, buf[512];
   ASSERT_NE(-1, pipe2(fds, O_CLOEXEC));
-  ASSERT_NE(-1, (pid = vfork()));
+  ASSERT_NE(-1, (pid = fork()));
   if (!pid) {
     dup2(fds[1], 1);
     dup2(fds[1], 2);
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ TEST(ShowCrashReports, testBssOverrunCrash) {
   int ws, pid, fds[2];
   char *output, buf[512];
   ASSERT_NE(-1, pipe2(fds, O_CLOEXEC));
-  ASSERT_NE(-1, (pid = vfork()));
+  ASSERT_NE(-1, (pid = fork()));
   if (!pid) {
     dup2(fds[1], 1);
     dup2(fds[1], 2);
@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ TEST(ShowCrashReports, testNpeCrash) {
   int ws, pid, fds[2];
   char *output, buf[512];
   ASSERT_NE(-1, pipe2(fds, O_CLOEXEC));
-  ASSERT_NE(-1, (pid = vfork()));
+  ASSERT_NE(-1, (pid = fork()));
   if (!pid) {
     dup2(fds[1], 1);
     dup2(fds[1], 2);
@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ TEST(ShowCrashReports, testDataOverrunCrash) {
   int ws, pid, fds[2];
   char *output, buf[512];
   ASSERT_NE(-1, pipe2(fds, O_CLOEXEC));
-  ASSERT_NE(-1, (pid = vfork()));
+  ASSERT_NE(-1, (pid = fork()));
   if (!pid) {
     dup2(fds[1], 1);
     dup2(fds[1], 2);
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ TEST(ShowCrashReports, testNpeCrashAfterFinalize) {
   int ws, pid, fds[2];
   char *output, buf[512];
   ASSERT_NE(-1, pipe2(fds, O_CLOEXEC));
-  ASSERT_NE(-1, (pid = vfork()));
+  ASSERT_NE(-1, (pid = fork()));
   if (!pid) {
     dup2(fds[1], 1);
     dup2(fds[1], 2);
diff --git a/test/libc/stdio/dirstream_test.c b/test/libc/stdio/dirstream_test.c
index a6d9f4e49..24ec09821 100644
--- a/test/libc/stdio/dirstream_test.c
+++ b/test/libc/stdio/dirstream_test.c
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 #include "libc/dce.h"
 #include "libc/errno.h"
 #include "libc/fmt/conv.h"
-#include "libc/fmt/fmt.h"
 #include "libc/fmt/itoa.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/kprintf.h"
 #include "libc/limits.h"
@@ -34,6 +33,7 @@
 #include "libc/stdio/append.h"
 #include "libc/stdio/ftw.h"
 #include "libc/stdio/rand.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
 #include "libc/str/str.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/dt.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/o.h"
diff --git a/test/libc/stdio/palandprintf_test.c b/test/libc/stdio/palandprintf_test.c
index 6ca7e26e5..456036b1d 100644
--- a/test/libc/stdio/palandprintf_test.c
+++ b/test/libc/stdio/palandprintf_test.c
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 │ THE SOFTWARE.                                                                │
 └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #include "libc/errno.h"
-#include "libc/fmt/fmt.h"
 #include "libc/fmt/itoa.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/pushpop.internal.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/safemacros.internal.h"
@@ -33,6 +32,7 @@
 #include "libc/math.h"
 #include "libc/mem/gc.h"
 #include "libc/mem/mem.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
 #include "libc/str/str.h"
 #include "libc/testlib/ezbench.h"
 #include "libc/testlib/testlib.h"
diff --git a/test/libc/stdio/snprintf_test.c b/test/libc/stdio/snprintf_test.c
index aaaf7cb01..34f21c04d 100644
--- a/test/libc/stdio/snprintf_test.c
+++ b/test/libc/stdio/snprintf_test.c
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 │ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
-#include "libc/fmt/fmt.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
 #include "libc/str/str.h"
 #include "libc/testlib/testlib.h"
 
diff --git a/test/libc/thread/sem_open_test.c b/test/libc/thread/sem_open_test.c
index b2e30d7d7..9a2c99ee7 100644
--- a/test/libc/thread/sem_open_test.c
+++ b/test/libc/thread/sem_open_test.c
@@ -21,11 +21,11 @@
 #include "libc/mem/gc.h"
 #include "libc/mem/mem.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
-#include "libc/temp.h"
 #include "libc/str/str.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/clock.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/o.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/sig.h"
+#include "libc/temp.h"
 #include "libc/testlib/subprocess.h"
 #include "libc/testlib/testlib.h"
 #include "libc/thread/semaphore.h"
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ TEST(sem_close, withUnnamedSemaphore_isUndefinedBehavior) {
   SPAWN(fork);
   IgnoreStderr();
   sem_close(&sem);
-  EXITS(128 + SIGABRT);  // see __assert_fail
+  TERMS(SIGABRT);  // see __assert_fail
   ASSERT_SYS(0, 0, sem_destroy(&sem));
 }
 
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ TEST(sem_destroy, withNamedSemaphore_isUndefinedBehavior) {
   SPAWN(fork);
   IgnoreStderr();
   sem_destroy(sem);
-  EXITS(128 + SIGABRT);  // see __assert_fail
+  TERMS(SIGABRT);  // see __assert_fail
   ASSERT_SYS(0, 0, sem_unlink("/boop"));
   ASSERT_SYS(0, 0, sem_close(sem));
 }
diff --git a/test/libc/tinymath/complex_test.c b/test/libc/tinymath/complex_test.c
index 70e6f493e..874292a17 100644
--- a/test/libc/tinymath/complex_test.c
+++ b/test/libc/tinymath/complex_test.c
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #include "libc/complex.h"
-#include "libc/fmt/fmt.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
 #include "libc/testlib/testlib.h"
 
 TEST(complex, test) {
diff --git a/test/libc/tinymath/strtod_test.c b/test/libc/tinymath/strtod_test.c
index bdb559108..74b0225b3 100644
--- a/test/libc/tinymath/strtod_test.c
+++ b/test/libc/tinymath/strtod_test.c
@@ -17,11 +17,11 @@
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #include "libc/fmt/conv.h"
-#include "libc/fmt/fmt.h"
 #include "libc/macros.internal.h"
 #include "libc/mem/gc.h"
 #include "libc/mem/mem.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/fenv.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
 #include "libc/testlib/ezbench.h"
 #include "libc/testlib/testlib.h"
 #include "libc/x/xasprintf.h"
diff --git a/third_party/argon2/encoding.c b/third_party/argon2/encoding.c
index cd9bff6a4..64d3bb3ed 100644
--- a/third_party/argon2/encoding.c
+++ b/third_party/argon2/encoding.c
@@ -15,11 +15,12 @@
 │ - Apache 2.0        : https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0            │
 │                                                                              │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
+#include "third_party/argon2/encoding.h"
 #include "libc/fmt/fmt.h"
 #include "libc/limits.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
 #include "libc/str/str.h"
 #include "third_party/argon2/core.h"
-#include "third_party/argon2/encoding.h"
 
 asm(".ident\t\"\\n\\n\
 argon2 (CC0 or Apache2)\\n\
diff --git a/third_party/finger/util.c b/third_party/finger/util.c
index ffdfeb1bd..1478ccc4c 100644
--- a/third_party/finger/util.c
+++ b/third_party/finger/util.c
@@ -37,10 +37,10 @@
 #include "libc/calls/struct/stat.h"
 #include "libc/calls/struct/stat.macros.h"
 #include "libc/errno.h"
-#include "libc/fmt/fmt.h"
 #include "libc/mem/mem.h"
 #include "libc/paths.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
 #include "libc/str/str.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/o.h"
 #include "third_party/finger/finger.h"
diff --git a/third_party/lua/luaconf.h b/third_party/lua/luaconf.h
index 74ef92328..4a30d889c 100644
--- a/third_party/lua/luaconf.h
+++ b/third_party/lua/luaconf.h
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 #include "libc/assert.h"
 #include "libc/dce.h"
 #include "libc/fmt/conv.h"
-#include "libc/fmt/fmt.h"
 #include "libc/limits.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
 #include "libc/str/unicode.h"
 
 #define LUA_USE_POSIX
diff --git a/third_party/musl/strfmon.c b/third_party/musl/strfmon.c
index e11e6c265..fdcb98705 100644
--- a/third_party/musl/strfmon.c
+++ b/third_party/musl/strfmon.c
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 │                                                                              │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #include "libc/errno.h"
-#include "libc/fmt/fmt.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
 #include "libc/str/locale.h"
 #include "libc/str/str.h"
 #include "libc/thread/tls.h"
diff --git a/third_party/regex/regerror.c b/third_party/regex/regerror.c
index 9814e1adc..5e92e1185 100644
--- a/third_party/regex/regerror.c
+++ b/third_party/regex/regerror.c
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@
 │ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
-#include "libc/fmt/fmt.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/safemacros.internal.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
 #include "libc/str/str.h"
 #include "third_party/regex/regex.h"
 
diff --git a/third_party/zlib/gz/gzlib.c b/third_party/zlib/gz/gzlib.c
index a1a98eee4..65ac20bbd 100644
--- a/third_party/zlib/gz/gzlib.c
+++ b/third_party/zlib/gz/gzlib.c
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
  * For conditions of distribution and use, see copyright notice in zlib.h
  */
 #include "libc/calls/calls.h"
-#include "libc/fmt/fmt.h"
 #include "libc/limits.h"
 #include "libc/mem/mem.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
 #include "libc/str/str.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/o.h"
 #include "third_party/zlib/gz/gzguts.inc"
diff --git a/third_party/zlib/gz/gzwrite.c b/third_party/zlib/gz/gzwrite.c
index 36d4b2f81..e91976b4b 100644
--- a/third_party/zlib/gz/gzwrite.c
+++ b/third_party/zlib/gz/gzwrite.c
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@
  * For conditions of distribution and use, see copyright notice in zlib.h
  */
 #include "libc/calls/calls.h"
-#include "libc/fmt/fmt.h"
 #include "libc/mem/mem.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
 #include "third_party/zlib/gz/gzguts.inc"
 // clang-format off
 
diff --git a/tool/build/lib/buffer.c b/tool/build/lib/buffer.c
index 41322d1d2..7c85f5215 100644
--- a/tool/build/lib/buffer.c
+++ b/tool/build/lib/buffer.c
@@ -19,10 +19,10 @@
 #include "tool/build/lib/buffer.h"
 #include "libc/calls/calls.h"
 #include "libc/errno.h"
-#include "libc/fmt/fmt.h"
 #include "libc/macros.internal.h"
 #include "libc/mem/arraylist2.internal.h"
 #include "libc/mem/mem.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
 #include "libc/str/str.h"
 
 /* TODO(jart): replace with new append*() library */
diff --git a/tool/decode/lib/flagger.c b/tool/decode/lib/flagger.c
index 99d77e7b7..9ff26ad31 100644
--- a/tool/decode/lib/flagger.c
+++ b/tool/decode/lib/flagger.c
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #include "tool/decode/lib/flagger.h"
-#include "libc/fmt/fmt.h"
 #include "libc/mem/arraylist2.internal.h"
 #include "libc/mem/mem.h"
+#include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
 #include "libc/str/str.h"
 
 /**