Introduce ctl::set and ctl::map

We now have a C++ red-black tree implementation that implements standard template library compatible APIs while compiling 10x faster than libcxx. It's not as beautiful as the red-black tree implementation in Plinko but this will get the job done and the test proves it upholds all invariants This change also restores CheckForMemoryLeaks() support and fixes a real actual bug I discovered with Doug Lea's dlmalloc_inspect_all() function.
2025-01-31 03:27:39 +00:00 · 2024-06-23 10:08:48 -07:00 · 2024-06-23 10:08:48 -07:00 · c4c812c154
commit c4c812c154
parent 388e236360
45 changed files with 2358 additions and 135 deletions
--- a/ctl/equal.h
+++ b/ctl/equal.h
@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+// -*-mode:c++;indent-tabs-mode:nil;c-basic-offset:4;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8-*-
+// vi: set et ft=cpp ts=4 sts=4 sw=4 fenc=utf-8 :vi
+#ifndef CTL_EQUAL_H_
+#define CTL_EQUAL_H_
+
+namespace ctl {
+
+template<class InputIt1, class InputIt2>
+bool
+equal(InputIt1 first1, InputIt1 last1, InputIt2 first2)
+{
+    for (; first1 != last1; ++first1, ++first2) {
+        if (!(*first1 == *first2)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+// Overload that takes a predicate
+template<class InputIt1, class InputIt2, class BinaryPredicate>
+bool
+equal(InputIt1 first1, InputIt1 last1, InputIt2 first2, BinaryPredicate pred)
+{
+    for (; first1 != last1; ++first1, ++first2) {
+        if (!pred(*first1, *first2)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+// Overloads that take two ranges (C++14 and later)
+template<class InputIt1, class InputIt2>
+bool
+equal(InputIt1 first1, InputIt1 last1, InputIt2 first2, InputIt2 last2)
+{
+    for (; first1 != last1 && first2 != last2; ++first1, ++first2) {
+        if (!(*first1 == *first2)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    return first1 == last1 && first2 == last2;
+}
+
+template<class InputIt1, class InputIt2, class BinaryPredicate>
+bool
+equal(InputIt1 first1,
+      InputIt1 last1,
+      InputIt2 first2,
+      InputIt2 last2,
+      BinaryPredicate pred)
+{
+    for (; first1 != last1 && first2 != last2; ++first1, ++first2) {
+        if (!pred(*first1, *first2)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    return first1 == last1 && first2 == last2;
+}
+
+} // namespace ctl
+
+#endif /* CTL_EQUAL_H_ */
--- a/ctl/initializer_list.h
+++ b/ctl/initializer_list.h
@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+// -*-mode:c++;indent-tabs-mode:nil;c-basic-offset:4;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8-*-
+// vi: set et ft=cpp ts=4 sts=4 sw=4 fenc=utf-8 :vi
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_INITIALIZER_LIST
+#define _LIBCPP_INITIALIZER_LIST
+
+namespace std {
+
+template<class T>
+class initializer_list
+{
+    constexpr initializer_list(const T* b, size_t s) noexcept
+      : begin_(b), size_(s)
+    {
+    }
+
+  public:
+    typedef T value_type;
+    typedef const T& reference;
+    typedef const T& const_reference;
+    typedef size_t size_type;
+    typedef const T* iterator;
+    typedef const T* const_iterator;
+
+    constexpr initializer_list() noexcept : begin_(nullptr), size_(0)
+    {
+    }
+
+    constexpr size_t size() const noexcept
+    {
+        return size_;
+    }
+
+    constexpr const T* begin() const noexcept
+    {
+        return begin_;
+    }
+
+    constexpr const T* end() const noexcept
+    {
+        return begin_ + size_;
+    }
+
+  private:
+    const T* begin_;
+    size_t size_;
+};
+
+template<class T>
+inline constexpr const T*
+begin(initializer_list<T> i) noexcept
+{
+    return i.begin();
+}
+
+template<class T>
+inline constexpr const T*
+end(initializer_list<T> i) noexcept
+{
+    return i.end();
+}
+
+} // namespace std
+
+#endif // _LIBCPP_INITIALIZER_LIST
--- a/ctl/less.h
+++ b/ctl/less.h
@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+// -*-mode:c++;indent-tabs-mode:nil;c-basic-offset:4;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8-*-
+// vi: set et ft=cpp ts=4 sts=4 sw=4 fenc=utf-8 :vi
+#ifndef CTL_LESS_H_
+#define CTL_LESS_H_
+#include "utility.h"
+
+namespace ctl {
+
+template<class T = void>
+struct less
+{
+    constexpr bool operator()(const T& lhs, const T& rhs) const
+    {
+        return lhs < rhs;
+    }
+
+    typedef T first_argument_type;
+    typedef T second_argument_type;
+    typedef bool result_type;
+};
+
+template<>
+struct less<void>
+{
+    template<class T, class U>
+    constexpr auto operator()(T&& lhs,
+                              U&& rhs) const -> decltype(ctl::forward<T>(lhs) <
+                                                         ctl::forward<U>(rhs))
+    {
+        return ctl::forward<T>(lhs) < ctl::forward<U>(rhs);
+    }
+
+    typedef void is_transparent;
+};
+
+} // namespace ctl
+
+#endif /* CTL_LESS_H_ */
--- a/ctl/map.h
+++ b/ctl/map.h
@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
+// -*-mode:c++;indent-tabs-mode:nil;c-basic-offset:4;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8-*-
+// vi: set et ft=cpp ts=4 sts=4 sw=4 fenc=utf-8 :vi
+#ifndef CTL_MAP_H_
+#define CTL_MAP_H_
+#include "set.h"
+
+namespace ctl {
+
+template<typename Key, typename Value, typename Compare = ctl::less<Key>>
+class map
+{
+    class EntryCompare
+    {
+      public:
+        explicit EntryCompare(Compare comp = Compare()) : comp_(comp)
+        {
+        }
+
+        bool operator()(const ctl::pair<const Key, Value>& lhs,
+                        const ctl::pair<const Key, Value>& rhs) const
+        {
+            return comp_(lhs.first, rhs.first);
+        }
+
+      private:
+        Compare comp_;
+    };
+
+    ctl::set<ctl::pair<const Key, Value>, EntryCompare> data_;
+
+  public:
+    using key_type = Key;
+    using mapped_type = Value;
+    using value_type = ctl::pair<const Key, Value>;
+    using size_type = typename ctl::set<value_type, EntryCompare>::size_type;
+    using difference_type =
+      typename ctl::set<value_type, EntryCompare>::difference_type;
+    using key_compare = Compare;
+    using value_compare = EntryCompare;
+    using iterator = typename ctl::set<value_type, EntryCompare>::iterator;
+    using const_iterator =
+      typename ctl::set<value_type, EntryCompare>::const_iterator;
+    using reverse_iterator =
+      typename ctl::set<value_type, EntryCompare>::reverse_iterator;
+    using const_reverse_iterator =
+      typename ctl::set<value_type, EntryCompare>::const_reverse_iterator;
+
+    map() : data_(EntryCompare())
+    {
+    }
+
+    explicit map(const Compare& comp) : data_(EntryCompare(comp))
+    {
+    }
+
+    map(const map& other) = default;
+    map(map&& other) noexcept = default;
+    map(std::initializer_list<value_type> init, const Compare& comp = Compare())
+      : data_(init, EntryCompare(comp))
+    {
+    }
+
+    template<typename InputIt>
+    map(InputIt first, InputIt last, const Compare& comp = Compare())
+      : data_(first, last, EntryCompare(comp))
+    {
+    }
+
+    map& operator=(const map& other) = default;
+    map& operator=(map&& other) noexcept = default;
+    map& operator=(std::initializer_list<value_type> ilist)
+    {
+        data_ = ilist;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    iterator begin() noexcept
+    {
+        return data_.begin();
+    }
+
+    const_iterator begin() const noexcept
+    {
+        return data_.begin();
+    }
+
+    const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept
+    {
+        return data_.cbegin();
+    }
+
+    iterator end() noexcept
+    {
+        return data_.end();
+    }
+
+    const_iterator end() const noexcept
+    {
+        return data_.end();
+    }
+
+    const_iterator cend() const noexcept
+    {
+        return data_.cend();
+    }
+
+    reverse_iterator rbegin() noexcept
+    {
+        return data_.rbegin();
+    }
+
+    const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept
+    {
+        return data_.rbegin();
+    }
+
+    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept
+    {
+        return data_.crbegin();
+    }
+
+    reverse_iterator rend() noexcept
+    {
+        return data_.rend();
+    }
+
+    const_reverse_iterator rend() const noexcept
+    {
+        return data_.rend();
+    }
+
+    const_reverse_iterator crend() const noexcept
+    {
+        return data_.crend();
+    }
+
+    bool empty() const noexcept
+    {
+        return data_.empty();
+    }
+
+    size_type size() const noexcept
+    {
+        return data_.size();
+    }
+
+    size_type max_size() const noexcept
+    {
+        return data_.max_size();
+    }
+
+    Value& operator[](const Key& key)
+    {
+        return ((data_.insert(make_pair(key, Value()))).first)->second;
+    }
+
+    Value& operator[](Key&& key)
+    {
+        return ((data_.insert(make_pair(ctl::move(key), Value()))).first)
+          ->second;
+    }
+
+    Value& at(const Key& key)
+    {
+        auto it = find(key);
+        if (it == end())
+            __builtin_trap();
+        return it->second;
+    }
+
+    const Value& at(const Key& key) const
+    {
+        auto it = find(key);
+        if (it == end())
+            __builtin_trap();
+        return it->second;
+    }
+
+    ctl::pair<iterator, bool> insert(const value_type& value)
+    {
+        return data_.insert(value);
+    }
+
+    ctl::pair<iterator, bool> insert(value_type&& value)
+    {
+        return data_.insert(ctl::move(value));
+    }
+
+    template<typename P>
+    ctl::pair<iterator, bool> insert(P&& value)
+    {
+        return data_.insert(value_type(ctl::forward<P>(value)));
+    }
+
+    iterator insert(const_iterator hint, const value_type& value)
+    {
+        return data_.insert(hint, value);
+    }
+
+    iterator insert(const_iterator hint, value_type&& value)
+    {
+        return data_.insert(hint, ctl::move(value));
+    }
+
+    template<typename P>
+    iterator insert(const_iterator hint, P&& value)
+    {
+        return data_.insert(hint, value_type(ctl::forward<P>(value)));
+    }
+
+    template<typename InputIt>
+    void insert(InputIt first, InputIt last)
+    {
+        data_.insert(first, last);
+    }
+
+    void insert(std::initializer_list<value_type> ilist)
+    {
+        data_.insert(ilist);
+    }
+
+    template<typename... Args>
+    ctl::pair<iterator, bool> emplace(Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return data_.emplace(ctl::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    }
+
+    template<typename... Args>
+    iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator hint, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return data_.emplace_hint(hint, ctl::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    }
+
+    iterator erase(const_iterator pos)
+    {
+        return data_.erase(pos);
+    }
+
+    iterator erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last)
+    {
+        return data_.erase(first, last);
+    }
+
+    size_type erase(const Key& key)
+    {
+        return data_.erase(make_pair(key, Value()));
+    }
+
+    void swap(map& other) noexcept
+    {
+        data_.swap(other.data_);
+    }
+
+    void clear() noexcept
+    {
+        data_.clear();
+    }
+
+    iterator find(const Key& key)
+    {
+        return data_.find(make_pair(key, Value()));
+    }
+
+    const_iterator find(const Key& key) const
+    {
+        return data_.find(make_pair(key, Value()));
+    }
+
+    size_type count(const Key& key) const
+    {
+        return data_.count(make_pair(key, Value()));
+    }
+
+    iterator lower_bound(const Key& key)
+    {
+        return data_.lower_bound(make_pair(key, Value()));
+    }
+
+    const_iterator lower_bound(const Key& key) const
+    {
+        return data_.lower_bound(make_pair(key, Value()));
+    }
+
+    iterator upper_bound(const Key& key)
+    {
+        return data_.upper_bound(make_pair(key, Value()));
+    }
+
+    const_iterator upper_bound(const Key& key) const
+    {
+        return data_.upper_bound(make_pair(key, Value()));
+    }
+
+    ctl::pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const Key& key)
+    {
+        return data_.equal_range(make_pair(key, Value()));
+    }
+
+    ctl::pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const Key& key) const
+    {
+        return data_.equal_range(make_pair(key, Value()));
+    }
+
+    key_compare key_comp() const
+    {
+        return data_.value_comp().comp;
+    }
+
+    value_compare value_comp() const
+    {
+        return data_.value_comp();
+    }
+
+    friend bool operator==(const map& lhs, const map& rhs)
+    {
+        return lhs.data_ == rhs.data_;
+    }
+
+    friend bool operator!=(const map& lhs, const map& rhs)
+    {
+        return !(lhs == rhs);
+    }
+
+    friend bool operator<(const map& lhs, const map& rhs)
+    {
+        return lhs.data_ < rhs.data_;
+    }
+
+    friend bool operator<=(const map& lhs, const map& rhs)
+    {
+        return !(rhs < lhs);
+    }
+
+    friend bool operator>(const map& lhs, const map& rhs)
+    {
+        return rhs < lhs;
+    }
+
+    friend bool operator>=(const map& lhs, const map& rhs)
+    {
+        return !(lhs < rhs);
+    }
+
+    friend void swap(map& lhs, map& rhs) noexcept
+    {
+        lhs.swap(rhs);
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace ctl
+
+#endif // CTL_MAP_H_
--- a/ctl/new.cc
+++ b/ctl/new.cc
@ -34,7 +34,10 @@ _ctl_alloc(size_t n, size_t a)
 static void*
 _ctl_alloc1(size_t n)
 {
-    return _ctl_alloc(n, 1);
+    void* p;
+    if (!(p = malloc(n)))
+        __builtin_trap();
+    return p;
 }

 static void*
@ -68,10 +71,21 @@ COSMOPOLITAN_C_END_
   now. If you have any brain cells left after reading this comment then go
   look at the eight operator delete weak references to free in the below. */

-__weak_reference(void* operator new(size_t, ctl::align_val_t), _ctl_alloc);
-__weak_reference(void* operator new[](size_t, ctl::align_val_t), _ctl_alloc);
-__weak_reference(void* operator new(size_t), _ctl_alloc1);
-__weak_reference(void* operator new[](size_t), _ctl_alloc1);
+__weak_reference(void*
+                 operator new(size_t, ctl::align_val_t),
+                 _ctl_alloc);
+
+__weak_reference(void*
+                 operator new[](size_t, ctl::align_val_t),
+                 _ctl_alloc);
+
+__weak_reference(void*
+                 operator new(size_t),
+                 _ctl_alloc1);
+
+__weak_reference(void*
+                 operator new[](size_t),
+                 _ctl_alloc1);

 // XXX clang-format currently mutilates these for some reason.
 // clang-format off
--- a/ctl/new.h
+++ b/ctl/new.h
@ -3,6 +3,10 @@
 #ifndef COSMOPOLITAN_CTL_NEW_H_
 #define COSMOPOLITAN_CTL_NEW_H_

+#ifndef TINY
+__static_yoink("__demangle");
+#endif
+
 namespace ctl {

 enum class align_val_t : size_t
--- a/ctl/pair.h
+++ b/ctl/pair.h
@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+// -*-mode:c++;indent-tabs-mode:nil;c-basic-offset:4;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8-*-
+// vi: set et ft=cpp ts=4 sts=4 sw=4 fenc=utf-8 :vi
+#ifndef CTL_PAIR_H_
+#define CTL_PAIR_H_
+#include "utility.h"
+
+namespace ctl {
+
+template<typename T1, typename T2>
+struct pair
+{
+    using first_type = T1;
+    using second_type = T2;
+
+    T1 first;
+    T2 second;
+
+    constexpr pair() : first(), second()
+    {
+    }
+
+    constexpr pair(const T1& x, const T2& y) : first(x), second(y)
+    {
+    }
+
+    constexpr pair(const pair<T1, T2>& p) : first(p.first), second(p.second)
+    {
+    }
+
+    template<class U1, class U2>
+    constexpr pair(U1&& x, U2&& y)
+      : first(ctl::forward<U1>(x)), second(ctl::forward<U2>(y))
+    {
+    }
+
+    template<class U1, class U2>
+    constexpr pair(const pair<U1, U2>& p) : first(p.first), second(p.second)
+    {
+    }
+
+    constexpr pair(pair<T1, T2>&& p)
+      : first(ctl::move(p.first)), second(ctl::move(p.second))
+    {
+    }
+
+    template<class U1, class U2>
+    constexpr pair(pair<U1, U2>&& p)
+      : first(ctl::move(p.first)), second(ctl::move(p.second))
+    {
+    }
+
+    pair& operator=(const pair& other)
+    {
+        first = other.first;
+        second = other.second;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    pair& operator=(pair&& other) noexcept
+    {
+        first = ctl::move(other.first);
+        second = ctl::move(other.second);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    template<class U1, class U2>
+    pair& operator=(const pair<U1, U2>& other)
+    {
+        first = other.first;
+        second = other.second;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    template<class U1, class U2>
+    pair& operator=(pair<U1, U2>&& other)
+    {
+        first = ctl::move(other.first);
+        second = ctl::move(other.second);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    void swap(pair& other) noexcept
+    {
+        using ctl::swap;
+        swap(first, other.first);
+        swap(second, other.second);
+    }
+};
+
+template<class T1, class T2>
+constexpr pair<T1, T2>
+make_pair(T1&& t, T2&& u)
+{
+    return pair<T1, T2>(ctl::forward<T1>(t), ctl::forward<T2>(u));
+}
+
+// Comparison operators
+template<class T1, class T2>
+constexpr bool
+operator==(const pair<T1, T2>& lhs, const pair<T1, T2>& rhs)
+{
+    return lhs.first == rhs.first && lhs.second == rhs.second;
+}
+
+template<class T1, class T2>
+constexpr bool
+operator!=(const pair<T1, T2>& lhs, const pair<T1, T2>& rhs)
+{
+    return !(lhs == rhs);
+}
+
+template<class T1, class T2>
+constexpr bool
+operator<(const pair<T1, T2>& lhs, const pair<T1, T2>& rhs)
+{
+    return lhs.first < rhs.first ||
+           (!(rhs.first < lhs.first) && lhs.second < rhs.second);
+}
+
+template<class T1, class T2>
+constexpr bool
+operator<=(const pair<T1, T2>& lhs, const pair<T1, T2>& rhs)
+{
+    return !(rhs < lhs);
+}
+
+template<class T1, class T2>
+constexpr bool
+operator>(const pair<T1, T2>& lhs, const pair<T1, T2>& rhs)
+{
+    return rhs < lhs;
+}
+
+template<class T1, class T2>
+constexpr bool
+operator>=(const pair<T1, T2>& lhs, const pair<T1, T2>& rhs)
+{
+    return !(lhs < rhs);
+}
+
+template<class T1, class T2>
+void
+swap(pair<T1, T2>& lhs, pair<T1, T2>& rhs) noexcept(noexcept(lhs.swap(rhs)))
+{
+    lhs.swap(rhs);
+}
+
+} // namespace ctl
+
+#endif // CTL_PAIR_H_
--- a/ctl/set.h
+++ b/ctl/set.h
@ -0,0 +1,945 @@
+// -*-mode:c++;indent-tabs-mode:nil;c-basic-offset:4;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8-*-
+// vi: set et ft=cpp ts=4 sts=4 sw=4 fenc=utf-8 :vi
+#ifndef CTL_SET_H_
+#define CTL_SET_H_
+#include "initializer_list.h"
+#include "less.h"
+#include "pair.h"
+
+namespace ctl {
+
+template<typename Key, typename Compare = less<Key>>
+class set
+{
+    struct rbtree
+    {
+        rbtree* left;
+        rbtree* right;
+        rbtree* parent;
+        bool is_red;
+        Key value;
+
+        rbtree(const Key& val)
+          : left(nullptr)
+          , right(nullptr)
+          , parent(nullptr)
+          , is_red(true)
+          , value(val)
+        {
+        }
+    };
+
+  public:
+    using key_type = Key;
+    using value_type = Key;
+    using size_type = size_t;
+    using node_type = rbtree;
+    using key_compare = Compare;
+    using value_compare = Compare;
+    using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
+    using reference = value_type&;
+    using pointer = value_type*;
+    using const_pointer = const value_type*;
+    using const_reference = const value_type&;
+
+    class iterator
+    {
+      public:
+        using value_type = Key;
+        using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
+        using pointer = Key*;
+        using reference = Key&;
+
+        iterator() : node_(nullptr)
+        {
+        }
+
+        reference operator*() const
+        {
+            return node_->value;
+        }
+
+        pointer operator->() const
+        {
+            return &(node_->value);
+        }
+
+        iterator& operator++()
+        {
+            if (node_ == nullptr)
+                return *this;
+            if (node_->right) {
+                node_ = leftmost(node_->right);
+            } else {
+                node_type* parent = node_->parent;
+                while (parent && node_ == parent->right) {
+                    node_ = parent;
+                    parent = parent->parent;
+                }
+                node_ = parent;
+            }
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        iterator& operator--()
+        {
+            if (node_ == nullptr)
+                __builtin_trap();
+            if (node_->left) {
+                node_ = rightmost(node_->left);
+            } else {
+                node_type* parent = node_->parent;
+                for (;;) {
+                    if (parent == nullptr)
+                        break;
+                    if (node_ == parent->left) {
+                        node_ = parent;
+                        parent = parent->parent;
+                    } else {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                node_ = parent;
+            }
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        iterator operator++(int)
+        {
+            iterator tmp = *this;
+            ++(*this);
+            return tmp;
+        }
+
+        iterator operator--(int)
+        {
+            iterator tmp = *this;
+            --(*this);
+            return tmp;
+        }
+
+        bool operator==(const iterator& other) const
+        {
+            return node_ == other.node_;
+        }
+
+        bool operator!=(const iterator& other) const
+        {
+            return !(*this == other);
+        }
+
+      private:
+        friend class set;
+        node_type* node_;
+
+        explicit iterator(node_type* node) : node_(node)
+        {
+        }
+    };
+
+    class reverse_iterator
+    {
+      public:
+        using value_type = Key;
+        using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
+        using pointer = Key*;
+        using reference = Key&;
+
+        reverse_iterator() : node_(nullptr)
+        {
+        }
+
+        reference operator*() const
+        {
+            return node_->value;
+        }
+
+        pointer operator->() const
+        {
+            return &(node_->value);
+        }
+
+        reverse_iterator& operator++()
+        {
+            if (node_->left) {
+                node_ = rightmost(node_->left);
+            } else {
+                node_type* parent = node_->parent;
+                while (parent && node_ == parent->left) {
+                    node_ = parent;
+                    parent = parent->parent;
+                }
+                node_ = parent;
+            }
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        reverse_iterator operator++(int)
+        {
+            reverse_iterator tmp = *this;
+            ++(*this);
+            return tmp;
+        }
+
+        reverse_iterator& operator--()
+        {
+            if (node_->right) {
+                node_ = leftmost(node_->right);
+            } else {
+                node_type* parent = node_->parent;
+                while (parent && node_ == parent->right) {
+                    node_ = parent;
+                    parent = parent->parent;
+                }
+                node_ = parent;
+            }
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        reverse_iterator operator--(int)
+        {
+            reverse_iterator tmp = *this;
+            --(*this);
+            return tmp;
+        }
+
+        bool operator==(const reverse_iterator& other) const
+        {
+            return node_ == other.node_;
+        }
+
+        bool operator!=(const reverse_iterator& other) const
+        {
+            return !(*this == other);
+        }
+
+        iterator base() const
+        {
+            if (node_ == nullptr)
+                return iterator(leftmost(root_));
+            reverse_iterator tmp = *this;
+            ++tmp;
+            return iterator(tmp.node_);
+        }
+
+      private:
+        friend class set;
+        node_type* node_;
+
+        explicit reverse_iterator(node_type* node) : node_(node)
+        {
+        }
+    };
+
+    using const_iterator = iterator;
+    using const_reverse_iterator = reverse_iterator;
+
+    set() : root_(nullptr), size_(0), comp_(Compare())
+    {
+    }
+
+    explicit set(const Compare& comp) : root_(nullptr), size_(0), comp_(comp)
+    {
+    }
+
+    template<class InputIt>
+    set(InputIt first, InputIt last, const Compare& comp = Compare())
+      : root_(nullptr), size_(0), comp_(comp)
+    {
+        for (; first != last; ++first)
+            insert(*first);
+    }
+
+    set(const set& other) : root_(nullptr), size_(0)
+    {
+        if (other.root_) {
+            root_ = copier(other.root_);
+            size_ = other.size_;
+        }
+    }
+
+    set(set&& other) noexcept : root_(other.root_), size_(other.size_)
+    {
+        other.root_ = nullptr;
+        other.size_ = 0;
+    }
+
+    set(std::initializer_list<value_type> init, const Compare& comp = Compare())
+      : root_(nullptr), size_(0), comp_(comp)
+    {
+        for (const auto& value : init)
+            insert(value);
+    }
+
+    ~set()
+    {
+        clear();
+    }
+
+    set& operator=(const set& other)
+    {
+        if (this != &other) {
+            clear();
+            if (other.root_) {
+                root_ = copier(other.root_);
+                size_ = other.size_;
+            }
+        }
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    set& operator=(set&& other) noexcept
+    {
+        if (this != &other) {
+            clear();
+            root_ = other.root_;
+            size_ = other.size_;
+            other.root_ = nullptr;
+            other.size_ = 0;
+        }
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    bool empty() const noexcept
+    {
+        return size_ == 0;
+    }
+
+    size_type size() const noexcept
+    {
+        return size_;
+    }
+
+    iterator begin() noexcept
+    {
+        if (root_)
+            return iterator(leftmost(root_));
+        return iterator(nullptr);
+    }
+
+    const_iterator begin() const noexcept
+    {
+        if (root_)
+            return const_iterator(leftmost(root_));
+        return const_iterator(nullptr);
+    }
+
+    const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept
+    {
+        return begin();
+    }
+
+    reverse_iterator rbegin()
+    {
+        return reverse_iterator(rightmost(root_));
+    }
+
+    const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const
+    {
+        return const_reverse_iterator(rightmost(root_));
+    }
+
+    const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const
+    {
+        return const_reverse_iterator(rightmost(root_));
+    }
+
+    iterator end() noexcept
+    {
+        return iterator(nullptr);
+    }
+
+    const_iterator end() const noexcept
+    {
+        return const_iterator(nullptr);
+    }
+
+    const_iterator cend() const noexcept
+    {
+        return end();
+    }
+
+    reverse_iterator rend()
+    {
+        return reverse_iterator(nullptr);
+    }
+
+    const_reverse_iterator rend() const
+    {
+        return const_reverse_iterator(nullptr);
+    }
+
+    const_reverse_iterator crend() const
+    {
+        return const_reverse_iterator(nullptr);
+    }
+
+    void clear() noexcept
+    {
+        clearer(root_);
+        root_ = nullptr;
+        size_ = 0;
+    }
+
+    pair<iterator, bool> insert(value_type&& value)
+    {
+        return insert_node(new node_type(ctl::move(value)));
+    }
+
+    pair<iterator, bool> insert(const value_type& value)
+    {
+        return insert_node(new node_type(value));
+    }
+
+    iterator insert(const_iterator hint, const value_type& value)
+    {
+        return insert(value).first;
+    }
+
+    iterator insert(const_iterator hint, value_type&& value)
+    {
+        return insert(ctl::move(value)).first;
+    }
+
+    template<class InputIt>
+    void insert(InputIt first, InputIt last)
+    {
+        for (; first != last; ++first)
+            insert(*first);
+    }
+
+    void insert(std::initializer_list<value_type> ilist)
+    {
+        for (const auto& value : ilist)
+            insert(value);
+    }
+
+    template<class... Args>
+    pair<iterator, bool> emplace(Args&&... args)
+    {
+        value_type value(ctl::forward<Args>(args)...);
+        return insert(ctl::move(value));
+    }
+
+    iterator erase(iterator pos)
+    {
+        node_type* node = pos.node_;
+        iterator res = ++pos;
+        erase_node(node);
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    size_type erase(const key_type& key)
+    {
+        node_type* node = get_element(key);
+        if (node == nullptr)
+            return 0;
+        erase_node(node);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    iterator erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last)
+    {
+        while (first != last)
+            first = erase(first);
+        return iterator(const_cast<node_type*>(last.node_));
+    }
+
+    void swap(set& other) noexcept
+    {
+        ctl::swap(root_, other.root_);
+        ctl::swap(size_, other.size_);
+    }
+
+    pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const key_type& key)
+    {
+        return { iterator(get_floor(key)), iterator(get_ceiling(key)) };
+    }
+
+    pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& key) const
+    {
+        return { const_iterator(get_floor(key)),
+                 const_iterator(get_ceiling(key)) };
+    }
+
+    iterator lower_bound(const key_type& key)
+    {
+        return iterator(get_floor(key));
+    }
+
+    const_iterator lower_bound(const key_type& key) const
+    {
+        return const_iterator(get_floor(key));
+    }
+
+    iterator upper_bound(const key_type& key)
+    {
+        return iterator(get_ceiling(key));
+    }
+
+    const_iterator upper_bound(const key_type& key) const
+    {
+        return const_iterator(get_ceiling(key));
+    }
+
+    size_type count(const key_type& key) const
+    {
+        return !!get_element(key);
+    }
+
+    iterator find(const key_type& key)
+    {
+        return iterator(get_element(key));
+    }
+
+    const_iterator find(const key_type& key) const
+    {
+        return const_iterator(get_element(key));
+    }
+
+    template<class... Args>
+    iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator hint, Args&&... args)
+    {
+        return emplace(ctl::forward<Args>(args)...).first;
+    }
+
+    void check() const
+    {
+        size_type count = 0;
+        if (root_ != nullptr) {
+            if (root_->is_red)
+                // ILLEGAL TREE: root node must be black
+                __builtin_trap();
+            int black_height = -1;
+            checker(root_, nullptr, 0, black_height);
+            count = tally(root_);
+        }
+        if (count != size_)
+            // ILLEGAL TREE: unexpected number of nodes
+            __builtin_trap();
+    }
+
+  private:
+    static node_type* leftmost(node_type* node) noexcept
+    {
+        while (node && node->left)
+            node = node->left;
+        return node;
+    }
+
+    static node_type* rightmost(node_type* node) noexcept
+    {
+        while (node && node->right)
+            node = node->right;
+        return node;
+    }
+
+    static void clearer(node_type* node) noexcept
+    {
+        node_type* right;
+        for (; node; node = right) {
+            right = node->right;
+            clearer(node->left);
+            delete node;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static node_type* copier(const node_type* node)
+    {
+        if (node == nullptr)
+            return nullptr;
+        node_type* new_node = new node_type(node->value);
+        new_node->left = copier(node->left);
+        new_node->right = copier(node->right);
+        if (new_node->left)
+            new_node->left->parent = new_node;
+        if (new_node->right)
+            new_node->right->parent = new_node;
+        return new_node;
+    }
+
+    static size_type tally(const node_type* node)
+    {
+        if (node == nullptr)
+            return 0;
+        return 1 + tally(node->left) + tally(node->right);
+    }
+
+    template<typename K>
+    node_type* get_element(const K& key) const
+    {
+        node_type* current = root_;
+        while (current != nullptr) {
+            if (comp_(key, current->value)) {
+                current = current->left;
+            } else if (comp_(current->value, key)) {
+                current = current->right;
+            } else {
+                return current;
+            }
+        }
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    template<typename K>
+    node_type* get_floor(const K& key) const
+    {
+        node_type* result = nullptr;
+        node_type* current = root_;
+        while (current != nullptr) {
+            if (!comp_(current->value, key)) {
+                result = current;
+                current = current->left;
+            } else {
+                current = current->right;
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    template<typename K>
+    node_type* get_ceiling(const K& key) const
+    {
+        node_type* result = nullptr;
+        node_type* current = root_;
+        while (current != nullptr) {
+            if (comp_(key, current->value)) {
+                result = current;
+                current = current->left;
+            } else {
+                current = current->right;
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    pair<iterator, bool> insert_node(node_type* node)
+    {
+        if (root_ == nullptr) {
+            root_ = node;
+            root_->is_red = false;
+            size_++;
+            return { iterator(root_), true };
+        }
+        node_type* current = root_;
+        node_type* parent = nullptr;
+        while (current != nullptr) {
+            parent = current;
+            if (comp_(node->value, current->value)) {
+                current = current->left;
+            } else if (comp_(current->value, node->value)) {
+                current = current->right;
+            } else {
+                delete node; // already exists
+                return { iterator(current), false };
+            }
+        }
+        if (comp_(node->value, parent->value)) {
+            parent->left = node;
+        } else {
+            parent->right = node;
+        }
+        node->parent = parent;
+        size_++;
+        rebalance_after_insert(node);
+        return { iterator(node), true };
+    }
+
+    void erase_node(node_type* node)
+    {
+        node_type* y = node;
+        node_type* x = nullptr;
+        node_type* x_parent = nullptr;
+        bool y_original_color = y->is_red;
+        if (node->left == nullptr) {
+            x = node->right;
+            transplant(node, node->right);
+            x_parent = node->parent;
+        } else if (node->right == nullptr) {
+            x = node->left;
+            transplant(node, node->left);
+            x_parent = node->parent;
+        } else {
+            y = leftmost(node->right);
+            y_original_color = y->is_red;
+            x = y->right;
+            if (y->parent == node) {
+                if (x)
+                    x->parent = y;
+                x_parent = y;
+            } else {
+                transplant(y, y->right);
+                y->right = node->right;
+                y->right->parent = y;
+                x_parent = y->parent;
+            }
+            transplant(node, y);
+            y->left = node->left;
+            y->left->parent = y;
+            y->is_red = node->is_red;
+        }
+        if (!y_original_color)
+            rebalance_after_erase(x, x_parent);
+        delete node;
+        --size_;
+    }
+
+    void left_rotate(node_type* x)
+    {
+        node_type* y = x->right;
+        x->right = y->left;
+        if (y->left != nullptr)
+            y->left->parent = x;
+        y->parent = x->parent;
+        if (x->parent == nullptr) {
+            root_ = y;
+        } else if (x == x->parent->left) {
+            x->parent->left = y;
+        } else {
+            x->parent->right = y;
+        }
+        y->left = x;
+        x->parent = y;
+    }
+
+    void right_rotate(node_type* y)
+    {
+        node_type* x = y->left;
+        y->left = x->right;
+        if (x->right != nullptr)
+            x->right->parent = y;
+        x->parent = y->parent;
+        if (y->parent == nullptr) {
+            root_ = x;
+        } else if (y == y->parent->right) {
+            y->parent->right = x;
+        } else {
+            y->parent->left = x;
+        }
+        x->right = y;
+        y->parent = x;
+    }
+
+    void transplant(node_type* u, node_type* v)
+    {
+        if (u->parent == nullptr) {
+            root_ = v;
+        } else if (u == u->parent->left) {
+            u->parent->left = v;
+        } else {
+            u->parent->right = v;
+        }
+        if (v != nullptr)
+            v->parent = u->parent;
+    }
+
+    void checker(const node_type* node,
+                 const node_type* parent,
+                 int black_count,
+                 int& black_height) const
+    {
+        if (node == nullptr) {
+            // Leaf nodes are considered black
+            if (black_height == -1) {
+                black_height = black_count;
+            } else if (black_count != black_height) {
+                // ILLEGAL TREE: Black height mismatch
+                __builtin_trap();
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        if (node->parent != parent)
+            // ILLEGAL TREE: Parent link is incorrect
+            __builtin_trap();
+        if (parent) {
+            if (parent->left == node && !comp_(node->value, parent->value))
+                // ILLEGAL TREE: Binary search property violated on left child
+                __builtin_trap();
+            if (parent->right == node && !comp_(parent->value, node->value))
+                // ILLEGAL TREE: Binary search property violated on right child
+                __builtin_trap();
+        }
+        if (!node->is_red) {
+            black_count++;
+        } else if (parent != nullptr && parent->is_red) {
+            // ILLEGAL TREE: Red node has red child
+            __builtin_trap();
+        }
+        checker(node->left, node, black_count, black_height);
+        checker(node->right, node, black_count, black_height);
+    }
+
+    void rebalance_after_insert(node_type* node)
+    {
+        node->is_red = true;
+        while (node != root_ && node->parent->is_red) {
+            if (node->parent == node->parent->parent->left) {
+                node_type* uncle = node->parent->parent->right;
+                if (uncle && uncle->is_red) {
+                    node->parent->is_red = false;
+                    uncle->is_red = false;
+                    node->parent->parent->is_red = true;
+                    node = node->parent->parent;
+                } else {
+                    if (node == node->parent->right) {
+                        node = node->parent;
+                        left_rotate(node);
+                    }
+                    node->parent->is_red = false;
+                    node->parent->parent->is_red = true;
+                    right_rotate(node->parent->parent);
+                }
+            } else {
+                node_type* uncle = node->parent->parent->left;
+                if (uncle && uncle->is_red) {
+                    node->parent->is_red = false;
+                    uncle->is_red = false;
+                    node->parent->parent->is_red = true;
+                    node = node->parent->parent;
+                } else {
+                    if (node == node->parent->left) {
+                        node = node->parent;
+                        right_rotate(node);
+                    }
+                    node->parent->is_red = false;
+                    node->parent->parent->is_red = true;
+                    left_rotate(node->parent->parent);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        root_->is_red = false;
+    }
+
+    void rebalance_after_erase(node_type* node, node_type* parent)
+    {
+        while (node != root_ && (node == nullptr || !node->is_red)) {
+            if (node == parent->left) {
+                node_type* sibling = parent->right;
+                if (sibling->is_red) {
+                    sibling->is_red = false;
+                    parent->is_red = true;
+                    left_rotate(parent);
+                    sibling = parent->right;
+                }
+                if ((sibling->left == nullptr || !sibling->left->is_red) &&
+                    (sibling->right == nullptr || !sibling->right->is_red)) {
+                    sibling->is_red = true;
+                    node = parent;
+                    parent = node->parent;
+                } else {
+                    if (sibling->right == nullptr || !sibling->right->is_red) {
+                        sibling->left->is_red = false;
+                        sibling->is_red = true;
+                        right_rotate(sibling);
+                        sibling = parent->right;
+                    }
+                    sibling->is_red = parent->is_red;
+                    parent->is_red = false;
+                    sibling->right->is_red = false;
+                    left_rotate(parent);
+                    node = root_;
+                    break;
+                }
+            } else {
+                node_type* sibling = parent->left;
+                if (sibling->is_red) {
+                    sibling->is_red = false;
+                    parent->is_red = true;
+                    right_rotate(parent);
+                    sibling = parent->left;
+                }
+                if ((sibling->right == nullptr || !sibling->right->is_red) &&
+                    (sibling->left == nullptr || !sibling->left->is_red)) {
+                    sibling->is_red = true;
+                    node = parent;
+                    parent = node->parent;
+                } else {
+                    if (sibling->left == nullptr || !sibling->left->is_red) {
+                        sibling->right->is_red = false;
+                        sibling->is_red = true;
+                        left_rotate(sibling);
+                        sibling = parent->left;
+                    }
+                    sibling->is_red = parent->is_red;
+                    parent->is_red = false;
+                    sibling->left->is_red = false;
+                    right_rotate(parent);
+                    node = root_;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (node != nullptr)
+            node->is_red = false;
+    }
+
+    node_type* root_;
+    size_type size_;
+    Compare comp_;
+};
+
+template<class Key, typename Compare = less<Key>>
+bool
+operator==(const set<Key, Compare>& lhs, const set<Key, Compare>& rhs)
+{
+    if (lhs.size() != rhs.size())
+        return false;
+    auto i = lhs.cbegin();
+    auto j = rhs.cbegin();
+    for (; i != lhs.end(); ++i, ++j) {
+        if (!(*i == *j))
+            return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+template<class Key, typename Compare = less<Key>>
+bool
+operator<(const set<Key, Compare>& lhs, const set<Key, Compare>& rhs)
+{
+    auto i = lhs.cbegin();
+    auto j = rhs.cbegin();
+    for (; i != lhs.end() && j != rhs.end(); ++i, ++j) {
+        if (Compare()(*i, *j))
+            return true;
+        if (Compare()(*j, *i))
+            return false;
+    }
+    return i == lhs.end() && j != rhs.end();
+}
+
+template<class Key, typename Compare = less<Key>>
+bool
+operator!=(const set<Key, Compare>& lhs, const set<Key, Compare>& rhs)
+{
+    return !(lhs == rhs);
+}
+
+template<class Key, typename Compare = less<Key>>
+bool
+operator<=(const set<Key, Compare>& lhs, const set<Key, Compare>& rhs)
+{
+    return !(rhs < lhs);
+}
+
+template<class Key, typename Compare = less<Key>>
+bool
+operator>(const set<Key, Compare>& lhs, const set<Key, Compare>& rhs)
+{
+    return rhs < lhs;
+}
+
+template<class Key, typename Compare = less<Key>>
+bool
+operator>=(const set<Key, Compare>& lhs, const set<Key, Compare>& rhs)
+{
+    return !(lhs < rhs);
+}
+
+template<class Key, typename Compare = less<Key>>
+void
+swap(set<Key, Compare>& lhs, set<Key, Compare>& rhs) noexcept;
+
+} // namespace ctl
+
+#endif // CTL_SET_H_
--- a/ctl/string.h
+++ b/ctl/string.h
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // -*-mode:c++;indent-tabs-mode:nil;c-basic-offset:4;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8-*-
 // vi: set et ft=cpp ts=4 sts=4 sw=4 fenc=utf-8 :vi
-#ifndef COSMOPOLITAN_CTL_STRING_H_
-#define COSMOPOLITAN_CTL_STRING_H_
+#ifndef CTL_STRING_H_
+#define CTL_STRING_H_
 #include "string_view.h"

 namespace ctl {
@ -397,4 +397,4 @@ operator"" s(const char* s, size_t n)
 }
 #pragma GCC diagnostic pop

-#endif // COSMOPOLITAN_CTL_STRING_H_
+#endif // CTL_STRING_H_
--- a/examples/greenbean.c
+++ b/examples/greenbean.c
@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include <sys/auxv.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
 #include <time.h>
+#include "libc/mem/leaks.h"

 /**
 * @fileoverview greenbean lightweight threaded web server
@ -411,7 +412,5 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
  unassert(!pthread_mutex_destroy(&statuslock));

  // quality assurance
-  if (IsModeDbg()) {
-    CheckForMemoryLeaks();
-  }
+  CheckForMemoryLeaks();
 }
--- a/libc/calls/fcntl-nt.c
+++ b/libc/calls/fcntl-nt.c
@ -28,11 +28,11 @@
 #include "libc/calls/wincrash.internal.h"
 #include "libc/errno.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/kprintf.h"
-#include "libc/intrin/leaky.internal.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/weaken.h"
 #include "libc/limits.h"
 #include "libc/log/backtrace.internal.h"
 #include "libc/macros.internal.h"
+#include "libc/mem/leaks.h"
 #include "libc/mem/mem.h"
 #include "libc/nt/createfile.h"
 #include "libc/nt/enum/fileflagandattributes.h"
@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ static textwindows struct FileLock *NewFileLock(void) {
    fl = g_locks.free;
    g_locks.free = fl->next;
  } else {
-    unassert((fl = _weaken(malloc)(sizeof(*fl))));
+    unassert((fl = may_leak(_weaken(malloc)(sizeof(*fl)))));
  }
  bzero(fl, sizeof(*fl));
  fl->next = g_locks.list;
@ -83,8 +83,6 @@ static textwindows struct FileLock *NewFileLock(void) {
  return fl;
 }

-IGNORE_LEAKS(NewFileLock)
-
 static textwindows void FreeFileLock(struct FileLock *fl) {
  fl->next = g_locks.free;
  g_locks.free = fl;
--- a/libc/intrin/leaky.internal.h
+++ b/libc/intrin/leaky.internal.h
@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef COSMOPOLITAN_LIBC_INTRIN_LEAKY_INTERNAL_H_
-#define COSMOPOLITAN_LIBC_INTRIN_LEAKY_INTERNAL_H_
-#include "libc/dce.h"
-COSMOPOLITAN_C_START_
-
-#define IGNORE_LEAKS(FUNC)
-
-extern intptr_t _leaky_end[] __attribute__((__weak__));
-extern intptr_t _leaky_start[] __attribute__((__weak__));
-
-COSMOPOLITAN_C_END_
-#endif /* COSMOPOLITAN_LIBC_INTRIN_LEAKY_INTERNAL_H_ */
--- a/libc/intrin/pthread_orphan_np.c
+++ b/libc/intrin/pthread_orphan_np.c
--- a/libc/isystem/cosmo.h
+++ b/libc/isystem/cosmo.h
@ -43,6 +43,7 @@
 #include "libc/intrin/weaken.h"
 #include "libc/mem/critbit0.h"
 #include "libc/mem/gc.h"
+#include "libc/mem/leaks.h"
 #include "libc/nexgen32e/rdtsc.h"
 #include "libc/nexgen32e/stackframe.h"
 #include "libc/nexgen32e/x86feature.h"
--- a/libc/log/showcrashreports.c
+++ b/libc/log/showcrashreports.c
@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 #include "libc/calls/struct/sigaction.h"
 #include "libc/calls/struct/sigaltstack.h"
 #include "libc/calls/struct/sigset.h"
-#include "libc/intrin/leaky.internal.h"
 #include "libc/log/internal.h"
 #include "libc/mem/mem.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
@ -93,5 +92,3 @@ void ShowCrashReports(void) {
  InstallCrashHandler(SIGABRT, 0);
  InstallCrashHandler(SIGSEGV, SA_ONSTACK);
 }
-
-IGNORE_LEAKS(ShowCrashReports)
--- a/libc/mem/leaks.c
+++ b/libc/mem/leaks.c
@ -16,10 +16,79 @@
 │ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
+#include "libc/cxxabi.h"
+#include "libc/intrin/cxaatexit.internal.h"
+#include "libc/intrin/dll.h"
+#include "libc/intrin/kprintf.h"
+#include "libc/intrin/weaken.h"
+#include "libc/mem/mem.h"
+#include "libc/nt/typedef/imagetlscallback.h"
+#include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
+#include "libc/thread/posixthread.internal.h"
+#include "libc/thread/thread.h"
+
+#define LEAK_CONTAINER(e) DLL_CONTAINER(struct Leak, elem, e)
+
+struct Leak {
+  void *alloc;
+  struct Dll elem;
+};
+
+static int leak_count;
+static struct Dll *leaks;
+static struct Dll *freaks;
+static pthread_mutex_t lock;
+
+void __may_leak(void *alloc) {
+  if (!alloc)
+    return;
+  pthread_mutex_lock(&lock);
+  if (dll_is_empty(freaks)) {
+    int g = __granularity();
+    struct Leak *p = _mapanon(g);
+    int n = g / sizeof(struct Leak);
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+      dll_init(&p[i].elem);
+      dll_make_first(&freaks, &p[i].elem);
+    }
+  }
+  struct Dll *e = dll_first(freaks);
+  LEAK_CONTAINER(e)->alloc = alloc;
+  dll_remove(&freaks, e);
+  dll_make_first(&leaks, e);
+  pthread_mutex_unlock(&lock);
+}
+
+static void visitor(void *start, void *end, size_t used_bytes, void *arg) {
+  if (!used_bytes)
+    return;
+  for (struct Dll *e = dll_first(leaks); e; e = dll_next(leaks, e))
+    if (start == LEAK_CONTAINER(e)->alloc)
+      return;
+  kprintf("error: leaked %'zu byte allocation at %p\n", used_bytes, start);
+  ++leak_count;
+}

 /**
 * Tests for memory leaks.
 */
 void CheckForMemoryLeaks(void) {
-  // TODO(jart): give me a new lease on life
+
+  // validate usage of this api
+  if (_weaken(_pthread_decimate))
+    _weaken(_pthread_decimate)();
+  if (!pthread_orphan_np())
+    kprintf("warning: called CheckForMemoryLeaks() from non-orphaned thread\n");
+
+  // call dynamic global destructors
+  __cxa_thread_finalize();
+  __cxa_finalize(0);
+
+  // check for leaks
+  malloc_inspect_all(visitor, 0);
+  if (leak_count) {
+    kprintf("loser: you forgot to call free %'d time%s\n", leak_count,
+            leak_count == 1 ? "" : "s");
+    _exit(73);
+  }
 }
--- a/libc/mem/leaks.h
+++ b/libc/mem/leaks.h
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#ifndef COSMOPOLITAN_LIBC_MEM_LEAKS_H_
+#define COSMOPOLITAN_LIBC_MEM_LEAKS_H_
+#include "libc/intrin/weaken.h"
+COSMOPOLITAN_C_START_
+
+void CheckForMemoryLeaks(void) libcesque;
+
+/**
+ * Declares that allocation needn't be freed.
+ *
+ * This function does nothing if CheckForMemoryLeaks() hasn't been
+ * linked into the binary.
+ */
+forceinline void *may_leak(void *__p) {
+  void __may_leak(void *) libcesque;
+  if (_weaken(__may_leak))
+    _weaken(__may_leak)(__p);
+  return __p;
+}
+
+COSMOPOLITAN_C_END_
+#endif /* COSMOPOLITAN_LIBC_MEM_LEAKS_H_ */
--- a/libc/mem/putenv.c
+++ b/libc/mem/putenv.c
@ -17,10 +17,10 @@
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #include "libc/intrin/getenv.internal.h"
-#include "libc/intrin/leaky.internal.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/strace.internal.h"
 #include "libc/macros.internal.h"
 #include "libc/mem/internal.h"
+#include "libc/mem/leaks.h"
 #include "libc/mem/mem.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/errfuns.h"
@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ static char **__growenv(char **a) {
    a = environ;
  n = a ? __lenenv(a) : 0;
  c = MAX(8ul, n) << 1;
-  if ((b = malloc(c * sizeof(char *)))) {
+  if ((b = may_leak(malloc(c * sizeof(char *))))) {
    if (a) {
      for (p = b; *a;) {
        *p++ = *a++;
@ -59,8 +59,6 @@ static char **__growenv(char **a) {
  }
 }

-IGNORE_LEAKS(__growenv)
-
 int __putenv(char *s, bool overwrite) {
  char **p;
  struct Env e;
--- a/libc/mem/setenv.c
+++ b/libc/mem/setenv.c
@ -16,9 +16,9 @@
 │ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
-#include "libc/intrin/leaky.internal.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/strace.internal.h"
 #include "libc/mem/internal.h"
+#include "libc/mem/leaks.h"
 #include "libc/mem/mem.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
 #include "libc/str/str.h"
@ -39,7 +39,8 @@ int setenv(const char *name, const char *value, int overwrite) {
  size_t n, m;
  if (!name || !*name || !value || strchr(name, '='))
    return einval();
-  if ((s = malloc((n = strlen(name)) + 1 + (m = strlen(value)) + 1))) {
+  if ((s = may_leak(
+           malloc((n = strlen(name)) + 1 + (m = strlen(value)) + 1)))) {
    memcpy(mempcpy(mempcpy(s, name, n), "=", 1), value, m + 1);
    rc = __putenv(s, overwrite);
  } else {
@ -48,5 +49,3 @@ int setenv(const char *name, const char *value, int overwrite) {
  STRACE("setenv(%#s, %#s, %hhhd) → %d% m", name, value, overwrite, rc);
  return rc;
 }
-
-IGNORE_LEAKS(setenv)
--- a/libc/proc/proc.c
+++ b/libc/proc/proc.c
@ -27,9 +27,9 @@
 #include "libc/errno.h"
 #include "libc/fmt/wintime.internal.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/dll.h"
-#include "libc/intrin/leaky.internal.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/strace.internal.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/weaken.h"
+#include "libc/mem/leaks.h"
 #include "libc/mem/mem.h"
 #include "libc/nt/accounting.h"
 #include "libc/nt/enum/processaccess.h"
@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ textwindows struct Proc *__proc_new(void) {
    }
    if (!proc) {
      if (_weaken(malloc)) {
-        proc = _weaken(malloc)(sizeof(struct Proc));
+        proc = may_leak(_weaken(malloc)(sizeof(struct Proc)));
      } else {
        enomem();
        return 0;
@ -297,8 +297,6 @@ textwindows struct Proc *__proc_new(void) {
  return proc;
 }

-IGNORE_LEAKS(__proc_new)
-
 /**
 * Adds process to active list.
 *
--- a/libc/thread/__cxa_thread_atexit_impl.c
+++ b/libc/thread/__cxa_thread_atexit_impl.c
@ -17,7 +17,12 @@
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #include "libc/intrin/cxaatexit.internal.h"
+#include "libc/intrin/weaken.h"
 #include "libc/mem/mem.h"
+#include "libc/nexgen32e/gc.internal.h"
+#include "libc/thread/posixthread.internal.h"
+#include "libc/thread/tls.h"
+#include "third_party/nsync/wait_s.internal.h"

 struct Dtor {
  void *fun;
@ -27,18 +32,58 @@ struct Dtor {

 static _Thread_local struct Dtor *__cxa_thread_atexit_list;

+static void __cxa_thread_unkey(struct CosmoTib *tib) {
+  void *val;
+  int i, j, gotsome;
+  pthread_key_dtor dtor;
+  for (j = 0; j < PTHREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS; ++j) {
+    for (gotsome = i = 0; i < PTHREAD_KEYS_MAX; ++i) {
+      if ((val = tib->tib_keys[i]) &&
+          (dtor = atomic_load_explicit(_pthread_key_dtor + i,
+                                       memory_order_relaxed)) &&
+          dtor != (pthread_key_dtor)-1) {
+        gotsome = 1;
+        tib->tib_keys[i] = 0;
+        dtor(val);
+      }
+    }
+    if (!gotsome) {
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static void _pthread_ungarbage(struct CosmoTib *tib) {
+  struct Garbages *g;
+  while ((g = tib->tib_garbages)) {
+    tib->tib_garbages = 0;
+    while (g->i--) {
+      ((void (*)(intptr_t))g->p[g->i].fn)(g->p[g->i].arg);
+    }
+    _weaken(free)(g->p);
+    _weaken(free)(g);
+  }
+}
+
 void __cxa_thread_finalize(void) {
  struct Dtor *dtor;
  while ((dtor = __cxa_thread_atexit_list)) {
    __cxa_thread_atexit_list = dtor->next;
    ((void (*)(void *))dtor->fun)(dtor->arg);
-    free(dtor);
+    _weaken(free)(dtor);
  }
+  struct CosmoTib *tib = __get_tls();
+  __cxa_thread_unkey(tib);
+  if (tib->tib_nsync)
+    _weaken(nsync_waiter_destroy)(tib->tib_nsync);
+  _pthread_ungarbage(tib);
 }

 int __cxa_thread_atexit_impl(void *fun, void *arg, void *dso_symbol) {
  struct Dtor *dtor;
-  if (!(dtor = malloc(sizeof(struct Dtor))))
+  if (!_weaken(malloc))
+    return -1;
+  if (!(dtor = _weaken(malloc)(sizeof(struct Dtor))))
    return -1;
  dtor->fun = fun;
  dtor->arg = arg;
--- a/libc/runtime/exit.c
+++ b/libc/runtime/exit.c
@ -40,14 +40,10 @@ wontreturn void exit(int exitcode) {
  STRACE("exit(%d)", exitcode);

  // call thread local c++ object destructors
-  if (_weaken(__cxa_thread_finalize)) {
-    _weaken(__cxa_thread_finalize)();
-  }
+  __cxa_thread_finalize();

  // call atexit() and __cxa_atexit() destructors
-  if (_weaken(__cxa_finalize)) {
-    _weaken(__cxa_finalize)(NULL);
-  }
+  __cxa_finalize(NULL);

  // call __destructor__ and finiarray destructors
  const uintptr_t *p;
--- a/libc/runtime/pthread_keys.c
+++ b/libc/runtime/pthread_keys.c
--- a/libc/runtime/runtime.h
+++ b/libc/runtime/runtime.h
@ -109,7 +109,6 @@ void __paginate_file(int, const char *) libcesque;
 void _weakfree(void *) libcesque;
 void *_mapanon(size_t) attributeallocsize((1)) mallocesque libcesque;
 void *_mapshared(size_t) attributeallocsize((1)) mallocesque libcesque;
-void CheckForMemoryLeaks(void) libcesque;
 void CheckForFileLeaks(void) libcesque;
 void __enable_threads(void) libcesque;
 void __oom_hook(size_t) libcesque;
--- a/libc/testlib/testmain.c
+++ b/libc/testlib/testmain.c
@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 #include "libc/intrin/weaken.h"
 #include "libc/log/log.h"
 #include "libc/macros.internal.h"
+#include "libc/mem/leaks.h"
 #include "libc/mem/mem.h"
 #include "libc/nexgen32e/nexgen32e.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
--- a/libc/thread/posixthread.internal.h
+++ b/libc/thread/posixthread.internal.h
@ -110,8 +110,6 @@ void _pthread_lock(void) libcesque;
 void _pthread_onfork_child(void) libcesque;
 void _pthread_onfork_parent(void) libcesque;
 void _pthread_onfork_prepare(void) libcesque;
-void _pthread_ungarbage(void) libcesque;
-void _pthread_unkey(struct CosmoTib *) libcesque;
 void _pthread_unlock(void) libcesque;
 void _pthread_unref(struct PosixThread *) libcesque;
 void _pthread_unwind(struct PosixThread *) libcesque;
--- a/libc/thread/pthread_atfork.c
+++ b/libc/thread/pthread_atfork.c
@ -23,7 +23,6 @@
 #include "libc/errno.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/atomic.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/dll.h"
-#include "libc/intrin/leaky.internal.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/strace.internal.h"
 #include "libc/macros.internal.h"
 #include "libc/proc/proc.internal.h"
@ -100,5 +99,3 @@ int _pthread_atfork(atfork_f prepare, atfork_f parent, atfork_f child) {
  rc = 0;
  return rc;
 }
-
-IGNORE_LEAKS(_pthread_atfork)
--- a/libc/thread/pthread_exit.c
+++ b/libc/thread/pthread_exit.c
@ -44,27 +44,6 @@ void _pthread_unwind(struct PosixThread *pt) {
  }
 }

-void _pthread_unkey(struct CosmoTib *tib) {
-  void *val;
-  int i, j, gotsome;
-  pthread_key_dtor dtor;
-  for (j = 0; j < PTHREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS; ++j) {
-    for (gotsome = i = 0; i < PTHREAD_KEYS_MAX; ++i) {
-      if ((val = tib->tib_keys[i]) &&
-          (dtor = atomic_load_explicit(_pthread_key_dtor + i,
-                                       memory_order_relaxed)) &&
-          dtor != (pthread_key_dtor)-1) {
-        gotsome = 1;
-        tib->tib_keys[i] = 0;
-        dtor(val);
-      }
-    }
-    if (!gotsome) {
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-}
-
 /**
 * Terminates current POSIX thread.
 *
@ -111,14 +90,7 @@ wontreturn void pthread_exit(void *rc) {

  // free resources
  _pthread_unwind(pt);
-  if (_weaken(__cxa_thread_finalize)) {
-    _weaken(__cxa_thread_finalize)();
-  }
-  _pthread_unkey(tib);
-  if (tib->tib_nsync) {
-    nsync_waiter_destroy(tib->tib_nsync);
-  }
-  _pthread_ungarbage();
+  __cxa_thread_finalize();
  _pthread_decimate();

  // run atexit handlers if orphaned thread
--- a/libc/thread/pthread_ungarbage.c
+++ b/libc/thread/pthread_ungarbage.c
@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-/*-*- mode:c;indent-tabs-mode:nil;c-basic-offset:2;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8 -*-│
-│ vi: set et ft=c ts=2 sts=2 sw=2 fenc=utf-8                               :vi │
-╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡
-│ Copyright 2022 Justine Alexandra Roberts Tunney                              │
-│                                                                              │
-│ Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for         │
-│ any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the         │
-│ above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.      │
-│                                                                              │
-│ THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL                │
-│ WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED                │
-│ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE             │
-│ AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL         │
-│ DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR        │
-│ PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER               │
-│ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
-│ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
-╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
-#include "libc/mem/mem.h"
-#include "libc/nexgen32e/gc.internal.h"
-#include "libc/thread/tls.h"
-
-void _pthread_ungarbage(void) {
-  struct Garbages *g;
-  struct CosmoTib *tib;
-  tib = __get_tls();
-  while ((g = tib->tib_garbages)) {
-    tib->tib_garbages = 0;
-    while (g->i--) {
-      ((void (*)(intptr_t))g->p[g->i].fn)(g->p[g->i].arg);
-    }
-    free(g->p);
-    free(g);
-  }
-}
--- a/test/ctl/BUILD.mk
+++ b/test/ctl/BUILD.mk
@ -14,9 +14,7 @@ TEST_CTL_TESTS = $(TEST_CTL_COMS:%=%.ok)
 TEST_CTL_DIRECTDEPS =				\
 	CTL					\
 	LIBC_INTRIN				\
-	LIBC_LOG				\
 	LIBC_MEM				\
-	THIRD_PARTY_LIBCXX			\

 TEST_CTL_DEPS :=				\
 	$(call uniq,$(foreach x,$(TEST_CTL_DIRECTDEPS),$($(x))))
--- a/test/ctl/map_test.cc
+++ b/test/ctl/map_test.cc
@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+// -*- mode:c++; indent-tabs-mode:nil; c-basic-offset:4; coding:utf-8 -*-
+// vi: set et ft=cpp ts=4 sts=4 sw=4 fenc=utf-8 :vi
+//
+// Copyright 2024 Justine Alexandra Roberts Tunney
+//
+// Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for
+// any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the
+// above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL
+// WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED
+// WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+// AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+// DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR
+// PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER
+// TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
+// PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+#include "ctl/map.h"
+#include "ctl/string.h"
+#include "libc/mem/leaks.h"
+
+// #include <map>
+// #include <string>
+// #define ctl std
+
+int
+main()
+{
+
+    {
+        ctl::map<int, double> s;
+        if (!s.empty())
+            return 1;
+        if (s.size())
+            return 2;
+        s[1] = 10;
+        s[2] = 20;
+        s[3] = 3.14;
+        if (s[1] != 10)
+            return 3;
+        if (s[2] != 20)
+            return 4;
+        if (s[3] != 3.14)
+            return 5;
+    }
+
+    {
+        ctl::map<int, double> m;
+        if (!m.empty())
+            return 1;
+        if (m.size() != 0)
+            return 2;
+
+        m[1] = 10.5;
+        m[2] = 20.7;
+        m[3] = 3.14;
+
+        if (m.empty())
+            return 3;
+        if (m.size() != 3)
+            return 4;
+        if (m[1] != 10.5)
+            return 5;
+        if (m[2] != 20.7)
+            return 6;
+        if (m[3] != 3.14)
+            return 7;
+    }
+
+    {
+        ctl::map<ctl::string, int> m;
+        m["one"] = 1;
+        m["two"] = 2;
+        m["three"] = 3;
+
+        int sum = 0;
+        for (const auto& pair : m) {
+            sum += pair.second;
+        }
+        if (sum != 6)
+            return 8;
+
+        auto it = m.find("two");
+        if (it == m.end())
+            return 9;
+        if (it->second != 2)
+            return 10;
+
+        it = m.find("four");
+        if (it != m.end())
+            return 11;
+    }
+
+    {
+        ctl::map<int, ctl::string> m = { { 1, "one" },
+                                         { 2, "two" },
+                                         { 3, "three" } };
+        if (m.size() != 3)
+            return 12;
+        if (m[2] != "two")
+            return 13;
+
+        auto result = m.insert({ 4, "four" });
+        if (!result.second)
+            return 14;
+        if (result.first->second != "four")
+            return 15;
+
+        result = m.insert({ 2, "deux" });
+        if (result.second)
+            return 16;
+        if (result.first->second != "two")
+            return 17;
+    }
+
+    {
+        ctl::map<int, double> m1 = { { 1, 1.1 }, { 2, 2.2 }, { 3, 3.3 } };
+        ctl::map<int, double> m2 = { { 1, 1.1 }, { 2, 2.2 }, { 3, 3.3 } };
+        ctl::map<int, double> m3 = { { 1, 1.1 }, { 2, 2.2 }, { 4, 4.4 } };
+
+        if (!(m1 == m2))
+            return 18;
+        if (m1 != m2)
+            return 19;
+        if (m1 == m3)
+            return 20;
+        if (!(m1 != m3))
+            return 21;
+    }
+
+    {
+        ctl::map<int, ctl::string> m;
+        m[1] = "one";
+        m[2] = "two";
+        m[3] = "three";
+
+        if (m.count(2) != 1)
+            return 22;
+        if (m.count(4) != 0)
+            return 23;
+
+        m.erase(2);
+        if (m.size() != 2)
+            return 24;
+        if (m.count(2) != 0)
+            return 25;
+    }
+
+    {
+        ctl::map<int, double> m = { { 1, 1.1 }, { 3, 3.3 }, { 5, 5.5 } };
+
+        auto lower = m.lower_bound(2);
+        if (lower->first != 3)
+            return 26;
+
+        auto upper = m.upper_bound(3);
+        if (upper->first != 5)
+            return 27;
+
+        auto range = m.equal_range(3);
+        if (range.first->first != 3 || range.second->first != 5)
+            return 28;
+    }
+
+    {
+        ctl::map<int, ctl::string> m = {
+            { 1, "one" }, { 2, "two" }, { 3, "three" }, { 4, "four" }
+        };
+
+        // Test reverse iteration
+        auto rit = m.rbegin();
+        if (rit->first != 4 || rit->second != "four")
+            return 29;
+
+        ++rit;
+        if (rit->first != 3 || rit->second != "three")
+            return 30;
+
+        // Test reverse iteration with const_reverse_iterator
+        auto crit = m.crbegin();
+        if (crit->first != 4 || crit->second != "four")
+            return 31;
+
+        ++crit;
+        ++crit;
+        if (crit->first != 2 || crit->second != "two")
+            return 32;
+
+        // Test rend()
+        rit = m.rbegin();
+        int count = 0;
+        while (rit != m.rend()) {
+            ++rit;
+            ++count;
+        }
+        if (count != 4)
+            return 33;
+
+        // Test reverse iteration with range-based for loop
+        ctl::string result;
+        for (auto it = m.rbegin(); it != m.rend(); ++it) {
+            result += it->second;
+        }
+        if (result != "fourthreetwoone")
+            return 34;
+
+        // Test modification through reverse iterator
+        rit = m.rbegin();
+        rit->second = "quatre";
+        if (m[4] != "quatre")
+            return 35;
+
+        // Test comparison of reverse iterators
+        auto rit1 = m.rbegin();
+        auto rit2 = m.rbegin();
+        ++rit2;
+        if (!(*rit1 > *rit2))
+            return 36;
+    }
+
+    CheckForMemoryLeaks();
+}
--- a/test/ctl/optional_test.cc
+++ b/test/ctl/optional_test.cc
@ -17,11 +17,10 @@
 // PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

 #include "ctl/optional.h"
+#include "libc/mem/leaks.h"

 #include "ctl/string.h"

-#include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
-
 // #include <optional>
 // #include <string>
 // #define ctl std
@ -131,5 +130,4 @@ main()
    }

    CheckForMemoryLeaks();
-    return 0;
 }
--- a/test/ctl/set_test.cc
+++ b/test/ctl/set_test.cc
@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+// -*- mode:c++; indent-tabs-mode:nil; c-basic-offset:4; coding:utf-8 -*-
+// vi: set et ft=cpp ts=4 sts=4 sw=4 fenc=utf-8 :vi
+//
+// Copyright 2024 Justine Alexandra Roberts Tunney
+//
+// Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for
+// any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the
+// above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL
+// WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED
+// WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+// AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+// DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR
+// PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER
+// TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
+// PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+#include "ctl/set.h"
+#include "libc/mem/leaks.h"
+
+// #include <set>
+// #define ctl std
+// #define check() size()
+
+int
+rand32(void)
+{
+    /* Knuth, D.E., "The Art of Computer Programming," Vol 2,
+       Seminumerical Algorithms, Third Edition, Addison-Wesley, 1998,
+       p. 106 (line 26) & p. 108 */
+    static unsigned long long lcg = 1;
+    lcg *= 6364136223846793005;
+    lcg += 1442695040888963407;
+    return lcg >> 32;
+}
+
+int
+main()
+{
+
+    {
+        // Test construction and basic operations
+        ctl::set<int> s;
+        if (!s.empty())
+            return 1;
+        if (s.size() != 0)
+            return 2;
+
+        s.insert(1);
+        s.insert(2);
+        s.insert(3);
+        if (s.size() != 3)
+            return 3;
+        if (s.count(2) != 1)
+            return 4;
+        if (s.count(4) != 0)
+            return 5;
+    }
+
+    {
+        // Test insertion and find
+        ctl::set<int> s;
+        auto result = s.insert(5);
+        if (!result.second || *result.first != 5)
+            return 6;
+
+        result = s.insert(5); // Duplicate insertion
+        if (result.second || *result.first != 5)
+            return 7;
+
+        auto it = s.find(5);
+        if (it == s.end() || *it != 5)
+            return 8;
+
+        it = s.find(6);
+        if (it != s.end())
+            return 9;
+        s.check();
+    }
+
+    {
+        // Test erase
+        ctl::set<int> s;
+        s.insert(1);
+        s.insert(2);
+        s.insert(3);
+        s.insert(4);
+        s.insert(5);
+        s.erase(3);
+        if (s.size() != 4 || s.count(3) != 0)
+            return 10;
+
+        auto it = s.find(2);
+        s.erase(it);
+        if (s.size() != 3 || s.count(2) != 0)
+            return 11;
+    }
+
+    {
+        // Test clear
+        ctl::set<int> s;
+        s.insert(1);
+        s.insert(2);
+        s.insert(3);
+        s.insert(4);
+        s.insert(5);
+        s.clear();
+        if (!s.empty() || s.size() != 0)
+            return 12;
+    }
+
+    {
+        // Test comparison operators
+        ctl::set<int> s1{ 1, 2, 3 };
+        ctl::set<int> s2{ 1, 2, 3 };
+        ctl::set<int> s3{ 1, 2, 3, 4 };
+
+        if (!(s1 == s2))
+            return 13;
+        if (s1 != s2)
+            return 14;
+        if (!(s1 < s3))
+            return 15;
+        if (s3 <= s1)
+            return 16;
+    }
+
+    {
+        // Test iterator functionality
+        ctl::set<int> s{ 5, 3, 1, 4, 2 };
+        int prev = 0;
+        for (const auto& value : s) {
+            if (value <= prev)
+                return 17;
+            prev = value;
+            s.check();
+        }
+    }
+
+    {
+        // Test lower_bound and upper_bound
+        ctl::set<int> s{ 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 };
+        auto lower = s.lower_bound(4);
+        auto upper = s.upper_bound(4);
+        if (*lower != 5 || *upper != 5)
+            return 18;
+        s.check();
+    }
+
+    {
+        // Test emplace
+        ctl::set<ctl::pair<int, int>> s;
+        auto result = s.emplace(1, 2);
+        if (!result.second || result.first->first != 1 ||
+            result.first->second != 2)
+            return 19;
+        s.check();
+    }
+
+    {
+        // Test insertion and size
+        ctl::set<int> s;
+        for (int i = 0; i < 1000; ++i)
+            s.insert(i);
+        if (s.size() != 1000)
+            return 20;
+        s.check();
+    }
+
+    {
+        // Test duplicate insertions
+        ctl::set<int> s;
+        for (int i = 0; i < 100; ++i) {
+            s.insert(i);
+            s.insert(i); // Duplicate
+        }
+        if (s.size() != 100)
+            return 21;
+        s.check();
+    }
+
+    {
+        // Test deletion
+        ctl::set<int> s;
+        for (int i = 0; i < 100; ++i)
+            s.insert(i);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 50; ++i)
+            s.erase(i);
+        if (s.size() != 50 || s.find(0) != s.end() || s.find(99) == s.end())
+            return 22;
+        s.check();
+    }
+
+    {
+        // Test balance after multiple insertions
+        ctl::set<int> s;
+        for (int i = 0; i < 1000; ++i) {
+            s.insert(i);
+            s.check();
+        }
+    }
+
+    {
+        // Test balance after multiple insertions and deletions
+        ctl::set<int> s;
+        for (int i = 0; i < 20000; ++i) {
+            if (s.empty() || rand32() % 2 == 0) {
+                s.insert(rand32() % 500);
+            } else {
+                s.erase(rand32() % s.size());
+            }
+            s.check();
+        }
+    }
+
+    {
+        // Test iterator functionality
+        ctl::set<int> s;
+        for (int i = 0; i < 100; ++i)
+            s.insert(i);
+        int prev = -1;
+        for (const auto& val : s) {
+            if (val <= prev)
+                return 25;
+            prev = val;
+        }
+    }
+
+    {
+        // Test clear() function
+        ctl::set<int> s;
+        for (int i = 0; i < 100; ++i)
+            s.insert(i);
+        s.clear();
+        s.check();
+        if (!s.empty() || s.size() != 0)
+            return 26;
+    }
+
+    {
+        // Test extreme case: insert in descending order
+        ctl::set<int> s;
+        for (int i = 1000; i >= 0; --i)
+            s.insert(i);
+        if (s.size() != 1001 || *s.begin() != 0 || *s.rbegin() != 1000)
+            return 27;
+    }
+
+    {
+        // Test extreme case: insert in ascending order
+        ctl::set<int> s;
+        for (int i = 0; i <= 1000; ++i)
+            s.insert(i);
+        if (s.size() != 1001 || *s.begin() != 0 || *s.rbegin() != 1000)
+            return 28;
+    }
+
+    {
+        // Test lower_bound and upper_bound more extensively
+        ctl::set<int> s{ 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 };
+        if (s.lower_bound(25) != s.find(30) || s.upper_bound(25) != s.find(30))
+            return 29;
+        if (s.lower_bound(30) != s.find(30) || s.upper_bound(30) != s.find(40))
+            return 30;
+        if (s.lower_bound(60) != s.end() || s.upper_bound(60) != s.end())
+            return 31;
+    }
+
+    {
+        // Test emplace with more complex types
+        struct TestStruct
+        {
+            int a;
+            double b;
+
+            TestStruct(int a, double b) : a(a), b(b)
+            {
+            }
+
+            bool operator<(const TestStruct& other) const
+            {
+                return a < other.a;
+            }
+        };
+
+        ctl::set<TestStruct> s;
+        auto result = s.emplace(5, 3.14);
+        if (!result.second || result.first->a != 5 || result.first->b != 3.14)
+            return 32;
+        s.check();
+    }
+
+    {
+        ctl::set<int> s;
+        if (s.count(6) != 0)
+            return 33;
+        s.insert(6);
+        s.insert(6);
+        s.insert(6);
+        if (s.count(6) != 1)
+            return 34;
+    }
+
+    CheckForMemoryLeaks();
+}
--- a/test/ctl/string_test.cc
+++ b/test/ctl/string_test.cc
@ -17,10 +17,10 @@
 // PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

 #include "ctl/string.h"
+#include "libc/mem/leaks.h"

 #include <__type_traits/is_same.h>

-#include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
 #include "libc/str/str.h"

 // #include <string>
--- a/test/ctl/string_view_test.cc
+++ b/test/ctl/string_view_test.cc
@ -17,8 +17,7 @@
 // PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

 #include "ctl/string_view.h"
-
-#include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
+#include "libc/mem/leaks.h"
 #include "libc/str/str.h"

 // #include <string_view>
--- a/test/ctl/unique_ptr_test.cc
+++ b/test/ctl/unique_ptr_test.cc
@ -20,8 +20,6 @@

 #include <__type_traits/is_same.h>

-#include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
-
 // #include <memory>
 // #define ctl std

--- a/test/ctl/vector_test.cc
+++ b/test/ctl/vector_test.cc
@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 // PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

 #include "ctl/vector.h"
+#include "libc/mem/leaks.h"

 #include <cosmo.h>

--- a/test/libc/log/backtrace.c
+++ b/test/libc/log/backtrace.c
@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include "libc/fmt/conv.h"
 #include "libc/limits.h"
 #include "libc/log/log.h"
+#include "libc/mem/leaks.h"
 #include "libc/mem/mem.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/internal.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/symbols.internal.h"
--- a/test/libcxx/cexception_test.cc
+++ b/test/libcxx/cexception_test.cc
@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #include "libc/mem/alg.h"
+#include "libc/mem/leaks.h"
 #include "libc/mem/mem.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"

--- a/third_party/dlmalloc/README.cosmo
+++ b/third_party/dlmalloc/README.cosmo
@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ LICENSE

 LOCAL CHANGES

+  - Fix bug in dlmalloc_inspect_all()
  - Define dlmalloc_requires_more_vespene_gas()
  - Make dlmalloc scalable using sched_getcpu()
  - Use faster two power roundup for memalign()
--- a/third_party/dlmalloc/dlmalloc.c
+++ b/third_party/dlmalloc/dlmalloc.c
@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include "third_party/dlmalloc/vespene.internal.h"
 #include "libc/thread/tls.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/kprintf.h"
+#include "libc/intrin/kprintf.h"
 #include "third_party/nsync/mu.h"

 #if !IsTiny()
@ -1221,7 +1222,8 @@ static void internal_inspect_all(mstate m,
          }
        }
        if (start < (void*)next)  /* skip if all space is bookkeeping */
-          handler(start, next, used, arg);
+          if (start != s) /* [jart] fix phantom alloc bug w/ mspace+mmap */
+            handler(start, next, used, arg);
        if (q == top)
          break;
        q = next;
--- a/third_party/dlmalloc/threaded.inc
+++ b/third_party/dlmalloc/threaded.inc
@ -25,6 +25,8 @@
 #include "libc/nexgen32e/x86feature.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
 #include "libc/thread/thread.h"
+#include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
+#include "libc/intrin/weaken.h"
 #include "third_party/dlmalloc/dlmalloc.h"

 #if !FOOTERS || !MSPACES
@ -64,11 +66,28 @@ size_t dlbulk_free(void *array[], size_t nelem) {
  return 0;
 }

+struct ThreadedMallocVisitor {
+  mstate heap;
+  void (*handler)(void *start, void *end,
+                  size_t used_bytes, void *arg);
+  void *arg;
+};
+
+static void threaded_malloc_visitor(void *start, void *end,
+                                    size_t used_bytes, void *arg) {
+  struct ThreadedMallocVisitor *tmv = arg;
+  if (start == tmv->heap)
+    return;
+  tmv->handler(start, end, used_bytes, tmv->arg);
+}
+
 void dlmalloc_inspect_all(void handler(void *start, void *end,
-                                       size_t used_bytes, void *callback_arg),
+                                       size_t used_bytes, void *arg),
                          void *arg) {
-  for (unsigned i = 0; i < g_heapslen; ++i)
-    mspace_inspect_all(g_heaps[i], handler, arg);
+  for (unsigned i = 0; i < g_heapslen; ++i) {
+    struct ThreadedMallocVisitor tmv = {g_heaps[i], handler, arg};
+    mspace_inspect_all(g_heaps[i], threaded_malloc_visitor, &tmv);
+  }
 }

 forceinline mstate get_arena(void) {
--- a/third_party/lua/lua.main.c
+++ b/third_party/lua/lua.main.c
@ -50,6 +50,7 @@
 #include "third_party/lua/lrepl.h"
 #include "third_party/lua/lualib.h"
 #include "third_party/lua/lunix.h"
+#include "libc/mem/leaks.h"
 #include "tool/args/args.h"
 __static_yoink("lua_notice");

--- a/tool/build/runitd.c
+++ b/tool/build/runitd.c
@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 #include "libc/log/check.h"
 #include "libc/macros.internal.h"
 #include "libc/mem/gc.h"
+#include "libc/mem/leaks.h"
 #include "libc/mem/mem.h"
 #include "libc/nexgen32e/crc32.h"
 #include "libc/proc/posix_spawn.h"
--- a/tool/net/redbean.c
+++ b/tool/net/redbean.c
@ -49,6 +49,7 @@
 #include "libc/math.h"
 #include "libc/mem/alloca.h"
 #include "libc/mem/gc.h"
+#include "libc/mem/leaks.h"
 #include "libc/mem/mem.h"
 #include "libc/nexgen32e/crc32.h"
 #include "libc/nexgen32e/rdtsc.h"