Every program built using Cosmopolitan is statically-linked. However
there are some cases, e.g. GUIs and video drivers, where linking the
host platform libraries is desirable. So what we do in such cases is
launch a stub executable using the host platform's libc, and longjmp
back into this executable. The stub executable passes back to us the
platform-specific dlopen() implementation, which we shall then wrap.
Here's the list of platforms that are supported so far:
- x86-64 Linux w/ Glibc
- x86-64 Linux w/ Musl Libc
- x86-64 FreeBSD
- x86-64 Windows
- aarch64 Linux w/ Glibc
- aarch64 MacOS
What this means is your Cosmo programs can call foreign functions on
your host operating system. However, it's important to note that any
foreign library you link won't have the ability to call functions in
your Cosmopolitan program. For example it's now technically possible
that Lua can load a module, however that almost certainly won't work
since the Lua module won't have access to Cosmo's Lua API.
Kudos to @jacereda for figuring out how to do this.
* [metal] Add a uprintf() routine, for non-emergency boot logging
* [metal] _Really_ push forward timing of VGA TTY initialization
* [metal] Do something useful with uprintf()
* [metal] Locate some ACPI tables, for later hardware detection
Specifically the code now tries to find the ACPI RSDP,
RSDT/XSDT, FADT, & MADT tables, whether in legacy BIOS
bootup mode or in a UEFI bootup. These are useful for
figuring out how to (re)enable asynchronous interrupts
in legacy 8259 PIC mode.
- Every unit test now passes on Apple Silicon. The final piece of this
puzzle was porting our POSIX threads cancelation support, since that
works differently on ARM64 XNU vs. AMD64. Our semaphore support on
Apple Silicon is also superior now compared to AMD64, thanks to the
grand central dispatch library which lets *NSYNC locks go faster.
- The Cosmopolitan runtime is now more stable, particularly on Windows.
To do this, thread local storage is mandatory at all runtime levels,
and the innermost packages of the C library is no longer being built
using ASAN. TLS is being bootstrapped with a 128-byte TIB during the
process startup phase, and then later on the runtime re-allocates it
either statically or dynamically to support code using _Thread_local.
fork() and execve() now do a better job cooperating with threads. We
can now check how much stack memory is left in the process or thread
when functions like kprintf() / execve() etc. call alloca(), so that
ENOMEM can be raised, reduce a buffer size, or just print a warning.
- POSIX signal emulation is now implemented the same way kernels do it
with pthread_kill() and raise(). Any thread can interrupt any other
thread, regardless of what it's doing. If it's blocked on read/write
then the killer thread will cancel its i/o operation so that EINTR can
be returned in the mark thread immediately. If it's doing a tight CPU
bound operation, then that's also interrupted by the signal delivery.
Signal delivery works now by suspending a thread and pushing context
data structures onto its stack, and redirecting its execution to a
trampoline function, which calls SetThreadContext(GetCurrentThread())
when it's done.
- We're now doing a better job managing locks and handles. On NetBSD we
now close semaphore file descriptors in forked children. Semaphores on
Windows can now be canceled immediately, which means mutexes/condition
variables will now go faster. Apple Silicon semaphores can be canceled
too. We're now using Apple's pthread_yield() funciton. Apple _nocancel
syscalls are now used on XNU when appropriate to ensure pthread_cancel
requests aren't lost. The MbedTLS library has been updated to support
POSIX thread cancelations. See tool/build/runitd.c for an example of
how it can be used for production multi-threaded tls servers. Handles
on Windows now leak less often across processes. All i/o operations on
Windows are now overlapped, which means file pointers can no longer be
inherited across dup() and fork() for the time being.
- We now spawn a thread on Windows to deliver SIGCHLD and wakeup wait4()
which means, for example, that posix_spawn() now goes 3x faster. POSIX
spawn is also now more correct. Like Musl, it's now able to report the
failure code of execve() via a pipe although our approach favors using
shared memory to do that on systems that have a true vfork() function.
- We now spawn a thread to deliver SIGALRM to threads when setitimer()
is used. This enables the most precise wakeups the OS makes possible.
- The Cosmopolitan runtime now uses less memory. On NetBSD for example,
it turned out the kernel would actually commit the PT_GNU_STACK size
which caused RSS to be 6mb for every process. Now it's down to ~4kb.
On Apple Silicon, we reduce the mandatory upstream thread size to the
smallest possible size to reduce the memory overhead of Cosmo threads.
The examples directory has a program called greenbean which can spawn
a web server on Linux with 10,000 worker threads and have the memory
usage of the process be ~77mb. The 1024 byte overhead of POSIX-style
thread-local storage is now optional; it won't be allocated until the
pthread_setspecific/getspecific functions are called. On Windows, the
threads that get spawned which are internal to the libc implementation
use reserve rather than commit memory, which shaves a few hundred kb.
- sigaltstack() is now supported on Windows, however it's currently not
able to be used to handle stack overflows, since crash signals are
still generated by WIN32. However the crash handler will still switch
to the alt stack, which is helpful in environments with tiny threads.
- Test binaries are now smaller. Many of the mandatory dependencies of
the test runner have been removed. This ensures many programs can do a
better job only linking the the thing they're testing. This caused the
test binaries for LIBC_FMT for example, to decrease from 200kb to 50kb
- long double is no longer used in the implementation details of libc,
except in the APIs that define it. The old code that used long double
for time (instead of struct timespec) has now been thoroughly removed.
- ShowCrashReports() is now much tinier in MODE=tiny. Instead of doing
backtraces itself, it'll just print a command you can run on the shell
using our new `cosmoaddr2line` program to view the backtrace.
- Crash report signal handling now works in a much better way. Instead
of terminating the process, it now relies on SA_RESETHAND so that the
default SIG_IGN behavior can terminate the process if necessary.
- Our pledge() functionality has now been fully ported to AARCH64 Linux.
This way complex runtime features (e.g. ftrace, symbol tables) can
always yoink zipos support. This is important now that apelink.com
automates embedding symbol tables for multiple cpus.
- Found some bugs in LLVM compiler-rt library
- The useless LIBC_STUBS package is now deleted
- Improve the overflow checking story even further
- Get chibicc tests working in MODE=dbg mode again
- The libc/isystem/ headers now have correctly named guards
This change implements a new approach to function call logging, that's
based on the GCC flag: -fpatchable-function-entry. Read the commentary
in build/config.mk to learn how it works.
This change progresses our AARCH64 support:
- The AARCH64 build and tests are now passing
- Add 128-bit floating-point support to printf()
- Fix clone() so it initializes cosmo's x28 TLS register
- Fix TLS memory layout issue with aarch64 _Alignas vars
- Revamp microbenchmarking tools so they work on aarch64
- Make some subtle improvements to aarch64 crash reporting
- Make kisdangerous() memory checks more accurate on aarch64
- Remove sys_open() since it's not available on Linux AARCH64
This change makes general improvements to Cosmo and Redbean:
- Introduce GetHostIsa() function in Redbean
- You can now feature check using pledge(0, 0)
- You can now feature check using unveil("",0)
- Refactor some more x86-specific asm comments
- Refactor and write docs for some libm functions
- Make the mmap() API behave more similar to Linux
- Fix WIFSIGNALED() which wrongly returned true for zero
- Rename some obscure cosmo keywords from noFOO to dontFOO
- Invent iso8601us() for faster timestamps
- Improve --strace descriptions of sigset_t
- Rebuild the Landlock Make bootstrap binary
- Introduce MODE=sysv for non-Windows builds
- Permit OFD fcntl() locks under pledge(flock)
- redbean can now protect your kernel from ddos
- Have vfork() fallback to sys_fork() not fork()
- Change kmalloc() to not die when out of memory
- Improve documentation for some termios functions
- Rewrite putenv() and friends to conform to POSIX
- Fix linenoise + strace verbosity issue on Windows
- Fix regressions in our ability to show backtraces
- Change redbean SetHeader() to no-op if value is nil
- Improve fcntl() so SQLite locks work in non-WAL mode
- Remove some unnecessary work during fork() on Windows
- Create redbean-based SSL reverse proxy for IPv4 TurfWar
- Fix ape/apeinstall.sh warning when using non-bash shells
- Add ProgramTrustedIp(), and IsTrustedIp() APIs to redbean
- Support $PWD, $UID, $GID, and $EUID in command interpreter
- Introduce experimental JTqFpD APE prefix for non-Windows builds
- Invent blackhole daemon for firewalling IP addresses via UNIX named socket
- Add ProgramTokenBucket(), AcquireToken(), and CountTokens() APIs to redbean
This lets our system() and popen() commands function sort of like
BusyBox and ToyBox. By default the Cosmopolitan Shell is lightweight.
But if you use STATIC_YOINK then you can pull the individual commands
you want into the linkage, and they'll be included in a single binary.
For example the demo binary embeds `tr` and `sed` and ends up ~140kb.
The cosmopolitan command interpreter now has 13 builtin commands,
variable support, support for ; / && / || syntax, asynchronous support,
and plenty of unit tests with bug fixes.
This change fixes a bug in posix_spawn() with null envp arg. strace
logging now uses atomic writes for scatter functions. Breaking change
renaming GetCpuCount() to _getcpucount(). TurfWar is now updated to use
the new token bucket algorithm. WIN32 affinity masks now inherit across
fork() and execve().
If your main module has this declaration:
STATIC_YOINK("vga_console");
Then a VGA driver will be linked into your executable which
displays your stdio characters on the PC display, whereas
before we could only use the serial port. Your display is an
ANSI terminal and it's still a work in progress.
This change fixes Landlock Make so that only the output target file is
unveiled, rather than unveiling the directory that contains it. This
gives us a much stronger sandbox. It also helped identify problematic
build code in our repo that should have been using o/tmp instead.
Landlock isn't able to let us unveil files that don't exist. Even if
they do, then once a file is deleted, the sandboxing for it goes away.
This caused problems for Landlock Make because tools like GNU LD will
repeatedly delete and recreate the output file. This change uses the
compile.com wrapper to ensure on changes happen to the output inode.
New binary available on https://justine.lol/make/Fixes#528
This change makes pthread_mutex_lock() as fast as _spinlock() by
default. Thread instability issues on NetBSD have been resolved.
Improvements made to gdtoa thread code. Crash reporting will now
synchronize between threads in a slightly better way.
- Fix Makefile flaking due to ZIPOBJ_FLAGS generation
- Make printf() floating point and gdtoa thread safe
- Polish up the runit / runitd programs some more
- Prune some more makefile dependencies
- Finish cleaning up the stdio unlocked APIs
- Make __cxa_finalize() properly thread safe
- Don't log locks if threads aren't being used
- Add some more mutex guards to places using _mmi
- Specific lock names now appear in the --ftrace logs
- Fix mkdeps.com generating invalid Makefiles sometimes
- Simplify and fix bugs in the test runner infrastructure
- Fix issue where sometimes some functions wouldn't be logged
These releases are really exciting since they contained the patches we
worked to get upstreamed. It means that their /bin/sh interpreters all
work fine with Actually Portable Executable now.
This change turns symbol table compression back on using Puff, which
noticeably reduces the size of programs like redbean and Python. The
redbean web server receives some minor API additions for controlling
things like SSL in addition to filling gaps in the documentation.
- Fix some minor issues in ar.com
- Have execve() look for `ape` command
- Rewrite NT paths using /c/ rather /??/c:/
- Replace broken GCC symlinks with .sym files
- Rewrite $PATH environment variables on startup
- Make $(APE_NO_MODIFY_SELF) the default bootloader
- Add all build command dependencies to build/bootstrap
- Get the repository mostly building from source on non-Linux
- Implement openpty()
- Add `--assimilate` flag to APE bootloader
- Restore Linux vDSO clock_gettime() support
- Use `$(APE_NO_MODIFY_SELF)` on more programs
The "no modify self" variant of Actually Portable Executable is now
supported on all platforms. If you use `$(APE_NO_MODIFY_SELF)` then
ld.bfd will embed a 4096 byte ELF binary and a 4096 byte Macho file
which are installed on the fly to ${TMPDIR:-/tmp}, which enables us
launch the executable, without needing to copy the whole executable
To prevent it from copying a tiny executable to your temp directory
you need to install the `ape` command (renamed from ape-loader), to
a system path. For example:
# FreeBSD / NetBSD / OpenBSD
make -j8 o//ape/ape
cp o//ape/ape /usr/bin/ape
# Mac OS
# make -j8 o//ape/ape.macho
curl https://justine.lol/ape.macho >/usr/bin/ape
chmod +x /usr/bin/ape
On Linux you can get even more performance with the new binfmt_misc
support which makes launching non-modifying APE binaries as fast as
launching ELF executables. Running the following command:
# Linux
ape/apeinstall.sh
Will copy APE loader to /usr/bin/ape and register with binfmt_misc
Lastly, this change also fixes a really interesting race condition
with OpenBSD thread joining.
- Add hierarchical auto-completion to redbean's repl
- Fetch latest localtime() and strftime() from Eggert
- Shave a few milliseconds off redbean start latency
- Fix redbean repl with multi-line statements
- Make the Lua unix module code more elegant
- Harden Lua data structure serialization
- Expand redbean UNIX module
- Expand redbean documentation
- Ensure Lua copyright is embedded in binary
- Increase the PATH_MAX limit especially on NT
- Use column major sorting for linenoise completions
- Fix some suboptimalities in redbean's new UNIX API
- Figured out right flags for Multics newline in raw mode
This change fixes minor bugs and adds a feature, which lets us store the
ELF symbol table, inside the ZIP directory. We use the path /zip/.symtab
which can be safely removed using a zip editing tool, to make the binary
smaller after compilation. This supplements the existing method of using
a separate .com.dbg file, which is still supported. The intent is people
don't always know that it's a good idea to download the debug file. It's
not great having someone's first experience be a crash report, that only
has numbers rather than symbols. This will help fix that!
You can now use the hardest fastest and most dangerous language there is
with Cosmopolitan. So far about 75% of LLVM libcxx has been added. A few
breaking changes needed to be made to help this go smoothly.
- Rename nothrow to dontthrow
- Rename nodiscard to dontdiscard
- Add some libm functions, e.g. lgamma, nan, etc.
- Change intmax_t from int128 to int64 like everything else
- Introduce %jjd formatting directive for int128_t
- Introduce strtoi128(), strtou128(), etc.
- Rename bsrmax() to bsr128()
Some of the templates that should be working currently are std::vector,
std::string, std::map, std::set, std::deque, etc.
The APE_NO_MODIFY_SELF loader payload has been moved out of the examples
folder and improved so that it works on BSD systems, and permits general
elf program headers. This brings its quality up enough that it should be
acceptable to use by default for many programs, e.g. Python, Lua, SQLite
and Python. It's the responsibility of the user to define an appropriate
TMPDIR if /tmp is considered an adversarial environment. Mac OS shall be
supported by APE_NO_MODIFY_SELF soon.
Fixes and improvements have been made to program_executable_name as it's
now the one true way to get the absolute path of the executing image.
This change fixes a memory leak in linenoise history loading, introduced
by performance optimizations in 51904e2687
This change fixes a longstanding regression with Mach system calls, that
23ae9dfceb back in February which impacted
our sched_yield() implementation, which is why no one noticed until now.
The Blinkenlights PC emulator has been improved. We now fix rendering on
XNU and BSD by not making the assumption that the kernel terminal driver
understands UTF8 since that seems to break its internal modeling of \r\n
which is now being addressed by using \e[𝑦H instead. The paneling is now
more compact in real mode so you won't need to make your font as tiny if
you're only emulating an 8086 program. The CLMUL ISA is now emulated too
This change also makes improvement to time. CLOCK_MONOTONIC now does the
right thing on Windows NT. The nanosecond time module functions added in
Python 3.7 have been backported.
This change doubles the performance of Argon2 password stretching simply
by not using its copy_block and xor_block helper functions, as they were
trivial to inline thus resulting in us needing to iterate over each 1024
byte block four fewer times.
This change makes code size improvements. _PyUnicode_ToNumeric() was 64k
in size and now it's 10k. The CJK codec lookup tables now use lazy delta
zigzag deflate (δzd) encoding which reduces their size from 600k to 200k
plus the code bloat caused by macro abuse in _decimal.c is now addressed
so our fully-loaded statically-linked hermetically-sealed Python virtual
interpreter container is now 9.4 megs in the default build mode and 5.5m
in MODE=tiny which leaves plenty of room for chibicc.
The pydoc web server now accommodates the use case of people who work by
SSH'ing into a different machine w/ python.com -m pydoc -p8080 -h0.0.0.0
Finally Python Capsulae delenda est and won't be supported in the future
- Python static hello world now 1.8mb
- Python static fully loaded now 10mb
- Python HTTPS client now uses MbedTLS
- Python REPL now completes import stmts
- Increase stack size for Python for now
- Begin synthesizing posixpath and ntpath
- Restore Python \N{UNICODE NAME} support
- Restore Python NFKD symbol normalization
- Add optimized code path for Intel SHA-NI
- Get more Python unit tests passing faster
- Get Python help() pagination working on NT
- Python hashlib now supports MbedTLS PBKDF2
- Make memcpy/memmove/memcmp/bcmp/etc. faster
- Add Mersenne Twister and Vigna to LIBC_RAND
- Provide privileged __printf() for error code
- Fix zipos opendir() so that it reports ENOTDIR
- Add basic chmod() implementation for Windows NT
- Add Cosmo's best functions to Python cosmo module
- Pin function trace indent depth to that of caller
- Show memory diagram on invalid access in MODE=dbg
- Differentiate stack overflow on crash in MODE=dbg
- Add stb_truetype and tools for analyzing font files
- Upgrade to UNICODE 13 and reduce its binary footprint
- COMPILE.COM now logs resource usage of build commands
- Start implementing basic poll() support on bare metal
- Set getauxval(AT_EXECFN) to GetModuleFileName() on NT
- Add descriptions to strerror() in non-TINY build modes
- Add COUNTBRANCH() macro to help with micro-optimizations
- Make error / backtrace / asan / memory code more unbreakable
- Add fast perfect C implementation of μ-Law and a-Law audio codecs
- Make strtol() functions consistent with other libc implementations
- Improve Linenoise implementation (see also github.com/jart/bestline)
- COMPILE.COM now suppresses stdout/stderr of successful build commands
