2025-08-03 08:20:28 +00:00
757 changed files with 8456 additions and 16730 deletions
--- a/.github/workflows/build.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build.yml
@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 name: build

-env:
-  COSMOCC_VERSION: 3.9.2
-
 on:
  push:
    branches:
@ -22,48 +19,13 @@ jobs:
      matrix:
        mode: ["", tiny, rel, tinylinux, optlinux]
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-        with:
-          # Full checkout needed for git-restore-mtime-bare.
-          fetch-depth: 0
-
-      # TODO(jart): fork this action.
-      - uses: chetan/git-restore-mtime-action@v2
-
-      - uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
-        id: cache
-        with:
-          path: |
-            .cosmocc
-            o
-          key: ${{ env.COSMOCC_VERSION }}-${{ matrix.mode }}-${{ github.sha }}
-          restore-keys: |
-            ${{ env.COSMOCC_VERSION }}-${{ matrix.mode }}-
-            ${{ env.COSMOCC_VERSION }}-
-
-      - name: Restore mtimes
-        if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit == 'true'
-        run: |
-          while read mtime file; do
-            [ -f "$file" ] && touch -d "@$mtime" "$file"
-          done < o/.mtimes
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3

      - name: support ape bins 1
-        run: sudo cp -a build/bootstrap/ape.elf /usr/bin/ape
+        run: sudo cp build/bootstrap/ape.elf /usr/bin/ape

      - name: support ape bins 2
        run: sudo sh -c "echo ':APE:M::MZqFpD::/usr/bin/ape:' >/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/register"

      - name: make matrix
        run: V=0 make -j2 MODE=${{ matrix.mode }}
-
-      - name: Save mtimes
-        run: |
-          find o -type f -exec stat -c "%Y %n" {} \; > o/.mtimes
-
-      - uses: actions/cache/save@v4
-        with:
-          path: |
-            .cosmocc
-            o
-          key: ${{ env.COSMOCC_VERSION }}-${{ matrix.mode }}-${{ github.sha }}
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@ -15,4 +15,3 @@ __pycache__
 /tool/emacs/*.elc
 /perf.data
 /perf.data.old
-/qemu*core
--- a/.vscode/settings.json
+++ b/.vscode/settings.json
@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-    "C_Cpp.default.compilerPath": ".cosmocc/3.9.2/bin/aarch64-linux-cosmo-c++",
+    "C_Cpp.default.compilerPath": ".cosmocc/3.8.0/bin/aarch64-linux-cosmo-c++",
    "C_Cpp.default.compilerArgs": [
        "-nostdinc",
        "-nostdlib",
--- a/126
+++ b/126
@ -77,8 +77,7 @@ COMMA := ,
 PWD := $(shell pwd)

 # detect wsl2 running cosmopolitan binaries on the host by checking whether:
-# - user ran .cosmocc/current/bin/make, in which case make's working directory
-#   is in wsl
+# - user ran build/bootstrap/make, in which case make's working directory is in wsl
 # - user ran make, in which case cocmd's working directory is in wsl
 ifneq ($(findstring //wsl.localhost/,$(CURDIR) $(PWD)),)
 $(warning wsl2 interop is enabled)
@ -90,7 +89,7 @@ UNAME_S := $(shell uname -s)

 # apple still distributes a 17 year old version of gnu make
 ifeq ($(MAKE_VERSION), 3.81)
-$(error please use https://cosmo.zip/pub/cosmos/bin/make)
+$(error please use build/bootstrap/make)
 endif

 LC_ALL = C
@ -136,7 +135,7 @@ ARCH = aarch64
 HOSTS ?= pi pi5 studio freebsdarm
 else
 ARCH = x86_64
-HOSTS ?= freebsd rhel7 xnu openbsd netbsd win10 luna
+HOSTS ?= freebsd rhel7 xnu openbsd netbsd win10
 endif

 ZIPOBJ_FLAGS += -a$(ARCH)
@ -148,10 +147,10 @@ export MODE
 export SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH
 export TMPDIR

-COSMOCC = .cosmocc/3.9.2
+COSMOCC = .cosmocc/3.8.0
 BOOTSTRAP = $(COSMOCC)/bin
 TOOLCHAIN = $(COSMOCC)/bin/$(ARCH)-linux-cosmo-
-DOWNLOAD := $(shell build/download-cosmocc.sh $(COSMOCC) 3.9.2 f4ff13af65fcd309f3f1cfd04275996fb7f72a4897726628a8c9cf732e850193)
+DOWNLOAD := $(shell build/download-cosmocc.sh $(COSMOCC) 3.8.0 813c6b2f95062d2e0a845307a79505424cb98cb038e8013334f8a22e3b92a474)

 IGNORE := $(shell $(MKDIR) $(TMPDIR))

@ -275,16 +274,11 @@ include libc/BUILD.mk				#─┘
 include libc/sock/BUILD.mk			#─┐
 include net/http/BUILD.mk			# ├──ONLINE RUNTIME
 include third_party/musl/BUILD.mk		# │  You can communicate with the network
-include third_party/regex/BUILD.mk		# │
-include third_party/tr/BUILD.mk			# │
-include third_party/sed/BUILD.mk		# │
-include libc/system/BUILD.mk			# │
 include libc/x/BUILD.mk				# │
 include dsp/scale/BUILD.mk			# │
 include dsp/mpeg/BUILD.mk			# │
 include dsp/tty/BUILD.mk			# │
 include dsp/audio/BUILD.mk			# │
-include dsp/prog/BUILD.mk			# │
 include dsp/BUILD.mk				# │
 include third_party/stb/BUILD.mk		# │
 include third_party/mbedtls/BUILD.mk		# │
@ -298,7 +292,8 @@ include third_party/libcxx/BUILD.mk		# │
 include third_party/openmp/BUILD.mk		# │
 include third_party/pcre/BUILD.mk		# │
 include third_party/less/BUILD.mk		# │
-include net/https/BUILD.mk			#─┘
+include net/https/BUILD.mk			# │
+include third_party/regex/BUILD.mk		#─┘
 include third_party/tidy/BUILD.mk
 include third_party/BUILD.mk
 include third_party/nsync/testing/BUILD.mk
@ -317,6 +312,8 @@ include third_party/double-conversion/test/BUILD.mk
 include third_party/lua/BUILD.mk
 include third_party/tree/BUILD.mk
 include third_party/zstd/BUILD.mk
+include third_party/tr/BUILD.mk
+include third_party/sed/BUILD.mk
 include third_party/awk/BUILD.mk
 include third_party/hiredis/BUILD.mk
 include third_party/make/BUILD.mk
@ -369,7 +366,6 @@ include test/libc/fmt/BUILD.mk
 include test/libc/time/BUILD.mk
 include test/libc/proc/BUILD.mk
 include test/libc/stdio/BUILD.mk
-include test/libc/system/BUILD.mk
 include test/libc/BUILD.mk
 include test/net/http/BUILD.mk
 include test/net/https/BUILD.mk
@ -436,64 +432,64 @@ loc: o/$(MODE)/tool/build/summy
 	find -name \*.h -or -name \*.hpp -or -name \*.c -or -name \*.cc -or -name \*.cpp -or -name \*.S -or -name \*.mk | \
 	$(XARGS) wc -l | grep total | awk '{print $$1}' | $<

-COSMOPOLITAN =				\
+# PLEASE: MAINTAIN TOPOLOGICAL ORDER
+# FROM HIGHEST LEVEL TO LOWEST LEVEL
+COSMOPOLITAN_OBJECTS =			\
 	CTL				\
-	DSP_AUDIO			\
-	LIBC_CALLS			\
-	LIBC_DLOPEN			\
-	LIBC_ELF			\
-	LIBC_FMT			\
-	LIBC_INTRIN			\
-	LIBC_IRQ			\
-	LIBC_LOG			\
-	LIBC_MEM			\
-	LIBC_NEXGEN32E			\
-	LIBC_NT_ADVAPI32		\
-	LIBC_NT_BCRYPTPRIMITIVES	\
-	LIBC_NT_COMDLG32		\
-	LIBC_NT_GDI32			\
-	LIBC_NT_IPHLPAPI		\
-	LIBC_NT_KERNEL32		\
-	LIBC_NT_NTDLL			\
-	LIBC_NT_PDH			\
-	LIBC_NT_POWRPROF		\
-	LIBC_NT_PSAPI			\
-	LIBC_NT_REALTIME		\
-	LIBC_NT_SHELL32			\
-	LIBC_NT_SYNCHRONIZATION		\
-	LIBC_NT_USER32			\
-	LIBC_NT_WS2_32			\
-	LIBC_PROC			\
-	LIBC_RUNTIME			\
-	LIBC_SOCK			\
-	LIBC_STDIO			\
-	LIBC_STR			\
-	LIBC_SYSTEM			\
-	LIBC_SYSV			\
-	LIBC_SYSV_CALLS			\
-	LIBC_THREAD			\
-	LIBC_TINYMATH			\
-	LIBC_VGA			\
-	LIBC_X				\
-	NET_HTTP			\
-	THIRD_PARTY_COMPILER_RT		\
-	THIRD_PARTY_DLMALLOC		\
 	THIRD_PARTY_DOUBLECONVERSION	\
-	THIRD_PARTY_GDTOA		\
+	THIRD_PARTY_OPENMP		\
+	TOOL_ARGS			\
+	NET_HTTP			\
+	DSP_AUDIO			\
+	LIBC_SOCK			\
+	LIBC_NT_WS2_32			\
+	LIBC_NT_IPHLPAPI		\
+	LIBC_X				\
 	THIRD_PARTY_GETOPT		\
+	LIBC_LOG			\
+	THIRD_PARTY_TZ			\
+	THIRD_PARTY_MUSL		\
+	THIRD_PARTY_ZLIB_GZ		\
 	THIRD_PARTY_LIBCXXABI		\
 	THIRD_PARTY_LIBUNWIND		\
-	THIRD_PARTY_MUSL		\
-	THIRD_PARTY_NSYNC		\
-	THIRD_PARTY_NSYNC_MEM		\
-	THIRD_PARTY_OPENMP		\
-	THIRD_PARTY_PUFF		\
+	LIBC_STDIO			\
+	THIRD_PARTY_GDTOA		\
 	THIRD_PARTY_REGEX		\
-	THIRD_PARTY_TZ			\
-	THIRD_PARTY_XED			\
+	LIBC_THREAD			\
+	LIBC_PROC			\
+	THIRD_PARTY_NSYNC_MEM		\
+	LIBC_MEM			\
+	THIRD_PARTY_DLMALLOC		\
+	LIBC_DLOPEN			\
+	LIBC_RUNTIME			\
+	THIRD_PARTY_NSYNC		\
+	LIBC_ELF			\
+	LIBC_IRQ			\
+	LIBC_CALLS			\
+	LIBC_SYSV_CALLS			\
+	LIBC_VGA			\
+	LIBC_NT_REALTIME		\
+	LIBC_NT_PSAPI			\
+	LIBC_NT_POWRPROF		\
+	LIBC_NT_PDH			\
+	LIBC_NT_GDI32			\
+	LIBC_NT_COMDLG32		\
+	LIBC_NT_USER32			\
+	LIBC_NT_NTDLL			\
+	LIBC_NT_ADVAPI32		\
+	LIBC_NT_SYNCHRONIZATION		\
+	LIBC_FMT			\
 	THIRD_PARTY_ZLIB		\
-	THIRD_PARTY_ZLIB_GZ		\
-	TOOL_ARGS			\
+	THIRD_PARTY_PUFF		\
+	THIRD_PARTY_COMPILER_RT		\
+	LIBC_TINYMATH			\
+	THIRD_PARTY_XED			\
+	LIBC_STR			\
+	LIBC_SYSV			\
+	LIBC_INTRIN			\
+	LIBC_NT_BCRYPTPRIMITIVES	\
+	LIBC_NT_KERNEL32		\
+	LIBC_NEXGEN32E

 COSMOPOLITAN_H_PKGS =			\
 	APE				\
@ -541,7 +537,7 @@ COSMOCC_PKGS =				\
 	THIRD_PARTY_INTEL

 o/$(MODE)/cosmopolitan.a:		\
-		$(call reverse,$(call uniq,$(foreach x,$(COSMOPOLITAN),$($(x)))))
+		$(foreach x,$(COSMOPOLITAN_OBJECTS),$($(x)_A_OBJS))

 COSMOCC_HDRS =								\
 	$(wildcard libc/integral/*)					\
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@ -3,12 +3,12 @@
 [![build](https://github.com/jart/cosmopolitan/actions/workflows/build.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/jart/cosmopolitan/actions/workflows/build.yml)
 # Cosmopolitan

-[Cosmopolitan Libc](https://justine.lol/cosmopolitan/index.html) makes C/C++
+[Cosmopolitan Libc](https://justine.lol/cosmopolitan/index.html) makes C
 a build-once run-anywhere language, like Java, except it doesn't need an
 interpreter or virtual machine. Instead, it reconfigures stock GCC and
 Clang to output a POSIX-approved polyglot format that runs natively on
-Linux + Mac + Windows + FreeBSD + OpenBSD 7.3 + NetBSD + BIOS with the
-best possible performance and the tiniest footprint imaginable.
+Linux + Mac + Windows + FreeBSD + OpenBSD + NetBSD + BIOS with the best
+possible performance and the tiniest footprint imaginable.

 ## Background

@ -87,22 +87,15 @@ ape/apeinstall.sh
 ```

 You can now build the mono repo with any modern version of GNU Make. To
-bootstrap your build, you can install Cosmopolitan Make from this site:
-
-https://cosmo.zip/pub/cosmos/bin/make
-
-E.g.:
+make life easier, we've included one in the cosmocc toolchain, which is
+guaranteed to be compatible and furthermore includes our extensions for
+doing build system sandboxing.

 ```sh
-curl -LO https://cosmo.zip/pub/cosmos/bin/make
-./make -j8
+build/bootstrap/make -j8
 o//examples/hello
 ```

-After you've built the repo once, you can also use the make from your
-cosmocc at `.cosmocc/current/bin/make`. You might even prefer to alias
-make to `$COSMO/.cosmocc/current/bin/make`.
-
 Since the Cosmopolitan repository is very large, you might only want to
 build one particular thing. Here's an example of a target that can be
 compiled relatively quickly, which is a simple POSIX test that only
@ -110,7 +103,7 @@ depends on core LIBC packages.

 ```sh
 rm -rf o//libc o//test
-.cosmocc/current/bin/make o//test/posix/signal_test
+build/bootstrap/make o//test/posix/signal_test
 o//test/posix/signal_test
 ```

@ -119,21 +112,21 @@ list out each individual one. For example if you wanted to build and run
 all the unit tests in the `TEST_POSIX` package, you could say:

 ```sh
-.cosmocc/current/bin/make o//test/posix
+build/bootstrap/make o//test/posix
 ```

 Cosmopolitan provides a variety of build modes. For example, if you want
 really tiny binaries (as small as 12kb in size) then you'd say:

 ```sh
-.cosmocc/current/bin/make m=tiny
+build/bootstrap/make m=tiny
 ```

 You can furthermore cut out the bloat of other operating systems, and
 have Cosmopolitan become much more similar to Musl Libc.

 ```sh
-.cosmocc/current/bin/make m=tinylinux
+build/bootstrap/make m=tinylinux
 ```

 For further details, see [//build/config.mk](build/config.mk).
@ -249,16 +242,16 @@ server. You're welcome to join us! <https://discord.gg/FwAVVu7eJ4>

 ## Support Vector

-| Platform       | Min Version    | Circa |
-| :---           | ---:           | ---:  |
-| AMD            | K8             | 2003  |
-| Intel          | Core           | 2006  |
-| Linux          | 2.6.18         | 2007  |
-| Windows        | 8 [1]          | 2012  |
-| Darwin (macOS) | 23.1.0+        | 2023  |
-| OpenBSD        | 7.3 or earlier | 2023  |
-| FreeBSD        | 13             | 2020  |
-| NetBSD         | 9.2            | 2021  |
+| Platform       | Min Version | Circa |
+| :---           | ---:        | ---:  |
+| AMD            | K8          | 2003  |
+| Intel          | Core        | 2006  |
+| Linux          | 2.6.18      | 2007  |
+| Windows        | 8 [1]       | 2012  |
+| Darwin (macOS) | 23.1.0+     | 2023  |
+| OpenBSD        | 7           | 2021  |
+| FreeBSD        | 13          | 2020  |
+| NetBSD         | 9.2         | 2021  |

 [1] See our [vista branch](https://github.com/jart/cosmopolitan/tree/vista)
    for a community supported version of Cosmopolitan that works on Windows
--- a/ape/aarch64.lds
+++ b/ape/aarch64.lds
@ -259,9 +259,6 @@ SECTIONS {
  .debug_ranges       0 : { *(.debug_ranges) }
  .debug_macro        0 : { *(.debug_macro) }
  .debug_addr         0 : { *(.debug_addr) }
-  .debug_names        0 : { *(.debug_names) }
-  .debug_loclists     0 : { *(.debug_loclists) }
-  .debug_str_offsets  0 : { *(.debug_str_offsets) }
  .ARM.attributes     0 : { KEEP(*(.ARM.attributes)) KEEP(*(.gnu.attributes)) }
  .note.gnu.arm.ident 0 : { KEEP(*(.note.gnu.arm.ident)) }

--- a/ape/ape.lds
+++ b/ape/ape.lds
@ -386,13 +386,6 @@ SECTIONS {
    _tbss_end = .;
  } :Tls

-  .eh_frame : {
-    __eh_frame_start = .;
-    KEEP(*(.eh_frame))
-    *(.eh_frame.*)
-    __eh_frame_end = .;
-  } :Ram
-
  .data . : {
 /*BEGIN: Read/Write Data */
 #if SupportsWindows()
@ -433,6 +426,11 @@ SECTIONS {
    KEEP(*(.dtors))
    __fini_array_end = .;

+    __eh_frame_start = .;
+    KEEP(*(.eh_frame))
+    *(.eh_frame.*)
+    __eh_frame_end = .;
+
 /*BEGIN: Post-Initialization Read-Only */
    . = ALIGN(. != 0 ? __SIZEOF_POINTER__ : 0);
    KEEP(*(SORT_BY_NAME(.piro.relo.sort.*)))
@ -441,6 +439,7 @@ SECTIONS {
    KEEP(*(.piro.pad.data))
    *(.igot.plt)
    KEEP(*(.dataepilogue))
+
    . = ALIGN(. != 0 ? CONSTANT(COMMONPAGESIZE) : 0);
 /*END: NT FORK COPYING */
    _edata = .;
@ -520,9 +519,6 @@ SECTIONS {
  .debug_rnglists    0 : { *(.debug_rnglists) }
  .debug_macro       0 : { *(.debug_macro) }
  .debug_addr        0 : { *(.debug_addr) }
-  .debug_names       0 : { *(.debug_names) }
-  .debug_loclists    0 : { *(.debug_loclists) }
-  .debug_str_offsets 0 : { *(.debug_str_offsets) }
  .gnu.attributes    0 : { KEEP(*(.gnu.attributes)) }
  .GCC.command.line  0 : { *(.GCC.command.line) }

@ -586,11 +582,11 @@ ape_rom_memsz = ape_rom_filesz;
 ape_rom_align = CONSTANT(COMMONPAGESIZE);
 ape_rom_rva = RVA(ape_rom_vaddr);

-ape_ram_vaddr = ADDR(.eh_frame);
+ape_ram_vaddr = ADDR(.data);
 ape_ram_offset = ape_ram_vaddr - __executable_start;
-ape_ram_paddr = LOADADDR(.eh_frame);
-ape_ram_filesz = ADDR(.bss) - ADDR(.eh_frame);
-ape_ram_memsz = _end - ADDR(.eh_frame);
+ape_ram_paddr = LOADADDR(.data);
+ape_ram_filesz = ADDR(.bss) - ADDR(.data);
+ape_ram_memsz = _end - ADDR(.data);
 ape_ram_align = CONSTANT(COMMONPAGESIZE);
 ape_ram_rva = RVA(ape_ram_vaddr);

@ -600,7 +596,7 @@ ape_stack_offset = 0;
 ape_stack_vaddr = DEFINED(ape_stack_vaddr) ? ape_stack_vaddr : 0x700000000000;
 ape_stack_paddr = ape_ram_paddr + ape_ram_filesz;
 ape_stack_filesz = 0;
-ape_stack_memsz = DEFINED(ape_stack_memsz) ? ape_stack_memsz : 4 * 1024 * 1024;
+ape_stack_memsz = DEFINED(ape_stack_memsz) ? ape_stack_memsz : 8 * 1024 * 1024;

 ape_note_offset = ape_cod_offset + (ape_note - ape_cod_vaddr);
 ape_note_filesz = ape_note_end - ape_note;
--- a/ape/apeinstall.sh
+++ b/ape/apeinstall.sh
@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ if [ ! -f ape/loader.c ]; then
  cd "$COSMO" || exit
 fi

-if [ -x .cosmocc/current/bin/make ]; then
-  MAKE=.cosmocc/current/bin/make
+if [ -x build/bootstrap/make ]; then
+  MAKE=build/bootstrap/make
 else
  MAKE=make
 fi
--- a/build/download-cosmocc.sh
+++ b/build/download-cosmocc.sh
@ -99,8 +99,3 @@ rm -f cosmocc.zip cosmocc.zip.sha256sum
 # commit output directory
 cd "${OLDPWD}" || die
 mv "${OUTPUT_TMP}" "${OUTPUT_DIR}" || die
-
-# update current symlink
-BASE=$(basename "${OUTPUT_DIR}")
-DIR=$(dirname "${OUTPUT_DIR}")
-ln -sfn "$BASE" "$DIR/current"
--- a/build/objdump
+++ b/build/objdump
@ -6,14 +6,14 @@ if [ -n "$OBJDUMP" ]; then
 fi

 find_objdump() {
-  if [ -x .cosmocc/3.9.2/bin/$1-linux-cosmo-objdump ]; then
-    OBJDUMP=.cosmocc/3.9.2/bin/$1-linux-cosmo-objdump
-  elif [ -x .cosmocc/3.9.2/bin/$1-linux-musl-objdump ]; then
-    OBJDUMP=.cosmocc/3.9.2/bin/$1-linux-musl-objdump
-  elif [ -x "$COSMO/.cosmocc/3.9.2/bin/$1-linux-cosmo-objdump" ]; then
-    OBJDUMP="$COSMO/.cosmocc/3.9.2/bin/$1-linux-cosmo-objdump"
-  elif [ -x "$COSMO/.cosmocc/3.9.2/bin/$1-linux-musl-objdump" ]; then
-    OBJDUMP="$COSMO/.cosmocc/3.9.2/bin/$1-linux-musl-objdump"
+  if [ -x .cosmocc/3.8.0/bin/$1-linux-cosmo-objdump ]; then
+    OBJDUMP=.cosmocc/3.8.0/bin/$1-linux-cosmo-objdump
+  elif [ -x .cosmocc/3.8.0/bin/$1-linux-musl-objdump ]; then
+    OBJDUMP=.cosmocc/3.8.0/bin/$1-linux-musl-objdump
+  elif [ -x "$COSMO/.cosmocc/3.8.0/bin/$1-linux-cosmo-objdump" ]; then
+    OBJDUMP="$COSMO/.cosmocc/3.8.0/bin/$1-linux-cosmo-objdump"
+  elif [ -x "$COSMO/.cosmocc/3.8.0/bin/$1-linux-musl-objdump" ]; then
+    OBJDUMP="$COSMO/.cosmocc/3.8.0/bin/$1-linux-musl-objdump"
  else
    echo "error: toolchain not found (try running 'cosmocc --update' or 'make' in the cosmo monorepo)" >&2
    exit 1
--- a/ctl/shared_ptr.h
+++ b/ctl/shared_ptr.h
@ -5,7 +5,6 @@

 #include "exception.h"
 #include "is_base_of.h"
-#include "is_constructible.h"
 #include "is_convertible.h"
 #include "remove_extent.h"
 #include "unique_ptr.h"
@ -97,12 +96,12 @@ class shared_ref

    size_t use_count() const noexcept
    {
-        return __atomic_load_n(&shared, __ATOMIC_RELAXED) + 1;
+        return shared + 1;
    }

    size_t weak_count() const noexcept
    {
-        return __atomic_load_n(&weak, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
+        return weak;
    }

  private:
@ -349,7 +348,7 @@ class shared_ptr
    template<typename U>
    bool owner_before(const weak_ptr<U>& r) const noexcept
    {
-        return rc < r.rc;
+        return !r.owner_before(*this);
    }

  private:
@ -382,34 +381,6 @@ class weak_ptr
            rc->keep_weak();
    }

-    weak_ptr(const weak_ptr& r) noexcept : p(r.p), rc(r.rc)
-    {
-        if (rc)
-            rc->keep_weak();
-    }
-
-    template<typename U>
-        requires __::shared_ptr_compatible<T, U>
-    weak_ptr(const weak_ptr<U>& r) noexcept : p(r.p), rc(r.rc)
-    {
-        if (rc)
-            rc->keep_weak();
-    }
-
-    weak_ptr(weak_ptr&& r) noexcept : p(r.p), rc(r.rc)
-    {
-        r.p = nullptr;
-        r.rc = nullptr;
-    }
-
-    template<typename U>
-        requires __::shared_ptr_compatible<T, U>
-    weak_ptr(weak_ptr<U>&& r) noexcept : p(r.p), rc(r.rc)
-    {
-        r.p = nullptr;
-        r.rc = nullptr;
-    }
-
    ~weak_ptr()
    {
        if (rc)
@ -438,19 +409,6 @@ class weak_ptr
        swap(rc, r.rc);
    }

-    weak_ptr& operator=(weak_ptr r) noexcept
-    {
-        swap(r);
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    template<typename U>
-        requires __::shared_ptr_compatible<T, U>
-    weak_ptr& operator=(weak_ptr<U> r) noexcept
-    {
-        weak_ptr<T>(move(r)).swap(*this);
-    }
-
    shared_ptr<T> lock() const noexcept
    {
        if (expired())
@ -479,9 +437,6 @@ class weak_ptr
    template<typename U>
    friend class shared_ptr;

-    template<typename U, typename... Args>
-    friend shared_ptr<U> make_shared(Args&&...);
-
    element_type* p = nullptr;
    __::shared_ref* rc = nullptr;
 };
@ -542,75 +497,19 @@ shared_ptr<T>::shared_ptr(U* const p, D d)
    }
 }

-// Our make_shared supports passing a weak self reference as the first parameter
-// to your constructor, e.g.:
-//
-//     struct Tree : ctl::weak_self_base
-//     {
-//         ctl::shared_ptr<Tree> l, r;
-//         ctl::weak_ptr<Tree> parent;
-//         Tree(weak_ptr<Tree> const& self, auto&& l2, auto&& r2)
-//           : l(ctl::forward<decltype(l2)>(l2)),
-//             r(ctl::forward<decltype(r2)>(r2))
-//         {
-//             if (l) l->parent = self;
-//             if (r) r->parent = self;
-//         }
-//     };
-//
-//     int main() {
-//         auto t = ctl::make_shared<Tree>(
-//             ctl::make_shared<Tree>(nullptr, nullptr), nullptr);
-//         return t->l->parent.lock().get() == t.get() ? 0 : 1;
-//     }
-//
-// As shown, passing the parameter at object construction time lets you complete
-// object construction without needing a separate Init method. But because we go
-// off spec as far as the STL is concerned, there is a potential ambiguity where
-// you might have a constructor with a weak_ptr first parameter that is intended
-// to be something other than a self-reference. So this feature is opt-in by way
-// of inheriting from the following struct.
-struct weak_self_base
-{};
-
 template<typename T, typename... Args>
 shared_ptr<T>
 make_shared(Args&&... args)
 {
-    unique_ptr rc = __::shared_emplace<T>::make();
-    if constexpr (is_base_of_v<weak_self_base, T> &&
-                  is_constructible_v<T, const weak_ptr<T>&, Args...>) {
-        // A __::shared_ref has a virtual weak reference that is owned by all of
-        // the shared references. We can avoid some unnecessary refcount changes
-        // by "borrowing" that reference and passing it to the constructor, then
-        // promoting it to a shared reference by swapping it with the shared_ptr
-        // that we return.
-        weak_ptr<T> w;
-        w.p = &rc->t;
-        w.rc = rc.get();
-        try {
-            rc->construct(const_cast<const weak_ptr<T>&>(w),
-                          forward<Args>(args)...);
-        } catch (...) {
-            w.p = nullptr;
-            w.rc = nullptr;
-            throw;
-        }
-        rc.release();
-        shared_ptr<T> r;
-        swap(r.p, w.p);
-        swap(r.rc, w.rc);
-        return r;
-    } else {
-        rc->construct(forward<Args>(args)...);
-        shared_ptr<T> r;
-        r.p = &rc->t;
-        r.rc = rc.release();
-        if constexpr (is_base_of_v<enable_shared_from_this<T>, T>) {
-            r->weak_this = r;
-        }
-        return r;
+    auto rc = __::shared_emplace<T>::make();
+    rc->construct(forward<Args>(args)...);
+    shared_ptr<T> r;
+    r.p = &rc->t;
+    r.rc = rc.release();
+    if constexpr (is_base_of_v<enable_shared_from_this<T>, T>) {
+        r->weak_this = r;
    }
+    return r;
 }

 } // namespace ctl
--- a/ctl/string.cc
+++ b/ctl/string.cc
@ -383,72 +383,4 @@ string::erase(const size_t pos, size_t count) noexcept
    return *this;
 }

-void
-string::append(const ctl::string_view& s, size_t pos, size_t count) noexcept
-{
-    append(s.substr(pos, count));
-}
-
-size_t
-string::find_last_of(char c, size_t pos) const noexcept
-{
-    const char* b = data();
-    size_t n = size();
-    if (pos > n)
-        pos = n;
-    const char* p = (const char*)memrchr(b, c, pos);
-    return p ? p - b : npos;
-}
-
-size_t
-string::find_last_of(ctl::string_view set, size_t pos) const noexcept
-{
-    if (empty() || set.empty())
-        return npos;
-    bool lut[256] = {};
-    for (char c : set)
-        lut[c & 255] = true;
-    const char* b = data();
-    size_t last = size() - 1;
-    if (pos > last)
-        pos = last;
-    for (;;) {
-        if (lut[b[pos] & 255])
-            return pos;
-        if (!pos)
-            return npos;
-        --pos;
-    }
-}
-
-size_t
-string::find_first_of(char c, size_t pos) const noexcept
-{
-    size_t n = size();
-    if (pos >= n)
-        return npos;
-    const char* b = data();
-    const char* p = (const char*)memchr(b + pos, c, n - pos);
-    return p ? p - b : npos;
-}
-
-size_t
-string::find_first_of(ctl::string_view set, size_t pos) const noexcept
-{
-    if (set.empty())
-        return npos;
-    bool lut[256] = {};
-    for (char c : set)
-        lut[c & 255] = true;
-    const char* b = data();
-    size_t n = size();
-    for (;;) {
-        if (pos >= n)
-            return npos;
-        if (lut[b[pos] & 255])
-            return pos;
-        ++pos;
-    }
-}
-
 } // namespace ctl
--- a/ctl/string.h
+++ b/ctl/string.h
@ -125,7 +125,6 @@ class string
    void append(char, size_t) noexcept;
    void append(unsigned long) noexcept;
    void append(const void*, size_t) noexcept;
-    void append(const ctl::string_view&, size_t, size_t = npos) noexcept;
    string& insert(size_t, ctl::string_view) noexcept;
    string& erase(size_t = 0, size_t = npos) noexcept;
    string substr(size_t = 0, size_t = npos) const noexcept;
@ -137,10 +136,6 @@ class string
    bool starts_with(ctl::string_view) const noexcept;
    size_t find(char, size_t = 0) const noexcept;
    size_t find(ctl::string_view, size_t = 0) const noexcept;
-    size_t find_first_of(char, size_t = 0) const noexcept;
-    size_t find_first_of(ctl::string_view, size_t = 0) const noexcept;
-    size_t find_last_of(char, size_t = npos) const noexcept;
-    size_t find_last_of(ctl::string_view, size_t = npos) const noexcept;

    void swap(string& s) noexcept
    {
@ -307,7 +302,7 @@ class string
        append(ch);
    }

-    void append(const ctl::string_view& s) noexcept
+    void append(const ctl::string_view s) noexcept
    {
        append(s.p, s.n);
    }
--- a/ctl/string_view.cc
+++ b/ctl/string_view.cc
@ -108,66 +108,4 @@ string_view::starts_with(const string_view s) const noexcept
    return !memcmp(p, s.p, s.n);
 }

-size_t
-string_view::find_last_of(char c, size_t pos) const noexcept
-{
-    const char* b = data();
-    size_t n = size();
-    if (pos > n)
-        pos = n;
-    const char* p = (const char*)memrchr(b, c, pos);
-    return p ? p - b : npos;
-}
-
-size_t
-string_view::find_last_of(ctl::string_view set, size_t pos) const noexcept
-{
-    if (empty() || set.empty())
-        return npos;
-    bool lut[256] = {};
-    for (char c : set)
-        lut[c & 255] = true;
-    const char* b = data();
-    size_t last = size() - 1;
-    if (pos > last)
-        pos = last;
-    for (;;) {
-        if (lut[b[pos] & 255])
-            return pos;
-        if (!pos)
-            return npos;
-        --pos;
-    }
-}
-
-size_t
-string_view::find_first_of(char c, size_t pos) const noexcept
-{
-    size_t n = size();
-    if (pos >= n)
-        return npos;
-    const char* b = data();
-    const char* p = (const char*)memchr(b + pos, c, n - pos);
-    return p ? p - b : npos;
-}
-
-size_t
-string_view::find_first_of(ctl::string_view set, size_t pos) const noexcept
-{
-    if (set.empty())
-        return npos;
-    bool lut[256] = {};
-    for (char c : set)
-        lut[c & 255] = true;
-    const char* b = data();
-    size_t n = size();
-    for (;;) {
-        if (pos >= n)
-            return npos;
-        if (lut[b[pos] & 255])
-            return pos;
-        ++pos;
-    }
-}
-
 } // namespace ctl
--- a/ctl/string_view.h
+++ b/ctl/string_view.h
@ -45,10 +45,6 @@ struct string_view
    string_view substr(size_t = 0, size_t = npos) const noexcept;
    size_t find(char, size_t = 0) const noexcept;
    size_t find(string_view, size_t = 0) const noexcept;
-    size_t find_first_of(char, size_t = 0) const noexcept;
-    size_t find_first_of(ctl::string_view, size_t = 0) const noexcept;
-    size_t find_last_of(char, size_t = npos) const noexcept;
-    size_t find_last_of(ctl::string_view, size_t = npos) const noexcept;

    constexpr string_view& operator=(const string_view s) noexcept
    {
@ -113,12 +109,12 @@ struct string_view
        return p[n - 1];
    }

-    constexpr const_iterator begin() const noexcept
+    constexpr const_iterator begin() noexcept
    {
        return p;
    }

-    constexpr const_iterator end() const noexcept
+    constexpr const_iterator end() noexcept
    {
        return p + n;
    }
--- a/dsp/BUILD.mk
+++ b/dsp/BUILD.mk
@ -6,5 +6,4 @@ o/$(MODE)/dsp:	o/$(MODE)/dsp/audio	\
 		o/$(MODE)/dsp/core	\
 		o/$(MODE)/dsp/mpeg	\
 		o/$(MODE)/dsp/scale	\
-		o/$(MODE)/dsp/prog	\
 		o/$(MODE)/dsp/tty
--- a/dsp/audio/cosmoaudio/cosmoaudio.c
+++ b/dsp/audio/cosmoaudio/cosmoaudio.c
@ -469,16 +469,16 @@ COSMOAUDIO_ABI int cosmoaudio_poll(struct CosmoAudio* ca,
  if (in_out_writeFrames && 1u + *in_out_writeFrames > ca->outputBufferFrames)
    return COSMOAUDIO_ENOBUF;
  for (;;) {
-    int done = 1;
+    int done = 0;
    ma_uint32 readable = 0;
    ma_uint32 writable = 0;
    if (in_out_readFrames) {
      readable = ma_pcm_rb_available_read(&ca->input);
-      done &= readable >= (ma_uint32)*in_out_readFrames;
+      done |= readable >= (ma_uint32)*in_out_readFrames;
    }
    if (in_out_writeFrames) {
      writable = ma_pcm_rb_available_write(&ca->output);
-      done &= writable >= (ma_uint32)*in_out_writeFrames;
+      done |= writable >= (ma_uint32)*in_out_writeFrames;
    }
    if (done) {
      if (in_out_readFrames)
--- a/dsp/prog/BUILD.mk
+++ b/dsp/prog/BUILD.mk
@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-#-*-mode:makefile-gmake;indent-tabs-mode:t;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8-*-┐
-#── vi: set noet ft=make ts=8 sw=8 fenc=utf-8 :vi ────────────────────┘
-
-PKGS += DSP_PROG
-
-DSP_PROG_FILES := $(wildcard dsp/prog/*)
-DSP_PROG_HDRS = $(filter %.h,$(DSP_PROG_FILES))
-DSP_PROG_SRCS = $(filter %.c,$(DSP_PROG_FILES))
-DSP_PROG_OBJS = $(DSP_PROG_SRCS:%.c=o/$(MODE)/%.o)
-DSP_PROG_COMS = $(DSP_PROG_SRCS:%.c=o/$(MODE)/%)
-DSP_PROG_BINS = $(DSP_PROG_COMS) $(DSP_PROG_COMS:%=%.dbg)
-
-DSP_PROG_DIRECTDEPS =				\
-	DSP_AUDIO				\
-	LIBC_CALLS				\
-	LIBC_INTRIN				\
-	LIBC_NEXGEN32E				\
-	LIBC_RUNTIME				\
-	LIBC_SOCK				\
-	LIBC_STDIO				\
-	LIBC_SYSV				\
-	LIBC_TINYMATH				\
-	THIRD_PARTY_MUSL			\
-
-DSP_PROG_DEPS :=				\
-	$(call uniq,$(foreach x,$(DSP_PROG_DIRECTDEPS),$($(x))))
-
-o/$(MODE)/dsp/prog/prog.pkg:			\
-		$(DSP_PROG_OBJS)		\
-		$(foreach x,$(DSP_PROG_DIRECTDEPS),$($(x)_A).pkg)
-
-o/$(MODE)/dsp/prog/%.dbg:			\
-		$(DSP_PROG_DEPS)		\
-		o/$(MODE)/dsp/prog/prog.pkg	\
-		o/$(MODE)/dsp/prog/%.o		\
-		$(CRT)				\
-		$(APE_NO_MODIFY_SELF)
-	@$(APELINK)
-
-$(DSP_PROG_OBJS): dsp/prog/BUILD.mk
-
-.PHONY: o/$(MODE)/dsp/prog
-o/$(MODE)/dsp/prog: $(DSP_PROG_BINS)
--- a/dsp/prog/loudness.h
+++ b/dsp/prog/loudness.h
@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef COSMOPOLITAN_DSP_PROG_LOUDNESS_H_
-#define COSMOPOLITAN_DSP_PROG_LOUDNESS_H_
-#include <math.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-
-#define MIN_DECIBEL -60
-#define MAX_DECIBEL 0
-
-// computes root of mean squares
-static double rms(float *p, int n) {
-  double s = 0;
-  for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
-    s += p[i] * p[i];
-  return sqrt(s / n);
-}
-
-// converts rms to decibel
-static double rms_to_db(double rms) {
-  double db = 20 * log10(rms);
-  db = fmin(db, MAX_DECIBEL);
-  db = fmax(db, MIN_DECIBEL);
-  return db;
-}
-
-// char meter[21];
-// format_decibel_meter(meter, 20, rms_to_db(rms(samps, count)))
-static char *format_decibel_meter(char *meter, int width, double db) {
-  double range = MAX_DECIBEL - MIN_DECIBEL;
-  int filled = (db - MIN_DECIBEL) / range * width;
-  for (int i = 0; i < width; ++i) {
-    if (i < filled) {
-      meter[i] = '=';
-    } else {
-      meter[i] = ' ';
-    }
-  }
-  meter[width] = 0;
-  return meter;
-}
-
-#endif /* COSMOPOLITAN_DSP_PROG_LOUDNESS_H_ */
--- a/dsp/prog/recvaudio.c
+++ b/dsp/prog/recvaudio.c
@ -1,127 +0,0 @@
-#if 0
-/*─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╗
-│ To the extent possible under law, Justine Tunney has waived      │
-│ all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this file,    │
-│ as it is written in the following disclaimers:                   │
-│   • http://unlicense.org/                                        │
-│   • http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/            │
-╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
-#endif
-#include <arpa/inet.h>
-#include <assert.h>
-#include <cosmoaudio.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <math.h>
-#include <netinet/in.h>
-#include <signal.h>
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <sys/socket.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <time.h>
-#include "loudness.h"
-
-/**
- * @fileoverview plays audio from remote computer on speaker
- * @see dsp/prog/sendaudio.c
- */
-
-#define SAMPLING_RATE     44100
-#define FRAMES_PER_SECOND 60
-#define DEBUG_LOG         0
-#define PORT              9834
-
-#define CHUNK_FRAMES (SAMPLING_RATE / FRAMES_PER_SECOND)
-
-static_assert(CHUNK_FRAMES * sizeof(short) < 1472,
-              "audio chunks won't fit in udp ethernet packet");
-
-sig_atomic_t g_done;
-
-void onsig(int sig) {
-  g_done = 1;
-}
-
-short toshort(float x) {
-  return fmaxf(-1, fminf(1, x)) * 32767;
-}
-
-float tofloat(short x) {
-  return x / 32768.f;
-}
-
-int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
-
-  // listen on udp port for audio
-  int server;
-  if ((server = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0)) == -1) {
-    perror("socket");
-    return 3;
-  }
-  struct sockaddr_in addr = {.sin_family = AF_INET, .sin_port = htons(PORT)};
-  if (bind(server, (struct sockaddr*)&addr, sizeof(addr))) {
-    perror("bind");
-    return 4;
-  }
-
-  // setup signals
-  struct sigaction sa;
-  sa.sa_flags = 0;
-  sa.sa_handler = onsig;
-  sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);
-  sigaction(SIGINT, &sa, 0);
-
-  // configure cosmo audio
-  struct CosmoAudioOpenOptions cao = {0};
-  cao.sizeofThis = sizeof(struct CosmoAudioOpenOptions);
-  cao.deviceType = kCosmoAudioDeviceTypePlayback;
-  cao.sampleRate = SAMPLING_RATE;
-  cao.bufferFrames = CHUNK_FRAMES * 2;
-  cao.debugLog = DEBUG_LOG;
-  cao.channels = 1;
-
-  // connect to microphone and speaker
-  int status;
-  struct CosmoAudio* ca;
-  status = cosmoaudio_open(&ca, &cao);
-  if (status != COSMOAUDIO_SUCCESS) {
-    fprintf(stderr, "failed to open audio: %d\n", status);
-    return 5;
-  }
-
-  while (!g_done) {
-    // read from network
-    ssize_t got;
-    short buf16[CHUNK_FRAMES];
-    if ((got = read(server, buf16, CHUNK_FRAMES * sizeof(short))) == -1) {
-      if (errno == EINTR)
-        continue;
-      perror("read");
-      return 7;
-    }
-    if (got != CHUNK_FRAMES * sizeof(short)) {
-      fprintf(stderr, "warning: got partial audio frame\n");
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    // write to speaker
-    float buf32[CHUNK_FRAMES];
-    for (int i = 0; i < CHUNK_FRAMES; ++i)
-      buf32[i] = tofloat(buf16[i]);
-    cosmoaudio_poll(ca, 0, (int[]){CHUNK_FRAMES});
-    cosmoaudio_write(ca, buf32, CHUNK_FRAMES);
-
-    // print loudness in ascii
-    char meter[21];
-    double db = rms_to_db(rms(buf32, CHUNK_FRAMES));
-    format_decibel_meter(meter, 20, db);
-    printf("\r%s| %+6.2f dB", meter, db);
-    fflush(stdout);
-  }
-
-  // clean up resources
-  cosmoaudio_flush(ca);
-  cosmoaudio_close(ca);
-  close(server);
-}
--- a/dsp/prog/sendaudio.c
+++ b/dsp/prog/sendaudio.c
@ -1,149 +0,0 @@
-#if 0
-/*─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╗
-│ To the extent possible under law, Justine Tunney has waived      │
-│ all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this file,    │
-│ as it is written in the following disclaimers:                   │
-│   • http://unlicense.org/                                        │
-│   • http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/            │
-╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
-#endif
-#include <arpa/inet.h>
-#include <assert.h>
-#include <cosmoaudio.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <math.h>
-#include <netdb.h>
-#include <netinet/in.h>
-#include <signal.h>
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <sys/socket.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <time.h>
-#include "loudness.h"
-
-/**
- * @fileoverview sends audio from microphone to remote computer
- * @see dsp/prog/recvaudio.c
- */
-
-#define SAMPLING_RATE     44100
-#define FRAMES_PER_SECOND 60
-#define DEBUG_LOG         0
-#define PORT              9834
-
-#define CHUNK_FRAMES (SAMPLING_RATE / FRAMES_PER_SECOND)
-
-static_assert(CHUNK_FRAMES * sizeof(short) < 1472,
-              "audio chunks won't fit in udp ethernet packet");
-
-sig_atomic_t g_done;
-
-void onsig(int sig) {
-  g_done = 1;
-}
-
-short toshort(float x) {
-  return fmaxf(-1, fminf(1, x)) * 32767;
-}
-
-float tofloat(short x) {
-  return x / 32768.f;
-}
-
-uint32_t host2ip(const char* host) {
-  uint32_t ip;
-  if ((ip = inet_addr(host)) != -1u)
-    return ip;
-  int rc;
-  struct addrinfo* ai = NULL;
-  struct addrinfo hint = {AI_NUMERICSERV, AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_TCP};
-  if ((rc = getaddrinfo(host, "0", &hint, &ai))) {
-    fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", host, gai_strerror(rc));
-    exit(50 + rc);
-  }
-  ip = ntohl(((struct sockaddr_in*)ai->ai_addr)->sin_addr.s_addr);
-  freeaddrinfo(ai);
-  return ip;
-}
-
-int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
-
-  if (argc != 2) {
-    fprintf(stderr, "%s: missing host argument\n", argv[0]);
-    return 1;
-  }
-
-  // get host argument
-  const char* remote_host = argv[1];
-  uint32_t ip = host2ip(remote_host);
-
-  // connect to server
-  int client;
-  if ((client = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0)) == -1) {
-    perror(remote_host);
-    return 3;
-  }
-  struct sockaddr_in addr = {.sin_family = AF_INET,
-                             .sin_port = htons(PORT),
-                             .sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(ip)};
-  if (connect(client, (struct sockaddr*)&addr, sizeof(addr))) {
-    perror(remote_host);
-    return 4;
-  }
-
-  // setup signals
-  struct sigaction sa;
-  sa.sa_flags = 0;
-  sa.sa_handler = onsig;
-  sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);
-  sigaction(SIGINT, &sa, 0);
-
-  // configure cosmo audio
-  struct CosmoAudioOpenOptions cao = {0};
-  cao.sizeofThis = sizeof(struct CosmoAudioOpenOptions);
-  cao.deviceType = kCosmoAudioDeviceTypeCapture;
-  cao.sampleRate = SAMPLING_RATE;
-  cao.bufferFrames = CHUNK_FRAMES * 2;
-  cao.debugLog = DEBUG_LOG;
-  cao.channels = 1;
-
-  // connect to microphone and speaker
-  int status;
-  struct CosmoAudio* ca;
-  status = cosmoaudio_open(&ca, &cao);
-  if (status != COSMOAUDIO_SUCCESS) {
-    fprintf(stderr, "failed to open audio: %d\n", status);
-    return 5;
-  }
-
-  while (!g_done) {
-    // read from microphone
-    float buf32[CHUNK_FRAMES];
-    cosmoaudio_poll(ca, (int[]){CHUNK_FRAMES}, 0);
-    cosmoaudio_read(ca, buf32, CHUNK_FRAMES);
-    short buf16[CHUNK_FRAMES];
-    for (int i = 0; i < CHUNK_FRAMES; ++i)
-      buf16[i] = toshort(buf32[i]);
-
-    // send to server
-    if (write(client, buf16, CHUNK_FRAMES * sizeof(short)) == -1) {
-      if (errno == EINTR && g_done)
-        break;
-      perror(remote_host);
-      return 7;
-    }
-
-    // print loudness in ascii
-    char meter[21];
-    double db = rms_to_db(rms(buf32, CHUNK_FRAMES));
-    format_decibel_meter(meter, 20, db);
-    printf("\r%s| %+6.2f dB", meter, db);
-    fflush(stdout);
-  }
-
-  // clean up resources
-  cosmoaudio_close(ca);
-  close(client);
-}
--- a/examples/BUILD.mk
+++ b/examples/BUILD.mk
@ -54,8 +54,8 @@ EXAMPLES_DIRECTDEPS =						\
 	LIBC_NEXGEN32E						\
 	LIBC_NT_ADVAPI32					\
 	LIBC_NT_IPHLPAPI					\
-	LIBC_NT_KERNEL32					\
 	LIBC_NT_MEMORY						\
+	LIBC_NT_KERNEL32					\
 	LIBC_NT_NTDLL						\
 	LIBC_NT_USER32						\
 	LIBC_NT_WS2_32						\
@ -64,7 +64,6 @@ EXAMPLES_DIRECTDEPS =						\
 	LIBC_SOCK						\
 	LIBC_STDIO						\
 	LIBC_STR						\
-	LIBC_SYSTEM						\
 	LIBC_SYSV						\
 	LIBC_SYSV_CALLS						\
 	LIBC_TESTLIB						\
@ -82,8 +81,6 @@ EXAMPLES_DIRECTDEPS =						\
 	THIRD_PARTY_GETOPT					\
 	THIRD_PARTY_HIREDIS					\
 	THIRD_PARTY_LIBCXX					\
-	THIRD_PARTY_LIBCXXABI					\
-	THIRD_PARTY_LIBUNWIND					\
 	THIRD_PARTY_LINENOISE					\
 	THIRD_PARTY_LUA						\
 	THIRD_PARTY_MBEDTLS					\
@ -97,10 +94,12 @@ EXAMPLES_DIRECTDEPS =						\
 	THIRD_PARTY_TZ						\
 	THIRD_PARTY_VQSORT					\
 	THIRD_PARTY_XED						\
+	THIRD_PARTY_LIBCXXABI					\
+	THIRD_PARTY_LIBUNWIND					\
 	THIRD_PARTY_ZLIB					\
 	TOOL_ARGS						\
 	TOOL_BUILD_LIB						\
-	TOOL_VIZ_LIB						\
+	TOOL_VIZ_LIB

 EXAMPLES_DEPS :=						\
 	$(call uniq,$(foreach x,$(EXAMPLES_DIRECTDEPS),$($(x))))
@ -151,10 +150,6 @@ o/$(MODE)/examples/picol.o: private				\
 		CPPFLAGS +=					\
 			-DSTACK_FRAME_UNLIMITED

-o/$(MODE)/examples/nesemu1.o: private				\
-		CPPFLAGS +=					\
-			-O3
-
 o/$(MODE)/examples/picol.dbg:					\
 		$(EXAMPLES_DEPS)				\
 		o/$(MODE)/examples/picol.o			\
--- a/examples/art.c
+++ b/examples/art.c
@ -1,353 +0,0 @@
-#if 0
-/*─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╗
-│ To the extent possible under law, Justine Tunney has waived      │
-│ all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this file,    │
-│ as it is written in the following disclaimers:                   │
-│   • http://unlicense.org/                                        │
-│   • http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/            │
-╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
-#endif
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <getopt.h>
-#include <iconv.h>
-#include <signal.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <sys/ioctl.h>
-#include <termios.h>
-#include <time.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-/**
- * @fileoverview program for viewing bbs art files
- * @see https://github.com/blocktronics/artpacks
- * @see http://www.textfiles.com/art/
- */
-
-#define HELP \
-  "Usage:\n\
-    art [-b %d] [-f %s] [-t %s] FILE...\n\
-\n\
-Flags:\n\
-    -b NUMBER   specifies simulated modem baud rate, which defaults to\n\
-                2400 since that was the most common modem speed in the\n\
-                later half of the 1980s during the BBS golden age; you\n\
-                could also say 300 for the slowest experience possible\n\
-                or you could say 14.4k to get more of a 90's feel, and\n\
-                there's also the infamous 56k to bring you back to y2k\n\
-    -f CHARSET  specifies charset of input bytes, where the default is\n\
-                cp347 which means IBM Code Page 347 a.k.a. DOS\n\
-    -t CHARSET  specifies output charset used by your terminal, and it\n\
-                defaults to utf8 a.k.a. thompson-pike encoding\n\
-\n\
-Supported charsets:\n\
-    utf8, ascii, wchar_t, ucs2be, ucs2le, utf16be, utf16le, ucs4be,\n\
-    ucs4le, utf16, ucs4, ucs2, eucjp, shiftjis, iso2022jp, gb18030, gbk,\n\
-    gb2312, big5, euckr, iso88591, latin1, iso88592, iso88593, iso88594,\n\
-    iso88595, iso88596, iso88597, iso88598, iso88599, iso885910,\n\
-    iso885911, iso885913, iso885914, iso885915, iso885916, cp1250,\n\
-    windows1250, cp1251, windows1251, cp1252, windows1252, cp1253,\n\
-    windows1253, cp1254, windows1254, cp1255, windows1255, cp1256,\n\
-    windows1256, cp1257, windows1257, cp1258, windows1258, koi8r, koi8u,\n\
-    cp437, cp850, cp866, ibm1047, cp1047.\n\
-\n\
-See also:\n\
-    http://www.textfiles.com/art/\n\
-    https://github.com/blocktronics/artpacks\n\
-\n"
-
-#define INBUFSZ 256
-#define OUBUFSZ (INBUFSZ * 6)
-#define SLIT(s) ((unsigned)s[3] << 24 | s[2] << 16 | s[1] << 8 | s[0])
-
-// "When new technology comes out, people don't all buy it right away.
-//  If what they have works, some will wait until it doesn't. A few
-//  people do get the latest though. In 1984 2400 baud modems became
-//  available, so some people had them, but many didn't. A BBS list
-//  from 1986 shows operators were mostly 300 and 1200, but some were
-//  using 2400. The next 5 years were the hayday of the 2400."
-//
-// https://forum.vcfed.org/index.php?threads/the-2400-baud-modem.44241/
-
-int baud_rate = 2400;                // -b 2400
-const char* from_charset = "CP437";  // -f CP437
-const char* to_charset = "UTF-8";    // -t UTF-8
-
-volatile sig_atomic_t done;
-
-void on_signal(int sig) {
-  done = 1;
-  (void)sig;
-}
-
-void print(const char* s) {
-  (void)!write(STDOUT_FILENO, s, strlen(s));
-}
-
-int encode_character(char output[8], const char* codec, wchar_t character) {
-  size_t inbytesleft = sizeof(wchar_t);
-  size_t outbytesleft = 7;
-  char* inbuf = (char*)&character;
-  char* outbuf = output;
-  iconv_t cd = iconv_open(codec, "wchar_t");
-  if (cd == (iconv_t)-1)
-    return -1;
-  size_t result = iconv(cd, &inbuf, &inbytesleft, &outbuf, &outbytesleft);
-  iconv_close(cd);
-  if (result == (size_t)-1)
-    return -1;
-  *outbuf = '\0';
-  return 7 - outbytesleft;
-}
-
-void append_replacement_character(char** b) {
-  int n = encode_character(*b, to_charset, 0xFFFD);
-  if (n == -1)
-    n = encode_character(*b, to_charset, '?');
-  if (n != -1)
-    *b += n;
-}
-
-int compare_time(struct timespec a, struct timespec b) {
-  int cmp;
-  if (!(cmp = (a.tv_sec > b.tv_sec) - (a.tv_sec < b.tv_sec)))
-    cmp = (a.tv_nsec > b.tv_nsec) - (a.tv_nsec < b.tv_nsec);
-  return cmp;
-}
-
-struct timespec add_time(struct timespec x, struct timespec y) {
-  x.tv_sec += y.tv_sec;
-  x.tv_nsec += y.tv_nsec;
-  if (x.tv_nsec >= 1000000000) {
-    x.tv_nsec -= 1000000000;
-    x.tv_sec += 1;
-  }
-  return x;
-}
-
-struct timespec subtract_time(struct timespec a, struct timespec b) {
-  a.tv_sec -= b.tv_sec;
-  if (a.tv_nsec < b.tv_nsec) {
-    a.tv_nsec += 1000000000;
-    a.tv_sec--;
-  }
-  a.tv_nsec -= b.tv_nsec;
-  return a;
-}
-
-struct timespec fromnanos(long long x) {
-  struct timespec ts;
-  ts.tv_sec = x / 1000000000;
-  ts.tv_nsec = x % 1000000000;
-  return ts;
-}
-
-void process_file(const char* path, int fd, iconv_t cd) {
-  size_t carry = 0;
-  struct timespec next;
-  char input_buffer[INBUFSZ];
-
-  clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &next);
-
-  for (;;) {
-
-    // read from file
-    ssize_t bytes_read = read(fd, input_buffer + carry, INBUFSZ - carry);
-    if (!bytes_read)
-      return;
-    if (bytes_read == -1) {
-      perror(path);
-      done = 1;
-      return;
-    }
-
-    // modernize character set
-    char* input_ptr = input_buffer;
-    size_t input_left = carry + bytes_read;
-    char output_buffer[OUBUFSZ];
-    char* output_ptr = output_buffer;
-    size_t output_left = OUBUFSZ;
-    size_t ir = iconv(cd, &input_ptr, &input_left, &output_ptr, &output_left);
-    carry = 0;
-    if (ir == (size_t)-1) {
-      if (errno == EINVAL) {
-        // incomplete multibyte sequence encountered
-        memmove(input_buffer, input_ptr, input_left);
-        carry = input_left;
-      } else if (errno == EILSEQ && input_left) {
-        // EILSEQ means either
-        // 1. illegal input sequence encountered
-        // 2. code not encodable in output codec
-        //
-        // so we skip one byte of input, and insert <20> or ? in the output
-        // this isn't the most desirable behavior, but it is the best we
-        // can do, since we don't know specifics about the codecs in use
-        //
-        // unlike glibc cosmo's iconv implementation may handle case (2)
-        // automatically by inserting an asterisk in place of a sequence
-        ++input_ptr;
-        --input_left;
-        memmove(input_buffer, input_ptr, input_left);
-        carry = input_left;
-        if (output_left >= 8)
-          append_replacement_character(&output_ptr);
-      } else {
-        perror(path);
-        done = 1;
-        return;
-      }
-    }
-
-    // write to terminal
-    for (char* p = output_buffer; p < output_ptr; p++) {
-      if (done)
-        return;
-
-      (void)!write(STDOUT_FILENO, p, 1);
-
-      // allow arrow keys to change baud rate
-      int have;
-      if (ioctl(STDIN_FILENO, FIONREAD, &have)) {
-        perror("ioctl");
-        done = 1;
-        return;
-      }
-      if (have > 0) {
-        char key[4] = {0};
-        if (read(STDIN_FILENO, key, sizeof(key)) > 0) {
-          if (SLIT(key) == SLIT("\33[A") ||  // up
-              SLIT(key) == SLIT("\33[C")) {  // right
-            baud_rate *= 1.4;
-          } else if (SLIT(key) == SLIT("\33[B") ||  // down
-                     SLIT(key) == SLIT("\33[D")) {  // left
-            baud_rate *= 0.6;
-          }
-          if (baud_rate < 3)
-            baud_rate = 3;
-          if (baud_rate > 1000000000)
-            baud_rate = 1000000000;
-        }
-      }
-
-      // insert artificial delay for one byte. we divide by 10 to convert
-      // bits to bytes, because that is how many bits 8-N-1 encoding used
-      struct timespec now;
-      clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &now);
-      next = add_time(next, fromnanos(1e9 / (baud_rate / 10.)));
-      if (compare_time(next, now) > 0) {
-        struct timespec sleep = subtract_time(next, now);
-        nanosleep(&sleep, 0);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
-  int opt;
-  while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "hb:f:t:")) != -1) {
-    switch (opt) {
-      case 'b': {
-        char* endptr;
-        double rate = strtod(optarg, &endptr);
-        if (*endptr == 'k') {
-          rate *= 1e3;
-          ++endptr;
-        } else if (*endptr == 'm') {
-          rate *= 1e6;
-          ++endptr;
-        }
-        if (*endptr || baud_rate <= 0) {
-          fprintf(stderr, "%s: invalid baud rate: %s\n", argv[0], optarg);
-          exit(1);
-        }
-        baud_rate = rate;
-        break;
-      }
-      case 'f':
-        from_charset = optarg;
-        break;
-      case 't':
-        to_charset = optarg;
-        break;
-      case 'h':
-        fprintf(stderr, HELP, baud_rate, from_charset, to_charset);
-        exit(0);
-      default:
-        fprintf(stderr, "protip: pass the -h flag for help\n");
-        exit(1);
-    }
-  }
-  if (optind == argc) {
-    fprintf(stderr, "%s: missing operand\n", argv[0]);
-    exit(1);
-  }
-
-  // create character transcoder
-  iconv_t cd = iconv_open(to_charset, from_charset);
-  if (cd == (iconv_t)-1) {
-    fprintf(stderr, "error: conversion from %s to %s not supported\n",
-            from_charset, to_charset);
-    exit(1);
-  }
-
-  // catch ctrl-c
-  signal(SIGINT, on_signal);
-
-  // don't wait until newline to read() keystrokes
-  struct termios t;
-  if (!tcgetattr(STDIN_FILENO, &t)) {
-    struct termios t2 = t;
-    t2.c_lflag &= ~(ICANON | ECHO);
-    tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &t2);
-  }
-
-  // Process each file specified on the command line
-  for (int i = optind; i < argc && !done; i++) {
-
-    // open file
-    int fd = open(argv[i], O_RDONLY);
-    if (fd == -1) {
-      perror(argv[i]);
-      break;
-    }
-
-    // wait between files
-    if (i > optind)
-      sleep(1);
-
-    print("\33[?25l");   // hide cursor
-    print("\33[H");      // move cursor to top-left
-    print("\33[J");      // erase display forward
-    print("\33[1;24r");  // set scrolling region to first 24 lines
-    print("\33[?7h");    // enable auto-wrap mode
-    print("\33[?3l");    // 80 column mode (deccolm) vt100
-    print("\33[H");      // move cursor to top-left, again
-
-    // get busy
-    process_file(argv[i], fd, cd);
-    close(fd);
-  }
-
-  // cleanup
-  iconv_close(cd);
-
-  print("\33[s");        // save cursor position
-  print("\33[?25h");     // show cursor
-  print("\33[0m");       // reset text attributes (color, bold, etc.)
-  print("\33[?1049l");   // exit alternate screen mode
-  print("\33(B");        // exit line drawing and other alt charset modes
-  print("\33[r");        // reset scrolling region
-  print("\33[?2004l");   // turn off bracketed paste mode
-  print("\33[4l");       // exit insert mode
-  print("\33[?1l\33>");  // exit application keypad mode
-  print("\33[?7h");      // reset text wrapping mode
-  print("\33[?12l");     // reset cursor blinking mode
-  print("\33[?6l");      // reset origin mode
-  print("\33[20l");      // reset auto newline mode
-  print("\33[u");        // restore cursor position
-
-  // restore terminal
-  tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &t);
-}
--- a/examples/asteroids.c
+++ b/examples/asteroids.c
@ -1,353 +0,0 @@
-// -*- mode:c; indent-tabs-mode:nil; c-basic-offset:4 -*-
-// vi: set et ft=c ts=4 sts=4 sw=4 fenc=utf-8
-
-// asteroids by tsotchke
-// https://github.com/tsotchke/asteroids
-
-// clang-format off
-
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <math.h>
-#include <time.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <signal.h>
-#include <termios.h>
-#include <sys/select.h>
-
-#define SCREEN_WIDTH 80
-#define SCREEN_HEIGHT 24
-#define MAX_ASTEROIDS 5
-#define MAX_BULLETS 5
-
-typedef struct {
-    float x, y;
-} Vector2;
-
-typedef struct {
-    Vector2 position;
-    Vector2 velocity;
-    float angle;
-    float radius;
-} GameObject;
-
-GameObject spaceship;
-GameObject asteroids[MAX_ASTEROIDS];
-GameObject bullets[MAX_BULLETS];
-
-int score = 0;
-time_t startTime;
-int isGameOver = 0;
-int shouldExit = 0;
-int finalTime = 0; // To store final time at game over
-char display[SCREEN_HEIGHT][SCREEN_WIDTH];
-
-// Function to clear the screen buffer
-void clearDisplay() {
-    memset(display, ' ', sizeof(display));
-}
-
-// Function to draw a pixel on the screen
-void drawPixel(int x, int y) {
-    if (x >= 0 && x < SCREEN_WIDTH && y >= 0 && y < SCREEN_HEIGHT) {
-        display[y][x] = '*';
-    }
-}
-
-// Function to draw a line using Bresenham's algorithm
-void drawLine(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2) {
-    int dx = abs(x2 - x1), sx = (x1 < x2) ? 1 : -1;
-    int dy = -abs(y2 - y1), sy = (y1 < y2) ? 1 : -1;
-    int error = dx + dy, e2;
-
-    while (1) {
-        drawPixel(x1, y1);
-        if (x1 == x2 && y1 == y2) break;
-        e2 = 2 * error;
-        if (e2 >= dy) { error += dy; x1 += sx; }
-        if (e2 <= dx) { error += dx; y1 += sy; }
-    }
-}
-
-// Function to draw a circle
-void drawCircle(int centerX, int centerY, int radius) {
-    int x = radius - 1, y = 0, dx = 1, dy = 1, err = dx - (radius << 1);
-    while (x >= y) {
-        drawPixel(centerX + x, centerY + y);
-        drawPixel(centerX + y, centerY + x);
-        drawPixel(centerX - y, centerY + x);
-        drawPixel(centerX - x, centerY + y);
-        drawPixel(centerX - x, centerY - y);
-        drawPixel(centerX - y, centerY - x);
-        drawPixel(centerX + y, centerY - x);
-        drawPixel(centerX + x, centerY - y);
-
-        if (err <= 0) {
-            y++;
-            err += dy;
-            dy += 2;
-        }
-        if (err > 0) {
-            x--;
-            dx += 2;
-            err += dx - (radius << 1);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-// Initialize a game object
-void initializeGameObject(GameObject *obj, float x, float y, float angle, float radius) {
-    obj->position = (Vector2){x, y};
-    obj->velocity = (Vector2){0, 0};
-    obj->angle = angle;
-    obj->radius = radius;
-}
-
-// Wrap position of the spaceship and asteroids within screen bounds
-void wrapPosition(Vector2 *pos) {
-    if (pos->x < 0) pos->x = SCREEN_WIDTH - 1;
-    if (pos->x >= SCREEN_WIDTH) pos->x = 0;
-    if (pos->y < 0) pos->y = SCREEN_HEIGHT - 1;
-    if (pos->y >= SCREEN_HEIGHT) pos->y = 0;
-}
-
-// Check if two game objects are colliding
-int checkCollision(GameObject *a, GameObject *b) {
-    float deltaX = a->position.x - b->position.x;
-    float deltaY = a->position.y - b->position.y;
-    return sqrt(deltaX * deltaX + deltaY * deltaY) < (a->radius + b->radius);
-}
-
-// Initialize game state
-void initGame() {
-    score = 0; // Reset the score
-    initializeGameObject(&spaceship, SCREEN_WIDTH / 2, SCREEN_HEIGHT / 2, 0, 2);
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < MAX_ASTEROIDS; i++) {
-        initializeGameObject(&asteroids[i],
-            rand() % SCREEN_WIDTH,
-            rand() % SCREEN_HEIGHT,
-            0,
-            2 + rand() % 3);
-        asteroids[i].velocity.x = ((float)rand() / RAND_MAX) * 2 - 1;
-        asteroids[i].velocity.y = ((float)rand() / RAND_MAX) * 2 - 1;
-    }
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < MAX_BULLETS; i++) {
-        bullets[i].position.x = -1; // Mark bullet as inactive
-        bullets[i].position.y = -1;
-    }
-
-    startTime = time(NULL);
-    isGameOver = 0;
-    finalTime = 0; // Reset final time
-}
-
-// Draw the spaceship on the screen
-void drawSpaceship() {
-    int x = (int)spaceship.position.x;
-    int y = (int)spaceship.position.y;
-    int size = 3;
-
-    float cosAngle = cos(spaceship.angle);
-    float sinAngle = sin(spaceship.angle);
-
-    int x1 = x + size * cosAngle;
-    int y1 = y + size * sinAngle;
-    int x2 = x + size * cos(spaceship.angle + 2.5);
-    int y2 = y + size * sin(spaceship.angle + 2.5);
-    int x3 = x + size * cos(spaceship.angle - 2.5);
-    int y3 = y + size * sin(spaceship.angle - 2.5);
-
-    drawLine(x1, y1, x2, y2);
-    drawLine(x2, y2, x3, y3);
-    drawLine(x3, y3, x1, y1);
-}
-
-// Draw all entities on the screen
-void drawEntities(GameObject *entities, int count, void (*drawFunc)(GameObject *)) {
-    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-        drawFunc(&entities[i]);
-    }
-}
-
-// Draw a bullet on the screen
-void drawBullet(GameObject *bullet) { // Changed to non-const
-    if (bullet->position.x >= 0) {
-        drawPixel((int)bullet->position.x, (int)bullet->position.y);
-    }
-}
-
-// Draw an asteroid on the screen
-void drawAsteroid(GameObject *asteroid) { // Changed to non-const
-    drawCircle((int)asteroid->position.x, (int)asteroid->position.y, (int)asteroid->radius);
-}
-
-// Refresh the display
-void updateDisplay() {
-    clearDisplay();
-    if (!isGameOver) {
-        drawSpaceship();
-        drawEntities(asteroids, MAX_ASTEROIDS, drawAsteroid);
-        drawEntities(bullets, MAX_BULLETS, drawBullet);
-    }
-
-    // Print the screen buffer
-    printf("\033[H");
-    for (int y = 0; y < SCREEN_HEIGHT; y++) {
-        for (int x = 0; x < SCREEN_WIDTH; x++) {
-            putchar(display[y][x]);
-        }
-        putchar('\n');
-    }
-    
-    // Display score and elapsed time
-    time_t currentTime = time(NULL);
-    int elapsedTime = isGameOver ? finalTime : (currentTime - startTime);
-    printf("Score: %d | Time: %02d:%02d | %s\n", score, elapsedTime / 60, elapsedTime % 60, isGameOver ? "Game Over!" : "           ");
-}
-
-// Update the position of game objects
-void updateGameObject(GameObject *obj, int isBullet) {
-    obj->position.x += obj->velocity.x;
-    obj->position.y += obj->velocity.y;
-
-    // If it's a bullet, check if it's out of bounds
-    if (isBullet) {
-        if (obj->position.x < 0 || obj->position.x >= SCREEN_WIDTH || obj->position.y < 0 || obj->position.y >= SCREEN_HEIGHT) {
-            obj->position.x = -1; // Deactivate bullet
-            obj->position.y = -1;
-        }
-    } else {
-        wrapPosition(&obj->position);
-    }
-}
-
-// Update the game state
-void updateGame() {
-    if (isGameOver) return; 
-
-    // Update spaceship and apply friction
-    updateGameObject(&spaceship, 0); // 0 indicates it's not a bullet
-    spaceship.velocity.x *= 0.98;
-    spaceship.velocity.y *= 0.98;
-
-    // Move asteroids and check for collisions
-    for (int i = 0; i < MAX_ASTEROIDS; i++) {
-        updateGameObject(&asteroids[i], 0);
-        if (checkCollision(&spaceship, &asteroids[i])) {
-            isGameOver = 1;
-            finalTime = time(NULL) - startTime;
-            return;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Update bullet positions
-    for (int i = 0; i < MAX_BULLETS; i++) {
-        if (bullets[i].position.x >= 0) {
-            updateGameObject(&bullets[i], 1); // 1 indicates it's a bullet
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Check for bullet collisions with asteroids
-    for (int i = 0; i < MAX_BULLETS; i++) {
-        if (bullets[i].position.x >= 0) {
-            for (int j = 0; j < MAX_ASTEROIDS; j++) {
-                if (checkCollision(&bullets[i], &asteroids[j])) {
-                    bullets[i].position.x = -1; // Deactivate bullet
-                    bullets[i].position.y = -1;
-                    asteroids[j].position.x = rand() % SCREEN_WIDTH;
-                    asteroids[j].position.y = rand() % SCREEN_HEIGHT;
-                    score += 100;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-// Fire a bullet
-void shootBullet() {
-    for (int i = 0; i < MAX_BULLETS; i++) {
-        if (bullets[i].position.x < 0) {
-            bullets[i].position = spaceship.position;
-            bullets[i].velocity.x = cos(spaceship.angle) * 2;
-            bullets[i].velocity.y = sin(spaceship.angle) * 2;
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-// Check if a key was hit
-int isKeyHit() {
-    struct timeval tv = { 0L, 0L };
-    fd_set fds;
-    FD_ZERO(&fds);
-    FD_SET(0, &fds);
-    return select(1, &fds, NULL, NULL, &tv);
-}
-
-// Configure terminal settings
-void configureTerminal(struct termios *old_tio, struct termios *new_tio) {
-    tcgetattr(STDIN_FILENO, old_tio);
-    *new_tio = *old_tio;
-    new_tio->c_lflag &= (~ICANON & ~ECHO);
-    tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, new_tio);
-}
-
-// Restore terminal settings
-void restoreTerminal(struct termios *old_tio) {
-    tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, old_tio);
-}
-
-void onSignal(int sig) {
-    shouldExit = 1;
-}
-
-// Main game loop
-int main() {
-    signal(SIGINT, onSignal); // Capture ^C
-    srand(time(NULL)); // Seed the random number generator
-    initGame(); // Initialize the game state
-
-    struct termios old_tio, new_tio;
-    configureTerminal(&old_tio, &new_tio);
-
-    printf("\033[?25l");  // Hide the cursor
-
-    while (!shouldExit) {
-        if (isKeyHit()) {
-            char input = getchar();
-            if (input == 27) {  // ESC key
-                if (getchar() == '[') {  // Handle arrow keys
-                    switch (getchar()) {
-                        case 'A':  // Up arrow
-                            spaceship.velocity.x += cos(spaceship.angle) * 0.2;
-                            spaceship.velocity.y += sin(spaceship.angle) * 0.2;
-                            break;
-                        case 'B':  // Down arrow
-                            spaceship.velocity.x -= cos(spaceship.angle) * 0.2;
-                            spaceship.velocity.y -= sin(spaceship.angle) * 0.2;
-                            break;
-                        case 'D': spaceship.angle -= 0.2; break;  // Left arrow
-                        case 'C': spaceship.angle += 0.2; break;  // Right arrow
-                    }
-                }
-            } else if (input == ' ') {
-                shootBullet(); // Fire a bullet
-            } else if (input == 'q') {
-                break; // Quit the game
-            } else if (input == 'r' && isGameOver) {
-                initGame(); // Restart the game
-            }
-        }
-
-        updateGame(); // Update game state
-        updateDisplay(); // Refresh the display
-        usleep(50000);  // Wait for 50ms (20 FPS)
-    }
-
-    printf("\033[?25h");  // Show the cursor
-    restoreTerminal(&old_tio); // Restore terminal settings
-    return 0;
-}
--- a/examples/greenbean.c
+++ b/examples/greenbean.c
@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
  sigaddset(&block, SIGQUIT);
  pthread_attr_t attr;
  unassert(!pthread_attr_init(&attr));
-  unassert(!pthread_attr_setstacksize(&attr, 65536 - getpagesize()));
+  unassert(!pthread_attr_setstacksize(&attr, 65536));
  unassert(!pthread_attr_setguardsize(&attr, getpagesize()));
  unassert(!pthread_attr_setsigmask_np(&attr, &block));
  unassert(!pthread_setcancelstate(PTHREAD_CANCEL_DISABLE, 0));
--- a/examples/nesemu1.cc
+++ b/examples/nesemu1.cc
@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #include "dsp/tty/tty.h"
 #include "libc/assert.h"
 #include "libc/calls/calls.h"
+#include "libc/calls/struct/itimerval.h"
 #include "libc/calls/struct/sigset.h"
 #include "libc/calls/struct/winsize.h"
 #include "libc/calls/termios.h"
@ -35,17 +36,20 @@
 #include "libc/str/str.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/ex.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/exit.h"
+#include "libc/sysv/consts/f.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/fileno.h"
+#include "libc/sysv/consts/itimer.h"
+#include "libc/sysv/consts/o.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/poll.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/prio.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/sig.h"
+#include "libc/sysv/consts/w.h"
 #include "libc/thread/thread.h"
 #include "libc/time.h"
 #include "libc/x/xasprintf.h"
 #include "libc/x/xsigaction.h"
 #include "libc/zip.h"
 #include "third_party/getopt/getopt.internal.h"
-#include "third_party/libcxx/__atomic/atomic.h"
 #include "third_party/libcxx/vector"
 #include "tool/viz/lib/knobs.h"

@ -120,6 +124,15 @@ typedef uint8_t u8;
 typedef uint16_t u16;
 typedef uint32_t u32;

+static const struct itimerval kNesFps = {
+    {0, 1. / FPS * 1e6},
+    {0, 1. / FPS * 1e6},
+};
+
+struct Frame {
+  char *p, *w, *mem;
+};
+
 struct Action {
  int code;
  int wait;
@ -135,13 +148,15 @@ struct ZipGames {
  char** p;
 };

-static const struct timespec kNesFps = {0, 1. / FPS * 1e9};
-
+static int frame_;
+static size_t vtsize_;
 static bool artifacts_;
 static long tyn_, txn_;
+static struct Frame vf_[2];
 static const char* inputfn_;
 static struct Status status_;
 static volatile bool exited_;
+static volatile bool timeout_;
 static volatile bool resized_;
 static struct CosmoAudio* ca_;
 static struct TtyRgb* ttyrgb_;
@ -150,7 +165,7 @@ static struct ZipGames zipgames_;
 static struct Action arrow_, button_;
 static struct SamplingSolution* ssy_;
 static struct SamplingSolution* ssx_;
-static unsigned char (*pixels_)[3][DYN][DXN];
+static unsigned char pixels_[3][DYN][DXN];
 static unsigned char palette_[3][64][512][3];
 static int joy_current_[2], joy_next_[2], joypos_[2];

@ -158,11 +173,6 @@ static int keyframes_ = 10;
 static enum TtyBlocksSelection blocks_ = kTtyBlocksUnicode;
 static enum TtyQuantizationAlgorithm quant_ = kTtyQuantXterm256;

-static struct timespec deadline_;
-static std::atomic<void*> pixels_ready_;
-static pthread_cond_t cond = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER;
-static pthread_mutex_t lock = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
-
 static int Clamp(int v) {
  return MAX(0, MIN(255, v));
 }
@ -222,8 +232,18 @@ void InitPalette(void) {
  }
 }

+static ssize_t Write(int fd, const void* p, size_t n) {
+  int rc;
+  sigset_t ss, oldss;
+  sigfillset(&ss);
+  sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &ss, &oldss);
+  rc = write(fd, p, n);
+  sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &oldss, 0);
+  return rc;
+}
+
 static void WriteString(const char* s) {
-  write(STDOUT_FILENO, s, strlen(s));
+  Write(STDOUT_FILENO, s, strlen(s));
 }

 void Exit(int rc) {
@ -244,10 +264,28 @@ void OnCtrlC(void) {
  exited_ = true;
 }

+void OnTimer(void) {
+  timeout_ = true;
+}
+
 void OnResize(void) {
  resized_ = true;
 }

+void OnPiped(void) {
+  exited_ = true;
+}
+
+void OnSigChld(void) {
+  waitpid(-1, 0, WNOHANG);
+  cosmoaudio_close(ca_);
+  ca_ = 0;
+}
+
+void InitFrame(struct Frame* f) {
+  f->p = f->w = f->mem = (char*)realloc(f->mem, vtsize_);
+}
+
 long ChopAxis(long dn, long sn) {
  while (HALF(sn) > dn) {
    sn = HALF(sn);
@ -270,6 +308,11 @@ void GetTermSize(void) {
  G = (unsigned char*)realloc(G, tyn_ * txn_);
  B = (unsigned char*)realloc(B, tyn_ * txn_);
  ttyrgb_ = (struct TtyRgb*)realloc(ttyrgb_, tyn_ * txn_ * 4);
+  vtsize_ = ((tyn_ * txn_ * strlen("\e[48;2;255;48;2;255m▄")) +
+             (tyn_ * strlen("\e[0m\r\n")) + 128);
+  frame_ = 0;
+  InitFrame(&vf_[0]);
+  InitFrame(&vf_[1]);
  WriteString("\e[0m\e[H\e[J");
  resized_ = false;
 }
@ -277,7 +320,11 @@ void GetTermSize(void) {
 void IoInit(void) {
  GetTermSize();
  xsigaction(SIGINT, (void*)OnCtrlC, 0, 0, NULL);
+  xsigaction(SIGPIPE, (void*)OnPiped, 0, 0, NULL);
  xsigaction(SIGWINCH, (void*)OnResize, 0, 0, NULL);
+  xsigaction(SIGALRM, (void*)OnTimer, 0, 0, NULL);
+  xsigaction(SIGCHLD, (void*)OnSigChld, 0, 0, NULL);
+  setitimer(ITIMER_REAL, &kNesFps, NULL);
  ttyhidecursor(STDOUT_FILENO);
  ttyraw(kTtySigs);
  ttyquantsetup(quant_, kTtyQuantRgb, blocks_);
@ -414,29 +461,57 @@ ssize_t ReadKeyboard(void) {
  return rc;
 }

-void ScaleVideoFrameToTeletypewriter(unsigned char (*pixels)[3][DYN][DXN]) {
+bool HasVideo(struct Frame* f) {
+  return f->w < f->p;
+}
+
+bool HasPendingVideo(void) {
+  return HasVideo(&vf_[0]) || HasVideo(&vf_[1]);
+}
+
+struct Frame* FlipFrameBuffer(void) {
+  frame_ = !frame_;
+  return &vf_[frame_];
+}
+
+void TransmitVideo(void) {
+  ssize_t rc;
+  struct Frame* f;
+  f = &vf_[frame_];
+  if (!HasVideo(f))
+    f = FlipFrameBuffer();
+  if ((rc = Write(STDOUT_FILENO, f->w, f->p - f->w)) != -1) {
+    f->w += rc;
+  } else if (errno == EAGAIN) {
+    // slow teletypewriter
+  } else if (errno == EPIPE) {
+    Exit(0);
+  }
+}
+
+void ScaleVideoFrameToTeletypewriter(void) {
  long y, x, yn, xn;
  yn = DYN, xn = DXN;
  while (HALF(yn) > tyn_ || HALF(xn) > txn_) {
    if (HALF(xn) > txn_) {
-      Magikarp2xX(DYN, DXN, (*pixels)[0], yn, xn);
-      Magikarp2xX(DYN, DXN, (*pixels)[1], yn, xn);
-      Magikarp2xX(DYN, DXN, (*pixels)[2], yn, xn);
+      Magikarp2xX(DYN, DXN, pixels_[0], yn, xn);
+      Magikarp2xX(DYN, DXN, pixels_[1], yn, xn);
+      Magikarp2xX(DYN, DXN, pixels_[2], yn, xn);
      xn = HALF(xn);
    }
    if (HALF(yn) > tyn_) {
-      Magikarp2xY(DYN, DXN, (*pixels)[0], yn, xn);
-      Magikarp2xY(DYN, DXN, (*pixels)[1], yn, xn);
-      Magikarp2xY(DYN, DXN, (*pixels)[2], yn, xn);
+      Magikarp2xY(DYN, DXN, pixels_[0], yn, xn);
+      Magikarp2xY(DYN, DXN, pixels_[1], yn, xn);
+      Magikarp2xY(DYN, DXN, pixels_[2], yn, xn);
      yn = HALF(yn);
    }
  }
-  GyaradosUint8(tyn_, txn_, R, DYN, DXN, (*pixels)[0], tyn_, txn_, yn, xn, 0,
-                255, ssy_, ssx_, true);
-  GyaradosUint8(tyn_, txn_, G, DYN, DXN, (*pixels)[1], tyn_, txn_, yn, xn, 0,
-                255, ssy_, ssx_, true);
-  GyaradosUint8(tyn_, txn_, B, DYN, DXN, (*pixels)[2], tyn_, txn_, yn, xn, 0,
-                255, ssy_, ssx_, true);
+  GyaradosUint8(tyn_, txn_, R, DYN, DXN, pixels_[0], tyn_, txn_, yn, xn, 0, 255,
+                ssy_, ssx_, true);
+  GyaradosUint8(tyn_, txn_, G, DYN, DXN, pixels_[1], tyn_, txn_, yn, xn, 0, 255,
+                ssy_, ssx_, true);
+  GyaradosUint8(tyn_, txn_, B, DYN, DXN, pixels_[2], tyn_, txn_, yn, xn, 0, 255,
+                ssy_, ssx_, true);
  for (y = 0; y < tyn_; ++y) {
    for (x = 0; x < txn_; ++x) {
      ttyrgb_[y * txn_ + x] =
@ -453,104 +528,55 @@ void KeyCountdown(struct Action* a) {
  }
 }

-void Raster(unsigned char (*pixels)[3][DYN][DXN]) {
-  struct TtyRgb bg = {0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0};
-  struct TtyRgb fg = {0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0};
-  ScaleVideoFrameToTeletypewriter(pixels);
-  char* ansi = (char*)malloc((tyn_ * txn_ * strlen("\e[48;2;255;48;2;255m▄")) +
-                             (tyn_ * strlen("\e[0m\r\n")) + 128);
-  char* p = ansi;
-  p = stpcpy(p, "\e[0m\e[H");
-  p = ttyraster(p, ttyrgb_, tyn_, txn_, bg, fg);
-  free(pixels);
-  if (status_.wait) {
-    status_.wait--;
-    p = stpcpy(p, "\e[0m\e[H");
-    p = stpcpy(p, status_.text);
-  }
-  size_t n = p - ansi;
-  ssize_t wrote;
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i += wrote) {
-    if ((wrote = write(STDOUT_FILENO, ansi + i, n - i)) == -1) {
-      exited_ = true;
-      break;
+void PollAndSynchronize(void) {
+  do {
+    if (ReadKeyboard() == -1) {
+      if (errno != EINTR)
+        Exit(1);
+      if (exited_)
+        Exit(0);
+      if (resized_)
+        GetTermSize();
    }
-  }
-  free(ansi);
+  } while (!timeout_);
+  TransmitVideo();
+  timeout_ = false;
+  KeyCountdown(&arrow_);
+  KeyCountdown(&button_);
+  joy_next_[0] = arrow_.code | button_.code;
+  joy_next_[1] = arrow_.code | button_.code;
 }

-void* RasterThread(void* arg) {
-  sigset_t ss;
-  sigemptyset(&ss);
-  sigaddset(&ss, SIGINT);
-  sigaddset(&ss, SIGHUP);
-  sigaddset(&ss, SIGQUIT);
-  sigaddset(&ss, SIGTERM);
-  sigaddset(&ss, SIGPIPE);
-  sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &ss, 0);
-  for (;;) {
-    unsigned char(*pixels)[3][DYN][DXN];
-    pthread_mutex_lock(&lock);
-    while (!(pixels = (unsigned char(*)[3][DYN][DXN])pixels_ready_.load()))
-      pthread_cond_wait(&cond, &lock);
-    pixels_ready_.store(0);
-    pthread_mutex_unlock(&lock);
-    if (resized_)
-      GetTermSize();
-    Raster(pixels);
+void Raster(void) {
+  struct Frame* f;
+  struct TtyRgb bg = {0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0};
+  struct TtyRgb fg = {0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0};
+  ScaleVideoFrameToTeletypewriter();
+  f = &vf_[!frame_];
+  f->p = f->w = f->mem;
+  f->p = stpcpy(f->p, "\e[0m\e[H");
+  f->p = ttyraster(f->p, ttyrgb_, tyn_, txn_, bg, fg);
+  if (status_.wait) {
+    status_.wait--;
+    f->p = stpcpy(f->p, "\e[0m\e[H");
+    f->p = stpcpy(f->p, status_.text);
  }
+  PollAndSynchronize();
 }

 void FlushScanline(unsigned py) {
-  if (py != DYN - 1)
-    return;
-  pthread_mutex_lock(&lock);
-  if (!pixels_ready_) {
-    pixels_ready_.store(pixels_);
-    pixels_ = 0;
-    pthread_cond_signal(&cond);
+  if (py == DYN - 1) {
+    if (!timeout_)
+      Raster();
+    timeout_ = false;
  }
-  pthread_mutex_unlock(&lock);
-  if (!pixels_)
-    pixels_ = (unsigned char(*)[3][DYN][DXN])malloc(3 * DYN * DXN);
-  if (exited_)
-    Exit(0);
-  do {
-    struct timespec now = timespec_mono();
-    struct timespec remain = timespec_subz(deadline_, now);
-    int remain_ms = timespec_tomillis(remain);
-    struct pollfd fds[] = {{STDIN_FILENO, POLLIN}};
-    int got = poll(fds, 1, remain_ms);
-    if (got == -1) {
-      if (errno == EINTR)
-        continue;
-      Exit(1);
-    }
-    if (got == 1) {
-      do {
-        if (ReadKeyboard() == -1) {
-          if (errno == EINTR)
-            continue;
-          Exit(1);
-        }
-      } while (0);
-    }
-    KeyCountdown(&arrow_);
-    KeyCountdown(&button_);
-    joy_next_[0] = arrow_.code | button_.code;
-    joy_next_[1] = arrow_.code | button_.code;
-    now = timespec_mono();
-    do
-      deadline_ = timespec_add(deadline_, kNesFps);
-    while (timespec_cmp(deadline_, now) <= 0);
-  } while (0);
 }

 static void PutPixel(unsigned px, unsigned py, unsigned pixel, int offset) {
  static unsigned prev;
-  (*pixels_)[0][py][px] = palette_[offset][prev % 64][pixel][2];
-  (*pixels_)[1][py][px] = palette_[offset][prev % 64][pixel][1];
-  (*pixels_)[2][py][px] = palette_[offset][prev % 64][pixel][0];
+  pixels_[0][py][px] = palette_[offset][prev % 64][pixel][2];
+  pixels_[1][py][px] = palette_[offset][prev % 64][pixel][1];
+  pixels_[2][py][px] = palette_[offset][prev % 64][pixel][0];
  prev = pixel;
 }

@ -1706,18 +1732,8 @@ int PlayGame(const char* romfile, const char* opt_tasfile) {
    return 3;
  }

-  // initialize screen
-  pixels_ = (unsigned char(*)[3][DYN][DXN])malloc(3 * DYN * DXN);
  InitPalette();

-  // start raster thread
-  errno_t err;
-  pthread_t th;
-  if ((err = pthread_create(&th, 0, RasterThread, 0))) {
-    fprintf(stderr, "pthread_create: %s\n", strerror(err));
-    exit(1);
-  }
-
  // open speaker
  struct CosmoAudioOpenOptions cao = {};
  cao.sizeofThis = sizeof(struct CosmoAudioOpenOptions);
@ -1726,9 +1742,6 @@ int PlayGame(const char* romfile, const char* opt_tasfile) {
  cao.channels = 1;
  cosmoaudio_open(&ca_, &cao);

-  // initialize time
-  deadline_ = timespec_add(timespec_mono(), kNesFps);
-
  // Read the ROM file header
  u8 rom16count = fgetc(fp);
  u8 vrom8count = fgetc(fp);
--- a/examples/rote.c
+++ b/examples/rote.c
@ -1,322 +0,0 @@
-#/*────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╗
-┌┘ To the extent possible under law, Justine Tunney has waived     │
-│  all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this file,   │
-│  as it is written in the following disclaimers:                  │
-│    • http://unlicense.org/                                       │
-│    • http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/           │
-╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
-#include <ctype.h>
-#include <signal.h>
-#include <stdatomic.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <termios.h>
-
-/**
- * @fileoverview cosmopolitan flash cards viewer
- */
-
-struct Card {
-  char* qa[2];
-};
-
-atomic_int g_done;
-
-void onsig(int sig) {
-  g_done = 1;
-}
-
-void* xmalloc(int n) {
-  void* p;
-  if ((p = malloc(n)))
-    return p;
-  perror("malloc");
-  exit(1);
-}
-
-void* xrealloc(void* p, int n) {
-  if ((p = realloc(p, n)))
-    return p;
-  perror("realloc");
-  exit(1);
-}
-
-char* xstrcat(const char* a, const char* b) {
-  char* p;
-  size_t n, m;
-  n = strlen(a);
-  m = strlen(b);
-  p = xmalloc(n + m + 1);
-  memcpy(p, a, n);
-  memcpy(p + n, b, m + 1);
-  return p;
-}
-
-void shuffle(struct Card* a, int n) {
-  while (n > 1) {
-    int i = rand() % n--;
-    struct Card t = a[i];
-    a[i] = a[n];
-    a[n] = t;
-  }
-}
-
-char* trim(char* s) {
-  int i;
-  if (s) {
-    while (isspace(*s))
-      ++s;
-    for (i = strlen(s); i--;) {
-      if (isspace(s[i])) {
-        s[i] = 0;
-      } else {
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  return s;
-}
-
-char* readline(FILE* f) {
-  for (;;) {
-    char* line = trim(fgetln(f, 0));
-    if (!line)
-      return 0;
-    if (*line != '#')
-      if (*line)
-        return line;
-  }
-}
-
-char* fill(const char* text, int max_line_width, int* out_line_count) {
-  int text_len = strlen(text);
-  char* result = xmalloc(text_len * 2 + 1);
-  int result_pos = 0;
-  int line_start = 0;
-  int line_count = 1;
-  int i = 0;
-  while (i < text_len && isspace(text[i]))
-    i++;
-  while (i < text_len) {
-    int word_end = i;
-    while (word_end < text_len && !isspace(text[word_end]))
-      word_end++;
-    int word_length = word_end - i;
-    if ((result_pos - line_start) + (result_pos > line_start ? 1 : 0) +
-            word_length >
-        max_line_width) {
-      if (result_pos > line_start) {
-        ++line_count;
-        result[result_pos++] = '\n';
-        line_start = result_pos;
-      }
-    } else if (result_pos > line_start) {
-      result[result_pos++] = ' ';
-    }
-    memcpy(result + result_pos, text + i, word_length);
-    result_pos += word_length;
-    i = word_end;
-    while (i < text_len && isspace(text[i]))
-      i++;
-  }
-  result[result_pos] = '\0';
-  result = xrealloc(result, result_pos + 1);
-  if (out_line_count)
-    *out_line_count = line_count;
-  return result;
-}
-
-void show(const char* text, int i, int n) {
-
-  // get pseudoteletypewriter dimensions
-  struct winsize ws = {80, 25};
-  tcgetwinsize(1, &ws);
-  int width = ws.ws_col;
-  if (width > (int)(ws.ws_col * .9))
-    width = ws.ws_col * .9;
-  if (width > 80)
-    width = 80;
-  width &= -2;
-
-  // clear display
-  printf("\033[H\033[J");
-
-  // display flash card text in middle of display
-  char buf[32];
-  int line_count;
-  char* lines = fill(text, width, &line_count);
-  sprintf(buf, "%d/%d\r\n\r\n", i + 1, n);
-  line_count += 2;
-  char* extra = xstrcat(buf, lines);
-  free(lines);
-  char* tokens = extra;
-  for (int j = 0;; ++j) {
-    char* line = strtok(tokens, "\n");
-    tokens = 0;
-    if (!line)
-      break;
-    printf("\033[%d;%dH%s", ws.ws_row / 2 - line_count / 2 + j + 1,
-           ws.ws_col / 2 - strlen(line) / 2 + 1, line);
-  }
-  free(extra);
-  fflush(stdout);
-}
-
-void usage(FILE* f, const char* prog) {
-  fprintf(f,
-          "usage: %s FILE\n"
-          "\n"
-          "here's an example of what your file should look like:\n"
-          "\n"
-          "  # cosmopolitan flash cards\n"
-          "  # california dmv drivers test\n"
-          "  \n"
-          "  which of the following point totals could result in "
-          "your license being suspended by the dmv?\n"
-          "  4 points in 12 months (middle)\n"
-          "  \n"
-          "  at 55 mph under good conditions a passenger vehicle can stop "
-          "within\n"
-          "  300 feet (not 200, not 400, middle)\n"
-          "  \n"
-          "  two sets of solid double yellow lines spaced two or more feet "
-          "apart indicate\n"
-          "  a BARRIER (do not cross unless there's an opening)\n"
-          "\n"
-          "more specifically, empty lines are ignored, lines starting with\n"
-          "a hash are ignored, then an even number of lines must remain,\n"
-          "where each two lines is a card, holding question and answer.\n",
-          prog);
-}
-
-int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
-
-  // show help
-  if (argc != 2) {
-    usage(stderr, argv[0]);
-    return 1;
-  }
-  if (!strcmp(argv[1], "-?") ||  //
-      !strcmp(argv[1], "-h") ||  //
-      !strcmp(argv[1], "--help")) {
-    usage(stdout, argv[0]);
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  // teletypewriter is required
-  if (!isatty(0) || !isatty(1)) {
-    perror("isatty");
-    return 2;
-  }
-
-  // load cards
-  FILE* f = fopen(argv[1], "r");
-  if (!f) {
-    perror(argv[1]);
-    return 3;
-  }
-  int count = 0;
-  struct Card* cards = 0;
-  for (;;) {
-    struct Card card;
-    if (!(card.qa[0] = readline(f)))
-      break;
-    card.qa[0] = strdup(card.qa[0]);
-    if (!(card.qa[1] = readline(f))) {
-      fprintf(stderr, "%s: flash card file has odd number of lines\n", argv[1]);
-      exit(1);
-    }
-    card.qa[1] = strdup(card.qa[1]);
-    cards = xrealloc(cards, (count + 1) * sizeof(struct Card));
-    cards[count++] = card;
-  }
-  fclose(f);
-
-  // randomize
-  srand(time(0));
-  shuffle(cards, count);
-
-  // catch ctrl-c
-  struct sigaction sa;
-  sa.sa_flags = 0;
-  sa.sa_handler = onsig;
-  sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);
-  sigaction(SIGINT, &sa, 0);
-
-  // enter raw mode
-  struct termios ot;
-  tcgetattr(1, &ot);
-  struct termios nt = ot;
-  cfmakeraw(&nt);
-  nt.c_lflag |= ISIG;
-  tcsetattr(1, TCSANOW, &nt);
-  printf("\033[?25l");
-
-  // show flash cards
-  int i = 0;
-  while (!g_done) {
-    show(cards[i / 2].qa[i % 2], i / 2, count);
-
-    // press any key
-    char b[8] = {0};
-    read(0, b, sizeof(b));
-
-    // q quits
-    if (b[0] == 'q')
-      break;
-
-    // b or ctrl-b goes backward
-    if (b[0] == 'b' ||  //
-        b[0] == ('B' ^ 0100)) {
-      if (--i < 0)
-        i = count * 2 - 1;
-      i &= -2;
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    // p or ctrl-p goes backward
-    if (b[0] == 'p' ||  //
-        b[0] == ('P' ^ 0100)) {
-      if (--i < 0)
-        i = count * 2 - 1;
-      i &= -2;
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    // up arrow goes backward
-    if (b[0] == 033 &&  //
-        b[1] == '[' &&  //
-        b[2] == 'A') {
-      if (--i < 0)
-        i = count * 2 - 1;
-      i &= -2;
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    // left arrow goes backward
-    if (b[0] == 033 &&  //
-        b[1] == '[' &&  //
-        b[2] == 'D') {
-      if (--i < 0)
-        i = count * 2 - 1;
-      i &= -2;
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    // only advance
-    if (++i == count * 2)
-      i = 0;
-  }
-
-  // free memory
-  for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i)
-    for (int j = 0; j < 2; ++j)
-      free(cards[i].qa[j]);
-  free(cards);
-
-  // cleanup terminal and show cursor
-  tcsetattr(1, TCSANOW, &ot);
-  printf("\033[?25h");
-  printf("\n");
-}
--- a/examples/script.c
+++ b/examples/script.c
@ -49,10 +49,10 @@
 * @fileoverview Terminal Screencast Recorder / Player, e.g.
 *
 *     make o//examples/script.com
- *     o//examples/script.com -w80 -h24 -r recording.tty
+ *     o//examples/script.com -r
 *     # type stuff..
 *     # CTRL-D
- *     o//examples/script.com -p recording.tty
+ *     o//examples/script.com -p typescript
 *
 * @note works on Linux, OpenBSD, NetBSD, FreeBSD, MacOS
 * @see https://asciinema.org/
@ -103,9 +103,9 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 	fd_set rfd;
 	int fm_fd;
 	int aflg, Fflg, kflg, pflg, ch, k, n;
-	int flushtime, readstdin, width, height;
+	int flushtime, readstdin;

-	aflg = Fflg = kflg = pflg = height = width = 0;
+	aflg = Fflg = kflg = pflg = 0;
 	usesleep = 1;
 	rawout = 0;
 	flushtime = 30;
@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])

 	(void)fm_fd;

-	while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, "adeFfkpqrt:w:h:")) != -1)
+	while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, "adeFfkpqrt:")) != -1)
 		switch(ch) {
 		case 'a':
 			aflg = 1;
@ -145,12 +145,6 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 			if (flushtime < 0)
 				err(1, "invalid flush time %d", flushtime);
 			break;
-		case 'w':
-			width = atoi(optarg);
-			break;
-		case 'h':
-			height = atoi(optarg);
-			break;
 		case '?':
 		default:
 			usage();
@ -178,10 +172,6 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 		if (openpty(&master, &slave, NULL, NULL, NULL) == -1)
 			err(1, "openpty");
 	} else {
-		if (width)
-			win.ws_col = width;
-		if (height)
-			win.ws_row = height;
 		if (openpty(&master, &slave, NULL, &tt, &win) == -1)
 			err(1, "openpty");
 		ttyflg = 1;
--- a/examples/stackexplorer.c
+++ b/examples/stackexplorer.c
@ -7,13 +7,9 @@
 │   • http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/            │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #endif
-#include "libc/dce.h"
-#include "libc/intrin/maps.h"
 #include "libc/mem/alg.h"
 #include "libc/mem/mem.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
-#include "libc/runtime/stack.h"
-#include "libc/runtime/winargs.internal.h"
 #include "libc/stdio/stdio.h"
 #include "libc/x/xasprintf.h"

@ -71,18 +67,8 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
    Append((uintptr_t)&__auxv[i + 1],
           xasprintf("&auxv[%d] = %#lx", i + 1, __auxv[i + 1]));
  }
-  if (!IsWindows()) {
-    struct AddrSize stak = __get_main_stack();
-    Append((intptr_t)stak.addr + stak.size, "top of stack");
-    Append((intptr_t)stak.addr, "bottom of stack");
-  } else {
-#ifdef __x86_64__
-    Append(GetStaticStackAddr(0) + GetStaticStackSize(), "top of stack");
-    Append(GetStaticStackAddr(0) + GetGuardSize(), "bottom of stack");
-    Append(GetStaticStackAddr(0), "bottom of guard region");
-#endif
-  }
  qsort(things.p, things.n, sizeof(*things.p), Compare);
-  for (int i = 0; i < things.n; ++i)
+  for (int i = 0; i < things.n; ++i) {
    printf("%012lx %s\n", things.p[i].i, things.p[i].s);
+  }
 }
--- a/examples/thread.c
+++ b/examples/thread.c
@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-#include <pthread.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-
-// how to spawn a thread
-
-void *my_thread(void *arg) {
-  printf("my_thread(%p) is running\n", arg);
-  return (void *)0x456L;
-}
-
-int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
-  void *res;
-  pthread_t th;
-  pthread_create(&th, 0, my_thread, (void *)0x123L);
-  pthread_join(th, &res);
-  printf("my_thread() returned %p\n", res);
-}
--- a/libc/calls/BUILD.mk
+++ b/libc/calls/BUILD.mk
@ -216,6 +216,12 @@ o//libc/calls/writev.o: private				\
 			-mgeneral-regs-only

 # these assembly files are safe to build on aarch64
+o/$(MODE)/libc/calls/getcontext.o: libc/calls/getcontext.S
+	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.S $(OBJECTIFY.S) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) -c $<
+o/$(MODE)/libc/calls/swapcontext.o: libc/calls/swapcontext.S
+	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.S $(OBJECTIFY.S) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) -c $<
+o/$(MODE)/libc/calls/tailcontext.o: libc/calls/tailcontext.S
+	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.S $(OBJECTIFY.S) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) -c $<
 o/$(MODE)/libc/calls/stackjump.o: libc/calls/stackjump.S
 	@$(COMPILE) -AOBJECTIFY.S $(OBJECTIFY.S) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) -c $<

--- a/libc/intrin/checkcancel.c
+++ b/libc/intrin/checkcancel.c
--- a/libc/intrin/clock_gettime-mono.c
+++ b/libc/intrin/clock_gettime-mono.c
--- a/libc/intrin/clock_gettime-nt.c
+++ b/libc/intrin/clock_gettime-nt.c
@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ textwindows int sys_clock_gettime_nt(int clock, struct timespec *ts) {
      //                     —Quoth MSDN § Windows Time
      //
      QueryUnbiasedInterruptTimePrecise(&hectons);
-      *ts = WindowsDurationToTimeSpec(hectons);
+      *ts = timespec_fromnanos(hectons * 100);
      return 0;
    case _CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE:
      //
@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ textwindows int sys_clock_gettime_nt(int clock, struct timespec *ts) {
      //                     —Quoth MSDN § QueryUnbiasedInterruptTimePrecise
      //
      QueryUnbiasedInterruptTime(&hectons);
-      *ts = WindowsDurationToTimeSpec(hectons);
+      *ts = timespec_fromnanos(hectons * 100);
      return 0;
    case _CLOCK_BOOTTIME:
      //
@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ textwindows int sys_clock_gettime_nt(int clock, struct timespec *ts) {
      //                     —Quoth MSDN § Interrupt Time
      //
      QueryInterruptTimePrecise(&hectons);
-      *ts = WindowsDurationToTimeSpec(hectons);
+      *ts = timespec_fromnanos(hectons * 100);
      return 0;
    case _CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID:
      GetProcessTimes(GetCurrentProcess(), &ftCreation, &ftExit, &ftKernel,
--- a/libc/intrin/clock_gettime-sysv.c
+++ b/libc/intrin/clock_gettime-sysv.c
--- a/libc/intrin/clock_gettime-xnu.c
+++ b/libc/intrin/clock_gettime-xnu.c
--- a/libc/intrin/clock_gettime.c
+++ b/libc/intrin/clock_gettime.c
--- a/libc/intrin/clock_gettime_monotonic_nt.c
+++ b/libc/intrin/clock_gettime_monotonic_nt.c
--- a/libc/calls/clock_nanosleep-nt.c
+++ b/libc/calls/clock_nanosleep-nt.c
@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 │ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
-#include "libc/atomic.h"
 #include "libc/calls/internal.h"
 #include "libc/calls/struct/sigset.internal.h"
 #include "libc/calls/struct/timespec.h"
@ -24,37 +23,26 @@
 #include "libc/calls/syscall-sysv.internal.h"
 #include "libc/errno.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/atomic.h"
-#include "libc/nt/enum/status.h"
-#include "libc/nt/ntdll.h"
 #include "libc/stdio/sysparam.h"
-#include "libc/sysv/consts/clock.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/timer.h"
 #include "libc/thread/tls.h"
 #ifdef __x86_64__

-static atomic_int usingRes;
-static atomic_bool changedRes;
-
 static textwindows int sys_clock_nanosleep_nt_impl(int clock,
                                                   struct timespec abs,
                                                   sigset_t waitmask) {
-  struct timespec now, wall;
-  uint32_t minRes, maxRes, oldRes;
-  sys_clock_gettime_nt(0, &wall);
-  if (sys_clock_gettime_nt(clock, &now))
-    return -1;
-  bool wantRes = clock == CLOCK_REALTIME ||   //
-                 clock == CLOCK_MONOTONIC ||  //
-                 clock == CLOCK_BOOTTIME;
-  if (wantRes && !atomic_fetch_add(&usingRes, 1))
-    changedRes = NtSuccess(NtQueryTimerResolution(&minRes, &maxRes, &oldRes)) &&
-                 NtSuccess(NtSetTimerResolution(maxRes, true, &oldRes));
-  if (timespec_cmp(abs, now) > 0)
-    wall = timespec_add(wall, timespec_sub(abs, now));
-  int rc = _park_norestart(wall, waitmask);
-  if (wantRes && atomic_fetch_sub(&usingRes, 1) == 1 && changedRes)
-    NtSetTimerResolution(0, false, &minRes);
-  return rc;
+  uint32_t msdelay;
+  struct timespec now;
+  for (;;) {
+    if (sys_clock_gettime_nt(clock, &now))
+      return -1;
+    if (timespec_cmp(now, abs) >= 0)
+      return 0;
+    msdelay = timespec_tomillis(timespec_sub(abs, now));
+    msdelay = MIN(msdelay, -1u);
+    if (_park_norestart(msdelay, waitmask))
+      return -1;
+  }
 }

 textwindows int sys_clock_nanosleep_nt(int clock, int flags,
--- a/libc/calls/clock_nanosleep-openbsd.c
+++ b/libc/calls/clock_nanosleep-openbsd.c
@ -23,9 +23,9 @@
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/clock.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/errfuns.h"

-relegated int sys_clock_nanosleep_openbsd(int clock, int flags,
-                                          const struct timespec *req,
-                                          struct timespec *rem) {
+int sys_clock_nanosleep_openbsd(int clock, int flags,
+                                const struct timespec *req,
+                                struct timespec *rem) {
  int res;
  struct timespec start, relative, remainder;
  if (!flags) {
--- a/libc/calls/clock_nanosleep.c
+++ b/libc/calls/clock_nanosleep.c
@ -57,7 +57,6 @@
 *
 * @param clock may be
 *     - `CLOCK_REALTIME`
- *     - `CLOCK_BOOTTIME`
 *     - `CLOCK_MONOTONIC`
 *     - `CLOCK_REALTIME_COARSE` but is likely to sleep negative time
 *     - `CLOCK_MONTONIC_COARSE` but is likely to sleep negative time
--- a/libc/calls/copy_file_range.c
+++ b/libc/calls/copy_file_range.c
@ -83,11 +83,9 @@ static void copy_file_range_init(void) {
 * @return number of bytes transferred, or -1 w/ errno
 * @raise EXDEV if source and destination are on different filesystems
 * @raise EBADF if `infd` or `outfd` aren't open files or append-only
- * @raise EOPNOTSUPP if filesystem doesn't support this operation
 * @raise EPERM if `fdout` refers to an immutable file on Linux
 * @raise ECANCELED if thread was cancelled in masked mode
 * @raise EINVAL if ranges overlap or `flags` is non-zero
- * @raise EINVAL on eCryptFs filesystems that have a bug
 * @raise EFBIG if `setrlimit(RLIMIT_FSIZE)` is exceeded
 * @raise EFAULT if one of the pointers memory is bad
 * @raise ERANGE if overflow happens computing ranges
--- a/libc/calls/createpipename.c
+++ b/libc/calls/createpipename.c
@ -17,10 +17,26 @@
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #include "libc/atomic.h"
-#include "libc/fmt/internal.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/atomic.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/internal.h"

+static textwindows char16_t *itoa16(char16_t p[21], uint64_t x) {
+  char t;
+  size_t a, b, i = 0;
+  do {
+    p[i++] = x % 10 + '0';
+    x = x / 10;
+  } while (x > 0);
+  if (i) {
+    for (a = 0, b = i - 1; a < b; ++a, --b) {
+      t = p[a];
+      p[a] = p[b];
+      p[b] = t;
+    }
+  }
+  return p + i;
+}
+
 // This function is called very early by WinMain().
 textwindows char16_t *__create_pipe_name(char16_t *a) {
  char16_t *p = a;
@ -28,9 +44,9 @@ textwindows char16_t *__create_pipe_name(char16_t *a) {
  static atomic_uint x;
  while (*q)
    *p++ = *q++;
-  p = __itoa16(p, __pid);
+  p = itoa16(p, __pid);
  *p++ = '-';
-  p = __itoa16(p, atomic_fetch_add(&x, 1));
+  p = itoa16(p, atomic_fetch_add(&x, 1));
  *p = 0;
  return a;
 }
--- a/libc/calls/fcntl-nt.c
+++ b/libc/calls/fcntl-nt.c
@ -51,7 +51,6 @@
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/fio.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/o.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/errfuns.h"
-#include "libc/thread/posixthread.internal.h"
 #include "libc/thread/thread.h"

 struct FileLock {
@ -68,9 +67,7 @@ struct FileLocks {
  struct FileLock *free;
 };

-static struct FileLocks g_locks = {
-    .mu = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
-};
+static struct FileLocks g_locks;

 static textwindows struct FileLock *NewFileLock(void) {
  struct FileLock *fl;
@ -113,7 +110,7 @@ static textwindows bool EqualsFileLock(struct FileLock *fl, int64_t off,

 textwindows void sys_fcntl_nt_lock_cleanup(int fd) {
  struct FileLock *fl, *ft, **flp;
-  _pthread_mutex_lock(&g_locks.mu);
+  pthread_mutex_lock(&g_locks.mu);
  for (flp = &g_locks.list, fl = *flp; fl;) {
    if (fl->fd == fd) {
      *flp = fl->next;
@ -125,7 +122,7 @@ textwindows void sys_fcntl_nt_lock_cleanup(int fd) {
      fl = *flp;
    }
  }
-  _pthread_mutex_unlock(&g_locks.mu);
+  pthread_mutex_unlock(&g_locks.mu);
 }

 static textwindows int64_t GetfileSize(int64_t handle) {
@ -356,9 +353,9 @@ textwindows int sys_fcntl_nt(int fd, int cmd, uintptr_t arg) {
    } else if (cmd == F_SETLK || cmd == F_SETLKW || cmd == F_GETLK) {
      struct Fd *f = g_fds.p + fd;
      if (f->cursor) {
-        _pthread_mutex_lock(&g_locks.mu);
+        pthread_mutex_lock(&g_locks.mu);
        rc = sys_fcntl_nt_lock(f, fd, cmd, arg);
-        _pthread_mutex_unlock(&g_locks.mu);
+        pthread_mutex_unlock(&g_locks.mu);
      } else {
        rc = ebadf();
      }
--- a/libc/calls/fstat-nt.c
+++ b/libc/calls/fstat-nt.c
@ -122,29 +122,34 @@ textwindows int sys_fstat_nt_handle(int64_t handle, const char16_t *path,
  st.st_blksize = 4096;
  st.st_gid = st.st_uid = sys_getuid_nt();

+  // We'll use the "umask" to fake out the mode bits.
+  uint32_t umask = atomic_load_explicit(&__umask, memory_order_acquire);
+
  switch (GetFileType(handle)) {
    case kNtFileTypeUnknown:
      break;
    case kNtFileTypeChar:
-      st.st_mode = S_IFCHR | 0664;
+      st.st_mode = S_IFCHR | (0666 & ~umask);
      st.st_dev = 0x66666666;
      st.st_ino = handle;
      break;
    case kNtFileTypePipe:
-      st.st_mode = S_IFIFO | 0664;
+      st.st_mode = S_IFIFO | (0666 & ~umask);
      st.st_dev = 0x55555555;
      st.st_ino = handle;
      break;
    case kNtFileTypeDisk: {
      struct NtByHandleFileInformation wst;
      if (GetFileInformationByHandle(handle, &wst)) {
-        st.st_mode = 0444;
+        st.st_mode = 0444 & ~umask;
        if ((wst.dwFileAttributes & kNtFileAttributeDirectory) ||
-            IsWindowsExecutable(handle, path))
-          st.st_mode |= 0111;
+            IsWindowsExecutable(handle, path)) {
+          st.st_mode |= 0111 & ~umask;
+        }
        st.st_flags = wst.dwFileAttributes;
-        if (!(wst.dwFileAttributes & kNtFileAttributeReadonly))
-          st.st_mode |= 0220;
+        if (!(wst.dwFileAttributes & kNtFileAttributeReadonly)) {
+          st.st_mode |= 0222 & ~umask;
+        }
        if (wst.dwFileAttributes & kNtFileAttributeReparsePoint) {
          st.st_mode |= S_IFLNK;
        } else if (wst.dwFileAttributes & kNtFileAttributeDirectory) {
@ -190,7 +195,7 @@ textwindows int sys_fstat_nt_handle(int64_t handle, const char16_t *path,
      } else if (GetVolumeInformationByHandle(
                     handle, 0, 0, &wst.dwVolumeSerialNumber, 0, 0, 0, 0)) {
        st.st_dev = wst.dwVolumeSerialNumber;
-        st.st_mode = S_IFDIR | 0555;
+        st.st_mode = S_IFDIR | (0444 & ~umask);
      } else {
        // both GetFileInformationByHandle and
        // GetVolumeInformationByHandle failed
--- a/libc/intrin/getcontext.S
+++ b/libc/intrin/getcontext.S
@ -26,9 +26,7 @@
 //	@see	setcontext()
 	.ftrace1
 getcontext:
-	beg
 	.ftrace2
-#include "libc/intrin/getcontext.inc"
+#include "libc/calls/getcontext.inc"
 	jmp	__getcontextsig
-	end
 	.endfn	getcontext,globl
--- a/libc/intrin/getcontext.inc
+++ b/libc/intrin/getcontext.inc
@ -34,7 +34,6 @@
 	mov	%rbp,120(%rdi)
 	mov	%rbx,128(%rdi)
 	mov	%rdx,136(%rdi)
-	mov	%rax,144(%rdi)
 	mov	%rcx,152(%rdi)
 	lea	8(%rsp),%rax
 	mov	%rax,160(%rdi)		// rsp = caller's rsp
--- a/libc/calls/getgroups.c
+++ b/libc/calls/getgroups.c
@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include "libc/dce.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/describeflags.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/strace.h"
+#include "libc/stdckdint.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/errfuns.h"

 /**
--- a/libc/calls/getloadavg-nt.c
+++ b/libc/calls/getloadavg-nt.c
@ -21,23 +21,24 @@
 #include "libc/calls/syscall_support-nt.internal.h"
 #include "libc/dce.h"
 #include "libc/fmt/conv.h"
-#include "libc/intrin/cxaatexit.h"
 #include "libc/macros.h"
 #include "libc/nt/accounting.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
+#include "libc/thread/thread.h"

-#define CTOR  __attribute__((__constructor__(99)))
 #define FT(x) (x.dwLowDateTime | (uint64_t)x.dwHighDateTime << 32)

 static int cpus;
 static double load;
+static pthread_spinlock_t lock;
 static struct NtFileTime idle1, kern1, user1;

 textwindows int sys_getloadavg_nt(double *a, int n) {
  int i, rc;
  uint64_t elapsed, used;
  struct NtFileTime idle, kern, user;
-  __cxa_lock();
+  BLOCK_SIGNALS;
+  pthread_spin_lock(&lock);
  if (GetSystemTimes(&idle, &kern, &user)) {
    elapsed = (FT(kern) - FT(kern1)) + (FT(user) - FT(user1));
    if (elapsed) {
@ -53,11 +54,12 @@ textwindows int sys_getloadavg_nt(double *a, int n) {
  } else {
    rc = __winerr();
  }
-  __cxa_unlock();
+  pthread_spin_unlock(&lock);
+  ALLOW_SIGNALS;
  return rc;
 }

-CTOR static textstartup void sys_getloadavg_nt_init(void) {
+__attribute__((__constructor__(40))) static textstartup void ntinitload(void) {
  if (IsWindows()) {
    load = 1;
    cpus = __get_cpu_count() / 2;
--- a/libc/calls/getntsyspath.S
+++ b/libc/calls/getntsyspath.S
@ -28,8 +28,8 @@
 //	@return	rdi is rdi+edx
 	.text.startup
 __getntsyspath:
-	beg
-	pro
+	push	%rbp
+	mov	%rsp,%rbp
 	push	%rdx
 	movpp	%rdi,%rcx		# call f=%rax(p1=%rcx,p2=%rdx)
 	sub	$40,%rsp
@ -55,7 +55,6 @@ __getntsyspath:
 	jne	2f
 	movb	$'/',-1(%rdi)
 2:	.loop	1b
-	epi
+	leave
 	ret
-	end
 	.endfn	__getntsyspath,globl,hidden
--- a/libc/intrin/virtualalloc.c
+++ b/libc/intrin/virtualalloc.c
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*-*- mode:c;indent-tabs-mode:nil;c-basic-offset:2;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8 -*-│
 │ vi: set et ft=c ts=2 sts=2 sw=2 fenc=utf-8                               :vi │
 ╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡
-│ Copyright 2024 Justine Alexandra Roberts Tunney                              │
+│ Copyright 2021 Justine Alexandra Roberts Tunney                              │
 │                                                                              │
 │ Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for         │
 │ any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the         │
@ -16,14 +16,22 @@
 │ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
-#include "libc/nt/memory.h"
+#include "libc/calls/syscall-nt.internal.h"
+#include "libc/nt/enum/status.h"
+#include "libc/nt/nt/process.h"
+#include "libc/nt/process.h"
 #include "libc/nt/runtime.h"
+#include "libc/nt/struct/processbasicinformation.h"

-/**
- * Allocates memory on The New Technology.
- */
-textwindows void *VirtualAlloc(void *lpAddress, uint64_t dwSize,
-                               uint32_t flAllocationType, uint32_t flProtect) {
-  return VirtualAllocEx(GetCurrentProcess(), lpAddress, dwSize,
-                        flAllocationType, flProtect);
+textwindows int sys_getppid_nt(void) {
+  struct NtProcessBasicInformation ProcessInformation;
+  uint32_t gotsize = 0;
+  if (!NtError(
+          NtQueryInformationProcess(GetCurrentProcess(), 0, &ProcessInformation,
+                                    sizeof(ProcessInformation), &gotsize)) &&
+      gotsize >= sizeof(ProcessInformation) &&
+      ProcessInformation.InheritedFromUniqueProcessId) {
+    return ProcessInformation.InheritedFromUniqueProcessId;
+  }
+  return GetCurrentProcessId();
 }
--- a/libc/calls/getppid.c
+++ b/libc/calls/getppid.c
--- a/libc/calls/getprogramexecutablename.greg.c
+++ b/libc/calls/getprogramexecutablename.greg.c
@ -96,8 +96,9 @@ static int OldApeLoader(char *s) {
 static int CopyWithCwd(const char *q, char *p, char *e) {
  char c;
  if (*q != '/') {
-    if (q[0] == '.' && q[1] == '/')
+    if (q[0] == '.' && q[1] == '/') {
      q += 2;
+    }
    int got = __getcwd(p, e - p - 1 /* '/' */);
    if (got != -1) {
      p += got - 1;
@ -117,10 +118,9 @@ static int CopyWithCwd(const char *q, char *p, char *e) {

 // if q exists then turn it into an absolute path.
 static int TryPath(const char *q) {
-  if (!q)
-    return 0;
-  if (!CopyWithCwd(q, g_prog.u.buf, g_prog.u.buf + sizeof(g_prog.u.buf)))
+  if (!CopyWithCwd(q, g_prog.u.buf, g_prog.u.buf + sizeof(g_prog.u.buf))) {
    return 0;
+  }
  return !sys_faccessat(AT_FDCWD, g_prog.u.buf, F_OK, 0);
 }

@ -129,8 +129,9 @@ static int TryPath(const char *q) {
 void __init_program_executable_name(void) {
  if (__program_executable_name && *__program_executable_name != '/' &&
      CopyWithCwd(__program_executable_name, g_prog.u.buf,
-                  g_prog.u.buf + sizeof(g_prog.u.buf)))
+                  g_prog.u.buf + sizeof(g_prog.u.buf))) {
    __program_executable_name = g_prog.u.buf;
+  }
 }

 static inline void InitProgramExecutableNameImpl(void) {
@ -211,12 +212,14 @@ static inline void InitProgramExecutableNameImpl(void) {
  }

  // don't trust argv or envp if set-id.
-  if (issetugid())
+  if (issetugid()) {
    goto UseEmpty;
+  }

  // try argv[0], then then $_.
-  if (TryPath(__argv[0]) || TryPath(__getenv(__envp, "_").s))
+  if (TryPath(__argv[0]) || TryPath(__getenv(__envp, "_").s)) {
    goto UseBuf;
+  }

  // give up and just copy argv[0] into it
  if ((q = __argv[0])) {
--- a/libc/calls/getrandom.c
+++ b/libc/calls/getrandom.c
@ -114,8 +114,7 @@ static ssize_t GetDevUrandom(char *p, size_t n, unsigned f) {
 ssize_t __getrandom(void *p, size_t n, unsigned f) {
  ssize_t rc;
  if (IsWindows()) {
-    ProcessPrng(p, n);  // never fails
-    rc = n;
+    rc = ProcessPrng(p, n) ? n : __winerr();
  } else if (have_getrandom) {
    if (IsXnu() || IsOpenbsd()) {
      rc = GetRandomBsd(p, n, GetRandomEntropy);
@ -185,7 +184,9 @@ ssize_t __getrandom(void *p, size_t n, unsigned f) {
 * @raise EFAULT if the `n` bytes at `p` aren't valid memory
 * @raise EINTR if we needed to block and a signal was delivered instead
 * @cancelationpoint
+ * @asyncsignalsafe
 * @restartable
+ * @vforksafe
 */
 ssize_t getrandom(void *p, size_t n, unsigned f) {
  ssize_t rc;
--- a/libc/calls/getrlimit.c
+++ b/libc/calls/getrlimit.c
@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
 #include "libc/calls/syscall-sysv.internal.h"
 #include "libc/dce.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/describeflags.h"
-#include "libc/intrin/rlimit.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/strace.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/stack.h"
@ -48,7 +47,8 @@ int getrlimit(int resource, struct rlimit *rlim) {
  } else if (!IsWindows()) {
    rc = sys_getrlimit(resource, rlim);
  } else if (resource == RLIMIT_STACK) {
-    *rlim = __rlimit_stack_get();
+    rlim->rlim_cur = GetStaticStackSize();
+    rlim->rlim_max = GetStaticStackSize();
    rc = 0;
  } else if (resource == RLIMIT_AS) {
    rlim->rlim_cur = __virtualmax;
--- a/libc/calls/internal.h
+++ b/libc/calls/internal.h
@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 #include "libc/atomic.h"
 #include "libc/calls/struct/sigset.h"
 #include "libc/calls/struct/sigval.h"
-#include "libc/calls/struct/timespec.h"
 #include "libc/dce.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/fds.h"
 #include "libc/macros.h"
@ -31,10 +30,8 @@ int CountConsoleInputBytes(void);
 int FlushConsoleInputBytes(void);
 int64_t GetConsoleInputHandle(void);
 int64_t GetConsoleOutputHandle(void);
-void EchoConsoleNt(const char *, size_t, bool);
 int IsWindowsExecutable(int64_t, const char16_t *);
 void InterceptTerminalCommands(const char *, size_t);
-void sys_read_nt_wipe_keystrokes(void);

 forceinline bool __isfdopen(int fd) {
  return 0 <= fd && fd < g_fds.n && g_fds.p[fd].kind != kFdEmpty;
@ -48,8 +45,8 @@ int _check_signal(bool);
 int _check_cancel(void);
 bool _is_canceled(void);
 int sys_close_nt(int, int);
-int _park_norestart(struct timespec, uint64_t);
-int _park_restartable(struct timespec, uint64_t);
+int _park_norestart(uint32_t, uint64_t);
+int _park_restartable(uint32_t, uint64_t);
 int sys_openat_metal(int, const char *, int, unsigned);

 #ifdef __x86_64__
--- a/libc/intrin/isqemu.c
+++ b/libc/intrin/isqemu.c
--- a/libc/calls/makedev.h
+++ b/libc/calls/makedev.h
@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 #ifndef COSMOPOLITAN_LIBC_CALLS_MAKEDEV_H_
 #define COSMOPOLITAN_LIBC_CALLS_MAKEDEV_H_
-COSMOPOLITAN_C_START_

 uint64_t makedev(uint32_t, uint32_t) libcesque;
 uint32_t major(uint64_t) libcesque;
@ -10,5 +9,4 @@ uint32_t minor(uint64_t) libcesque;
 #define minor(x)      minor(x)
 #define makedev(x, y) makedev(x, y)

-COSMOPOLITAN_C_END_
 #endif /* COSMOPOLITAN_LIBC_CALLS_MAKEDEV_H_ */
--- a/libc/calls/metalfile.c
+++ b/libc/calls/metalfile.c
@ -67,9 +67,10 @@ textstartup void InitializeMetalFile(void) {
    size_t size = ROUNDUP(_ezip - __executable_start, 4096);
    // TODO(jart): Restore support for ZIPOS on metal.
    void *copied_base;
-    void *addr = sys_mmap_metal(NULL, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
-                                MAP_SHARED_linux | MAP_ANONYMOUS_linux, -1, 0);
-    copied_base = addr;
+    struct DirectMap dm;
+    dm = sys_mmap_metal(NULL, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
+                        MAP_SHARED_linux | MAP_ANONYMOUS_linux, -1, 0);
+    copied_base = dm.addr;
    npassert(copied_base != (void *)-1);
    memcpy(copied_base, (void *)(BANE + IMAGE_BASE_PHYSICAL), size);
    __ape_com_base = copied_base;
--- a/libc/calls/ntspawn.c
+++ b/libc/calls/ntspawn.c
@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #include "libc/proc/ntspawn.h"
-#include "libc/calls/state.internal.h"
 #include "libc/calls/struct/sigset.internal.h"
 #include "libc/calls/syscall_support-nt.internal.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/strace.h"
@ -39,15 +38,12 @@
 #include "libc/nt/struct/procthreadattributelist.h"
 #include "libc/nt/struct/startupinfo.h"
 #include "libc/nt/struct/startupinfoex.h"
-#include "libc/nt/thunk/msabi.h"
 #include "libc/proc/ntspawn.h"
 #include "libc/stdalign.h"
 #include "libc/str/str.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/errfuns.h"
 #ifdef __x86_64__

-__msabi extern typeof(CloseHandle) *const __imp_CloseHandle;
-
 struct SpawnBlock {
  char16_t path[PATH_MAX];
  char16_t cmdline[32767];
@ -67,12 +63,10 @@ static textwindows ssize_t ntspawn_read(intptr_t fh, char *buf, size_t len) {
  bool ok;
  uint32_t got;
  struct NtOverlapped overlap = {.hEvent = CreateEvent(0, 0, 0, 0)};
-  ok = overlap.hEvent &&
-       (ReadFile(fh, buf, len, 0, &overlap) ||
+  ok = (ReadFile(fh, buf, len, 0, &overlap) ||
        GetLastError() == kNtErrorIoPending) &&
       GetOverlappedResult(fh, &overlap, &got, true);
-  if (overlap.hEvent)
-    __imp_CloseHandle(overlap.hEvent);
+  CloseHandle(overlap.hEvent);
  return ok ? got : -1;
 }

@ -92,7 +86,7 @@ static textwindows int ntspawn2(struct NtSpawnArgs *a, struct SpawnBlock *sb) {
  if (fh == -1)
    return -1;
  ssize_t got = ntspawn_read(fh, p, pe - p);
-  __imp_CloseHandle(fh);
+  CloseHandle(fh);
  if (got < 3)
    return enoexec();
  pe = p + got;
--- a/libc/calls/openat-metal.c
+++ b/libc/calls/openat-metal.c
@ -49,9 +49,11 @@ int sys_openat_metal(int dirfd, const char *file, int flags, unsigned mode) {
  if ((fd = __reservefd(-1)) == -1)
    return -1;
  if (!_weaken(calloc) || !_weaken(free)) {
-    state = sys_mmap_metal(NULL, ROUNDUP(sizeof(struct MetalFile), 4096),
-                           PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED | MAP_ANONYMOUS,
-                           -1, 0);
+    struct DirectMap dm;
+    dm = sys_mmap_metal(NULL, ROUNDUP(sizeof(struct MetalFile), 4096),
+                        PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1,
+                        0);
+    state = dm.addr;
    if (state == (void *)-1)
      return -1;
  } else {
--- a/libc/calls/park.c
+++ b/libc/calls/park.c
@ -17,98 +17,37 @@
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #include "libc/calls/internal.h"
-#include "libc/calls/sig.internal.h"
 #include "libc/calls/struct/sigset.h"
-#include "libc/calls/struct/timespec.h"
-#include "libc/calls/syscall_support-nt.internal.h"
-#include "libc/fmt/wintime.internal.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/atomic.h"
-#include "libc/intrin/weaken.h"
-#include "libc/nt/events.h"
-#include "libc/nt/runtime.h"
 #include "libc/nt/synchronization.h"
-#include "libc/str/str.h"
-#include "libc/sysv/consts/sicode.h"
-#include "libc/sysv/errfuns.h"
 #include "libc/thread/posixthread.internal.h"
-
 #ifdef __x86_64__

-// returns 0 if deadline is reached
+// returns 0 on timeout or spurious wakeup
 // raises EINTR if a signal delivery interrupted wait operation
 // raises ECANCELED if this POSIX thread was canceled in masked mode
-textwindows static int _park_thread(struct timespec deadline, sigset_t waitmask,
+textwindows static int _park_thread(uint32_t msdelay, sigset_t waitmask,
                                    bool restartable) {
-  for (;;) {
-    uint32_t handl = 0;
-    intptr_t hands[2];
-
-    // create event object
-    intptr_t sigev;
-    if (!(sigev = CreateEvent(0, 0, 0, 0)))
-      return __winerr();
-    hands[handl++] = sigev;
-
-    // create high precision timer if needed
-    if (memcmp(&deadline, &timespec_max, sizeof(struct timespec))) {
-      intptr_t hTimer;
-      if ((hTimer = CreateWaitableTimer(NULL, true, NULL))) {
-        int64_t due = TimeSpecToWindowsTime(deadline);
-        if (SetWaitableTimer(hTimer, &due, 0, NULL, NULL, false)) {
-          hands[handl++] = hTimer;
-        } else {
-          CloseHandle(hTimer);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    // perform wait operation
-    struct PosixThread *pt = _pthread_self();
-    pt->pt_event = sigev;
-    pt->pt_blkmask = waitmask;
-    atomic_store_explicit(&pt->pt_blocker, PT_BLOCKER_EVENT,
-                          memory_order_release);
-    //!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!//
-    int sig = 0;
-    uint32_t wi = 0;
-    if (!_is_canceled() &&
-        !(_weaken(__sig_get) && (sig = _weaken(__sig_get)(waitmask))))
-      wi = WaitForMultipleObjects(handl, hands, false, -1u);
-    //!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!//
-    atomic_store_explicit(&pt->pt_blocker, 0, memory_order_release);
-    for (int i = 0; i < handl; ++i)
-      CloseHandle(hands[i]);
-
-    // recursion is now safe
-    if (wi == 1)
-      return 0;
-    if (wi == -1u)
-      return __winerr();
-    int handler_was_called = 0;
-    if (!sig) {
-      if (_check_cancel())
-        return -1;
-      if (_weaken(__sig_get))
-        sig = _weaken(__sig_get)(waitmask);
-    }
-    if (sig)
-      handler_was_called = _weaken(__sig_relay)(sig, SI_KERNEL, waitmask);
-    if (_check_cancel())
-      return -1;
-    if (handler_was_called & SIG_HANDLED_NO_RESTART)
-      return eintr();
-    if (handler_was_called & SIG_HANDLED_SA_RESTART)
-      if (!restartable)
-        return eintr();
-  }
+  if (__sigcheck(waitmask, restartable) == -1)
+    return -1;
+  int expect = 0;
+  atomic_int futex = 0;
+  struct PosixThread *pt = _pthread_self();
+  pt->pt_blkmask = waitmask;
+  atomic_store_explicit(&pt->pt_blocker, &futex, memory_order_release);
+  bool32 ok = WaitOnAddress(&futex, &expect, sizeof(int), msdelay);
+  atomic_store_explicit(&pt->pt_blocker, 0, memory_order_release);
+  if (ok && __sigcheck(waitmask, restartable) == -1)
+    return -1;
+  return 0;
 }

-textwindows int _park_norestart(struct timespec deadline, sigset_t waitmask) {
-  return _park_thread(deadline, waitmask, false);
+textwindows int _park_norestart(uint32_t msdelay, sigset_t waitmask) {
+  return _park_thread(msdelay, waitmask, false);
 }

-textwindows int _park_restartable(struct timespec deadline, sigset_t waitmask) {
-  return _park_thread(deadline, waitmask, true);
+textwindows int _park_restartable(uint32_t msdelay, sigset_t waitmask) {
+  return _park_thread(msdelay, waitmask, true);
 }

 #endif /* __x86_64__ */
--- a/libc/calls/pause-nt.c
+++ b/libc/calls/pause-nt.c
@ -17,21 +17,14 @@
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #include "libc/calls/internal.h"
-#include "libc/calls/struct/sigset.internal.h"
-#include "libc/calls/struct/timespec.h"
 #include "libc/calls/syscall_support-nt.internal.h"
 #ifdef __x86_64__

 textwindows int sys_pause_nt(void) {
-  // we don't strictly need to block signals, but it reduces signal
-  // delivery latency, by preventing other threads from delivering a
-  // signal asynchronously. it takes about ~5us to deliver a signal
-  // using SetEvent() whereas it takes ~30us to use SuspendThread(),
-  // GetThreadContext(), SetThreadContext(), and ResumeThread().
-  BLOCK_SIGNALS;
-  _park_norestart(timespec_max, 0);
-  ALLOW_SIGNALS;
-  return -1;
+  int rc;
+  while (!(rc = _park_norestart(-1u, 0)))
+    donothing;
+  return rc;
 }

 #endif /* __x86_64__ */
--- a/libc/calls/pipe-nt.c
+++ b/libc/calls/pipe-nt.c
@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ static textwindows int sys_pipe_nt_impl(int pipefd[2], unsigned flags) {
  __fds_unlock();
  hin = CreateNamedPipe(pipename, kNtPipeAccessInbound | kNtFileFlagOverlapped,
                        mode, 1, PIPE_BUF, PIPE_BUF, 0, &kNtIsInheritable);
+  __fds_lock();
  if (hin != -1) {
    if ((hout = CreateFile(
             pipename, kNtGenericWrite,
@ -72,6 +73,7 @@ static textwindows int sys_pipe_nt_impl(int pipefd[2], unsigned flags) {
      g_fds.p[writer].handle = hout;
      pipefd[0] = reader;
      pipefd[1] = writer;
+      __fds_unlock();
      return 0;
    } else {
      CloseHandle(hin);
@ -79,6 +81,7 @@ static textwindows int sys_pipe_nt_impl(int pipefd[2], unsigned flags) {
  }
  __releasefd(writer);
  __releasefd(reader);
+  __fds_unlock();
  return -1;
 }

--- a/libc/calls/pledge-linux.c
+++ b/libc/calls/pledge-linux.c
@ -694,7 +694,6 @@ static const uint16_t kPledgeStdio[] = {
    __NR_linux_sched_getaffinity,  //
    __NR_linux_sched_setaffinity,  //
    __NR_linux_sigtimedwait,       //
-    __NR_linux_getcpu,             //
 };

 static const uint16_t kPledgeFlock[] = {
--- a/libc/calls/poll-nt.c
+++ b/libc/calls/poll-nt.c
@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
 #include "libc/calls/internal.h"
-#include "libc/calls/sig.internal.h"
 #include "libc/calls/state.internal.h"
 #include "libc/calls/struct/sigset.h"
 #include "libc/calls/struct/sigset.internal.h"
@ -26,7 +25,6 @@
 #include "libc/calls/syscall_support-nt.internal.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/atomic.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/fds.h"
-#include "libc/intrin/weaken.h"
 #include "libc/macros.h"
 #include "libc/nt/console.h"
 #include "libc/nt/enum/filetype.h"
@ -43,7 +41,6 @@
 #include "libc/sock/internal.h"
 #include "libc/sock/struct/pollfd.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/o.h"
-#include "libc/sysv/consts/sicode.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/errfuns.h"
 #include "libc/thread/posixthread.internal.h"
 #ifdef __x86_64__
@ -87,7 +84,7 @@ textwindows static int sys_poll_nt_actual(struct pollfd *fds, uint64_t nfds,
  struct PosixThread *pt;
  int i, rc, ev, kind, gotsocks;
  struct sys_pollfd_nt sockfds[64];
-  uint32_t cm, fi, sn, pn, avail, waitfor, already_slept;
+  uint32_t cm, fi, wi, sn, pn, avail, waitfor, already_slept;

  // ensure revents is cleared
  for (i = 0; i < nfds; ++i)
@ -231,36 +228,22 @@ textwindows static int sys_poll_nt_actual(struct pollfd *fds, uint64_t nfds,
    // this ensures low latency for apps like emacs which with no sock
    // here we shall actually report that something can be written too
    if (!already_slept) {
-      intptr_t sigev;
-      if (!(sigev = CreateEvent(0, 0, 0, 0)))
-        return __winerr();
-      filehands[pn] = sigev;
+      if (__sigcheck(waitmask, false))
+        return -1;
      pt = _pthread_self();
-      pt->pt_event = sigev;
-      pt->pt_blkmask = waitmask;
+      filehands[pn] = pt->pt_event = CreateEvent(0, 0, 0, 0);
      atomic_store_explicit(&pt->pt_blocker, PT_BLOCKER_EVENT,
                            memory_order_release);
-      //!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!//
-      int sig = 0;
-      uint32_t wi = pn;
-      if (!_is_canceled() &&
-          !(_weaken(__sig_get) && (sig = _weaken(__sig_get)(waitmask))))
-        wi = WaitForMultipleObjects(pn + 1, filehands, 0, waitfor);
-      //!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!/!//
+      wi = WaitForMultipleObjects(pn + 1, filehands, 0, waitfor);
      atomic_store_explicit(&pt->pt_blocker, 0, memory_order_release);
-      CloseHandle(sigev);
-      if (wi == -1u)
+      CloseHandle(filehands[pn]);
+      if (wi == -1u) {
        // win32 wait failure
        return __winerr();
-      if (wi == pn) {
+      } else if (wi == pn) {
        // our signal event was signalled
-        int handler_was_called = 0;
-        if (sig)
-          handler_was_called = _weaken(__sig_relay)(sig, SI_KERNEL, waitmask);
-        if (_check_cancel() == -1)
+        if (__sigcheck(waitmask, false))
          return -1;
-        if (handler_was_called)
-          return eintr();
      } else if ((wi ^ kNtWaitAbandoned) < pn) {
        // this is possibly because a process or thread was killed
        fds[fileindices[wi ^ kNtWaitAbandoned]].revents = POLLERR_;
@ -304,6 +287,8 @@ textwindows static int sys_poll_nt_actual(struct pollfd *fds, uint64_t nfds,
      } else {
        // should only be possible on kNtWaitTimeout or semaphore abandoned
        // keep looping for events and we'll catch timeout when appropriate
+        if (__sigcheck(waitmask, false))
+          return -1;
      }
    }

@ -318,15 +303,8 @@ textwindows static int sys_poll_nt_actual(struct pollfd *fds, uint64_t nfds,
 textwindows static int sys_poll_nt_impl(struct pollfd *fds, uint64_t nfds,
                                        struct timespec deadline,
                                        const sigset_t waitmask) {
+  uint32_t waitms;
  int i, n, rc, got = 0;
-  struct timespec now, next, target;
-
-  // we normally don't check for signals until we decide to wait, since
-  // it's nice to have functions like write() be unlikely to EINTR, but
-  // ppoll is a function where users are surely thinking about signals,
-  // since ppoll actually allows them to block signals everywhere else.
-  if (__sigcheck(waitmask, false))
-    return -1;

  // fast path
  if (nfds <= 63)
@ -344,28 +322,20 @@ textwindows static int sys_poll_nt_impl(struct pollfd *fds, uint64_t nfds,
    }
    if (got)
      return got;
-    now = sys_clock_gettime_monotonic_nt();
-    if (timespec_cmp(now, deadline) >= 0)
+    if (!(waitms = sys_poll_nt_waitms(deadline)))
      return 0;
-    next = timespec_add(now, timespec_frommillis(POLL_INTERVAL_MS));
-    if (timespec_cmp(next, deadline) >= 0) {
-      target = deadline;
-    } else {
-      target = next;
-    }
-    if (_park_norestart(target, waitmask) == -1)
+    if (_park_norestart(waitms, waitmask) == -1)
      return -1;
  }
 }

-textwindows int sys_poll_nt(struct pollfd *fds, uint64_t nfds,
-                            const struct timespec *relative,
+textwindows int sys_poll_nt(struct pollfd *fds, uint64_t nfds, uint32_t *ms,
                            const sigset_t *sigmask) {
  int rc;
  struct timespec now, timeout, deadline;
  BLOCK_SIGNALS;
-  now = relative ? sys_clock_gettime_monotonic_nt() : timespec_zero;
-  timeout = relative ? *relative : timespec_max;
+  now = ms ? sys_clock_gettime_monotonic_nt() : timespec_zero;
+  timeout = ms ? timespec_frommillis(*ms) : timespec_max;
  deadline = timespec_add(now, timeout);
  rc = sys_poll_nt_impl(fds, nfds, deadline, sigmask ? *sigmask : _SigMask);
  ALLOW_SIGNALS;
--- a/libc/calls/ppoll.c
+++ b/libc/calls/ppoll.c
@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 #include "libc/dce.h"
 #include "libc/errno.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/strace.h"
-#include "libc/limits.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/stack.h"
 #include "libc/sock/struct/pollfd.h"
 #include "libc/sock/struct/pollfd.internal.h"
@ -77,13 +76,10 @@ static int ppoll_impl(struct pollfd *fds, size_t nfds,
    }
    fdcount = sys_ppoll(fds, nfds, tsp, sigmask, 8);
    if (fdcount == -1 && errno == ENOSYS) {
-      int64_t ms;
+      int ms;
      errno = e;
-      if (timeout) {
-        ms = timespec_tomillis(*timeout);
-        if (ms > INT_MAX)
-          ms = -1;
-      } else {
+      if (!timeout || ckd_add(&ms, timeout->tv_sec,
+                              (timeout->tv_nsec + 999999) / 1000000)) {
        ms = -1;
      }
      if (sigmask)
@ -93,7 +89,15 @@ static int ppoll_impl(struct pollfd *fds, size_t nfds,
        sys_sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &oldmask, 0);
    }
  } else {
-    fdcount = sys_poll_nt(fds, nfds, timeout, sigmask);
+    uint32_t ms;
+    uint32_t *msp;
+    if (timeout &&
+        !ckd_add(&ms, timeout->tv_sec, (timeout->tv_nsec + 999999) / 1000000)) {
+      msp = &ms;
+    } else {
+      msp = 0;
+    }
+    fdcount = sys_poll_nt(fds, nfds, msp, sigmask);
  }

  if (IsOpenbsd() && fdcount != -1) {
--- a/libc/calls/pselect.c
+++ b/libc/calls/pselect.c
@ -67,6 +67,7 @@
 int pselect(int nfds, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds, fd_set *exceptfds,
            const struct timespec *timeout, const sigset_t *sigmask) {
  int rc;
+  struct timeval tv, *tvp;
  struct timespec ts, *tsp;
  struct {
    const sigset_t *s;
@ -110,17 +111,24 @@ int pselect(int nfds, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds, fd_set *exceptfds,
      rc = sys_pselect(nfds, readfds, writefds, exceptfds,
                       (struct timespec *)timeout, sigmask);
    } else {
-      rc = sys_select_nt(nfds, readfds, writefds, exceptfds, timeout, sigmask);
+      if (timeout) {
+        tv.tv_sec = timeout->tv_sec;
+        tv.tv_usec = timeout->tv_nsec / 1000;
+        tvp = &tv;
+      } else {
+        tvp = 0;
+      }
+      rc = sys_select_nt(nfds, readfds, writefds, exceptfds, tvp, sigmask);
    }
  }
  END_CANCELATION_POINT;

  STRACE("pselect(%d, %s → [%s], %s → [%s], %s → [%s], %s, %s) → %d% m", nfds,
-         DescribeFdSet(0, nfds, old_readfds_ptr),
+         DescribeFdSet(rc, nfds, old_readfds_ptr),
         DescribeFdSet(rc, nfds, readfds),
-         DescribeFdSet(0, nfds, old_writefds_ptr),
+         DescribeFdSet(rc, nfds, old_writefds_ptr),
         DescribeFdSet(rc, nfds, writefds),
-         DescribeFdSet(0, nfds, old_exceptfds_ptr),
+         DescribeFdSet(rc, nfds, old_exceptfds_ptr),
         DescribeFdSet(rc, nfds, exceptfds),  //
         DescribeTimespec(0, timeout),        //
         DescribeSigset(0, sigmask), rc);
--- a/libc/calls/read-nt.c
+++ b/libc/calls/read-nt.c
@ -48,7 +48,6 @@
 #include "libc/nt/enum/wait.h"
 #include "libc/nt/errors.h"
 #include "libc/nt/events.h"
-#include "libc/nt/memory.h"
 #include "libc/nt/runtime.h"
 #include "libc/nt/struct/inputrecord.h"
 #include "libc/nt/synchronization.h"
@ -128,46 +127,33 @@ struct Keystrokes {
  bool ohno_decckm;
  bool bypass_mode;
  uint16_t utf16hs;
-  size_t free_keys;
+  int16_t freekeys;
  int64_t cin, cot;
  struct Dll *list;
  struct Dll *line;
  struct Dll *free;
+  pthread_mutex_t lock;
+  struct Keystroke pool[512];
 };

 static struct Keystrokes __keystroke;
-static pthread_mutex_t __keystroke_lock = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;

-textwindows void sys_read_nt_wipe_keystrokes(void) {
+textwindows void WipeKeystrokes(void) {
  bzero(&__keystroke, sizeof(__keystroke));
-  _pthread_mutex_wipe_np(&__keystroke_lock);
 }

 textwindows static void FreeKeystrokeImpl(struct Dll *key) {
  dll_make_first(&__keystroke.free, key);
-  ++__keystroke.free_keys;
-}
-
-textwindows static struct Keystroke *AllocKeystroke(void) {
-  struct Keystroke *k;
-  if (!(k = HeapAlloc(GetProcessHeap(), 0, sizeof(struct Keystroke))))
-    return 0;
-  dll_init(&k->elem);
-  return k;
+  ++__keystroke.freekeys;
 }

 textwindows static struct Keystroke *NewKeystroke(void) {
-  struct Dll *e;
-  struct Keystroke *k;
-  if ((e = dll_first(__keystroke.free))) {
-    dll_remove(&__keystroke.free, e);
-    k = KEYSTROKE_CONTAINER(e);
-    --__keystroke.free_keys;
-  } else {
-    // PopulateKeystrokes() should make this branch impossible
-    if (!(k = AllocKeystroke()))
-      return 0;
-  }
+  struct Dll *e = dll_first(__keystroke.free);
+  if (!e)  // See MIN(freekeys) before ReadConsoleInput()
+    __builtin_trap();
+  struct Keystroke *k = KEYSTROKE_CONTAINER(e);
+  dll_remove(&__keystroke.free, &k->elem);
+  --__keystroke.freekeys;
  k->buflen = 0;
  return k;
 }
@ -183,22 +169,15 @@ textwindows static void FreeKeystrokes(struct Dll **list) {
    FreeKeystroke(list, key);
 }

-textwindows static void PopulateKeystrokes(size_t want) {
-  struct Keystroke *k;
-  while (__keystroke.free_keys < want) {
-    if ((k = AllocKeystroke())) {
-      FreeKeystrokeImpl(&k->elem);
-    } else {
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-}
-
 textwindows static void OpenConsole(void) {
  __keystroke.cin = CreateFile(u"CONIN$", kNtGenericRead | kNtGenericWrite,
                               kNtFileShareRead, 0, kNtOpenExisting, 0, 0);
  __keystroke.cot = CreateFile(u"CONOUT$", kNtGenericRead | kNtGenericWrite,
                               kNtFileShareWrite, 0, kNtOpenExisting, 0, 0);
+  for (int i = 0; i < ARRAYLEN(__keystroke.pool); ++i) {
+    dll_init(&__keystroke.pool[i].elem);
+    FreeKeystrokeImpl(&__keystroke.pool[i].elem);
+  }
 }

 textwindows static int AddSignal(int sig) {
@ -212,11 +191,11 @@ textwindows static void InitConsole(void) {
 }

 textwindows static void LockKeystrokes(void) {
-  _pthread_mutex_lock(&__keystroke_lock);
+  pthread_mutex_lock(&__keystroke.lock);
 }

 textwindows static void UnlockKeystrokes(void) {
-  _pthread_mutex_unlock(&__keystroke_lock);
+  pthread_mutex_unlock(&__keystroke.lock);
 }

 textwindows int64_t GetConsoleInputHandle(void) {
@ -341,12 +320,9 @@ textwindows static int ProcessKeyEvent(const struct NtInputRecord *r, char *p) {
  // note we define _POSIX_VDISABLE as zero
  // tcsetattr() lets anyone reconfigure these keybindings
  if (c && !(__ttyconf.magic & kTtyNoIsigs) && !__keystroke.bypass_mode) {
-    char b[] = {c};
    if (c == __ttyconf.vintr) {
-      EchoConsoleNt(b, 1, false);
      return AddSignal(SIGINT);
    } else if (c == __ttyconf.vquit) {
-      EchoConsoleNt(b, 1, false);
      return AddSignal(SIGQUIT);
    }
  }
@ -481,8 +457,7 @@ textwindows static void WriteCtl(const char *p, size_t n, bool escape_harder) {
  }
 }

-textwindows void EchoConsoleNt(const char *p, size_t n, bool escape_harder) {
-  InitConsole();
+textwindows static void EchoTty(const char *p, size_t n, bool escape_harder) {
  if (!(__ttyconf.magic & kTtySilence)) {
    if (__ttyconf.magic & kTtyEchoRaw) {
      WriteTty(p, n);
@ -539,12 +514,14 @@ textwindows static void IngestConsoleInputRecord(struct NtInputRecord *r) {
      !(__ttyconf.magic & kTtyNoIexten)) {  // IEXTEN
    if (__keystroke.bypass_mode) {
      struct Keystroke *k = NewKeystroke();
-      if (!k)
-        return;
      memcpy(k->buf, buf, sizeof(k->buf));
      k->buflen = len;
      dll_make_last(&__keystroke.line, &k->elem);
-      EchoConsoleNt(buf, len, true);
+      EchoTty(buf, len, true);
+      if (!__keystroke.freekeys) {
+        dll_make_last(&__keystroke.list, __keystroke.line);
+        __keystroke.line = 0;
+      }
      __keystroke.bypass_mode = false;
      return;
    } else if (len == 1 && buf[0] &&  //
@ -634,14 +611,12 @@ textwindows static void IngestConsoleInputRecord(struct NtInputRecord *r) {

  // allocate object to hold keystroke
  struct Keystroke *k = NewKeystroke();
-  if (!k)
-    return;
  memcpy(k->buf, buf, sizeof(k->buf));
  k->buflen = len;

  // echo input if it was successfully recorded
  // assuming the win32 console isn't doing it already
-  EchoConsoleNt(buf, len, false);
+  EchoTty(buf, len, false);

  // save keystroke to appropriate list
  if (__ttyconf.magic & kTtyUncanon) {
@ -649,12 +624,12 @@ textwindows static void IngestConsoleInputRecord(struct NtInputRecord *r) {
  } else {
    dll_make_last(&__keystroke.line, &k->elem);

-    // flush canonical mode line on enter
-    if (len == 1 && buf[0] &&
-        ((buf[0] & 255) == '\n' ||            //
-         (buf[0] & 255) == __ttyconf.veol ||  //
-         ((buf[0] & 255) == __ttyconf.veol2 &&
-          !(__ttyconf.magic & kTtyNoIexten)))) {
+    // flush canonical mode line if oom or enter
+    if (!__keystroke.freekeys || (len == 1 && buf[0] &&
+                                  ((buf[0] & 255) == '\n' ||            //
+                                   (buf[0] & 255) == __ttyconf.veol ||  //
+                                   ((buf[0] & 255) == __ttyconf.veol2 &&
+                                    !(__ttyconf.magic & kTtyNoIexten))))) {
      dll_make_last(&__keystroke.list, __keystroke.line);
      __keystroke.line = 0;
    }
@ -665,17 +640,15 @@ textwindows static void IngestConsoleInput(void) {
  uint32_t i, n;
  struct NtInputRecord records[16];
  for (;;) {
+    if (!__keystroke.freekeys)
+      return;
    if (__keystroke.end_of_file)
      return;
    if (!GetNumberOfConsoleInputEvents(__keystroke.cin, &n))
      goto UnexpectedEof;
-    if (n > ARRAYLEN(records))
-      n = ARRAYLEN(records);
-    PopulateKeystrokes(n + 1);
-    if (n > __keystroke.free_keys)
-      n = __keystroke.free_keys;
-    if (!n)
+    if (!n || !__keystroke.freekeys)
      return;
+    n = MIN(__keystroke.freekeys, MIN(ARRAYLEN(records), n));
    if (!ReadConsoleInput(__keystroke.cin, records, n, &n))
      goto UnexpectedEof;
    for (i = 0; i < n && !__keystroke.end_of_file; ++i)
@ -997,10 +970,8 @@ textwindows ssize_t ReadBuffer(int fd, void *data, size_t size, int64_t offset,
  if (f->kind == kFdDevNull)
    return 0;

-  if (f->kind == kFdDevRandom) {
-    ProcessPrng(data, size);
-    return size;
-  }
+  if (f->kind == kFdDevRandom)
+    return ProcessPrng(data, size) ? size : __winerr();

  if (f->kind == kFdConsole)
    return ReadFromConsole(f, data, size, waitmask);
--- a/libc/calls/readwrite-nt.c
+++ b/libc/calls/readwrite-nt.c
@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 │ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
+#include "libc/assert.h"
 #include "libc/calls/createfileflags.internal.h"
 #include "libc/calls/internal.h"
 #include "libc/calls/sig.internal.h"
@ -169,11 +170,14 @@ sys_readwrite_nt(int fd, void *data, size_t size, ssize_t offset,
    }

    // the i/o operation was successfully canceled
-    if (got_eagain)
+    if (got_eagain) {
+      unassert(!got_sig);
      return eagain();
+    }

    // it's now reasonable to report semaphore creation error
    if (other_error) {
+      unassert(!got_sig);
      errno = __dos2errno(other_error);
      return -1;
    }
--- a/libc/intrin/restore.S
+++ b/libc/intrin/restore.S
--- a/libc/calls/select-nt.c
+++ b/libc/calls/select-nt.c
@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include "libc/sock/sock.h"
 #include "libc/sock/struct/pollfd.h"
 #include "libc/sock/struct/pollfd.internal.h"
+#include "libc/stdckdint.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/poll.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/errfuns.h"
 #ifdef __x86_64__
@ -43,7 +44,7 @@
 // </sync libc/sysv/consts.sh>

 int sys_select_nt(int nfds, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds,
-                  fd_set *exceptfds, const struct timespec *timeout,
+                  fd_set *exceptfds, struct timeval *timeout,
                  const sigset_t *sigmask) {
  int pfds = 0;

@ -67,8 +68,21 @@ int sys_select_nt(int nfds, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds,
    }
  }

+  // convert the wait time to a word
+  uint32_t millis;
+  if (!timeout) {
+    millis = -1u;
+  } else {
+    int64_t ms = timeval_tomillis(*timeout);
+    if (ms < 0 || ms > UINT32_MAX) {
+      millis = -1u;
+    } else {
+      millis = ms;
+    }
+  }
+
  // call our nt poll implementation
-  int fdcount = sys_poll_nt(fds, pfds, timeout, sigmask);
+  int fdcount = sys_poll_nt(fds, pfds, &millis, sigmask);
  if (fdcount == -1)
    return -1;

@ -101,6 +115,10 @@ int sys_select_nt(int nfds, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds,
    }
  }

+  // store remaining time back in caller's timeval
+  if (timeout)
+    *timeout = timeval_frommillis(millis);
+
  return bits;
 }

--- a/libc/calls/select.c
+++ b/libc/calls/select.c
@ -31,7 +31,10 @@
 *     such as out-of-band data on a socket; it is equivalent to POLLPRI
 *     in the revents of poll()
 * @param timeout may be null which means to block indefinitely; cosmo's
- *     implementation of select() never modifies this parameter
+ *     implementation of select() never modifies this parameter which is
+ *     how most platforms except Linux work which modifies it to reflect
+ *     elapsed time, noting that POSIX permits either behavior therefore
+ *     portable code should assume that timeout memory becomes undefined
 * @raise E2BIG if we exceeded the 64 socket limit on Windows
 * @raise ECANCELED if thread was cancelled in masked mode
 * @raise EINTR if signal was delivered
--- a/libc/calls/setgroups.c
+++ b/libc/calls/setgroups.c
@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include "libc/dce.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/describeflags.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/strace.h"
+#include "libc/stdckdint.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/errfuns.h"

 /**
--- a/libc/calls/setrlimit.c
+++ b/libc/calls/setrlimit.c
@ -23,7 +23,6 @@
 #include "libc/dce.h"
 #include "libc/errno.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/describeflags.h"
-#include "libc/intrin/rlimit.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/strace.h"
 #include "libc/macros.h"
 #include "libc/runtime/runtime.h"
@ -89,12 +88,10 @@ int setrlimit(int resource, const struct rlimit *rlim) {
  } else if (!IsWindows() && !(IsNetbsd() && resource == RLIMIT_AS)) {
    rc = sys_setrlimit(resource, rlim);
  } else if (resource == RLIMIT_STACK) {
-    rc = 0;
+    rc = enotsup();
  } else {
    rc = einval();
  }
-  if (!rc && resource == RLIMIT_STACK)
-    __rlimit_stack_set(*rlim);  // so __rlimit_stack_get() works on all OSes
  if (resource == RLIMIT_AS) {
    __virtualmax = rlim->rlim_cur;
    errno = olde;
--- a/libc/calls/shm_path_np.c
+++ b/libc/calls/shm_path_np.c
@ -35,8 +35,9 @@ void shm_path_np(const char *name, char buf[hasatleast 78]) {
  const char *a;
  uint8_t digest[BLAKE2B256_DIGEST_LENGTH];
  a = "/tmp/", n = 5;
-  if (IsLinux() && isdirectory("/dev/shm"))
+  if (IsLinux() && isdirectory("/dev/shm")) {
    a = "/dev/shm/", n = 9;
+  }
  BLAKE2B256(name, strlen(name), digest);
  p = mempcpy(buf, a, n);
  p = hexpcpy(p, digest, BLAKE2B256_DIGEST_LENGTH);
--- a/libc/calls/sig.c
+++ b/libc/calls/sig.c
@ -0,0 +1,621 @@
+/*-*- mode:c;indent-tabs-mode:nil;c-basic-offset:2;tab-width:8;coding:utf-8 -*-│
+│ vi: set et ft=c ts=2 sts=2 sw=2 fenc=utf-8                               :vi │
+╞══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╡
+│ Copyright 2022 Justine Alexandra Roberts Tunney                              │
+│                                                                              │
+│ Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for         │
+│ any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the         │
+│ above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.      │
+│                                                                              │
+│ THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL                │
+│ WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED                │
+│ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE             │
+│ AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL         │
+│ DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR        │
+│ PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER               │
+│ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
+│ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
+╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
+#include "libc/sysv/consts/sig.h"
+#include "ape/sections.internal.h"
+#include "libc/calls/calls.h"
+#include "libc/calls/sig.internal.h"
+#include "libc/calls/state.internal.h"
+#include "libc/calls/struct/sigaction.h"
+#include "libc/calls/struct/siginfo.h"
+#include "libc/calls/struct/sigset.internal.h"
+#include "libc/calls/struct/ucontext.internal.h"
+#include "libc/calls/ucontext.h"
+#include "libc/dce.h"
+#include "libc/errno.h"
+#include "libc/intrin/atomic.h"
+#include "libc/intrin/bsf.h"
+#include "libc/intrin/describebacktrace.h"
+#include "libc/intrin/dll.h"
+#include "libc/intrin/kprintf.h"
+#include "libc/intrin/strace.h"
+#include "libc/intrin/weaken.h"
+#include "libc/nt/console.h"
+#include "libc/nt/enum/context.h"
+#include "libc/nt/enum/exceptionhandleractions.h"
+#include "libc/nt/enum/signal.h"
+#include "libc/nt/enum/status.h"
+#include "libc/nt/events.h"
+#include "libc/nt/runtime.h"
+#include "libc/nt/signals.h"
+#include "libc/nt/struct/ntexceptionpointers.h"
+#include "libc/nt/synchronization.h"
+#include "libc/nt/thread.h"
+#include "libc/runtime/symbols.internal.h"
+#include "libc/str/str.h"
+#include "libc/sysv/consts/sa.h"
+#include "libc/sysv/consts/sicode.h"
+#include "libc/sysv/consts/ss.h"
+#include "libc/thread/posixthread.internal.h"
+#ifdef __x86_64__
+
+/**
+ * @fileoverview Cosmopolitan Signals for Windows.
+ */
+
+struct SignalFrame {
+  unsigned rva;
+  unsigned flags;
+  siginfo_t si;
+  ucontext_t ctx;
+};
+
+static textwindows bool __sig_ignored_by_default(int sig) {
+  return sig == SIGURG ||   //
+         sig == SIGCONT ||  //
+         sig == SIGCHLD ||  //
+         sig == SIGWINCH;
+}
+
+textwindows bool __sig_ignored(int sig) {
+  return __sighandrvas[sig] == (intptr_t)SIG_IGN ||
+         (__sighandrvas[sig] == (intptr_t)SIG_DFL &&
+          __sig_ignored_by_default(sig));
+}
+
+textwindows void __sig_delete(int sig) {
+  struct Dll *e;
+  atomic_fetch_and_explicit(&__sig.pending, ~(1ull << (sig - 1)),
+                            memory_order_relaxed);
+  _pthread_lock();
+  for (e = dll_last(_pthread_list); e; e = dll_prev(_pthread_list, e))
+    atomic_fetch_and_explicit(&POSIXTHREAD_CONTAINER(e)->tib->tib_sigpending,
+                              ~(1ull << (sig - 1)), memory_order_relaxed);
+  _pthread_unlock();
+}
+
+static textwindows int __sig_getter(atomic_ulong *sigs, sigset_t masked) {
+  int sig;
+  sigset_t bit, pending, deliverable;
+  for (;;) {
+    pending = atomic_load_explicit(sigs, memory_order_acquire);
+    if ((deliverable = pending & ~masked)) {
+      sig = bsfl(deliverable) + 1;
+      bit = 1ull << (sig - 1);
+      if (atomic_fetch_and_explicit(sigs, ~bit, memory_order_acq_rel) & bit)
+        return sig;
+    } else {
+      return 0;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+textwindows int __sig_get(sigset_t masked) {
+  int sig;
+  if (!(sig = __sig_getter(&__get_tls()->tib_sigpending, masked)))
+    sig = __sig_getter(&__sig.pending, masked);
+  return sig;
+}
+
+static textwindows bool __sig_should_use_altstack(unsigned flags,
+                                                  struct CosmoTib *tib) {
+  if (!(flags & SA_ONSTACK))
+    return false;  // signal handler didn't enable it
+  if (!tib->tib_sigstack_size)
+    return false;  // sigaltstack() wasn't installed on this thread
+  if (tib->tib_sigstack_flags & SS_DISABLE)
+    return false;  // sigaltstack() on this thread was disabled by user
+  char *bp = __builtin_frame_address(0);
+  if (tib->tib_sigstack_addr <= bp &&
+      bp <= tib->tib_sigstack_addr + tib->tib_sigstack_size)
+    return false;  // we're already on the alternate stack
+  return true;
+}
+
+static textwindows wontreturn void __sig_terminate(int sig) {
+  TerminateThisProcess(sig);
+}
+
+static textwindows bool __sig_start(struct PosixThread *pt, int sig,
+                                    unsigned *rva, unsigned *flags) {
+  *rva = __sighandrvas[sig];
+  *flags = __sighandflags[sig];
+  if (*rva == (intptr_t)SIG_IGN ||
+      (*rva == (intptr_t)SIG_DFL && __sig_ignored_by_default(sig))) {
+    STRACE("ignoring %G", sig);
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (atomic_load_explicit(&pt->tib->tib_sigmask, memory_order_acquire) &
+      (1ull << (sig - 1))) {
+    STRACE("enqueing %G on %d", sig, _pthread_tid(pt));
+    atomic_fetch_or_explicit(&pt->tib->tib_sigpending, 1ull << (sig - 1),
+                             memory_order_relaxed);
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (*rva == (intptr_t)SIG_DFL) {
+    STRACE("terminating on %G due to no handler", sig);
+    __sig_terminate(sig);
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+static textwindows sigaction_f __sig_handler(unsigned rva) {
+  atomic_fetch_add_explicit(&__sig.count, 1, memory_order_relaxed);
+  return (sigaction_f)(__executable_start + rva);
+}
+
+textwindows int __sig_raise(volatile int sig, int sic) {
+
+  // bitset of kinds of handlers called
+  volatile int handler_was_called = 0;
+
+  // loop over pending signals
+  ucontext_t ctx;
+  getcontext(&ctx);
+  if (!sig) {
+    if ((sig = __sig_get(ctx.uc_sigmask))) {
+      sic = SI_KERNEL;
+    } else {
+      return handler_was_called;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // process signal(s)
+  unsigned rva, flags;
+  struct PosixThread *pt = _pthread_self();
+  if (__sig_start(pt, sig, &rva, &flags)) {
+    if (flags & SA_RESETHAND) {
+      STRACE("resetting %G handler", sig);
+      __sighandrvas[sig] = (int32_t)(intptr_t)SIG_DFL;
+    }
+
+    // update the signal mask in preparation for signal handller
+    sigset_t blocksigs = __sighandmask[sig];
+    if (!(flags & SA_NODEFER))
+      blocksigs |= 1ull << (sig - 1);
+    ctx.uc_sigmask = atomic_fetch_or_explicit(&pt->tib->tib_sigmask, blocksigs,
+                                              memory_order_acquire);
+
+    // call the user's signal handler
+    char ssbuf[128];
+    siginfo_t si = {.si_signo = sig, .si_code = sic};
+    STRACE("__sig_raise(%G, %t) mask %s", sig, __sig_handler(rva),
+           _DescribeSigset(ssbuf, 0, (sigset_t *)&pt->tib->tib_sigmask));
+    __sig_handler(rva)(sig, &si, &ctx);
+
+    // record this handler
+    if (flags & SA_RESTART) {
+      handler_was_called |= SIG_HANDLED_SA_RESTART;
+    } else {
+      handler_was_called |= SIG_HANDLED_NO_RESTART;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // restore sigmask
+  // loop back to top
+  // jump where handler says
+  sig = 0;
+  return setcontext(&ctx);
+}
+
+textwindows int __sig_relay(int sig, int sic, sigset_t waitmask) {
+  sigset_t m;
+  int handler_was_called;
+  m = atomic_exchange_explicit(&__get_tls()->tib_sigmask, waitmask,
+                               memory_order_acquire);
+  handler_was_called = __sig_raise(sig, SI_KERNEL);
+  atomic_store_explicit(&__get_tls()->tib_sigmask, m, memory_order_release);
+  return handler_was_called;
+}
+
+// cancels blocking operations being performed by signaled thread
+textwindows void __sig_cancel(struct PosixThread *pt, int sig, unsigned flags) {
+  atomic_int *blocker;
+  blocker = atomic_load_explicit(&pt->pt_blocker, memory_order_acquire);
+  if (!blocker) {
+    STRACE("%G sent to %d asynchronously", sig, _pthread_tid(pt));
+    return;
+  }
+  // threads can create semaphores on an as-needed basis
+  if (blocker == PT_BLOCKER_EVENT) {
+    STRACE("%G set %d's event object", sig, _pthread_tid(pt));
+    SetEvent(pt->pt_event);
+    return;
+  }
+  // all other blocking ops that aren't overlap should use futexes
+  // we force restartable futexes to churn by waking w/o releasing
+  STRACE("%G waking %d's futex", sig, _pthread_tid(pt));
+  WakeByAddressSingle(blocker);
+}
+
+// the user's signal handler callback is wrapped with this trampoline
+static textwindows wontreturn void __sig_tramp(struct SignalFrame *sf) {
+  int sig = sf->si.si_signo;
+  struct CosmoTib *tib = __get_tls();
+  struct PosixThread *pt = (struct PosixThread *)tib->tib_pthread;
+  for (;;) {
+
+    // update the signal mask in preparation for signal handller
+    sigset_t blocksigs = __sighandmask[sig];
+    if (!(sf->flags & SA_NODEFER))
+      blocksigs |= 1ull << (sig - 1);
+    sf->ctx.uc_sigmask = atomic_fetch_or_explicit(&tib->tib_sigmask, blocksigs,
+                                                  memory_order_acquire);
+
+    // call the user's signal handler
+    char ssbuf[2][128];
+    STRACE("__sig_tramp(%G, %t) mask %s → %s", sig, __sig_handler(sf->rva),
+           _DescribeSigset(ssbuf[0], 0, &sf->ctx.uc_sigmask),
+           _DescribeSigset(ssbuf[1], 0, (sigset_t *)&tib->tib_sigmask));
+    __sig_handler(sf->rva)(sig, &sf->si, &sf->ctx);
+
+    // restore the signal mask that was used by the interrupted code
+    // this may have been modified by the signal handler in the callback
+    atomic_store_explicit(&tib->tib_sigmask, sf->ctx.uc_sigmask,
+                          memory_order_release);
+
+    // jump back into original code if there aren't any pending signals
+    do {
+      if (!(sig = __sig_get(sf->ctx.uc_sigmask)))
+        __sig_restore(&sf->ctx);
+    } while (!__sig_start(pt, sig, &sf->rva, &sf->flags));
+
+    // tail recurse into another signal handler
+    sf->si.si_signo = sig;
+    sf->si.si_code = SI_KERNEL;
+    if (sf->flags & SA_RESETHAND) {
+      STRACE("resetting %G handler", sig);
+      __sighandrvas[sig] = (int32_t)(intptr_t)SIG_DFL;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// sends signal to another specific thread which is ref'd
+static textwindows int __sig_killer(struct PosixThread *pt, int sig, int sic) {
+  unsigned rva = __sighandrvas[sig];
+  unsigned flags = __sighandflags[sig];
+
+  // do nothing if signal is ignored
+  if (rva == (intptr_t)SIG_IGN ||
+      (rva == (intptr_t)SIG_DFL && __sig_ignored_by_default(sig))) {
+    STRACE("ignoring %G", sig);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  // we can't preempt threads that masked sig or are blocked
+  if (atomic_load_explicit(&pt->tib->tib_sigmask, memory_order_acquire) &
+      (1ull << (sig - 1))) {
+    atomic_fetch_or_explicit(&pt->tib->tib_sigpending, 1ull << (sig - 1),
+                             memory_order_relaxed);
+    __sig_cancel(pt, sig, flags);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  // if there's no handler then killing a thread kills the process
+  if (rva == (intptr_t)SIG_DFL) {
+    STRACE("terminating on %G due to no handler", sig);
+    __sig_terminate(sig);
+  }
+
+  // ignore signals already pending
+  uintptr_t th = _pthread_syshand(pt);
+  if (atomic_load_explicit(&pt->tib->tib_sigpending, memory_order_acquire) &
+      (1ull << (sig - 1))) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  // take control of thread
+  // suspending the thread happens asynchronously
+  // however getting the context blocks until it's frozen
+  static pthread_spinlock_t killer_lock;
+  pthread_spin_lock(&killer_lock);
+  if (SuspendThread(th) == -1u) {
+    STRACE("SuspendThread failed w/ %d", GetLastError());
+    pthread_spin_unlock(&killer_lock);
+    return ESRCH;
+  }
+  struct NtContext nc;
+  nc.ContextFlags = kNtContextFull;
+  if (!GetThreadContext(th, &nc)) {
+    STRACE("GetThreadContext failed w/ %d", GetLastError());
+    ResumeThread(th);
+    pthread_spin_unlock(&killer_lock);
+    return ESRCH;
+  }
+  pthread_spin_unlock(&killer_lock);
+
+  // we can't preempt threads that masked sig or are blocked
+  // we can't preempt threads that are running in win32 code
+  // so we shall unblock the thread and let it signal itself
+  if ((atomic_load_explicit(&pt->tib->tib_sigmask, memory_order_acquire) &
+       (1ull << (sig - 1))) ||
+      !((uintptr_t)__executable_start <= nc.Rip &&
+        nc.Rip < (uintptr_t)__privileged_start)) {
+    atomic_fetch_or_explicit(&pt->tib->tib_sigpending, 1ull << (sig - 1),
+                             memory_order_relaxed);
+    ResumeThread(th);
+    __sig_cancel(pt, sig, flags);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  // preferring to live dangerously
+  // the thread will be signaled asynchronously
+  if (flags & SA_RESETHAND) {
+    STRACE("resetting %G handler", sig);
+    __sighandrvas[sig] = (int32_t)(intptr_t)SIG_DFL;
+  }
+
+  // inject call to trampoline function into thread
+  uintptr_t sp;
+  if (__sig_should_use_altstack(flags, pt->tib)) {
+    sp = (uintptr_t)pt->tib->tib_sigstack_addr + pt->tib->tib_sigstack_size;
+  } else {
+    sp = nc.Rsp;
+  }
+  sp -= sizeof(struct SignalFrame);
+  sp &= -16;
+  struct SignalFrame *sf = (struct SignalFrame *)sp;
+  _ntcontext2linux(&sf->ctx, &nc);
+  bzero(&sf->si, sizeof(sf->si));
+  sf->rva = rva;
+  sf->flags = flags;
+  sf->si.si_code = sic;
+  sf->si.si_signo = sig;
+  *(uintptr_t *)(sp -= sizeof(uintptr_t)) = nc.Rip;
+  nc.Rip = (intptr_t)__sig_tramp;
+  nc.Rdi = (intptr_t)sf;
+  nc.Rsp = sp;
+  if (!SetThreadContext(th, &nc)) {
+    STRACE("SetThreadContext failed w/ %d", GetLastError());
+    return ESRCH;
+  }
+  ResumeThread(th);
+  __sig_cancel(pt, sig, flags);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+// sends signal to another specific thread
+textwindows int __sig_kill(struct PosixThread *pt, int sig, int sic) {
+  int rc;
+  BLOCK_SIGNALS;
+  rc = __sig_killer(pt, sig, sic);
+  ALLOW_SIGNALS;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+// sends signal to any other thread
+textwindows void __sig_generate(int sig, int sic) {
+  struct Dll *e;
+  struct PosixThread *pt, *mark = 0;
+  if (__sig_ignored(sig)) {
+    STRACE("ignoring %G", sig);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (__sighandrvas[sig] == (intptr_t)SIG_DFL) {
+    STRACE("terminating on %G due to no handler", sig);
+    __sig_terminate(sig);
+  }
+  if (atomic_load_explicit(&__sig.pending, memory_order_acquire) &
+      (1ull << (sig - 1))) {
+    return;
+  }
+  BLOCK_SIGNALS;
+  _pthread_lock();
+  for (e = dll_first(_pthread_list); e; e = dll_next(_pthread_list, e)) {
+    pt = POSIXTHREAD_CONTAINER(e);
+    // we don't want to signal ourself
+    if (pt == _pthread_self())
+      continue;
+    // we don't want to signal a thread that isn't running
+    if (atomic_load_explicit(&pt->pt_status, memory_order_acquire) >=
+        kPosixThreadTerminated) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    // choose this thread if it isn't masking sig
+    if (!(atomic_load_explicit(&pt->tib->tib_sigmask, memory_order_acquire) &
+          (1ull << (sig - 1)))) {
+      _pthread_ref(pt);
+      mark = pt;
+      break;
+    }
+    // if a thread is blocking then we check to see if it's planning
+    // to unblock our sig once the wait operation is completed; when
+    // that's the case we can cancel the thread's i/o to deliver sig
+    if (atomic_load_explicit(&pt->pt_blocker, memory_order_acquire) &&
+        !(pt->pt_blkmask & (1ull << (sig - 1)))) {
+      _pthread_ref(pt);
+      mark = pt;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  _pthread_unlock();
+  if (mark) {
+    __sig_killer(mark, sig, sic);
+    _pthread_unref(mark);
+  } else {
+    atomic_fetch_or_explicit(&__sig.pending, 1ull << (sig - 1),
+                             memory_order_relaxed);
+  }
+  ALLOW_SIGNALS;
+}
+
+static textwindows char *__sig_stpcpy(char *d, const char *s) {
+  size_t i;
+  for (i = 0;; ++i)
+    if (!(d[i] = s[i]))
+      return d + i;
+}
+
+static textwindows wontreturn void __sig_death(int sig, const char *thing) {
+#ifndef TINY
+  intptr_t hStderr;
+  char sigbuf[21], s[128], *p;
+  hStderr = GetStdHandle(kNtStdErrorHandle);
+  p = __sig_stpcpy(s, "Terminating on ");
+  p = __sig_stpcpy(p, thing);
+  p = __sig_stpcpy(p, strsignal_r(sig, sigbuf));
+  p = __sig_stpcpy(p,
+                   ". Pass --strace and/or ShowCrashReports() for details.\n");
+  WriteFile(hStderr, s, p - s, 0, 0);
+#endif
+  __sig_terminate(sig);
+}
+
+static textwindows void __sig_unmaskable(struct NtExceptionPointers *ep,
+                                         int code, int sig,
+                                         struct CosmoTib *tib) {
+
+  // log vital crash information reliably for --strace before doing much
+  // we don't print this without the flag since raw numbers scare people
+  // this needs at least one page of stack memory in order to get logged
+  // otherwise it'll print a warning message about the lack of stack mem
+  STRACE("win32 vectored exception 0x%08Xu raising %G "
+         "cosmoaddr2line %s %lx %s",
+         ep->ExceptionRecord->ExceptionCode, sig,
+         _weaken(FindDebugBinary) ? _weaken(FindDebugBinary)()
+                                  : program_invocation_name,
+         ep->ContextRecord->Rip,
+         DescribeBacktrace((struct StackFrame *)ep->ContextRecord->Rbp));
+
+  // if the user didn't install a signal handler for this unmaskable
+  // exception, then print a friendly helpful hint message to stderr
+  unsigned rva = __sighandrvas[sig];
+  if (rva == (intptr_t)SIG_DFL || rva == (intptr_t)SIG_IGN)
+    __sig_death(sig, "uncaught ");
+
+  // if this signal handler is configured to auto-reset to the default
+  // then that reset needs to happen before the user handler is called
+  unsigned flags = __sighandflags[sig];
+  if (flags & SA_RESETHAND) {
+    STRACE("resetting %G handler", sig);
+    __sighandrvas[sig] = (int32_t)(intptr_t)SIG_DFL;
+  }
+
+  // determine the true memory address at which fault occurred
+  // if this is a stack overflow then reapply guard protection
+  void *si_addr;
+  if (ep->ExceptionRecord->ExceptionCode == kNtSignalGuardPage) {
+    si_addr = (void *)ep->ExceptionRecord->ExceptionInformation[1];
+  } else {
+    si_addr = ep->ExceptionRecord->ExceptionAddress;
+  }
+
+  // call the user signal handler
+  // and a modifiable view of the faulting code's cpu state
+  // temporarily replace signal mask while calling crash handler
+  // abort process if sig is already blocked to avoid crash loop
+  // note ucontext_t is a hefty data structures on top of NtContext
+  ucontext_t ctx = {0};
+  siginfo_t si = {.si_signo = sig, .si_code = code, .si_addr = si_addr};
+  _ntcontext2linux(&ctx, ep->ContextRecord);
+  sigset_t blocksigs = __sighandmask[sig];
+  if (!(flags & SA_NODEFER))
+    blocksigs |= 1ull << (sig - 1);
+  ctx.uc_sigmask = atomic_fetch_or_explicit(&tib->tib_sigmask, blocksigs,
+                                            memory_order_acquire);
+  if (ctx.uc_sigmask & (1ull << (sig - 1))) {
+    __sig_death(sig, "masked ");
+    __sig_terminate(sig);
+  }
+  __sig_handler(rva)(sig, &si, &ctx);
+  atomic_store_explicit(&tib->tib_sigmask, ctx.uc_sigmask,
+                        memory_order_release);
+  _ntlinux2context(ep->ContextRecord, &ctx);
+}
+
+void __stack_call(struct NtExceptionPointers *, int, int, struct CosmoTib *,
+                  void (*)(struct NtExceptionPointers *, int, int,
+                           struct CosmoTib *),
+                  void *);
+
+//                         abashed the devil stood
+//                      and felt how awful goodness is
+__msabi dontinstrument unsigned __sig_crash(struct NtExceptionPointers *ep) {
+
+  // translate win32 to unix si_signo and si_code
+  int code, sig = __sig_crash_sig(ep->ExceptionRecord->ExceptionCode, &code);
+
+  // advance the instruction pointer to skip over debugger breakpoints
+  // this behavior is consistent with how unix kernels are implemented
+  if (sig == SIGTRAP) {
+    ep->ContextRecord->Rip++;
+    if (__sig_ignored(sig))
+      return kNtExceptionContinueExecution;
+  }
+
+  // win32 stack overflow detection executes INSIDE the guard page
+  // thus switch to the alternate signal stack as soon as possible
+  struct CosmoTib *tib = __get_tls();
+  unsigned flags = __sighandflags[sig];
+  if (__sig_should_use_altstack(flags, tib)) {
+    __stack_call(ep, code, sig, tib, __sig_unmaskable,
+                 tib->tib_sigstack_addr + tib->tib_sigstack_size);
+  } else {
+    __sig_unmaskable(ep, code, sig, tib);
+  }
+
+  // resume running user program
+  // hopefully the user fixed the cpu state
+  // otherwise the crash will keep happening
+  return kNtExceptionContinueExecution;
+}
+
+static textwindows int __sig_console_sig(uint32_t dwCtrlType) {
+  switch (dwCtrlType) {
+    case kNtCtrlCEvent:
+      return SIGINT;
+    case kNtCtrlBreakEvent:
+      return SIGQUIT;
+    case kNtCtrlCloseEvent:
+    case kNtCtrlLogoffEvent:    // only received by services
+    case kNtCtrlShutdownEvent:  // only received by services
+      return SIGHUP;
+    default:
+      return SIGSTKFLT;
+  }
+}
+
+__msabi textwindows dontinstrument bool32 __sig_console(uint32_t dwCtrlType) {
+  struct CosmoTib tls;
+  __bootstrap_tls(&tls, __builtin_frame_address(0));
+  __sig_generate(__sig_console_sig(dwCtrlType), SI_KERNEL);
+  return true;
+}
+
+// returns 0 if no signal handlers were called, otherwise a bitmask
+// consisting of `1` which means a signal handler was invoked which
+// didn't have the SA_RESTART flag, and `2`, which means SA_RESTART
+// handlers were called (or `3` if both were the case).
+textwindows int __sig_check(void) {
+  int sig;
+  if ((sig = __sig_get(atomic_load_explicit(&__get_tls()->tib_sigmask,
+                                            memory_order_acquire)))) {
+    return __sig_raise(sig, SI_KERNEL);
+  } else {
+    return 0;
+  }
+}
+
+__attribute__((__constructor__(10))) textstartup void __sig_init(void) {
+  if (!IsWindows())
+    return;
+  AddVectoredExceptionHandler(true, (void *)__sig_crash);
+  SetConsoleCtrlHandler((void *)__sig_console, true);
+}
+
+#endif /* __x86_64__ */
--- a/libc/calls/sig.internal.h
+++ b/libc/calls/sig.internal.h
@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 #ifndef COSMOPOLITAN_LIBC_CALLS_SIGNALS_INTERNAL_H_
 #define COSMOPOLITAN_LIBC_CALLS_SIGNALS_INTERNAL_H_
-#include "libc/atomic.h"
 #include "libc/calls/struct/sigset.h"
-#include "libc/nt/thunk/msabi.h"
 #include "libc/thread/posixthread.internal.h"

 #define SIG_HANDLED_NO_RESTART 1
@ -11,8 +9,8 @@
 COSMOPOLITAN_C_START_

 struct Signals {
-  atomic_ulong *process;
-  atomic_ulong count;
+  _Atomic(uint64_t) pending;
+  _Atomic(uint64_t) count;
 };

 extern struct Signals __sig;
@ -29,8 +27,5 @@ void __sig_delete(int);
 void __sig_generate(int, int);
 void __sig_init(void);

-__msabi char16_t *__sig_process_path(char16_t *, uint32_t, int);
-__msabi atomic_ulong *__sig_map_process(int, int);
-
 COSMOPOLITAN_C_END_
 #endif /* COSMOPOLITAN_LIBC_CALLS_SIGNALS_INTERNAL_H_ */
--- a/libc/calls/sigaction.c
+++ b/libc/calls/sigaction.c
@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ static int __sigaction(int sig, const struct sigaction *act,
 *     }
 *
 *     void ContinueOnCrash(void) {
- *       struct sigaction sa = {.sa_sigaction = OnCrash,
+ *       struct sigaction sa = {.sa_handler = OnSigSegv,
 *                              .sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO | SA_RESETHAND};
 *       sigaction(SIGSEGV, &sa, 0);
 *       sigaction(SIGFPE, &sa, 0);
--- a/libc/calls/sigaltstack.c
+++ b/libc/calls/sigaltstack.c
@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ static int sigaltstack_bsd(const struct sigaltstack *neu,
 *     struct sigaction sa;
 *     struct sigaltstack ss;
 *     ss.ss_flags = 0;
- *     ss.ss_size = sysconf(_SC_SIGSTKSZ);
+ *     ss.ss_size = sysconf(_SC_MINSIGSTKSZ) + 8192;
 *     ss.ss_sp = malloc(ss.ss_size);
 *     sigaltstack(&ss, 0);
 *     sigemptyset(&sa.ss_mask);
@ -121,16 +121,11 @@ static int sigaltstack_bsd(const struct sigaltstack *neu,
 *     sa.sa_handler = OnStackOverflow;
 *     sigaction(SIGSEGV, &sa, 0);
 *
- * Your stack size should be `sysconf(_SC_SIGSTKSZ)` which should be
- * somewhere in the ballpark of 32kb to 64kb. You should go no lower
- * than `sysconf(_SC_MINSIGSTKSZ) + 2048` which could be 4kb - 34kb.
- * Cosmo also defines `SIGSTKSZ` as 32kb, which should also be safe.
- *
 * @param neu if non-null will install new signal alt stack
 * @param old if non-null will receive current signal alt stack
 * @return 0 on success, or -1 w/ errno
 * @raise EFAULT if bad memory was supplied
- * @raise ENOMEM if `neu->ss_size` is beneath `sysconf(_SC_MINSIGSTKSZ)`
+ * @raise ENOMEM if `neu->ss_size` is less than `MINSIGSTKSZ`
 */
 int sigaltstack(const struct sigaltstack *neu, struct sigaltstack *old) {
  int rc;
--- a/libc/calls/sigcheck.c
+++ b/libc/calls/sigcheck.c
@ -23,18 +23,18 @@
 #include "libc/sysv/errfuns.h"

 textwindows int __sigcheck(sigset_t waitmask, bool restartable) {
-  int sig, handler_was_called = 0;
+  int sig, handler_was_called;
  if (_check_cancel() == -1)
    return -1;
-  while (_weaken(__sig_get) && (sig = _weaken(__sig_get)(waitmask))) {
-    handler_was_called |= _weaken(__sig_relay)(sig, SI_KERNEL, waitmask);
+  if (_weaken(__sig_get) && (sig = _weaken(__sig_get)(waitmask))) {
+    handler_was_called = _weaken(__sig_relay)(sig, SI_KERNEL, waitmask);
    if (_check_cancel() == -1)
      return -1;
-  }
-  if (handler_was_called & SIG_HANDLED_NO_RESTART)
-    return eintr();
-  if (handler_was_called & SIG_HANDLED_SA_RESTART)
-    if (!restartable)
+    if (handler_was_called & SIG_HANDLED_NO_RESTART)
      return eintr();
+    if (handler_was_called & SIG_HANDLED_SA_RESTART)
+      if (!restartable)
+        return eintr();
+  }
  return 0;
 }
--- a/libc/intrin/sigcrashsig.c
+++ b/libc/intrin/sigcrashsig.c
--- a/libc/calls/sigenter-xnu.c
+++ b/libc/calls/sigenter-xnu.c
@ -33,7 +33,6 @@
 #include "libc/runtime/syslib.internal.h"
 #include "libc/str/str.h"
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/sa.h"
-#include "libc/sysv/consts/sig.h"

 /**
 * @fileoverview XNU kernel callback normalization.
@ -514,7 +513,6 @@ privileged void __sigenter_xnu(int sig, struct siginfo_xnu *xnuinfo,
    flags = __sighandflags[sig];

 #ifdef __aarch64__
-
    // xnu silicon claims to support sa_resethand but it does nothing
    // this can be tested, since it clears the bit from flags as well
    if (flags & SA_RESETHAND) {
@ -523,13 +521,6 @@ privileged void __sigenter_xnu(int sig, struct siginfo_xnu *xnuinfo,
      __sighandflags[sig] = 0;
      __sighandrvas[sig] = 0;
    }
-
-    // unlike amd64, the instruction pointer on arm64 isn't advanced
-    // past the debugger breakpoint instruction automatically. we need
-    // this so execution can resume after __builtin_trap().
-    if (xnuctx && sig == SIGTRAP)
-      xnuctx->uc_mcontext->__ss.__pc += 4;
-
 #endif

    if (~flags & SA_SIGINFO) {
--- a/libc/calls/sigpending.c
+++ b/libc/calls/sigpending.c
@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ int sigpending(sigset_t *pending) {
    }
    rc = 0;
  } else if (IsWindows()) {
-    *pending = atomic_load_explicit(__sig.process, memory_order_acquire) |
+    *pending = atomic_load_explicit(&__sig.pending, memory_order_acquire) |
               atomic_load_explicit(&__get_tls()->tib_sigpending,
                                    memory_order_acquire);
    rc = 0;
--- a/libc/calls/sigsuspend.c
+++ b/libc/calls/sigsuspend.c
@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
 #include "libc/calls/sig.internal.h"
 #include "libc/calls/struct/sigset.h"
 #include "libc/calls/struct/sigset.internal.h"
-#include "libc/calls/struct/timespec.h"
 #include "libc/dce.h"
 #include "libc/errno.h"
 #include "libc/intrin/atomic.h"
@ -54,14 +53,8 @@ int sigsuspend(const sigset_t *ignore) {
  } else {
    sigset_t waitmask = ignore ? *ignore : 0;
    if (IsWindows() || IsMetal()) {
-      // we don't strictly need to block signals, but it reduces signal
-      // delivery latency, by preventing other threads from delivering a
-      // signal asynchronously. it takes about ~5us to deliver a signal
-      // using SetEvent() whereas it takes ~30us to use SuspendThread(),
-      // GetThreadContext(), SetThreadContext(), and ResumeThread().
-      BLOCK_SIGNALS;
-      rc = _park_norestart(timespec_max, waitmask);
-      ALLOW_SIGNALS;
+      while (!(rc = _park_norestart(-1u, waitmask)))
+        donothing;
    } else {
      rc = sys_sigsuspend((uint64_t[2]){waitmask}, 8);
    }
--- a/libc/calls/state.internal.h
+++ b/libc/calls/state.internal.h
@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ extern unsigned __sighandflags[NSIG + 1];
 extern uint64_t __sighandmask[NSIG + 1];
 extern const struct NtSecurityAttributes kNtIsInheritable;

+void __fds_wipe(void);
 void __fds_lock(void);
 void __fds_unlock(void);

--- a/libc/calls/struct/sigset.h
+++ b/libc/calls/struct/sigset.h
@ -4,21 +4,19 @@ COSMOPOLITAN_C_START_

 typedef uint64_t sigset_t;

-/* clang-format off */
-int sigaddset(sigset_t *, int) libcesque paramsnonnull();
-int sigdelset(sigset_t *, int) libcesque paramsnonnull();
-int sigemptyset(sigset_t *) libcesque paramsnonnull();
-int sigfillset(sigset_t *) libcesque paramsnonnull();
-int sigandset(sigset_t *, const sigset_t *, const sigset_t *) libcesque paramsnonnull();
-int sigorset(sigset_t *, const sigset_t *, const sigset_t *) libcesque paramsnonnull();
-int sigisemptyset(const sigset_t *) libcesque paramsnonnull() nosideeffect;
-int sigismember(const sigset_t *, int) libcesque paramsnonnull() nosideeffect;
-int sigcountset(const sigset_t *) libcesque paramsnonnull() nosideeffect;
-int sigprocmask(int, const sigset_t *, sigset_t *) dontthrow;
-int sigsuspend(const sigset_t *) dontthrow;
-int sigpending(sigset_t *) libcesque;
-int pthread_sigmask(int, const sigset_t *, sigset_t *) dontthrow;
-/* clang-format on */
+int sigaddset(sigset_t *, int) paramsnonnull();
+int sigdelset(sigset_t *, int) paramsnonnull();
+int sigemptyset(sigset_t *) paramsnonnull();
+int sigfillset(sigset_t *) paramsnonnull();
+int sigandset(sigset_t *, const sigset_t *, const sigset_t *) paramsnonnull();
+int sigorset(sigset_t *, const sigset_t *, const sigset_t *) paramsnonnull();
+int sigisemptyset(const sigset_t *) paramsnonnull() nosideeffect;
+int sigismember(const sigset_t *, int) paramsnonnull() nosideeffect;
+int sigcountset(const sigset_t *) paramsnonnull() nosideeffect;
+int sigprocmask(int, const sigset_t *, sigset_t *);
+int sigsuspend(const sigset_t *);
+int sigpending(sigset_t *);
+int pthread_sigmask(int, const sigset_t *, sigset_t *);

 COSMOPOLITAN_C_END_
 #endif /* COSMOPOLITAN_LIBC_CALLS_STRUCT_SIGSET_H_ */
--- a/libc/calls/struct/sigset.internal.h
+++ b/libc/calls/struct/sigset.internal.h
@ -5,15 +5,27 @@
 #include "libc/sysv/consts/sig.h"
 COSMOPOLITAN_C_START_

+#ifndef MODE_DBG
+/* block sigs because theoretical edge cases */
 #define BLOCK_SIGNALS  \
  do {                 \
    sigset_t _SigMask; \
  _SigMask = __sig_block()
-
 #define ALLOW_SIGNALS      \
  __sig_unblock(_SigMask); \
  }                        \
  while (0)
+#else
+/* doesn't block signals so we can get a crash
+   report, when a core runtime library crashes */
+#define BLOCK_SIGNALS  \
+  do {                 \
+    sigset_t _SigMask; \
+  sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, 0, &_SigMask)
+#define ALLOW_SIGNALS \
+  }                   \
+  while (0)
+#endif

 sigset_t __sig_block(void);
 void __sig_unblock(sigset_t);
--- a/libc/calls/struct/ucontext.internal.h
+++ b/libc/calls/struct/ucontext.internal.h
@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
 #ifndef COSMOPOLITAN_LIBC_CALLS_STRUCT_UCONTEXT_INTERNAL_H_
 #define COSMOPOLITAN_LIBC_CALLS_STRUCT_UCONTEXT_INTERNAL_H_
 #include "libc/calls/ucontext.h"
+#include "libc/nt/struct/context.h"
 COSMOPOLITAN_C_START_

 #ifdef __x86_64__
 #define PC   rip
 #define SP   rsp
 #define BP   rbp
-#define RES0 rax
-#define RES1 rdx
 #define ARG0 rdi
 #define ARG1 rsi
 #define ARG2 rdx
@ -19,8 +18,6 @@ COSMOPOLITAN_C_START_
 #define PC   pc
 #define SP   sp
 #define BP   regs[29]
-#define RES0 regs[0]
-#define RES1 regs[1]
 #define ARG0 regs[0]
 #define ARG1 regs[1]
 #define ARG2 regs[2]
@ -31,5 +28,8 @@ COSMOPOLITAN_C_START_
 #error "unsupported architecture"
 #endif

+void _ntcontext2linux(struct ucontext *, const struct NtContext *);
+void _ntlinux2context(struct NtContext *, const ucontext_t *);
+
 COSMOPOLITAN_C_END_
 #endif /* COSMOPOLITAN_LIBC_CALLS_STRUCT_UCONTEXT_INTERNAL_H_ */
--- a/libc/calls/struct/user_regs_struct.h
+++ b/libc/calls/struct/user_regs_struct.h
@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+#ifndef COSMOPOLITAN_LIBC_CALLS_STRUCT_USER_REGS_STRUCT_H_
+#define COSMOPOLITAN_LIBC_CALLS_STRUCT_USER_REGS_STRUCT_H_
+COSMOPOLITAN_C_START_
+
+/**
+ * Linux Kernel user registers.
+ *
+ * @note superset of struct pt_regs
+ * @see ptrace() w/ PTRACE_SYSCALL
+ */
+struct user_regs_struct {
+  uint64_t r15;
+  uint64_t r14;
+  uint64_t r13;
+  uint64_t r12;
+  uint64_t rbp;
+  uint64_t rbx;
+  uint64_t r11;
+  uint64_t r10;
+  uint64_t r9;
+  uint64_t r8;
+  uint64_t rax;
+  uint64_t rcx;
+  uint64_t rdx;
+  uint64_t rsi;
+  uint64_t rdi;
+  uint64_t orig_rax;
+  uint64_t rip;
+  uint64_t cs;
+  uint64_t eflags;
+  uint64_t rsp;
+  uint64_t ss;
+  uint64_t fs_base;
+  uint64_t gs_base;
+  uint64_t ds;
+  uint64_t es;
+  uint64_t fs;
+  uint64_t gs;
+};
+
+struct useregs_struct_freebsd {
+  int64_t r15;
+  int64_t r14;
+  int64_t r13;
+  int64_t r12;
+  int64_t r11;
+  int64_t r10;
+  int64_t r9;
+  int64_t r8;
+  int64_t rdi;
+  int64_t rsi;
+  int64_t rbp;
+  int64_t rbx;
+  int64_t rdx;
+  int64_t rcx;
+  int64_t rax;
+  uint32_t trapno;
+  uint16_t fs;
+  uint16_t gs;
+  uint32_t err;
+  uint16_t es;
+  uint16_t ds;
+  int64_t rip;
+  int64_t cs;
+  int64_t rflags;
+  int64_t rsp;
+  int64_t ss;
+};
+
+COSMOPOLITAN_C_END_
+#endif /* COSMOPOLITAN_LIBC_CALLS_STRUCT_USER_REGS_STRUCT_H_ */
--- a/libc/intrin/swapcontext.S
+++ b/libc/intrin/swapcontext.S
@ -31,17 +31,17 @@
 //	@returnstwice
 	.ftrace1
 swapcontext:
-	beg
 	.ftrace2
-#include "libc/intrin/getcontext.inc"
+#include "libc/calls/getcontext.inc"
 #ifdef __x86_64__
-	pro
-	cpush	%rsi
-	cpush	%rsi
+	push	%rbp
+	mov	%rsp,%rbp
+	push	%rsi
+	push	%rsi
 	call	__swapcontextsig
-	cpop	%rdi
-	cpop	%rdi
-	epi
+	pop	%rdi
+	pop	%rdi
+	pop	%rbp
 	test	%eax,%eax
 	jnz	1f
 #elif defined(__aarch64__)
@ -56,5 +56,4 @@ swapcontext:
 #endif
 	jmp	__tailcontext
 1:	ret
-	end
 	.endfn	swapcontext,globl
--- a/libc/calls/syscall-nt.internal.h
+++ b/libc/calls/syscall-nt.internal.h
@ -2,9 +2,6 @@
 #define COSMOPOLITAN_LIBC_CALLS_SYSCALL_NT_INTERNAL_H_
 COSMOPOLITAN_C_START_

-extern int sys_getppid_nt_cosmo;
-extern int sys_getppid_nt_win32;
-
 bool32 sys_isatty(int);
 int sys_chdir_nt(const char *);
 int sys_dup_nt(int, int, int, int);
@ -40,7 +37,6 @@ int sys_unlinkat_nt(int, const char *, int);
 int64_t sys_lseek_nt(int, int64_t, int);
 ssize_t sys_read_nt_impl(int, void *, size_t, int64_t);
 ssize_t sys_readlinkat_nt(int, const char *, char *, size_t);
-void sys_getppid_nt_wipe(int, int);

 COSMOPOLITAN_C_END_
 #endif /* COSMOPOLITAN_LIBC_CALLS_SYSCALL_NT_INTERNAL_H_ */
--- a/libc/intrin/tailcontext.S
+++ b/libc/intrin/tailcontext.S
@ -57,7 +57,8 @@ __tailcontext:
 	mov	80(%rax),%rsp
 	push	88(%rax)
 	mov	24(%rax),%rdi
-	mov	64(%rax),%rax
+
+	xor	%eax,%eax
 	ret

 #elif defined(__aarch64__)
--- a/libc/calls/time.c
+++ b/libc/calls/time.c
@ -16,9 +16,10 @@
 │ TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR             │
 │ PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.                                                │
 ╚─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────*/
-#include "libc/calls/calls.h"
-#include "libc/calls/struct/timespec.h"
-#include "libc/sysv/consts/clock.h"
+#include "libc/time.h"
+#include "libc/calls/struct/timeval.h"
+#include "libc/dce.h"
+#include "libc/sysv/errfuns.h"

 /**
 * Returns time as seconds from UNIX epoch.
@ -28,11 +29,15 @@
 * @asyncsignalsafe
 */
 int64_t time(int64_t *opt_out_ret) {
-  int64_t secs = -1;
-  struct timespec ts;
-  if (!clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &ts))
-    secs = ts.tv_sec;
-  if (opt_out_ret)
-    *opt_out_ret = secs;
+  int64_t secs;
+  struct timeval tv;
+  if (gettimeofday(&tv, 0) != -1) {
+    secs = tv.tv_sec;
+    if (opt_out_ret) {
+      *opt_out_ret = secs;
+    }
+  } else {
+    secs = -1;
+  }
  return secs;
 }
--- a/libc/intrin/timespec_add.c
+++ b/libc/intrin/timespec_add.c
--- a/libc/intrin/timespec_cmp.c
+++ b/libc/intrin/timespec_cmp.c
--- a/libc/intrin/timespec_frommicros.c
+++ b/libc/intrin/timespec_frommicros.c
--- a/libc/intrin/timespec_frommillis.c
+++ b/libc/intrin/timespec_frommillis.c
--- a/libc/intrin/timespec_fromnanos.c
+++ b/libc/intrin/timespec_fromnanos.c
--- a/libc/intrin/timespec_sub.c
+++ b/libc/intrin/timespec_sub.c
--- a/Show more
+++ b/Show more