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crypto: adiantum - add Adiantum support Add support for the Adiantum encryption mode. Adiantum was designed by Paul Crowley and is specified by our paper: Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/720.pdf) See our paper for full details; this patch only provides an overview. Adiantum is a tweakable, length-preserving encryption mode designed for fast and secure disk encryption, especially on CPUs without dedicated crypto instructions. Adiantum encrypts each sector using the XChaCha12 stream cipher, two passes of an ε-almost-∆-universal (εA∆U) hash function, and an invocation of the AES-256 block cipher on a single 16-byte block. On CPUs without AES instructions, Adiantum is much faster than AES-XTS; for example, on ARM Cortex-A7, on 4096-byte sectors Adiantum encryption is about 4 times faster than AES-256-XTS encryption, and decryption about 5 times faster. Adiantum is a specialization of the more general HBSH construction. Our earlier proposal, HPolyC, was also a HBSH specialization, but it used a different εA∆U hash function, one based on Poly1305 only. Adiantum's εA∆U hash function, which is based primarily on the "NH" hash function like that used in UMAC (RFC4418), is about twice as fast as HPolyC's; consequently, Adiantum is about 20% faster than HPolyC. This speed comes with no loss of security: Adiantum is provably just as secure as HPolyC, in fact slightly *more* secure. Like HPolyC, Adiantum's security is reducible to that of XChaCha12 and AES-256, subject to a security bound. XChaCha12 itself has a security reduction to ChaCha12. Therefore, one need not "trust" Adiantum; one need only trust ChaCha12 and AES-256. Note that the εA∆U hash function is only used for its proven combinatorical properties so cannot be "broken". Adiantum is also a true wide-block encryption mode, so flipping any plaintext bit in the sector scrambles the entire ciphertext, and vice versa. No other such mode is available in the kernel currently; doing the same with XTS scrambles only 16 bytes. Adiantum also supports arbitrary-length tweaks and naturally supports any length input >= 16 bytes without needing "ciphertext stealing". For the stream cipher, Adiantum uses XChaCha12 rather than XChaCha20 in order to make encryption feasible on the widest range of devices. Although the 20-round variant is quite popular, the best known attacks on ChaCha are on only 7 rounds, so ChaCha12 still has a substantial security margin; in fact, larger than AES-256's. 12-round Salsa20 is also the eSTREAM recommendation. For the block cipher, Adiantum uses AES-256, despite it having a lower security margin than XChaCha12 and needing table lookups, due to AES's extensive adoption and analysis making it the obvious first choice. Nevertheless, for flexibility this patch also permits the "adiantum" template to be instantiated with XChaCha20 and/or with an alternate block cipher. We need Adiantum support in the kernel for use in dm-crypt and fscrypt, where currently the only other suitable options are block cipher modes such as AES-XTS. A big problem with this is that many low-end mobile devices (e.g. Android Go phones sold primarily in developing countries, as well as some smartwatches) still have CPUs that lack AES instructions, e.g. ARM Cortex-A7. Sadly, AES-XTS encryption is much too slow to be viable on these devices. We did find that some "lightweight" block ciphers are fast enough, but these suffer from problems such as not having much cryptanalysis or being too controversial. The ChaCha stream cipher has excellent performance but is insecure to use directly for disk encryption, since each sector's IV is reused each time it is overwritten. Even restricting the threat model to offline attacks only isn't enough, since modern flash storage devices don't guarantee that "overwrites" are really overwrites, due to wear-leveling. Adiantum avoids this problem by constructing a "tweakable super-pseudorandom permutation"; this is the strongest possible security model for length-preserving encryption. Of course, storing random nonces along with the ciphertext would be the ideal solution. But doing that with existing hardware and filesystems runs into major practical problems; in most cases it would require data journaling (like dm-integrity) which severely degrades performance. Thus, for now length-preserving encryption is still needed. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-11-17 01:26:31 +00:00
// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Adiantum length-preserving encryption mode
*
* Copyright 2018 Google LLC
*/
/*
* Adiantum is a tweakable, length-preserving encryption mode designed for fast
* and secure disk encryption, especially on CPUs without dedicated crypto
* instructions. Adiantum encrypts each sector using the XChaCha12 stream
crypto: adiantum - adjust some comments to match latest paper The 2018-11-28 revision of the Adiantum paper has revised some notation: - 'M' was replaced with 'L' (meaning "Left", for the left-hand part of the message) in the definition of Adiantum hashing, to avoid confusion with the full message - ε-almost-∆-universal is now abbreviated as ε-∆U instead of εA∆U - "block" is now used only to mean block cipher and Poly1305 blocks Also, Adiantum hashing was moved from the appendix to the main paper. To avoid confusion, update relevant comments in the code to match. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-12-06 22:21:59 +00:00
* cipher, two passes of an ε-almost-∆-universal (ε-∆U) hash function based on
crypto: adiantum - add Adiantum support Add support for the Adiantum encryption mode. Adiantum was designed by Paul Crowley and is specified by our paper: Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/720.pdf) See our paper for full details; this patch only provides an overview. Adiantum is a tweakable, length-preserving encryption mode designed for fast and secure disk encryption, especially on CPUs without dedicated crypto instructions. Adiantum encrypts each sector using the XChaCha12 stream cipher, two passes of an ε-almost-∆-universal (εA∆U) hash function, and an invocation of the AES-256 block cipher on a single 16-byte block. On CPUs without AES instructions, Adiantum is much faster than AES-XTS; for example, on ARM Cortex-A7, on 4096-byte sectors Adiantum encryption is about 4 times faster than AES-256-XTS encryption, and decryption about 5 times faster. Adiantum is a specialization of the more general HBSH construction. Our earlier proposal, HPolyC, was also a HBSH specialization, but it used a different εA∆U hash function, one based on Poly1305 only. Adiantum's εA∆U hash function, which is based primarily on the "NH" hash function like that used in UMAC (RFC4418), is about twice as fast as HPolyC's; consequently, Adiantum is about 20% faster than HPolyC. This speed comes with no loss of security: Adiantum is provably just as secure as HPolyC, in fact slightly *more* secure. Like HPolyC, Adiantum's security is reducible to that of XChaCha12 and AES-256, subject to a security bound. XChaCha12 itself has a security reduction to ChaCha12. Therefore, one need not "trust" Adiantum; one need only trust ChaCha12 and AES-256. Note that the εA∆U hash function is only used for its proven combinatorical properties so cannot be "broken". Adiantum is also a true wide-block encryption mode, so flipping any plaintext bit in the sector scrambles the entire ciphertext, and vice versa. No other such mode is available in the kernel currently; doing the same with XTS scrambles only 16 bytes. Adiantum also supports arbitrary-length tweaks and naturally supports any length input >= 16 bytes without needing "ciphertext stealing". For the stream cipher, Adiantum uses XChaCha12 rather than XChaCha20 in order to make encryption feasible on the widest range of devices. Although the 20-round variant is quite popular, the best known attacks on ChaCha are on only 7 rounds, so ChaCha12 still has a substantial security margin; in fact, larger than AES-256's. 12-round Salsa20 is also the eSTREAM recommendation. For the block cipher, Adiantum uses AES-256, despite it having a lower security margin than XChaCha12 and needing table lookups, due to AES's extensive adoption and analysis making it the obvious first choice. Nevertheless, for flexibility this patch also permits the "adiantum" template to be instantiated with XChaCha20 and/or with an alternate block cipher. We need Adiantum support in the kernel for use in dm-crypt and fscrypt, where currently the only other suitable options are block cipher modes such as AES-XTS. A big problem with this is that many low-end mobile devices (e.g. Android Go phones sold primarily in developing countries, as well as some smartwatches) still have CPUs that lack AES instructions, e.g. ARM Cortex-A7. Sadly, AES-XTS encryption is much too slow to be viable on these devices. We did find that some "lightweight" block ciphers are fast enough, but these suffer from problems such as not having much cryptanalysis or being too controversial. The ChaCha stream cipher has excellent performance but is insecure to use directly for disk encryption, since each sector's IV is reused each time it is overwritten. Even restricting the threat model to offline attacks only isn't enough, since modern flash storage devices don't guarantee that "overwrites" are really overwrites, due to wear-leveling. Adiantum avoids this problem by constructing a "tweakable super-pseudorandom permutation"; this is the strongest possible security model for length-preserving encryption. Of course, storing random nonces along with the ciphertext would be the ideal solution. But doing that with existing hardware and filesystems runs into major practical problems; in most cases it would require data journaling (like dm-integrity) which severely degrades performance. Thus, for now length-preserving encryption is still needed. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-11-17 01:26:31 +00:00
* NH and Poly1305, and an invocation of the AES-256 block cipher on a single
* 16-byte block. See the paper for details:
*
* Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors
* (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/720.pdf)
*
* For flexibility, this implementation also allows other ciphers:
*
* - Stream cipher: XChaCha12 or XChaCha20
* - Block cipher: any with a 128-bit block size and 256-bit key
*
crypto: adiantum - adjust some comments to match latest paper The 2018-11-28 revision of the Adiantum paper has revised some notation: - 'M' was replaced with 'L' (meaning "Left", for the left-hand part of the message) in the definition of Adiantum hashing, to avoid confusion with the full message - ε-almost-∆-universal is now abbreviated as ε-∆U instead of εA∆U - "block" is now used only to mean block cipher and Poly1305 blocks Also, Adiantum hashing was moved from the appendix to the main paper. To avoid confusion, update relevant comments in the code to match. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-12-06 22:21:59 +00:00
* This implementation doesn't currently allow other ε-∆U hash functions, i.e.
crypto: adiantum - add Adiantum support Add support for the Adiantum encryption mode. Adiantum was designed by Paul Crowley and is specified by our paper: Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/720.pdf) See our paper for full details; this patch only provides an overview. Adiantum is a tweakable, length-preserving encryption mode designed for fast and secure disk encryption, especially on CPUs without dedicated crypto instructions. Adiantum encrypts each sector using the XChaCha12 stream cipher, two passes of an ε-almost-∆-universal (εA∆U) hash function, and an invocation of the AES-256 block cipher on a single 16-byte block. On CPUs without AES instructions, Adiantum is much faster than AES-XTS; for example, on ARM Cortex-A7, on 4096-byte sectors Adiantum encryption is about 4 times faster than AES-256-XTS encryption, and decryption about 5 times faster. Adiantum is a specialization of the more general HBSH construction. Our earlier proposal, HPolyC, was also a HBSH specialization, but it used a different εA∆U hash function, one based on Poly1305 only. Adiantum's εA∆U hash function, which is based primarily on the "NH" hash function like that used in UMAC (RFC4418), is about twice as fast as HPolyC's; consequently, Adiantum is about 20% faster than HPolyC. This speed comes with no loss of security: Adiantum is provably just as secure as HPolyC, in fact slightly *more* secure. Like HPolyC, Adiantum's security is reducible to that of XChaCha12 and AES-256, subject to a security bound. XChaCha12 itself has a security reduction to ChaCha12. Therefore, one need not "trust" Adiantum; one need only trust ChaCha12 and AES-256. Note that the εA∆U hash function is only used for its proven combinatorical properties so cannot be "broken". Adiantum is also a true wide-block encryption mode, so flipping any plaintext bit in the sector scrambles the entire ciphertext, and vice versa. No other such mode is available in the kernel currently; doing the same with XTS scrambles only 16 bytes. Adiantum also supports arbitrary-length tweaks and naturally supports any length input >= 16 bytes without needing "ciphertext stealing". For the stream cipher, Adiantum uses XChaCha12 rather than XChaCha20 in order to make encryption feasible on the widest range of devices. Although the 20-round variant is quite popular, the best known attacks on ChaCha are on only 7 rounds, so ChaCha12 still has a substantial security margin; in fact, larger than AES-256's. 12-round Salsa20 is also the eSTREAM recommendation. For the block cipher, Adiantum uses AES-256, despite it having a lower security margin than XChaCha12 and needing table lookups, due to AES's extensive adoption and analysis making it the obvious first choice. Nevertheless, for flexibility this patch also permits the "adiantum" template to be instantiated with XChaCha20 and/or with an alternate block cipher. We need Adiantum support in the kernel for use in dm-crypt and fscrypt, where currently the only other suitable options are block cipher modes such as AES-XTS. A big problem with this is that many low-end mobile devices (e.g. Android Go phones sold primarily in developing countries, as well as some smartwatches) still have CPUs that lack AES instructions, e.g. ARM Cortex-A7. Sadly, AES-XTS encryption is much too slow to be viable on these devices. We did find that some "lightweight" block ciphers are fast enough, but these suffer from problems such as not having much cryptanalysis or being too controversial. The ChaCha stream cipher has excellent performance but is insecure to use directly for disk encryption, since each sector's IV is reused each time it is overwritten. Even restricting the threat model to offline attacks only isn't enough, since modern flash storage devices don't guarantee that "overwrites" are really overwrites, due to wear-leveling. Adiantum avoids this problem by constructing a "tweakable super-pseudorandom permutation"; this is the strongest possible security model for length-preserving encryption. Of course, storing random nonces along with the ciphertext would be the ideal solution. But doing that with existing hardware and filesystems runs into major practical problems; in most cases it would require data journaling (like dm-integrity) which severely degrades performance. Thus, for now length-preserving encryption is still needed. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-11-17 01:26:31 +00:00
* HPolyC is not supported. This is because Adiantum is ~20% faster than HPolyC
crypto: adiantum - adjust some comments to match latest paper The 2018-11-28 revision of the Adiantum paper has revised some notation: - 'M' was replaced with 'L' (meaning "Left", for the left-hand part of the message) in the definition of Adiantum hashing, to avoid confusion with the full message - ε-almost-∆-universal is now abbreviated as ε-∆U instead of εA∆U - "block" is now used only to mean block cipher and Poly1305 blocks Also, Adiantum hashing was moved from the appendix to the main paper. To avoid confusion, update relevant comments in the code to match. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-12-06 22:21:59 +00:00
* but still provably as secure, and also the ε-∆U hash function of HBSH is
crypto: adiantum - add Adiantum support Add support for the Adiantum encryption mode. Adiantum was designed by Paul Crowley and is specified by our paper: Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/720.pdf) See our paper for full details; this patch only provides an overview. Adiantum is a tweakable, length-preserving encryption mode designed for fast and secure disk encryption, especially on CPUs without dedicated crypto instructions. Adiantum encrypts each sector using the XChaCha12 stream cipher, two passes of an ε-almost-∆-universal (εA∆U) hash function, and an invocation of the AES-256 block cipher on a single 16-byte block. On CPUs without AES instructions, Adiantum is much faster than AES-XTS; for example, on ARM Cortex-A7, on 4096-byte sectors Adiantum encryption is about 4 times faster than AES-256-XTS encryption, and decryption about 5 times faster. Adiantum is a specialization of the more general HBSH construction. Our earlier proposal, HPolyC, was also a HBSH specialization, but it used a different εA∆U hash function, one based on Poly1305 only. Adiantum's εA∆U hash function, which is based primarily on the "NH" hash function like that used in UMAC (RFC4418), is about twice as fast as HPolyC's; consequently, Adiantum is about 20% faster than HPolyC. This speed comes with no loss of security: Adiantum is provably just as secure as HPolyC, in fact slightly *more* secure. Like HPolyC, Adiantum's security is reducible to that of XChaCha12 and AES-256, subject to a security bound. XChaCha12 itself has a security reduction to ChaCha12. Therefore, one need not "trust" Adiantum; one need only trust ChaCha12 and AES-256. Note that the εA∆U hash function is only used for its proven combinatorical properties so cannot be "broken". Adiantum is also a true wide-block encryption mode, so flipping any plaintext bit in the sector scrambles the entire ciphertext, and vice versa. No other such mode is available in the kernel currently; doing the same with XTS scrambles only 16 bytes. Adiantum also supports arbitrary-length tweaks and naturally supports any length input >= 16 bytes without needing "ciphertext stealing". For the stream cipher, Adiantum uses XChaCha12 rather than XChaCha20 in order to make encryption feasible on the widest range of devices. Although the 20-round variant is quite popular, the best known attacks on ChaCha are on only 7 rounds, so ChaCha12 still has a substantial security margin; in fact, larger than AES-256's. 12-round Salsa20 is also the eSTREAM recommendation. For the block cipher, Adiantum uses AES-256, despite it having a lower security margin than XChaCha12 and needing table lookups, due to AES's extensive adoption and analysis making it the obvious first choice. Nevertheless, for flexibility this patch also permits the "adiantum" template to be instantiated with XChaCha20 and/or with an alternate block cipher. We need Adiantum support in the kernel for use in dm-crypt and fscrypt, where currently the only other suitable options are block cipher modes such as AES-XTS. A big problem with this is that many low-end mobile devices (e.g. Android Go phones sold primarily in developing countries, as well as some smartwatches) still have CPUs that lack AES instructions, e.g. ARM Cortex-A7. Sadly, AES-XTS encryption is much too slow to be viable on these devices. We did find that some "lightweight" block ciphers are fast enough, but these suffer from problems such as not having much cryptanalysis or being too controversial. The ChaCha stream cipher has excellent performance but is insecure to use directly for disk encryption, since each sector's IV is reused each time it is overwritten. Even restricting the threat model to offline attacks only isn't enough, since modern flash storage devices don't guarantee that "overwrites" are really overwrites, due to wear-leveling. Adiantum avoids this problem by constructing a "tweakable super-pseudorandom permutation"; this is the strongest possible security model for length-preserving encryption. Of course, storing random nonces along with the ciphertext would be the ideal solution. But doing that with existing hardware and filesystems runs into major practical problems; in most cases it would require data journaling (like dm-integrity) which severely degrades performance. Thus, for now length-preserving encryption is still needed. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-11-17 01:26:31 +00:00
* formally defined to take two inputs (tweak, message) which makes it difficult
* to wrap with the crypto_shash API. Rather, some details need to be handled
crypto: adiantum - adjust some comments to match latest paper The 2018-11-28 revision of the Adiantum paper has revised some notation: - 'M' was replaced with 'L' (meaning "Left", for the left-hand part of the message) in the definition of Adiantum hashing, to avoid confusion with the full message - ε-almost-∆-universal is now abbreviated as ε-∆U instead of εA∆U - "block" is now used only to mean block cipher and Poly1305 blocks Also, Adiantum hashing was moved from the appendix to the main paper. To avoid confusion, update relevant comments in the code to match. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-12-06 22:21:59 +00:00
* here. Nevertheless, if needed in the future, support for other ε-∆U hash
crypto: adiantum - add Adiantum support Add support for the Adiantum encryption mode. Adiantum was designed by Paul Crowley and is specified by our paper: Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/720.pdf) See our paper for full details; this patch only provides an overview. Adiantum is a tweakable, length-preserving encryption mode designed for fast and secure disk encryption, especially on CPUs without dedicated crypto instructions. Adiantum encrypts each sector using the XChaCha12 stream cipher, two passes of an ε-almost-∆-universal (εA∆U) hash function, and an invocation of the AES-256 block cipher on a single 16-byte block. On CPUs without AES instructions, Adiantum is much faster than AES-XTS; for example, on ARM Cortex-A7, on 4096-byte sectors Adiantum encryption is about 4 times faster than AES-256-XTS encryption, and decryption about 5 times faster. Adiantum is a specialization of the more general HBSH construction. Our earlier proposal, HPolyC, was also a HBSH specialization, but it used a different εA∆U hash function, one based on Poly1305 only. Adiantum's εA∆U hash function, which is based primarily on the "NH" hash function like that used in UMAC (RFC4418), is about twice as fast as HPolyC's; consequently, Adiantum is about 20% faster than HPolyC. This speed comes with no loss of security: Adiantum is provably just as secure as HPolyC, in fact slightly *more* secure. Like HPolyC, Adiantum's security is reducible to that of XChaCha12 and AES-256, subject to a security bound. XChaCha12 itself has a security reduction to ChaCha12. Therefore, one need not "trust" Adiantum; one need only trust ChaCha12 and AES-256. Note that the εA∆U hash function is only used for its proven combinatorical properties so cannot be "broken". Adiantum is also a true wide-block encryption mode, so flipping any plaintext bit in the sector scrambles the entire ciphertext, and vice versa. No other such mode is available in the kernel currently; doing the same with XTS scrambles only 16 bytes. Adiantum also supports arbitrary-length tweaks and naturally supports any length input >= 16 bytes without needing "ciphertext stealing". For the stream cipher, Adiantum uses XChaCha12 rather than XChaCha20 in order to make encryption feasible on the widest range of devices. Although the 20-round variant is quite popular, the best known attacks on ChaCha are on only 7 rounds, so ChaCha12 still has a substantial security margin; in fact, larger than AES-256's. 12-round Salsa20 is also the eSTREAM recommendation. For the block cipher, Adiantum uses AES-256, despite it having a lower security margin than XChaCha12 and needing table lookups, due to AES's extensive adoption and analysis making it the obvious first choice. Nevertheless, for flexibility this patch also permits the "adiantum" template to be instantiated with XChaCha20 and/or with an alternate block cipher. We need Adiantum support in the kernel for use in dm-crypt and fscrypt, where currently the only other suitable options are block cipher modes such as AES-XTS. A big problem with this is that many low-end mobile devices (e.g. Android Go phones sold primarily in developing countries, as well as some smartwatches) still have CPUs that lack AES instructions, e.g. ARM Cortex-A7. Sadly, AES-XTS encryption is much too slow to be viable on these devices. We did find that some "lightweight" block ciphers are fast enough, but these suffer from problems such as not having much cryptanalysis or being too controversial. The ChaCha stream cipher has excellent performance but is insecure to use directly for disk encryption, since each sector's IV is reused each time it is overwritten. Even restricting the threat model to offline attacks only isn't enough, since modern flash storage devices don't guarantee that "overwrites" are really overwrites, due to wear-leveling. Adiantum avoids this problem by constructing a "tweakable super-pseudorandom permutation"; this is the strongest possible security model for length-preserving encryption. Of course, storing random nonces along with the ciphertext would be the ideal solution. But doing that with existing hardware and filesystems runs into major practical problems; in most cases it would require data journaling (like dm-integrity) which severely degrades performance. Thus, for now length-preserving encryption is still needed. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-11-17 01:26:31 +00:00
* functions could be added here.
*/
#include <crypto/b128ops.h>
#include <crypto/chacha.h>
crypto: remove cipher routines from public crypto API The cipher routines in the crypto API are mostly intended for templates implementing skcipher modes generically in software, and shouldn't be used outside of the crypto subsystem. So move the prototypes and all related definitions to a new header file under include/crypto/internal. Also, let's use the new module namespace feature to move the symbol exports into a new namespace CRYPTO_INTERNAL. Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ardb@kernel.org> Acked-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2020-12-11 12:27:15 +00:00
#include <crypto/internal/cipher.h>
crypto: adiantum - add Adiantum support Add support for the Adiantum encryption mode. Adiantum was designed by Paul Crowley and is specified by our paper: Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/720.pdf) See our paper for full details; this patch only provides an overview. Adiantum is a tweakable, length-preserving encryption mode designed for fast and secure disk encryption, especially on CPUs without dedicated crypto instructions. Adiantum encrypts each sector using the XChaCha12 stream cipher, two passes of an ε-almost-∆-universal (εA∆U) hash function, and an invocation of the AES-256 block cipher on a single 16-byte block. On CPUs without AES instructions, Adiantum is much faster than AES-XTS; for example, on ARM Cortex-A7, on 4096-byte sectors Adiantum encryption is about 4 times faster than AES-256-XTS encryption, and decryption about 5 times faster. Adiantum is a specialization of the more general HBSH construction. Our earlier proposal, HPolyC, was also a HBSH specialization, but it used a different εA∆U hash function, one based on Poly1305 only. Adiantum's εA∆U hash function, which is based primarily on the "NH" hash function like that used in UMAC (RFC4418), is about twice as fast as HPolyC's; consequently, Adiantum is about 20% faster than HPolyC. This speed comes with no loss of security: Adiantum is provably just as secure as HPolyC, in fact slightly *more* secure. Like HPolyC, Adiantum's security is reducible to that of XChaCha12 and AES-256, subject to a security bound. XChaCha12 itself has a security reduction to ChaCha12. Therefore, one need not "trust" Adiantum; one need only trust ChaCha12 and AES-256. Note that the εA∆U hash function is only used for its proven combinatorical properties so cannot be "broken". Adiantum is also a true wide-block encryption mode, so flipping any plaintext bit in the sector scrambles the entire ciphertext, and vice versa. No other such mode is available in the kernel currently; doing the same with XTS scrambles only 16 bytes. Adiantum also supports arbitrary-length tweaks and naturally supports any length input >= 16 bytes without needing "ciphertext stealing". For the stream cipher, Adiantum uses XChaCha12 rather than XChaCha20 in order to make encryption feasible on the widest range of devices. Although the 20-round variant is quite popular, the best known attacks on ChaCha are on only 7 rounds, so ChaCha12 still has a substantial security margin; in fact, larger than AES-256's. 12-round Salsa20 is also the eSTREAM recommendation. For the block cipher, Adiantum uses AES-256, despite it having a lower security margin than XChaCha12 and needing table lookups, due to AES's extensive adoption and analysis making it the obvious first choice. Nevertheless, for flexibility this patch also permits the "adiantum" template to be instantiated with XChaCha20 and/or with an alternate block cipher. We need Adiantum support in the kernel for use in dm-crypt and fscrypt, where currently the only other suitable options are block cipher modes such as AES-XTS. A big problem with this is that many low-end mobile devices (e.g. Android Go phones sold primarily in developing countries, as well as some smartwatches) still have CPUs that lack AES instructions, e.g. ARM Cortex-A7. Sadly, AES-XTS encryption is much too slow to be viable on these devices. We did find that some "lightweight" block ciphers are fast enough, but these suffer from problems such as not having much cryptanalysis or being too controversial. The ChaCha stream cipher has excellent performance but is insecure to use directly for disk encryption, since each sector's IV is reused each time it is overwritten. Even restricting the threat model to offline attacks only isn't enough, since modern flash storage devices don't guarantee that "overwrites" are really overwrites, due to wear-leveling. Adiantum avoids this problem by constructing a "tweakable super-pseudorandom permutation"; this is the strongest possible security model for length-preserving encryption. Of course, storing random nonces along with the ciphertext would be the ideal solution. But doing that with existing hardware and filesystems runs into major practical problems; in most cases it would require data journaling (like dm-integrity) which severely degrades performance. Thus, for now length-preserving encryption is still needed. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-11-17 01:26:31 +00:00
#include <crypto/internal/hash.h>
crypto: poly1305 - move core routines into a separate library Move the core Poly1305 routines shared between the generic Poly1305 shash driver and the Adiantum and NHPoly1305 drivers into a separate library so that using just this pieces does not pull in the crypto API pieces of the generic Poly1305 routine. In a subsequent patch, we will augment this generic library with init/update/final routines so that Poyl1305 algorithm can be used directly without the need for using the crypto API's shash abstraction. Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ardb@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2019-11-08 12:22:19 +00:00
#include <crypto/internal/poly1305.h>
crypto: adiantum - add Adiantum support Add support for the Adiantum encryption mode. Adiantum was designed by Paul Crowley and is specified by our paper: Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/720.pdf) See our paper for full details; this patch only provides an overview. Adiantum is a tweakable, length-preserving encryption mode designed for fast and secure disk encryption, especially on CPUs without dedicated crypto instructions. Adiantum encrypts each sector using the XChaCha12 stream cipher, two passes of an ε-almost-∆-universal (εA∆U) hash function, and an invocation of the AES-256 block cipher on a single 16-byte block. On CPUs without AES instructions, Adiantum is much faster than AES-XTS; for example, on ARM Cortex-A7, on 4096-byte sectors Adiantum encryption is about 4 times faster than AES-256-XTS encryption, and decryption about 5 times faster. Adiantum is a specialization of the more general HBSH construction. Our earlier proposal, HPolyC, was also a HBSH specialization, but it used a different εA∆U hash function, one based on Poly1305 only. Adiantum's εA∆U hash function, which is based primarily on the "NH" hash function like that used in UMAC (RFC4418), is about twice as fast as HPolyC's; consequently, Adiantum is about 20% faster than HPolyC. This speed comes with no loss of security: Adiantum is provably just as secure as HPolyC, in fact slightly *more* secure. Like HPolyC, Adiantum's security is reducible to that of XChaCha12 and AES-256, subject to a security bound. XChaCha12 itself has a security reduction to ChaCha12. Therefore, one need not "trust" Adiantum; one need only trust ChaCha12 and AES-256. Note that the εA∆U hash function is only used for its proven combinatorical properties so cannot be "broken". Adiantum is also a true wide-block encryption mode, so flipping any plaintext bit in the sector scrambles the entire ciphertext, and vice versa. No other such mode is available in the kernel currently; doing the same with XTS scrambles only 16 bytes. Adiantum also supports arbitrary-length tweaks and naturally supports any length input >= 16 bytes without needing "ciphertext stealing". For the stream cipher, Adiantum uses XChaCha12 rather than XChaCha20 in order to make encryption feasible on the widest range of devices. Although the 20-round variant is quite popular, the best known attacks on ChaCha are on only 7 rounds, so ChaCha12 still has a substantial security margin; in fact, larger than AES-256's. 12-round Salsa20 is also the eSTREAM recommendation. For the block cipher, Adiantum uses AES-256, despite it having a lower security margin than XChaCha12 and needing table lookups, due to AES's extensive adoption and analysis making it the obvious first choice. Nevertheless, for flexibility this patch also permits the "adiantum" template to be instantiated with XChaCha20 and/or with an alternate block cipher. We need Adiantum support in the kernel for use in dm-crypt and fscrypt, where currently the only other suitable options are block cipher modes such as AES-XTS. A big problem with this is that many low-end mobile devices (e.g. Android Go phones sold primarily in developing countries, as well as some smartwatches) still have CPUs that lack AES instructions, e.g. ARM Cortex-A7. Sadly, AES-XTS encryption is much too slow to be viable on these devices. We did find that some "lightweight" block ciphers are fast enough, but these suffer from problems such as not having much cryptanalysis or being too controversial. The ChaCha stream cipher has excellent performance but is insecure to use directly for disk encryption, since each sector's IV is reused each time it is overwritten. Even restricting the threat model to offline attacks only isn't enough, since modern flash storage devices don't guarantee that "overwrites" are really overwrites, due to wear-leveling. Adiantum avoids this problem by constructing a "tweakable super-pseudorandom permutation"; this is the strongest possible security model for length-preserving encryption. Of course, storing random nonces along with the ciphertext would be the ideal solution. But doing that with existing hardware and filesystems runs into major practical problems; in most cases it would require data journaling (like dm-integrity) which severely degrades performance. Thus, for now length-preserving encryption is still needed. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-11-17 01:26:31 +00:00
#include <crypto/internal/skcipher.h>
#include <crypto/nhpoly1305.h>
#include <crypto/scatterwalk.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
/*
crypto: adiantum - adjust some comments to match latest paper The 2018-11-28 revision of the Adiantum paper has revised some notation: - 'M' was replaced with 'L' (meaning "Left", for the left-hand part of the message) in the definition of Adiantum hashing, to avoid confusion with the full message - ε-almost-∆-universal is now abbreviated as ε-∆U instead of εA∆U - "block" is now used only to mean block cipher and Poly1305 blocks Also, Adiantum hashing was moved from the appendix to the main paper. To avoid confusion, update relevant comments in the code to match. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-12-06 22:21:59 +00:00
* Size of right-hand part of input data, in bytes; also the size of the block
crypto: adiantum - add Adiantum support Add support for the Adiantum encryption mode. Adiantum was designed by Paul Crowley and is specified by our paper: Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/720.pdf) See our paper for full details; this patch only provides an overview. Adiantum is a tweakable, length-preserving encryption mode designed for fast and secure disk encryption, especially on CPUs without dedicated crypto instructions. Adiantum encrypts each sector using the XChaCha12 stream cipher, two passes of an ε-almost-∆-universal (εA∆U) hash function, and an invocation of the AES-256 block cipher on a single 16-byte block. On CPUs without AES instructions, Adiantum is much faster than AES-XTS; for example, on ARM Cortex-A7, on 4096-byte sectors Adiantum encryption is about 4 times faster than AES-256-XTS encryption, and decryption about 5 times faster. Adiantum is a specialization of the more general HBSH construction. Our earlier proposal, HPolyC, was also a HBSH specialization, but it used a different εA∆U hash function, one based on Poly1305 only. Adiantum's εA∆U hash function, which is based primarily on the "NH" hash function like that used in UMAC (RFC4418), is about twice as fast as HPolyC's; consequently, Adiantum is about 20% faster than HPolyC. This speed comes with no loss of security: Adiantum is provably just as secure as HPolyC, in fact slightly *more* secure. Like HPolyC, Adiantum's security is reducible to that of XChaCha12 and AES-256, subject to a security bound. XChaCha12 itself has a security reduction to ChaCha12. Therefore, one need not "trust" Adiantum; one need only trust ChaCha12 and AES-256. Note that the εA∆U hash function is only used for its proven combinatorical properties so cannot be "broken". Adiantum is also a true wide-block encryption mode, so flipping any plaintext bit in the sector scrambles the entire ciphertext, and vice versa. No other such mode is available in the kernel currently; doing the same with XTS scrambles only 16 bytes. Adiantum also supports arbitrary-length tweaks and naturally supports any length input >= 16 bytes without needing "ciphertext stealing". For the stream cipher, Adiantum uses XChaCha12 rather than XChaCha20 in order to make encryption feasible on the widest range of devices. Although the 20-round variant is quite popular, the best known attacks on ChaCha are on only 7 rounds, so ChaCha12 still has a substantial security margin; in fact, larger than AES-256's. 12-round Salsa20 is also the eSTREAM recommendation. For the block cipher, Adiantum uses AES-256, despite it having a lower security margin than XChaCha12 and needing table lookups, due to AES's extensive adoption and analysis making it the obvious first choice. Nevertheless, for flexibility this patch also permits the "adiantum" template to be instantiated with XChaCha20 and/or with an alternate block cipher. We need Adiantum support in the kernel for use in dm-crypt and fscrypt, where currently the only other suitable options are block cipher modes such as AES-XTS. A big problem with this is that many low-end mobile devices (e.g. Android Go phones sold primarily in developing countries, as well as some smartwatches) still have CPUs that lack AES instructions, e.g. ARM Cortex-A7. Sadly, AES-XTS encryption is much too slow to be viable on these devices. We did find that some "lightweight" block ciphers are fast enough, but these suffer from problems such as not having much cryptanalysis or being too controversial. The ChaCha stream cipher has excellent performance but is insecure to use directly for disk encryption, since each sector's IV is reused each time it is overwritten. Even restricting the threat model to offline attacks only isn't enough, since modern flash storage devices don't guarantee that "overwrites" are really overwrites, due to wear-leveling. Adiantum avoids this problem by constructing a "tweakable super-pseudorandom permutation"; this is the strongest possible security model for length-preserving encryption. Of course, storing random nonces along with the ciphertext would be the ideal solution. But doing that with existing hardware and filesystems runs into major practical problems; in most cases it would require data journaling (like dm-integrity) which severely degrades performance. Thus, for now length-preserving encryption is still needed. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-11-17 01:26:31 +00:00
* cipher's block size and the hash function's output.
*/
#define BLOCKCIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE 16
/* Size of the block cipher key (K_E) in bytes */
#define BLOCKCIPHER_KEY_SIZE 32
/* Size of the hash key (K_H) in bytes */
#define HASH_KEY_SIZE (POLY1305_BLOCK_SIZE + NHPOLY1305_KEY_SIZE)
/*
* The specification allows variable-length tweaks, but Linux's crypto API
* currently only allows algorithms to support a single length. The "natural"
* tweak length for Adiantum is 16, since that fits into one Poly1305 block for
* the best performance. But longer tweaks are useful for fscrypt, to avoid
* needing to derive per-file keys. So instead we use two blocks, or 32 bytes.
*/
#define TWEAK_SIZE 32
struct adiantum_instance_ctx {
struct crypto_skcipher_spawn streamcipher_spawn;
crypto: adiantum - use crypto_grab_{cipher,shash} and simplify error paths Make the adiantum template use the new functions crypto_grab_cipher() and crypto_grab_shash() to initialize its cipher and shash spawns. This is needed to make all spawns be initialized in a consistent way. Also simplify the error handling by taking advantage of crypto_drop_*() now accepting (as a no-op) spawns that haven't been initialized yet, and by taking advantage of crypto_grab_*() now handling ERR_PTR() names. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2020-01-03 03:58:52 +00:00
struct crypto_cipher_spawn blockcipher_spawn;
crypto: adiantum - add Adiantum support Add support for the Adiantum encryption mode. Adiantum was designed by Paul Crowley and is specified by our paper: Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/720.pdf) See our paper for full details; this patch only provides an overview. Adiantum is a tweakable, length-preserving encryption mode designed for fast and secure disk encryption, especially on CPUs without dedicated crypto instructions. Adiantum encrypts each sector using the XChaCha12 stream cipher, two passes of an ε-almost-∆-universal (εA∆U) hash function, and an invocation of the AES-256 block cipher on a single 16-byte block. On CPUs without AES instructions, Adiantum is much faster than AES-XTS; for example, on ARM Cortex-A7, on 4096-byte sectors Adiantum encryption is about 4 times faster than AES-256-XTS encryption, and decryption about 5 times faster. Adiantum is a specialization of the more general HBSH construction. Our earlier proposal, HPolyC, was also a HBSH specialization, but it used a different εA∆U hash function, one based on Poly1305 only. Adiantum's εA∆U hash function, which is based primarily on the "NH" hash function like that used in UMAC (RFC4418), is about twice as fast as HPolyC's; consequently, Adiantum is about 20% faster than HPolyC. This speed comes with no loss of security: Adiantum is provably just as secure as HPolyC, in fact slightly *more* secure. Like HPolyC, Adiantum's security is reducible to that of XChaCha12 and AES-256, subject to a security bound. XChaCha12 itself has a security reduction to ChaCha12. Therefore, one need not "trust" Adiantum; one need only trust ChaCha12 and AES-256. Note that the εA∆U hash function is only used for its proven combinatorical properties so cannot be "broken". Adiantum is also a true wide-block encryption mode, so flipping any plaintext bit in the sector scrambles the entire ciphertext, and vice versa. No other such mode is available in the kernel currently; doing the same with XTS scrambles only 16 bytes. Adiantum also supports arbitrary-length tweaks and naturally supports any length input >= 16 bytes without needing "ciphertext stealing". For the stream cipher, Adiantum uses XChaCha12 rather than XChaCha20 in order to make encryption feasible on the widest range of devices. Although the 20-round variant is quite popular, the best known attacks on ChaCha are on only 7 rounds, so ChaCha12 still has a substantial security margin; in fact, larger than AES-256's. 12-round Salsa20 is also the eSTREAM recommendation. For the block cipher, Adiantum uses AES-256, despite it having a lower security margin than XChaCha12 and needing table lookups, due to AES's extensive adoption and analysis making it the obvious first choice. Nevertheless, for flexibility this patch also permits the "adiantum" template to be instantiated with XChaCha20 and/or with an alternate block cipher. We need Adiantum support in the kernel for use in dm-crypt and fscrypt, where currently the only other suitable options are block cipher modes such as AES-XTS. A big problem with this is that many low-end mobile devices (e.g. Android Go phones sold primarily in developing countries, as well as some smartwatches) still have CPUs that lack AES instructions, e.g. ARM Cortex-A7. Sadly, AES-XTS encryption is much too slow to be viable on these devices. We did find that some "lightweight" block ciphers are fast enough, but these suffer from problems such as not having much cryptanalysis or being too controversial. The ChaCha stream cipher has excellent performance but is insecure to use directly for disk encryption, since each sector's IV is reused each time it is overwritten. Even restricting the threat model to offline attacks only isn't enough, since modern flash storage devices don't guarantee that "overwrites" are really overwrites, due to wear-leveling. Adiantum avoids this problem by constructing a "tweakable super-pseudorandom permutation"; this is the strongest possible security model for length-preserving encryption. Of course, storing random nonces along with the ciphertext would be the ideal solution. But doing that with existing hardware and filesystems runs into major practical problems; in most cases it would require data journaling (like dm-integrity) which severely degrades performance. Thus, for now length-preserving encryption is still needed. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-11-17 01:26:31 +00:00
struct crypto_shash_spawn hash_spawn;
};
struct adiantum_tfm_ctx {
struct crypto_skcipher *streamcipher;
struct crypto_cipher *blockcipher;
struct crypto_shash *hash;
crypto: poly1305 - add new 32 and 64-bit generic versions These two C implementations from Zinc -- a 32x32 one and a 64x64 one, depending on the platform -- come from Andrew Moon's public domain poly1305-donna portable code, modified for usage in the kernel. The precomputation in the 32-bit version and the use of 64x64 multiplies in the 64-bit version make these perform better than the code it replaces. Moon's code is also very widespread and has received many eyeballs of scrutiny. There's a bit of interference between the x86 implementation, which relies on internal details of the old scalar implementation. In the next commit, the x86 implementation will be replaced with a faster one that doesn't rely on this, so none of this matters much. But for now, to keep this passing the tests, we inline the bits of the old implementation that the x86 implementation relied on. Also, since we now support a slightly larger key space, via the union, some offsets had to be fixed up. Nonce calculation was folded in with the emit function, to take advantage of 64x64 arithmetic. However, Adiantum appeared to rely on no nonce handling in emit, so this path was conditionalized. We also introduced a new struct, poly1305_core_key, to represent the precise amount of space that particular implementation uses. Testing with kbench9000, depending on the CPU, the update function for the 32x32 version has been improved by 4%-7%, and for the 64x64 by 19%-30%. The 32x32 gains are small, but I think there's great value in having a parallel implementation to the 64x64 one so that the two can be compared side-by-side as nice stand-alone units. Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2020-01-06 03:40:46 +00:00
struct poly1305_core_key header_hash_key;
crypto: adiantum - add Adiantum support Add support for the Adiantum encryption mode. Adiantum was designed by Paul Crowley and is specified by our paper: Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/720.pdf) See our paper for full details; this patch only provides an overview. Adiantum is a tweakable, length-preserving encryption mode designed for fast and secure disk encryption, especially on CPUs without dedicated crypto instructions. Adiantum encrypts each sector using the XChaCha12 stream cipher, two passes of an ε-almost-∆-universal (εA∆U) hash function, and an invocation of the AES-256 block cipher on a single 16-byte block. On CPUs without AES instructions, Adiantum is much faster than AES-XTS; for example, on ARM Cortex-A7, on 4096-byte sectors Adiantum encryption is about 4 times faster than AES-256-XTS encryption, and decryption about 5 times faster. Adiantum is a specialization of the more general HBSH construction. Our earlier proposal, HPolyC, was also a HBSH specialization, but it used a different εA∆U hash function, one based on Poly1305 only. Adiantum's εA∆U hash function, which is based primarily on the "NH" hash function like that used in UMAC (RFC4418), is about twice as fast as HPolyC's; consequently, Adiantum is about 20% faster than HPolyC. This speed comes with no loss of security: Adiantum is provably just as secure as HPolyC, in fact slightly *more* secure. Like HPolyC, Adiantum's security is reducible to that of XChaCha12 and AES-256, subject to a security bound. XChaCha12 itself has a security reduction to ChaCha12. Therefore, one need not "trust" Adiantum; one need only trust ChaCha12 and AES-256. Note that the εA∆U hash function is only used for its proven combinatorical properties so cannot be "broken". Adiantum is also a true wide-block encryption mode, so flipping any plaintext bit in the sector scrambles the entire ciphertext, and vice versa. No other such mode is available in the kernel currently; doing the same with XTS scrambles only 16 bytes. Adiantum also supports arbitrary-length tweaks and naturally supports any length input >= 16 bytes without needing "ciphertext stealing". For the stream cipher, Adiantum uses XChaCha12 rather than XChaCha20 in order to make encryption feasible on the widest range of devices. Although the 20-round variant is quite popular, the best known attacks on ChaCha are on only 7 rounds, so ChaCha12 still has a substantial security margin; in fact, larger than AES-256's. 12-round Salsa20 is also the eSTREAM recommendation. For the block cipher, Adiantum uses AES-256, despite it having a lower security margin than XChaCha12 and needing table lookups, due to AES's extensive adoption and analysis making it the obvious first choice. Nevertheless, for flexibility this patch also permits the "adiantum" template to be instantiated with XChaCha20 and/or with an alternate block cipher. We need Adiantum support in the kernel for use in dm-crypt and fscrypt, where currently the only other suitable options are block cipher modes such as AES-XTS. A big problem with this is that many low-end mobile devices (e.g. Android Go phones sold primarily in developing countries, as well as some smartwatches) still have CPUs that lack AES instructions, e.g. ARM Cortex-A7. Sadly, AES-XTS encryption is much too slow to be viable on these devices. We did find that some "lightweight" block ciphers are fast enough, but these suffer from problems such as not having much cryptanalysis or being too controversial. The ChaCha stream cipher has excellent performance but is insecure to use directly for disk encryption, since each sector's IV is reused each time it is overwritten. Even restricting the threat model to offline attacks only isn't enough, since modern flash storage devices don't guarantee that "overwrites" are really overwrites, due to wear-leveling. Adiantum avoids this problem by constructing a "tweakable super-pseudorandom permutation"; this is the strongest possible security model for length-preserving encryption. Of course, storing random nonces along with the ciphertext would be the ideal solution. But doing that with existing hardware and filesystems runs into major practical problems; in most cases it would require data journaling (like dm-integrity) which severely degrades performance. Thus, for now length-preserving encryption is still needed. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-11-17 01:26:31 +00:00
};
struct adiantum_request_ctx {
/*
crypto: adiantum - adjust some comments to match latest paper The 2018-11-28 revision of the Adiantum paper has revised some notation: - 'M' was replaced with 'L' (meaning "Left", for the left-hand part of the message) in the definition of Adiantum hashing, to avoid confusion with the full message - ε-almost-∆-universal is now abbreviated as ε-∆U instead of εA∆U - "block" is now used only to mean block cipher and Poly1305 blocks Also, Adiantum hashing was moved from the appendix to the main paper. To avoid confusion, update relevant comments in the code to match. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-12-06 22:21:59 +00:00
* Buffer for right-hand part of data, i.e.
crypto: adiantum - add Adiantum support Add support for the Adiantum encryption mode. Adiantum was designed by Paul Crowley and is specified by our paper: Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/720.pdf) See our paper for full details; this patch only provides an overview. Adiantum is a tweakable, length-preserving encryption mode designed for fast and secure disk encryption, especially on CPUs without dedicated crypto instructions. Adiantum encrypts each sector using the XChaCha12 stream cipher, two passes of an ε-almost-∆-universal (εA∆U) hash function, and an invocation of the AES-256 block cipher on a single 16-byte block. On CPUs without AES instructions, Adiantum is much faster than AES-XTS; for example, on ARM Cortex-A7, on 4096-byte sectors Adiantum encryption is about 4 times faster than AES-256-XTS encryption, and decryption about 5 times faster. Adiantum is a specialization of the more general HBSH construction. Our earlier proposal, HPolyC, was also a HBSH specialization, but it used a different εA∆U hash function, one based on Poly1305 only. Adiantum's εA∆U hash function, which is based primarily on the "NH" hash function like that used in UMAC (RFC4418), is about twice as fast as HPolyC's; consequently, Adiantum is about 20% faster than HPolyC. This speed comes with no loss of security: Adiantum is provably just as secure as HPolyC, in fact slightly *more* secure. Like HPolyC, Adiantum's security is reducible to that of XChaCha12 and AES-256, subject to a security bound. XChaCha12 itself has a security reduction to ChaCha12. Therefore, one need not "trust" Adiantum; one need only trust ChaCha12 and AES-256. Note that the εA∆U hash function is only used for its proven combinatorical properties so cannot be "broken". Adiantum is also a true wide-block encryption mode, so flipping any plaintext bit in the sector scrambles the entire ciphertext, and vice versa. No other such mode is available in the kernel currently; doing the same with XTS scrambles only 16 bytes. Adiantum also supports arbitrary-length tweaks and naturally supports any length input >= 16 bytes without needing "ciphertext stealing". For the stream cipher, Adiantum uses XChaCha12 rather than XChaCha20 in order to make encryption feasible on the widest range of devices. Although the 20-round variant is quite popular, the best known attacks on ChaCha are on only 7 rounds, so ChaCha12 still has a substantial security margin; in fact, larger than AES-256's. 12-round Salsa20 is also the eSTREAM recommendation. For the block cipher, Adiantum uses AES-256, despite it having a lower security margin than XChaCha12 and needing table lookups, due to AES's extensive adoption and analysis making it the obvious first choice. Nevertheless, for flexibility this patch also permits the "adiantum" template to be instantiated with XChaCha20 and/or with an alternate block cipher. We need Adiantum support in the kernel for use in dm-crypt and fscrypt, where currently the only other suitable options are block cipher modes such as AES-XTS. A big problem with this is that many low-end mobile devices (e.g. Android Go phones sold primarily in developing countries, as well as some smartwatches) still have CPUs that lack AES instructions, e.g. ARM Cortex-A7. Sadly, AES-XTS encryption is much too slow to be viable on these devices. We did find that some "lightweight" block ciphers are fast enough, but these suffer from problems such as not having much cryptanalysis or being too controversial. The ChaCha stream cipher has excellent performance but is insecure to use directly for disk encryption, since each sector's IV is reused each time it is overwritten. Even restricting the threat model to offline attacks only isn't enough, since modern flash storage devices don't guarantee that "overwrites" are really overwrites, due to wear-leveling. Adiantum avoids this problem by constructing a "tweakable super-pseudorandom permutation"; this is the strongest possible security model for length-preserving encryption. Of course, storing random nonces along with the ciphertext would be the ideal solution. But doing that with existing hardware and filesystems runs into major practical problems; in most cases it would require data journaling (like dm-integrity) which severely degrades performance. Thus, for now length-preserving encryption is still needed. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-11-17 01:26:31 +00:00
*
* P_L => P_M => C_M => C_R when encrypting, or
* C_R => C_M => P_M => P_L when decrypting.
*
* Also used to build the IV for the stream cipher.
*/
union {
u8 bytes[XCHACHA_IV_SIZE];
__le32 words[XCHACHA_IV_SIZE / sizeof(__le32)];
le128 bignum; /* interpret as element of Z/(2^{128}Z) */
} rbuf;
bool enc; /* true if encrypting, false if decrypting */
/*
crypto: adiantum - adjust some comments to match latest paper The 2018-11-28 revision of the Adiantum paper has revised some notation: - 'M' was replaced with 'L' (meaning "Left", for the left-hand part of the message) in the definition of Adiantum hashing, to avoid confusion with the full message - ε-almost-∆-universal is now abbreviated as ε-∆U instead of εA∆U - "block" is now used only to mean block cipher and Poly1305 blocks Also, Adiantum hashing was moved from the appendix to the main paper. To avoid confusion, update relevant comments in the code to match. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-12-06 22:21:59 +00:00
* The result of the Poly1305 ε-∆U hash function applied to
* (bulk length, tweak)
crypto: adiantum - add Adiantum support Add support for the Adiantum encryption mode. Adiantum was designed by Paul Crowley and is specified by our paper: Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/720.pdf) See our paper for full details; this patch only provides an overview. Adiantum is a tweakable, length-preserving encryption mode designed for fast and secure disk encryption, especially on CPUs without dedicated crypto instructions. Adiantum encrypts each sector using the XChaCha12 stream cipher, two passes of an ε-almost-∆-universal (εA∆U) hash function, and an invocation of the AES-256 block cipher on a single 16-byte block. On CPUs without AES instructions, Adiantum is much faster than AES-XTS; for example, on ARM Cortex-A7, on 4096-byte sectors Adiantum encryption is about 4 times faster than AES-256-XTS encryption, and decryption about 5 times faster. Adiantum is a specialization of the more general HBSH construction. Our earlier proposal, HPolyC, was also a HBSH specialization, but it used a different εA∆U hash function, one based on Poly1305 only. Adiantum's εA∆U hash function, which is based primarily on the "NH" hash function like that used in UMAC (RFC4418), is about twice as fast as HPolyC's; consequently, Adiantum is about 20% faster than HPolyC. This speed comes with no loss of security: Adiantum is provably just as secure as HPolyC, in fact slightly *more* secure. Like HPolyC, Adiantum's security is reducible to that of XChaCha12 and AES-256, subject to a security bound. XChaCha12 itself has a security reduction to ChaCha12. Therefore, one need not "trust" Adiantum; one need only trust ChaCha12 and AES-256. Note that the εA∆U hash function is only used for its proven combinatorical properties so cannot be "broken". Adiantum is also a true wide-block encryption mode, so flipping any plaintext bit in the sector scrambles the entire ciphertext, and vice versa. No other such mode is available in the kernel currently; doing the same with XTS scrambles only 16 bytes. Adiantum also supports arbitrary-length tweaks and naturally supports any length input >= 16 bytes without needing "ciphertext stealing". For the stream cipher, Adiantum uses XChaCha12 rather than XChaCha20 in order to make encryption feasible on the widest range of devices. Although the 20-round variant is quite popular, the best known attacks on ChaCha are on only 7 rounds, so ChaCha12 still has a substantial security margin; in fact, larger than AES-256's. 12-round Salsa20 is also the eSTREAM recommendation. For the block cipher, Adiantum uses AES-256, despite it having a lower security margin than XChaCha12 and needing table lookups, due to AES's extensive adoption and analysis making it the obvious first choice. Nevertheless, for flexibility this patch also permits the "adiantum" template to be instantiated with XChaCha20 and/or with an alternate block cipher. We need Adiantum support in the kernel for use in dm-crypt and fscrypt, where currently the only other suitable options are block cipher modes such as AES-XTS. A big problem with this is that many low-end mobile devices (e.g. Android Go phones sold primarily in developing countries, as well as some smartwatches) still have CPUs that lack AES instructions, e.g. ARM Cortex-A7. Sadly, AES-XTS encryption is much too slow to be viable on these devices. We did find that some "lightweight" block ciphers are fast enough, but these suffer from problems such as not having much cryptanalysis or being too controversial. The ChaCha stream cipher has excellent performance but is insecure to use directly for disk encryption, since each sector's IV is reused each time it is overwritten. Even restricting the threat model to offline attacks only isn't enough, since modern flash storage devices don't guarantee that "overwrites" are really overwrites, due to wear-leveling. Adiantum avoids this problem by constructing a "tweakable super-pseudorandom permutation"; this is the strongest possible security model for length-preserving encryption. Of course, storing random nonces along with the ciphertext would be the ideal solution. But doing that with existing hardware and filesystems runs into major practical problems; in most cases it would require data journaling (like dm-integrity) which severely degrades performance. Thus, for now length-preserving encryption is still needed. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-11-17 01:26:31 +00:00
*/
le128 header_hash;
/* Sub-requests, must be last */
union {
struct shash_desc hash_desc;
struct skcipher_request streamcipher_req;
} u;
};
/*
* Given the XChaCha stream key K_S, derive the block cipher key K_E and the
* hash key K_H as follows:
*
* K_E || K_H || ... = XChaCha(key=K_S, nonce=1||0^191)
*
* Note that this denotes using bits from the XChaCha keystream, which here we
* get indirectly by encrypting a buffer containing all 0's.
*/
static int adiantum_setkey(struct crypto_skcipher *tfm, const u8 *key,
unsigned int keylen)
{
struct adiantum_tfm_ctx *tctx = crypto_skcipher_ctx(tfm);
struct {
u8 iv[XCHACHA_IV_SIZE];
u8 derived_keys[BLOCKCIPHER_KEY_SIZE + HASH_KEY_SIZE];
struct scatterlist sg;
struct crypto_wait wait;
struct skcipher_request req; /* must be last */
} *data;
u8 *keyp;
int err;
/* Set the stream cipher key (K_S) */
crypto_skcipher_clear_flags(tctx->streamcipher, CRYPTO_TFM_REQ_MASK);
crypto_skcipher_set_flags(tctx->streamcipher,
crypto_skcipher_get_flags(tfm) &
CRYPTO_TFM_REQ_MASK);
err = crypto_skcipher_setkey(tctx->streamcipher, key, keylen);
if (err)
return err;
/* Derive the subkeys */
data = kzalloc(sizeof(*data) +
crypto_skcipher_reqsize(tctx->streamcipher), GFP_KERNEL);
if (!data)
return -ENOMEM;
data->iv[0] = 1;
sg_init_one(&data->sg, data->derived_keys, sizeof(data->derived_keys));
crypto_init_wait(&data->wait);
skcipher_request_set_tfm(&data->req, tctx->streamcipher);
skcipher_request_set_callback(&data->req, CRYPTO_TFM_REQ_MAY_SLEEP |
CRYPTO_TFM_REQ_MAY_BACKLOG,
crypto_req_done, &data->wait);
skcipher_request_set_crypt(&data->req, &data->sg, &data->sg,
sizeof(data->derived_keys), data->iv);
err = crypto_wait_req(crypto_skcipher_encrypt(&data->req), &data->wait);
if (err)
goto out;
keyp = data->derived_keys;
/* Set the block cipher key (K_E) */
crypto_cipher_clear_flags(tctx->blockcipher, CRYPTO_TFM_REQ_MASK);
crypto_cipher_set_flags(tctx->blockcipher,
crypto_skcipher_get_flags(tfm) &
CRYPTO_TFM_REQ_MASK);
err = crypto_cipher_setkey(tctx->blockcipher, keyp,
BLOCKCIPHER_KEY_SIZE);
if (err)
goto out;
keyp += BLOCKCIPHER_KEY_SIZE;
/* Set the hash key (K_H) */
poly1305_core_setkey(&tctx->header_hash_key, keyp);
keyp += POLY1305_BLOCK_SIZE;
crypto_shash_clear_flags(tctx->hash, CRYPTO_TFM_REQ_MASK);
crypto_shash_set_flags(tctx->hash, crypto_skcipher_get_flags(tfm) &
CRYPTO_TFM_REQ_MASK);
err = crypto_shash_setkey(tctx->hash, keyp, NHPOLY1305_KEY_SIZE);
keyp += NHPOLY1305_KEY_SIZE;
WARN_ON(keyp != &data->derived_keys[ARRAY_SIZE(data->derived_keys)]);
out:
mm, treewide: rename kzfree() to kfree_sensitive() As said by Linus: A symmetric naming is only helpful if it implies symmetries in use. Otherwise it's actively misleading. In "kzalloc()", the z is meaningful and an important part of what the caller wants. In "kzfree()", the z is actively detrimental, because maybe in the future we really _might_ want to use that "memfill(0xdeadbeef)" or something. The "zero" part of the interface isn't even _relevant_. The main reason that kzfree() exists is to clear sensitive information that should not be leaked to other future users of the same memory objects. Rename kzfree() to kfree_sensitive() to follow the example of the recently added kvfree_sensitive() and make the intention of the API more explicit. In addition, memzero_explicit() is used to clear the memory to make sure that it won't get optimized away by the compiler. The renaming is done by using the command sequence: git grep -w --name-only kzfree |\ xargs sed -i 's/kzfree/kfree_sensitive/' followed by some editing of the kfree_sensitive() kerneldoc and adding a kzfree backward compatibility macro in slab.h. [akpm@linux-foundation.org: fs/crypto/inline_crypt.c needs linux/slab.h] [akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix fs/crypto/inline_crypt.c some more] Suggested-by: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com> Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <longman@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Acked-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com> Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Cc: Jarkko Sakkinen <jarkko.sakkinen@linux.intel.com> Cc: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org> Cc: "Serge E. Hallyn" <serge@hallyn.com> Cc: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com> Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org> Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com> Cc: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@oracle.com> Cc: "Jason A . Donenfeld" <Jason@zx2c4.com> Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20200616154311.12314-3-longman@redhat.com Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2020-08-07 06:18:13 +00:00
kfree_sensitive(data);
crypto: adiantum - add Adiantum support Add support for the Adiantum encryption mode. Adiantum was designed by Paul Crowley and is specified by our paper: Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/720.pdf) See our paper for full details; this patch only provides an overview. Adiantum is a tweakable, length-preserving encryption mode designed for fast and secure disk encryption, especially on CPUs without dedicated crypto instructions. Adiantum encrypts each sector using the XChaCha12 stream cipher, two passes of an ε-almost-∆-universal (εA∆U) hash function, and an invocation of the AES-256 block cipher on a single 16-byte block. On CPUs without AES instructions, Adiantum is much faster than AES-XTS; for example, on ARM Cortex-A7, on 4096-byte sectors Adiantum encryption is about 4 times faster than AES-256-XTS encryption, and decryption about 5 times faster. Adiantum is a specialization of the more general HBSH construction. Our earlier proposal, HPolyC, was also a HBSH specialization, but it used a different εA∆U hash function, one based on Poly1305 only. Adiantum's εA∆U hash function, which is based primarily on the "NH" hash function like that used in UMAC (RFC4418), is about twice as fast as HPolyC's; consequently, Adiantum is about 20% faster than HPolyC. This speed comes with no loss of security: Adiantum is provably just as secure as HPolyC, in fact slightly *more* secure. Like HPolyC, Adiantum's security is reducible to that of XChaCha12 and AES-256, subject to a security bound. XChaCha12 itself has a security reduction to ChaCha12. Therefore, one need not "trust" Adiantum; one need only trust ChaCha12 and AES-256. Note that the εA∆U hash function is only used for its proven combinatorical properties so cannot be "broken". Adiantum is also a true wide-block encryption mode, so flipping any plaintext bit in the sector scrambles the entire ciphertext, and vice versa. No other such mode is available in the kernel currently; doing the same with XTS scrambles only 16 bytes. Adiantum also supports arbitrary-length tweaks and naturally supports any length input >= 16 bytes without needing "ciphertext stealing". For the stream cipher, Adiantum uses XChaCha12 rather than XChaCha20 in order to make encryption feasible on the widest range of devices. Although the 20-round variant is quite popular, the best known attacks on ChaCha are on only 7 rounds, so ChaCha12 still has a substantial security margin; in fact, larger than AES-256's. 12-round Salsa20 is also the eSTREAM recommendation. For the block cipher, Adiantum uses AES-256, despite it having a lower security margin than XChaCha12 and needing table lookups, due to AES's extensive adoption and analysis making it the obvious first choice. Nevertheless, for flexibility this patch also permits the "adiantum" template to be instantiated with XChaCha20 and/or with an alternate block cipher. We need Adiantum support in the kernel for use in dm-crypt and fscrypt, where currently the only other suitable options are block cipher modes such as AES-XTS. A big problem with this is that many low-end mobile devices (e.g. Android Go phones sold primarily in developing countries, as well as some smartwatches) still have CPUs that lack AES instructions, e.g. ARM Cortex-A7. Sadly, AES-XTS encryption is much too slow to be viable on these devices. We did find that some "lightweight" block ciphers are fast enough, but these suffer from problems such as not having much cryptanalysis or being too controversial. The ChaCha stream cipher has excellent performance but is insecure to use directly for disk encryption, since each sector's IV is reused each time it is overwritten. Even restricting the threat model to offline attacks only isn't enough, since modern flash storage devices don't guarantee that "overwrites" are really overwrites, due to wear-leveling. Adiantum avoids this problem by constructing a "tweakable super-pseudorandom permutation"; this is the strongest possible security model for length-preserving encryption. Of course, storing random nonces along with the ciphertext would be the ideal solution. But doing that with existing hardware and filesystems runs into major practical problems; in most cases it would require data journaling (like dm-integrity) which severely degrades performance. Thus, for now length-preserving encryption is still needed. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-11-17 01:26:31 +00:00
return err;
}
/* Addition in Z/(2^{128}Z) */
static inline void le128_add(le128 *r, const le128 *v1, const le128 *v2)
{
u64 x = le64_to_cpu(v1->b);
u64 y = le64_to_cpu(v2->b);
r->b = cpu_to_le64(x + y);
r->a = cpu_to_le64(le64_to_cpu(v1->a) + le64_to_cpu(v2->a) +
(x + y < x));
}
/* Subtraction in Z/(2^{128}Z) */
static inline void le128_sub(le128 *r, const le128 *v1, const le128 *v2)
{
u64 x = le64_to_cpu(v1->b);
u64 y = le64_to_cpu(v2->b);
r->b = cpu_to_le64(x - y);
r->a = cpu_to_le64(le64_to_cpu(v1->a) - le64_to_cpu(v2->a) -
(x - y > x));
}
/*
crypto: adiantum - adjust some comments to match latest paper The 2018-11-28 revision of the Adiantum paper has revised some notation: - 'M' was replaced with 'L' (meaning "Left", for the left-hand part of the message) in the definition of Adiantum hashing, to avoid confusion with the full message - ε-almost-∆-universal is now abbreviated as ε-∆U instead of εA∆U - "block" is now used only to mean block cipher and Poly1305 blocks Also, Adiantum hashing was moved from the appendix to the main paper. To avoid confusion, update relevant comments in the code to match. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-12-06 22:21:59 +00:00
* Apply the Poly1305 ε-∆U hash function to (bulk length, tweak) and save the
* result to rctx->header_hash. This is the calculation
crypto: adiantum - add Adiantum support Add support for the Adiantum encryption mode. Adiantum was designed by Paul Crowley and is specified by our paper: Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/720.pdf) See our paper for full details; this patch only provides an overview. Adiantum is a tweakable, length-preserving encryption mode designed for fast and secure disk encryption, especially on CPUs without dedicated crypto instructions. Adiantum encrypts each sector using the XChaCha12 stream cipher, two passes of an ε-almost-∆-universal (εA∆U) hash function, and an invocation of the AES-256 block cipher on a single 16-byte block. On CPUs without AES instructions, Adiantum is much faster than AES-XTS; for example, on ARM Cortex-A7, on 4096-byte sectors Adiantum encryption is about 4 times faster than AES-256-XTS encryption, and decryption about 5 times faster. Adiantum is a specialization of the more general HBSH construction. Our earlier proposal, HPolyC, was also a HBSH specialization, but it used a different εA∆U hash function, one based on Poly1305 only. Adiantum's εA∆U hash function, which is based primarily on the "NH" hash function like that used in UMAC (RFC4418), is about twice as fast as HPolyC's; consequently, Adiantum is about 20% faster than HPolyC. This speed comes with no loss of security: Adiantum is provably just as secure as HPolyC, in fact slightly *more* secure. Like HPolyC, Adiantum's security is reducible to that of XChaCha12 and AES-256, subject to a security bound. XChaCha12 itself has a security reduction to ChaCha12. Therefore, one need not "trust" Adiantum; one need only trust ChaCha12 and AES-256. Note that the εA∆U hash function is only used for its proven combinatorical properties so cannot be "broken". Adiantum is also a true wide-block encryption mode, so flipping any plaintext bit in the sector scrambles the entire ciphertext, and vice versa. No other such mode is available in the kernel currently; doing the same with XTS scrambles only 16 bytes. Adiantum also supports arbitrary-length tweaks and naturally supports any length input >= 16 bytes without needing "ciphertext stealing". For the stream cipher, Adiantum uses XChaCha12 rather than XChaCha20 in order to make encryption feasible on the widest range of devices. Although the 20-round variant is quite popular, the best known attacks on ChaCha are on only 7 rounds, so ChaCha12 still has a substantial security margin; in fact, larger than AES-256's. 12-round Salsa20 is also the eSTREAM recommendation. For the block cipher, Adiantum uses AES-256, despite it having a lower security margin than XChaCha12 and needing table lookups, due to AES's extensive adoption and analysis making it the obvious first choice. Nevertheless, for flexibility this patch also permits the "adiantum" template to be instantiated with XChaCha20 and/or with an alternate block cipher. We need Adiantum support in the kernel for use in dm-crypt and fscrypt, where currently the only other suitable options are block cipher modes such as AES-XTS. A big problem with this is that many low-end mobile devices (e.g. Android Go phones sold primarily in developing countries, as well as some smartwatches) still have CPUs that lack AES instructions, e.g. ARM Cortex-A7. Sadly, AES-XTS encryption is much too slow to be viable on these devices. We did find that some "lightweight" block ciphers are fast enough, but these suffer from problems such as not having much cryptanalysis or being too controversial. The ChaCha stream cipher has excellent performance but is insecure to use directly for disk encryption, since each sector's IV is reused each time it is overwritten. Even restricting the threat model to offline attacks only isn't enough, since modern flash storage devices don't guarantee that "overwrites" are really overwrites, due to wear-leveling. Adiantum avoids this problem by constructing a "tweakable super-pseudorandom permutation"; this is the strongest possible security model for length-preserving encryption. Of course, storing random nonces along with the ciphertext would be the ideal solution. But doing that with existing hardware and filesystems runs into major practical problems; in most cases it would require data journaling (like dm-integrity) which severely degrades performance. Thus, for now length-preserving encryption is still needed. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-11-17 01:26:31 +00:00
*
crypto: adiantum - adjust some comments to match latest paper The 2018-11-28 revision of the Adiantum paper has revised some notation: - 'M' was replaced with 'L' (meaning "Left", for the left-hand part of the message) in the definition of Adiantum hashing, to avoid confusion with the full message - ε-almost-∆-universal is now abbreviated as ε-∆U instead of εA∆U - "block" is now used only to mean block cipher and Poly1305 blocks Also, Adiantum hashing was moved from the appendix to the main paper. To avoid confusion, update relevant comments in the code to match. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-12-06 22:21:59 +00:00
* H_T ← Poly1305_{K_T}(bin_{128}(|L|) || T)
*
* from the procedure in section 6.4 of the Adiantum paper. The resulting value
* is reused in both the first and second hash steps. Specifically, it's added
* to the result of an independently keyed ε-∆U hash function (for equal length
* inputs only) taken over the left-hand part (the "bulk") of the message, to
* give the overall Adiantum hash of the (tweak, left-hand part) pair.
crypto: adiantum - add Adiantum support Add support for the Adiantum encryption mode. Adiantum was designed by Paul Crowley and is specified by our paper: Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/720.pdf) See our paper for full details; this patch only provides an overview. Adiantum is a tweakable, length-preserving encryption mode designed for fast and secure disk encryption, especially on CPUs without dedicated crypto instructions. Adiantum encrypts each sector using the XChaCha12 stream cipher, two passes of an ε-almost-∆-universal (εA∆U) hash function, and an invocation of the AES-256 block cipher on a single 16-byte block. On CPUs without AES instructions, Adiantum is much faster than AES-XTS; for example, on ARM Cortex-A7, on 4096-byte sectors Adiantum encryption is about 4 times faster than AES-256-XTS encryption, and decryption about 5 times faster. Adiantum is a specialization of the more general HBSH construction. Our earlier proposal, HPolyC, was also a HBSH specialization, but it used a different εA∆U hash function, one based on Poly1305 only. Adiantum's εA∆U hash function, which is based primarily on the "NH" hash function like that used in UMAC (RFC4418), is about twice as fast as HPolyC's; consequently, Adiantum is about 20% faster than HPolyC. This speed comes with no loss of security: Adiantum is provably just as secure as HPolyC, in fact slightly *more* secure. Like HPolyC, Adiantum's security is reducible to that of XChaCha12 and AES-256, subject to a security bound. XChaCha12 itself has a security reduction to ChaCha12. Therefore, one need not "trust" Adiantum; one need only trust ChaCha12 and AES-256. Note that the εA∆U hash function is only used for its proven combinatorical properties so cannot be "broken". Adiantum is also a true wide-block encryption mode, so flipping any plaintext bit in the sector scrambles the entire ciphertext, and vice versa. No other such mode is available in the kernel currently; doing the same with XTS scrambles only 16 bytes. Adiantum also supports arbitrary-length tweaks and naturally supports any length input >= 16 bytes without needing "ciphertext stealing". For the stream cipher, Adiantum uses XChaCha12 rather than XChaCha20 in order to make encryption feasible on the widest range of devices. Although the 20-round variant is quite popular, the best known attacks on ChaCha are on only 7 rounds, so ChaCha12 still has a substantial security margin; in fact, larger than AES-256's. 12-round Salsa20 is also the eSTREAM recommendation. For the block cipher, Adiantum uses AES-256, despite it having a lower security margin than XChaCha12 and needing table lookups, due to AES's extensive adoption and analysis making it the obvious first choice. Nevertheless, for flexibility this patch also permits the "adiantum" template to be instantiated with XChaCha20 and/or with an alternate block cipher. We need Adiantum support in the kernel for use in dm-crypt and fscrypt, where currently the only other suitable options are block cipher modes such as AES-XTS. A big problem with this is that many low-end mobile devices (e.g. Android Go phones sold primarily in developing countries, as well as some smartwatches) still have CPUs that lack AES instructions, e.g. ARM Cortex-A7. Sadly, AES-XTS encryption is much too slow to be viable on these devices. We did find that some "lightweight" block ciphers are fast enough, but these suffer from problems such as not having much cryptanalysis or being too controversial. The ChaCha stream cipher has excellent performance but is insecure to use directly for disk encryption, since each sector's IV is reused each time it is overwritten. Even restricting the threat model to offline attacks only isn't enough, since modern flash storage devices don't guarantee that "overwrites" are really overwrites, due to wear-leveling. Adiantum avoids this problem by constructing a "tweakable super-pseudorandom permutation"; this is the strongest possible security model for length-preserving encryption. Of course, storing random nonces along with the ciphertext would be the ideal solution. But doing that with existing hardware and filesystems runs into major practical problems; in most cases it would require data journaling (like dm-integrity) which severely degrades performance. Thus, for now length-preserving encryption is still needed. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-11-17 01:26:31 +00:00
*/
static void adiantum_hash_header(struct skcipher_request *req)
{
struct crypto_skcipher *tfm = crypto_skcipher_reqtfm(req);
const struct adiantum_tfm_ctx *tctx = crypto_skcipher_ctx(tfm);
struct adiantum_request_ctx *rctx = skcipher_request_ctx(req);
const unsigned int bulk_len = req->cryptlen - BLOCKCIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE;
struct {
__le64 message_bits;
__le64 padding;
} header = {
.message_bits = cpu_to_le64((u64)bulk_len * 8)
};
struct poly1305_state state;
poly1305_core_init(&state);
BUILD_BUG_ON(sizeof(header) % POLY1305_BLOCK_SIZE != 0);
poly1305_core_blocks(&state, &tctx->header_hash_key,
crypto: poly1305 - move core routines into a separate library Move the core Poly1305 routines shared between the generic Poly1305 shash driver and the Adiantum and NHPoly1305 drivers into a separate library so that using just this pieces does not pull in the crypto API pieces of the generic Poly1305 routine. In a subsequent patch, we will augment this generic library with init/update/final routines so that Poyl1305 algorithm can be used directly without the need for using the crypto API's shash abstraction. Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ardb@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2019-11-08 12:22:19 +00:00
&header, sizeof(header) / POLY1305_BLOCK_SIZE, 1);
crypto: adiantum - add Adiantum support Add support for the Adiantum encryption mode. Adiantum was designed by Paul Crowley and is specified by our paper: Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/720.pdf) See our paper for full details; this patch only provides an overview. Adiantum is a tweakable, length-preserving encryption mode designed for fast and secure disk encryption, especially on CPUs without dedicated crypto instructions. Adiantum encrypts each sector using the XChaCha12 stream cipher, two passes of an ε-almost-∆-universal (εA∆U) hash function, and an invocation of the AES-256 block cipher on a single 16-byte block. On CPUs without AES instructions, Adiantum is much faster than AES-XTS; for example, on ARM Cortex-A7, on 4096-byte sectors Adiantum encryption is about 4 times faster than AES-256-XTS encryption, and decryption about 5 times faster. Adiantum is a specialization of the more general HBSH construction. Our earlier proposal, HPolyC, was also a HBSH specialization, but it used a different εA∆U hash function, one based on Poly1305 only. Adiantum's εA∆U hash function, which is based primarily on the "NH" hash function like that used in UMAC (RFC4418), is about twice as fast as HPolyC's; consequently, Adiantum is about 20% faster than HPolyC. This speed comes with no loss of security: Adiantum is provably just as secure as HPolyC, in fact slightly *more* secure. Like HPolyC, Adiantum's security is reducible to that of XChaCha12 and AES-256, subject to a security bound. XChaCha12 itself has a security reduction to ChaCha12. Therefore, one need not "trust" Adiantum; one need only trust ChaCha12 and AES-256. Note that the εA∆U hash function is only used for its proven combinatorical properties so cannot be "broken". Adiantum is also a true wide-block encryption mode, so flipping any plaintext bit in the sector scrambles the entire ciphertext, and vice versa. No other such mode is available in the kernel currently; doing the same with XTS scrambles only 16 bytes. Adiantum also supports arbitrary-length tweaks and naturally supports any length input >= 16 bytes without needing "ciphertext stealing". For the stream cipher, Adiantum uses XChaCha12 rather than XChaCha20 in order to make encryption feasible on the widest range of devices. Although the 20-round variant is quite popular, the best known attacks on ChaCha are on only 7 rounds, so ChaCha12 still has a substantial security margin; in fact, larger than AES-256's. 12-round Salsa20 is also the eSTREAM recommendation. For the block cipher, Adiantum uses AES-256, despite it having a lower security margin than XChaCha12 and needing table lookups, due to AES's extensive adoption and analysis making it the obvious first choice. Nevertheless, for flexibility this patch also permits the "adiantum" template to be instantiated with XChaCha20 and/or with an alternate block cipher. We need Adiantum support in the kernel for use in dm-crypt and fscrypt, where currently the only other suitable options are block cipher modes such as AES-XTS. A big problem with this is that many low-end mobile devices (e.g. Android Go phones sold primarily in developing countries, as well as some smartwatches) still have CPUs that lack AES instructions, e.g. ARM Cortex-A7. Sadly, AES-XTS encryption is much too slow to be viable on these devices. We did find that some "lightweight" block ciphers are fast enough, but these suffer from problems such as not having much cryptanalysis or being too controversial. The ChaCha stream cipher has excellent performance but is insecure to use directly for disk encryption, since each sector's IV is reused each time it is overwritten. Even restricting the threat model to offline attacks only isn't enough, since modern flash storage devices don't guarantee that "overwrites" are really overwrites, due to wear-leveling. Adiantum avoids this problem by constructing a "tweakable super-pseudorandom permutation"; this is the strongest possible security model for length-preserving encryption. Of course, storing random nonces along with the ciphertext would be the ideal solution. But doing that with existing hardware and filesystems runs into major practical problems; in most cases it would require data journaling (like dm-integrity) which severely degrades performance. Thus, for now length-preserving encryption is still needed. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-11-17 01:26:31 +00:00
BUILD_BUG_ON(TWEAK_SIZE % POLY1305_BLOCK_SIZE != 0);
poly1305_core_blocks(&state, &tctx->header_hash_key, req->iv,
crypto: poly1305 - move core routines into a separate library Move the core Poly1305 routines shared between the generic Poly1305 shash driver and the Adiantum and NHPoly1305 drivers into a separate library so that using just this pieces does not pull in the crypto API pieces of the generic Poly1305 routine. In a subsequent patch, we will augment this generic library with init/update/final routines so that Poyl1305 algorithm can be used directly without the need for using the crypto API's shash abstraction. Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ardb@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2019-11-08 12:22:19 +00:00
TWEAK_SIZE / POLY1305_BLOCK_SIZE, 1);
crypto: adiantum - add Adiantum support Add support for the Adiantum encryption mode. Adiantum was designed by Paul Crowley and is specified by our paper: Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/720.pdf) See our paper for full details; this patch only provides an overview. Adiantum is a tweakable, length-preserving encryption mode designed for fast and secure disk encryption, especially on CPUs without dedicated crypto instructions. Adiantum encrypts each sector using the XChaCha12 stream cipher, two passes of an ε-almost-∆-universal (εA∆U) hash function, and an invocation of the AES-256 block cipher on a single 16-byte block. On CPUs without AES instructions, Adiantum is much faster than AES-XTS; for example, on ARM Cortex-A7, on 4096-byte sectors Adiantum encryption is about 4 times faster than AES-256-XTS encryption, and decryption about 5 times faster. Adiantum is a specialization of the more general HBSH construction. Our earlier proposal, HPolyC, was also a HBSH specialization, but it used a different εA∆U hash function, one based on Poly1305 only. Adiantum's εA∆U hash function, which is based primarily on the "NH" hash function like that used in UMAC (RFC4418), is about twice as fast as HPolyC's; consequently, Adiantum is about 20% faster than HPolyC. This speed comes with no loss of security: Adiantum is provably just as secure as HPolyC, in fact slightly *more* secure. Like HPolyC, Adiantum's security is reducible to that of XChaCha12 and AES-256, subject to a security bound. XChaCha12 itself has a security reduction to ChaCha12. Therefore, one need not "trust" Adiantum; one need only trust ChaCha12 and AES-256. Note that the εA∆U hash function is only used for its proven combinatorical properties so cannot be "broken". Adiantum is also a true wide-block encryption mode, so flipping any plaintext bit in the sector scrambles the entire ciphertext, and vice versa. No other such mode is available in the kernel currently; doing the same with XTS scrambles only 16 bytes. Adiantum also supports arbitrary-length tweaks and naturally supports any length input >= 16 bytes without needing "ciphertext stealing". For the stream cipher, Adiantum uses XChaCha12 rather than XChaCha20 in order to make encryption feasible on the widest range of devices. Although the 20-round variant is quite popular, the best known attacks on ChaCha are on only 7 rounds, so ChaCha12 still has a substantial security margin; in fact, larger than AES-256's. 12-round Salsa20 is also the eSTREAM recommendation. For the block cipher, Adiantum uses AES-256, despite it having a lower security margin than XChaCha12 and needing table lookups, due to AES's extensive adoption and analysis making it the obvious first choice. Nevertheless, for flexibility this patch also permits the "adiantum" template to be instantiated with XChaCha20 and/or with an alternate block cipher. We need Adiantum support in the kernel for use in dm-crypt and fscrypt, where currently the only other suitable options are block cipher modes such as AES-XTS. A big problem with this is that many low-end mobile devices (e.g. Android Go phones sold primarily in developing countries, as well as some smartwatches) still have CPUs that lack AES instructions, e.g. ARM Cortex-A7. Sadly, AES-XTS encryption is much too slow to be viable on these devices. We did find that some "lightweight" block ciphers are fast enough, but these suffer from problems such as not having much cryptanalysis or being too controversial. The ChaCha stream cipher has excellent performance but is insecure to use directly for disk encryption, since each sector's IV is reused each time it is overwritten. Even restricting the threat model to offline attacks only isn't enough, since modern flash storage devices don't guarantee that "overwrites" are really overwrites, due to wear-leveling. Adiantum avoids this problem by constructing a "tweakable super-pseudorandom permutation"; this is the strongest possible security model for length-preserving encryption. Of course, storing random nonces along with the ciphertext would be the ideal solution. But doing that with existing hardware and filesystems runs into major practical problems; in most cases it would require data journaling (like dm-integrity) which severely degrades performance. Thus, for now length-preserving encryption is still needed. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-11-17 01:26:31 +00:00
crypto: poly1305 - add new 32 and 64-bit generic versions These two C implementations from Zinc -- a 32x32 one and a 64x64 one, depending on the platform -- come from Andrew Moon's public domain poly1305-donna portable code, modified for usage in the kernel. The precomputation in the 32-bit version and the use of 64x64 multiplies in the 64-bit version make these perform better than the code it replaces. Moon's code is also very widespread and has received many eyeballs of scrutiny. There's a bit of interference between the x86 implementation, which relies on internal details of the old scalar implementation. In the next commit, the x86 implementation will be replaced with a faster one that doesn't rely on this, so none of this matters much. But for now, to keep this passing the tests, we inline the bits of the old implementation that the x86 implementation relied on. Also, since we now support a slightly larger key space, via the union, some offsets had to be fixed up. Nonce calculation was folded in with the emit function, to take advantage of 64x64 arithmetic. However, Adiantum appeared to rely on no nonce handling in emit, so this path was conditionalized. We also introduced a new struct, poly1305_core_key, to represent the precise amount of space that particular implementation uses. Testing with kbench9000, depending on the CPU, the update function for the 32x32 version has been improved by 4%-7%, and for the 64x64 by 19%-30%. The 32x32 gains are small, but I think there's great value in having a parallel implementation to the 64x64 one so that the two can be compared side-by-side as nice stand-alone units. Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2020-01-06 03:40:46 +00:00
poly1305_core_emit(&state, NULL, &rctx->header_hash);
crypto: adiantum - add Adiantum support Add support for the Adiantum encryption mode. Adiantum was designed by Paul Crowley and is specified by our paper: Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/720.pdf) See our paper for full details; this patch only provides an overview. Adiantum is a tweakable, length-preserving encryption mode designed for fast and secure disk encryption, especially on CPUs without dedicated crypto instructions. Adiantum encrypts each sector using the XChaCha12 stream cipher, two passes of an ε-almost-∆-universal (εA∆U) hash function, and an invocation of the AES-256 block cipher on a single 16-byte block. On CPUs without AES instructions, Adiantum is much faster than AES-XTS; for example, on ARM Cortex-A7, on 4096-byte sectors Adiantum encryption is about 4 times faster than AES-256-XTS encryption, and decryption about 5 times faster. Adiantum is a specialization of the more general HBSH construction. Our earlier proposal, HPolyC, was also a HBSH specialization, but it used a different εA∆U hash function, one based on Poly1305 only. Adiantum's εA∆U hash function, which is based primarily on the "NH" hash function like that used in UMAC (RFC4418), is about twice as fast as HPolyC's; consequently, Adiantum is about 20% faster than HPolyC. This speed comes with no loss of security: Adiantum is provably just as secure as HPolyC, in fact slightly *more* secure. Like HPolyC, Adiantum's security is reducible to that of XChaCha12 and AES-256, subject to a security bound. XChaCha12 itself has a security reduction to ChaCha12. Therefore, one need not "trust" Adiantum; one need only trust ChaCha12 and AES-256. Note that the εA∆U hash function is only used for its proven combinatorical properties so cannot be "broken". Adiantum is also a true wide-block encryption mode, so flipping any plaintext bit in the sector scrambles the entire ciphertext, and vice versa. No other such mode is available in the kernel currently; doing the same with XTS scrambles only 16 bytes. Adiantum also supports arbitrary-length tweaks and naturally supports any length input >= 16 bytes without needing "ciphertext stealing". For the stream cipher, Adiantum uses XChaCha12 rather than XChaCha20 in order to make encryption feasible on the widest range of devices. Although the 20-round variant is quite popular, the best known attacks on ChaCha are on only 7 rounds, so ChaCha12 still has a substantial security margin; in fact, larger than AES-256's. 12-round Salsa20 is also the eSTREAM recommendation. For the block cipher, Adiantum uses AES-256, despite it having a lower security margin than XChaCha12 and needing table lookups, due to AES's extensive adoption and analysis making it the obvious first choice. Nevertheless, for flexibility this patch also permits the "adiantum" template to be instantiated with XChaCha20 and/or with an alternate block cipher. We need Adiantum support in the kernel for use in dm-crypt and fscrypt, where currently the only other suitable options are block cipher modes such as AES-XTS. A big problem with this is that many low-end mobile devices (e.g. Android Go phones sold primarily in developing countries, as well as some smartwatches) still have CPUs that lack AES instructions, e.g. ARM Cortex-A7. Sadly, AES-XTS encryption is much too slow to be viable on these devices. We did find that some "lightweight" block ciphers are fast enough, but these suffer from problems such as not having much cryptanalysis or being too controversial. The ChaCha stream cipher has excellent performance but is insecure to use directly for disk encryption, since each sector's IV is reused each time it is overwritten. Even restricting the threat model to offline attacks only isn't enough, since modern flash storage devices don't guarantee that "overwrites" are really overwrites, due to wear-leveling. Adiantum avoids this problem by constructing a "tweakable super-pseudorandom permutation"; this is the strongest possible security model for length-preserving encryption. Of course, storing random nonces along with the ciphertext would be the ideal solution. But doing that with existing hardware and filesystems runs into major practical problems; in most cases it would require data journaling (like dm-integrity) which severely degrades performance. Thus, for now length-preserving encryption is still needed. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-11-17 01:26:31 +00:00
}
crypto: adiantum - adjust some comments to match latest paper The 2018-11-28 revision of the Adiantum paper has revised some notation: - 'M' was replaced with 'L' (meaning "Left", for the left-hand part of the message) in the definition of Adiantum hashing, to avoid confusion with the full message - ε-almost-∆-universal is now abbreviated as ε-∆U instead of εA∆U - "block" is now used only to mean block cipher and Poly1305 blocks Also, Adiantum hashing was moved from the appendix to the main paper. To avoid confusion, update relevant comments in the code to match. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-12-06 22:21:59 +00:00
/* Hash the left-hand part (the "bulk") of the message using NHPoly1305 */
crypto: adiantum - add Adiantum support Add support for the Adiantum encryption mode. Adiantum was designed by Paul Crowley and is specified by our paper: Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/720.pdf) See our paper for full details; this patch only provides an overview. Adiantum is a tweakable, length-preserving encryption mode designed for fast and secure disk encryption, especially on CPUs without dedicated crypto instructions. Adiantum encrypts each sector using the XChaCha12 stream cipher, two passes of an ε-almost-∆-universal (εA∆U) hash function, and an invocation of the AES-256 block cipher on a single 16-byte block. On CPUs without AES instructions, Adiantum is much faster than AES-XTS; for example, on ARM Cortex-A7, on 4096-byte sectors Adiantum encryption is about 4 times faster than AES-256-XTS encryption, and decryption about 5 times faster. Adiantum is a specialization of the more general HBSH construction. Our earlier proposal, HPolyC, was also a HBSH specialization, but it used a different εA∆U hash function, one based on Poly1305 only. Adiantum's εA∆U hash function, which is based primarily on the "NH" hash function like that used in UMAC (RFC4418), is about twice as fast as HPolyC's; consequently, Adiantum is about 20% faster than HPolyC. This speed comes with no loss of security: Adiantum is provably just as secure as HPolyC, in fact slightly *more* secure. Like HPolyC, Adiantum's security is reducible to that of XChaCha12 and AES-256, subject to a security bound. XChaCha12 itself has a security reduction to ChaCha12. Therefore, one need not "trust" Adiantum; one need only trust ChaCha12 and AES-256. Note that the εA∆U hash function is only used for its proven combinatorical properties so cannot be "broken". Adiantum is also a true wide-block encryption mode, so flipping any plaintext bit in the sector scrambles the entire ciphertext, and vice versa. No other such mode is available in the kernel currently; doing the same with XTS scrambles only 16 bytes. Adiantum also supports arbitrary-length tweaks and naturally supports any length input >= 16 bytes without needing "ciphertext stealing". For the stream cipher, Adiantum uses XChaCha12 rather than XChaCha20 in order to make encryption feasible on the widest range of devices. Although the 20-round variant is quite popular, the best known attacks on ChaCha are on only 7 rounds, so ChaCha12 still has a substantial security margin; in fact, larger than AES-256's. 12-round Salsa20 is also the eSTREAM recommendation. For the block cipher, Adiantum uses AES-256, despite it having a lower security margin than XChaCha12 and needing table lookups, due to AES's extensive adoption and analysis making it the obvious first choice. Nevertheless, for flexibility this patch also permits the "adiantum" template to be instantiated with XChaCha20 and/or with an alternate block cipher. We need Adiantum support in the kernel for use in dm-crypt and fscrypt, where currently the only other suitable options are block cipher modes such as AES-XTS. A big problem with this is that many low-end mobile devices (e.g. Android Go phones sold primarily in developing countries, as well as some smartwatches) still have CPUs that lack AES instructions, e.g. ARM Cortex-A7. Sadly, AES-XTS encryption is much too slow to be viable on these devices. We did find that some "lightweight" block ciphers are fast enough, but these suffer from problems such as not having much cryptanalysis or being too controversial. The ChaCha stream cipher has excellent performance but is insecure to use directly for disk encryption, since each sector's IV is reused each time it is overwritten. Even restricting the threat model to offline attacks only isn't enough, since modern flash storage devices don't guarantee that "overwrites" are really overwrites, due to wear-leveling. Adiantum avoids this problem by constructing a "tweakable super-pseudorandom permutation"; this is the strongest possible security model for length-preserving encryption. Of course, storing random nonces along with the ciphertext would be the ideal solution. But doing that with existing hardware and filesystems runs into major practical problems; in most cases it would require data journaling (like dm-integrity) which severely degrades performance. Thus, for now length-preserving encryption is still needed. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-11-17 01:26:31 +00:00
static int adiantum_hash_message(struct skcipher_request *req,
struct scatterlist *sgl, le128 *digest)
{
struct crypto_skcipher *tfm = crypto_skcipher_reqtfm(req);
const struct adiantum_tfm_ctx *tctx = crypto_skcipher_ctx(tfm);
struct adiantum_request_ctx *rctx = skcipher_request_ctx(req);
const unsigned int bulk_len = req->cryptlen - BLOCKCIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE;
struct shash_desc *hash_desc = &rctx->u.hash_desc;
struct sg_mapping_iter miter;
unsigned int i, n;
int err;
hash_desc->tfm = tctx->hash;
err = crypto_shash_init(hash_desc);
if (err)
return err;
sg_miter_start(&miter, sgl, sg_nents(sgl),
SG_MITER_FROM_SG | SG_MITER_ATOMIC);
for (i = 0; i < bulk_len; i += n) {
sg_miter_next(&miter);
n = min_t(unsigned int, miter.length, bulk_len - i);
err = crypto_shash_update(hash_desc, miter.addr, n);
if (err)
break;
}
sg_miter_stop(&miter);
if (err)
return err;
return crypto_shash_final(hash_desc, (u8 *)digest);
}
/* Continue Adiantum encryption/decryption after the stream cipher step */
static int adiantum_finish(struct skcipher_request *req)
{
struct crypto_skcipher *tfm = crypto_skcipher_reqtfm(req);
const struct adiantum_tfm_ctx *tctx = crypto_skcipher_ctx(tfm);
struct adiantum_request_ctx *rctx = skcipher_request_ctx(req);
const unsigned int bulk_len = req->cryptlen - BLOCKCIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE;
le128 digest;
int err;
/* If decrypting, decrypt C_M with the block cipher to get P_M */
if (!rctx->enc)
crypto_cipher_decrypt_one(tctx->blockcipher, rctx->rbuf.bytes,
rctx->rbuf.bytes);
/*
* Second hash step
* enc: C_R = C_M - H_{K_H}(T, C_L)
* dec: P_R = P_M - H_{K_H}(T, P_L)
*/
err = adiantum_hash_message(req, req->dst, &digest);
if (err)
return err;
le128_add(&digest, &digest, &rctx->header_hash);
le128_sub(&rctx->rbuf.bignum, &rctx->rbuf.bignum, &digest);
scatterwalk_map_and_copy(&rctx->rbuf.bignum, req->dst,
bulk_len, BLOCKCIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE, 1);
return 0;
}
static void adiantum_streamcipher_done(struct crypto_async_request *areq,
int err)
{
struct skcipher_request *req = areq->data;
if (!err)
err = adiantum_finish(req);
skcipher_request_complete(req, err);
}
static int adiantum_crypt(struct skcipher_request *req, bool enc)
{
struct crypto_skcipher *tfm = crypto_skcipher_reqtfm(req);
const struct adiantum_tfm_ctx *tctx = crypto_skcipher_ctx(tfm);
struct adiantum_request_ctx *rctx = skcipher_request_ctx(req);
const unsigned int bulk_len = req->cryptlen - BLOCKCIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE;
unsigned int stream_len;
le128 digest;
int err;
if (req->cryptlen < BLOCKCIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE)
return -EINVAL;
rctx->enc = enc;
/*
* First hash step
* enc: P_M = P_R + H_{K_H}(T, P_L)
* dec: C_M = C_R + H_{K_H}(T, C_L)
*/
adiantum_hash_header(req);
err = adiantum_hash_message(req, req->src, &digest);
if (err)
return err;
le128_add(&digest, &digest, &rctx->header_hash);
scatterwalk_map_and_copy(&rctx->rbuf.bignum, req->src,
bulk_len, BLOCKCIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE, 0);
le128_add(&rctx->rbuf.bignum, &rctx->rbuf.bignum, &digest);
/* If encrypting, encrypt P_M with the block cipher to get C_M */
if (enc)
crypto_cipher_encrypt_one(tctx->blockcipher, rctx->rbuf.bytes,
rctx->rbuf.bytes);
/* Initialize the rest of the XChaCha IV (first part is C_M) */
BUILD_BUG_ON(BLOCKCIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE != 16);
BUILD_BUG_ON(XCHACHA_IV_SIZE != 32); /* nonce || stream position */
rctx->rbuf.words[4] = cpu_to_le32(1);
rctx->rbuf.words[5] = 0;
rctx->rbuf.words[6] = 0;
rctx->rbuf.words[7] = 0;
/*
* XChaCha needs to be done on all the data except the last 16 bytes;
* for disk encryption that usually means 4080 or 496 bytes. But ChaCha
* implementations tend to be most efficient when passed a whole number
* of 64-byte ChaCha blocks, or sometimes even a multiple of 256 bytes.
* And here it doesn't matter whether the last 16 bytes are written to,
* as the second hash step will overwrite them. Thus, round the XChaCha
* length up to the next 64-byte boundary if possible.
*/
stream_len = bulk_len;
if (round_up(stream_len, CHACHA_BLOCK_SIZE) <= req->cryptlen)
stream_len = round_up(stream_len, CHACHA_BLOCK_SIZE);
skcipher_request_set_tfm(&rctx->u.streamcipher_req, tctx->streamcipher);
skcipher_request_set_crypt(&rctx->u.streamcipher_req, req->src,
req->dst, stream_len, &rctx->rbuf);
skcipher_request_set_callback(&rctx->u.streamcipher_req,
req->base.flags,
adiantum_streamcipher_done, req);
return crypto_skcipher_encrypt(&rctx->u.streamcipher_req) ?:
adiantum_finish(req);
}
static int adiantum_encrypt(struct skcipher_request *req)
{
return adiantum_crypt(req, true);
}
static int adiantum_decrypt(struct skcipher_request *req)
{
return adiantum_crypt(req, false);
}
static int adiantum_init_tfm(struct crypto_skcipher *tfm)
{
struct skcipher_instance *inst = skcipher_alg_instance(tfm);
struct adiantum_instance_ctx *ictx = skcipher_instance_ctx(inst);
struct adiantum_tfm_ctx *tctx = crypto_skcipher_ctx(tfm);
struct crypto_skcipher *streamcipher;
struct crypto_cipher *blockcipher;
struct crypto_shash *hash;
unsigned int subreq_size;
int err;
streamcipher = crypto_spawn_skcipher(&ictx->streamcipher_spawn);
if (IS_ERR(streamcipher))
return PTR_ERR(streamcipher);
blockcipher = crypto_spawn_cipher(&ictx->blockcipher_spawn);
if (IS_ERR(blockcipher)) {
err = PTR_ERR(blockcipher);
goto err_free_streamcipher;
}
hash = crypto_spawn_shash(&ictx->hash_spawn);
if (IS_ERR(hash)) {
err = PTR_ERR(hash);
goto err_free_blockcipher;
}
tctx->streamcipher = streamcipher;
tctx->blockcipher = blockcipher;
tctx->hash = hash;
BUILD_BUG_ON(offsetofend(struct adiantum_request_ctx, u) !=
sizeof(struct adiantum_request_ctx));
treewide: Use sizeof_field() macro Replace all the occurrences of FIELD_SIZEOF() with sizeof_field() except at places where these are defined. Later patches will remove the unused definition of FIELD_SIZEOF(). This patch is generated using following script: EXCLUDE_FILES="include/linux/stddef.h|include/linux/kernel.h" git grep -l -e "\bFIELD_SIZEOF\b" | while read file; do if [[ "$file" =~ $EXCLUDE_FILES ]]; then continue fi sed -i -e 's/\bFIELD_SIZEOF\b/sizeof_field/g' $file; done Signed-off-by: Pankaj Bharadiya <pankaj.laxminarayan.bharadiya@intel.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20190924105839.110713-3-pankaj.laxminarayan.bharadiya@intel.com Co-developed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org> Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org> Acked-by: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net> # for net
2019-12-09 18:31:43 +00:00
subreq_size = max(sizeof_field(struct adiantum_request_ctx,
crypto: adiantum - add Adiantum support Add support for the Adiantum encryption mode. Adiantum was designed by Paul Crowley and is specified by our paper: Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/720.pdf) See our paper for full details; this patch only provides an overview. Adiantum is a tweakable, length-preserving encryption mode designed for fast and secure disk encryption, especially on CPUs without dedicated crypto instructions. Adiantum encrypts each sector using the XChaCha12 stream cipher, two passes of an ε-almost-∆-universal (εA∆U) hash function, and an invocation of the AES-256 block cipher on a single 16-byte block. On CPUs without AES instructions, Adiantum is much faster than AES-XTS; for example, on ARM Cortex-A7, on 4096-byte sectors Adiantum encryption is about 4 times faster than AES-256-XTS encryption, and decryption about 5 times faster. Adiantum is a specialization of the more general HBSH construction. Our earlier proposal, HPolyC, was also a HBSH specialization, but it used a different εA∆U hash function, one based on Poly1305 only. Adiantum's εA∆U hash function, which is based primarily on the "NH" hash function like that used in UMAC (RFC4418), is about twice as fast as HPolyC's; consequently, Adiantum is about 20% faster than HPolyC. This speed comes with no loss of security: Adiantum is provably just as secure as HPolyC, in fact slightly *more* secure. Like HPolyC, Adiantum's security is reducible to that of XChaCha12 and AES-256, subject to a security bound. XChaCha12 itself has a security reduction to ChaCha12. Therefore, one need not "trust" Adiantum; one need only trust ChaCha12 and AES-256. Note that the εA∆U hash function is only used for its proven combinatorical properties so cannot be "broken". Adiantum is also a true wide-block encryption mode, so flipping any plaintext bit in the sector scrambles the entire ciphertext, and vice versa. No other such mode is available in the kernel currently; doing the same with XTS scrambles only 16 bytes. Adiantum also supports arbitrary-length tweaks and naturally supports any length input >= 16 bytes without needing "ciphertext stealing". For the stream cipher, Adiantum uses XChaCha12 rather than XChaCha20 in order to make encryption feasible on the widest range of devices. Although the 20-round variant is quite popular, the best known attacks on ChaCha are on only 7 rounds, so ChaCha12 still has a substantial security margin; in fact, larger than AES-256's. 12-round Salsa20 is also the eSTREAM recommendation. For the block cipher, Adiantum uses AES-256, despite it having a lower security margin than XChaCha12 and needing table lookups, due to AES's extensive adoption and analysis making it the obvious first choice. Nevertheless, for flexibility this patch also permits the "adiantum" template to be instantiated with XChaCha20 and/or with an alternate block cipher. We need Adiantum support in the kernel for use in dm-crypt and fscrypt, where currently the only other suitable options are block cipher modes such as AES-XTS. A big problem with this is that many low-end mobile devices (e.g. Android Go phones sold primarily in developing countries, as well as some smartwatches) still have CPUs that lack AES instructions, e.g. ARM Cortex-A7. Sadly, AES-XTS encryption is much too slow to be viable on these devices. We did find that some "lightweight" block ciphers are fast enough, but these suffer from problems such as not having much cryptanalysis or being too controversial. The ChaCha stream cipher has excellent performance but is insecure to use directly for disk encryption, since each sector's IV is reused each time it is overwritten. Even restricting the threat model to offline attacks only isn't enough, since modern flash storage devices don't guarantee that "overwrites" are really overwrites, due to wear-leveling. Adiantum avoids this problem by constructing a "tweakable super-pseudorandom permutation"; this is the strongest possible security model for length-preserving encryption. Of course, storing random nonces along with the ciphertext would be the ideal solution. But doing that with existing hardware and filesystems runs into major practical problems; in most cases it would require data journaling (like dm-integrity) which severely degrades performance. Thus, for now length-preserving encryption is still needed. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-11-17 01:26:31 +00:00
u.hash_desc) +
crypto_shash_descsize(hash),
treewide: Use sizeof_field() macro Replace all the occurrences of FIELD_SIZEOF() with sizeof_field() except at places where these are defined. Later patches will remove the unused definition of FIELD_SIZEOF(). This patch is generated using following script: EXCLUDE_FILES="include/linux/stddef.h|include/linux/kernel.h" git grep -l -e "\bFIELD_SIZEOF\b" | while read file; do if [[ "$file" =~ $EXCLUDE_FILES ]]; then continue fi sed -i -e 's/\bFIELD_SIZEOF\b/sizeof_field/g' $file; done Signed-off-by: Pankaj Bharadiya <pankaj.laxminarayan.bharadiya@intel.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20190924105839.110713-3-pankaj.laxminarayan.bharadiya@intel.com Co-developed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org> Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org> Acked-by: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net> # for net
2019-12-09 18:31:43 +00:00
sizeof_field(struct adiantum_request_ctx,
crypto: adiantum - add Adiantum support Add support for the Adiantum encryption mode. Adiantum was designed by Paul Crowley and is specified by our paper: Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/720.pdf) See our paper for full details; this patch only provides an overview. Adiantum is a tweakable, length-preserving encryption mode designed for fast and secure disk encryption, especially on CPUs without dedicated crypto instructions. Adiantum encrypts each sector using the XChaCha12 stream cipher, two passes of an ε-almost-∆-universal (εA∆U) hash function, and an invocation of the AES-256 block cipher on a single 16-byte block. On CPUs without AES instructions, Adiantum is much faster than AES-XTS; for example, on ARM Cortex-A7, on 4096-byte sectors Adiantum encryption is about 4 times faster than AES-256-XTS encryption, and decryption about 5 times faster. Adiantum is a specialization of the more general HBSH construction. Our earlier proposal, HPolyC, was also a HBSH specialization, but it used a different εA∆U hash function, one based on Poly1305 only. Adiantum's εA∆U hash function, which is based primarily on the "NH" hash function like that used in UMAC (RFC4418), is about twice as fast as HPolyC's; consequently, Adiantum is about 20% faster than HPolyC. This speed comes with no loss of security: Adiantum is provably just as secure as HPolyC, in fact slightly *more* secure. Like HPolyC, Adiantum's security is reducible to that of XChaCha12 and AES-256, subject to a security bound. XChaCha12 itself has a security reduction to ChaCha12. Therefore, one need not "trust" Adiantum; one need only trust ChaCha12 and AES-256. Note that the εA∆U hash function is only used for its proven combinatorical properties so cannot be "broken". Adiantum is also a true wide-block encryption mode, so flipping any plaintext bit in the sector scrambles the entire ciphertext, and vice versa. No other such mode is available in the kernel currently; doing the same with XTS scrambles only 16 bytes. Adiantum also supports arbitrary-length tweaks and naturally supports any length input >= 16 bytes without needing "ciphertext stealing". For the stream cipher, Adiantum uses XChaCha12 rather than XChaCha20 in order to make encryption feasible on the widest range of devices. Although the 20-round variant is quite popular, the best known attacks on ChaCha are on only 7 rounds, so ChaCha12 still has a substantial security margin; in fact, larger than AES-256's. 12-round Salsa20 is also the eSTREAM recommendation. For the block cipher, Adiantum uses AES-256, despite it having a lower security margin than XChaCha12 and needing table lookups, due to AES's extensive adoption and analysis making it the obvious first choice. Nevertheless, for flexibility this patch also permits the "adiantum" template to be instantiated with XChaCha20 and/or with an alternate block cipher. We need Adiantum support in the kernel for use in dm-crypt and fscrypt, where currently the only other suitable options are block cipher modes such as AES-XTS. A big problem with this is that many low-end mobile devices (e.g. Android Go phones sold primarily in developing countries, as well as some smartwatches) still have CPUs that lack AES instructions, e.g. ARM Cortex-A7. Sadly, AES-XTS encryption is much too slow to be viable on these devices. We did find that some "lightweight" block ciphers are fast enough, but these suffer from problems such as not having much cryptanalysis or being too controversial. The ChaCha stream cipher has excellent performance but is insecure to use directly for disk encryption, since each sector's IV is reused each time it is overwritten. Even restricting the threat model to offline attacks only isn't enough, since modern flash storage devices don't guarantee that "overwrites" are really overwrites, due to wear-leveling. Adiantum avoids this problem by constructing a "tweakable super-pseudorandom permutation"; this is the strongest possible security model for length-preserving encryption. Of course, storing random nonces along with the ciphertext would be the ideal solution. But doing that with existing hardware and filesystems runs into major practical problems; in most cases it would require data journaling (like dm-integrity) which severely degrades performance. Thus, for now length-preserving encryption is still needed. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-11-17 01:26:31 +00:00
u.streamcipher_req) +
crypto_skcipher_reqsize(streamcipher));
crypto_skcipher_set_reqsize(tfm,
offsetof(struct adiantum_request_ctx, u) +
subreq_size);
return 0;
err_free_blockcipher:
crypto_free_cipher(blockcipher);
err_free_streamcipher:
crypto_free_skcipher(streamcipher);
return err;
}
static void adiantum_exit_tfm(struct crypto_skcipher *tfm)
{
struct adiantum_tfm_ctx *tctx = crypto_skcipher_ctx(tfm);
crypto_free_skcipher(tctx->streamcipher);
crypto_free_cipher(tctx->blockcipher);
crypto_free_shash(tctx->hash);
}
static void adiantum_free_instance(struct skcipher_instance *inst)
{
struct adiantum_instance_ctx *ictx = skcipher_instance_ctx(inst);
crypto_drop_skcipher(&ictx->streamcipher_spawn);
crypto: adiantum - use crypto_grab_{cipher,shash} and simplify error paths Make the adiantum template use the new functions crypto_grab_cipher() and crypto_grab_shash() to initialize its cipher and shash spawns. This is needed to make all spawns be initialized in a consistent way. Also simplify the error handling by taking advantage of crypto_drop_*() now accepting (as a no-op) spawns that haven't been initialized yet, and by taking advantage of crypto_grab_*() now handling ERR_PTR() names. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2020-01-03 03:58:52 +00:00
crypto_drop_cipher(&ictx->blockcipher_spawn);
crypto: adiantum - add Adiantum support Add support for the Adiantum encryption mode. Adiantum was designed by Paul Crowley and is specified by our paper: Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/720.pdf) See our paper for full details; this patch only provides an overview. Adiantum is a tweakable, length-preserving encryption mode designed for fast and secure disk encryption, especially on CPUs without dedicated crypto instructions. Adiantum encrypts each sector using the XChaCha12 stream cipher, two passes of an ε-almost-∆-universal (εA∆U) hash function, and an invocation of the AES-256 block cipher on a single 16-byte block. On CPUs without AES instructions, Adiantum is much faster than AES-XTS; for example, on ARM Cortex-A7, on 4096-byte sectors Adiantum encryption is about 4 times faster than AES-256-XTS encryption, and decryption about 5 times faster. Adiantum is a specialization of the more general HBSH construction. Our earlier proposal, HPolyC, was also a HBSH specialization, but it used a different εA∆U hash function, one based on Poly1305 only. Adiantum's εA∆U hash function, which is based primarily on the "NH" hash function like that used in UMAC (RFC4418), is about twice as fast as HPolyC's; consequently, Adiantum is about 20% faster than HPolyC. This speed comes with no loss of security: Adiantum is provably just as secure as HPolyC, in fact slightly *more* secure. Like HPolyC, Adiantum's security is reducible to that of XChaCha12 and AES-256, subject to a security bound. XChaCha12 itself has a security reduction to ChaCha12. Therefore, one need not "trust" Adiantum; one need only trust ChaCha12 and AES-256. Note that the εA∆U hash function is only used for its proven combinatorical properties so cannot be "broken". Adiantum is also a true wide-block encryption mode, so flipping any plaintext bit in the sector scrambles the entire ciphertext, and vice versa. No other such mode is available in the kernel currently; doing the same with XTS scrambles only 16 bytes. Adiantum also supports arbitrary-length tweaks and naturally supports any length input >= 16 bytes without needing "ciphertext stealing". For the stream cipher, Adiantum uses XChaCha12 rather than XChaCha20 in order to make encryption feasible on the widest range of devices. Although the 20-round variant is quite popular, the best known attacks on ChaCha are on only 7 rounds, so ChaCha12 still has a substantial security margin; in fact, larger than AES-256's. 12-round Salsa20 is also the eSTREAM recommendation. For the block cipher, Adiantum uses AES-256, despite it having a lower security margin than XChaCha12 and needing table lookups, due to AES's extensive adoption and analysis making it the obvious first choice. Nevertheless, for flexibility this patch also permits the "adiantum" template to be instantiated with XChaCha20 and/or with an alternate block cipher. We need Adiantum support in the kernel for use in dm-crypt and fscrypt, where currently the only other suitable options are block cipher modes such as AES-XTS. A big problem with this is that many low-end mobile devices (e.g. Android Go phones sold primarily in developing countries, as well as some smartwatches) still have CPUs that lack AES instructions, e.g. ARM Cortex-A7. Sadly, AES-XTS encryption is much too slow to be viable on these devices. We did find that some "lightweight" block ciphers are fast enough, but these suffer from problems such as not having much cryptanalysis or being too controversial. The ChaCha stream cipher has excellent performance but is insecure to use directly for disk encryption, since each sector's IV is reused each time it is overwritten. Even restricting the threat model to offline attacks only isn't enough, since modern flash storage devices don't guarantee that "overwrites" are really overwrites, due to wear-leveling. Adiantum avoids this problem by constructing a "tweakable super-pseudorandom permutation"; this is the strongest possible security model for length-preserving encryption. Of course, storing random nonces along with the ciphertext would be the ideal solution. But doing that with existing hardware and filesystems runs into major practical problems; in most cases it would require data journaling (like dm-integrity) which severely degrades performance. Thus, for now length-preserving encryption is still needed. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-11-17 01:26:31 +00:00
crypto_drop_shash(&ictx->hash_spawn);
kfree(inst);
}
/*
* Check for a supported set of inner algorithms.
* See the comment at the beginning of this file.
*/
static bool adiantum_supported_algorithms(struct skcipher_alg *streamcipher_alg,
struct crypto_alg *blockcipher_alg,
struct shash_alg *hash_alg)
{
if (strcmp(streamcipher_alg->base.cra_name, "xchacha12") != 0 &&
strcmp(streamcipher_alg->base.cra_name, "xchacha20") != 0)
return false;
if (blockcipher_alg->cra_cipher.cia_min_keysize > BLOCKCIPHER_KEY_SIZE ||
blockcipher_alg->cra_cipher.cia_max_keysize < BLOCKCIPHER_KEY_SIZE)
return false;
if (blockcipher_alg->cra_blocksize != BLOCKCIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE)
return false;
if (strcmp(hash_alg->base.cra_name, "nhpoly1305") != 0)
return false;
return true;
}
static int adiantum_create(struct crypto_template *tmpl, struct rtattr **tb)
{
crypto: skcipher - pass instance to crypto_grab_skcipher() Initializing a crypto_skcipher_spawn currently requires: 1. Set spawn->base.inst to point to the instance. 2. Call crypto_grab_skcipher(). But there's no reason for these steps to be separate, and in fact this unneeded complication has caused at least one bug, the one fixed by commit 6db43410179b ("crypto: adiantum - initialize crypto_spawn::inst") So just make crypto_grab_skcipher() take the instance as an argument. To keep the function calls from getting too unwieldy due to this extra argument, also introduce a 'mask' variable into the affected places which weren't already using one. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2020-01-03 03:58:45 +00:00
u32 mask;
crypto: adiantum - add Adiantum support Add support for the Adiantum encryption mode. Adiantum was designed by Paul Crowley and is specified by our paper: Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/720.pdf) See our paper for full details; this patch only provides an overview. Adiantum is a tweakable, length-preserving encryption mode designed for fast and secure disk encryption, especially on CPUs without dedicated crypto instructions. Adiantum encrypts each sector using the XChaCha12 stream cipher, two passes of an ε-almost-∆-universal (εA∆U) hash function, and an invocation of the AES-256 block cipher on a single 16-byte block. On CPUs without AES instructions, Adiantum is much faster than AES-XTS; for example, on ARM Cortex-A7, on 4096-byte sectors Adiantum encryption is about 4 times faster than AES-256-XTS encryption, and decryption about 5 times faster. Adiantum is a specialization of the more general HBSH construction. Our earlier proposal, HPolyC, was also a HBSH specialization, but it used a different εA∆U hash function, one based on Poly1305 only. Adiantum's εA∆U hash function, which is based primarily on the "NH" hash function like that used in UMAC (RFC4418), is about twice as fast as HPolyC's; consequently, Adiantum is about 20% faster than HPolyC. This speed comes with no loss of security: Adiantum is provably just as secure as HPolyC, in fact slightly *more* secure. Like HPolyC, Adiantum's security is reducible to that of XChaCha12 and AES-256, subject to a security bound. XChaCha12 itself has a security reduction to ChaCha12. Therefore, one need not "trust" Adiantum; one need only trust ChaCha12 and AES-256. Note that the εA∆U hash function is only used for its proven combinatorical properties so cannot be "broken". Adiantum is also a true wide-block encryption mode, so flipping any plaintext bit in the sector scrambles the entire ciphertext, and vice versa. No other such mode is available in the kernel currently; doing the same with XTS scrambles only 16 bytes. Adiantum also supports arbitrary-length tweaks and naturally supports any length input >= 16 bytes without needing "ciphertext stealing". For the stream cipher, Adiantum uses XChaCha12 rather than XChaCha20 in order to make encryption feasible on the widest range of devices. Although the 20-round variant is quite popular, the best known attacks on ChaCha are on only 7 rounds, so ChaCha12 still has a substantial security margin; in fact, larger than AES-256's. 12-round Salsa20 is also the eSTREAM recommendation. For the block cipher, Adiantum uses AES-256, despite it having a lower security margin than XChaCha12 and needing table lookups, due to AES's extensive adoption and analysis making it the obvious first choice. Nevertheless, for flexibility this patch also permits the "adiantum" template to be instantiated with XChaCha20 and/or with an alternate block cipher. We need Adiantum support in the kernel for use in dm-crypt and fscrypt, where currently the only other suitable options are block cipher modes such as AES-XTS. A big problem with this is that many low-end mobile devices (e.g. Android Go phones sold primarily in developing countries, as well as some smartwatches) still have CPUs that lack AES instructions, e.g. ARM Cortex-A7. Sadly, AES-XTS encryption is much too slow to be viable on these devices. We did find that some "lightweight" block ciphers are fast enough, but these suffer from problems such as not having much cryptanalysis or being too controversial. The ChaCha stream cipher has excellent performance but is insecure to use directly for disk encryption, since each sector's IV is reused each time it is overwritten. Even restricting the threat model to offline attacks only isn't enough, since modern flash storage devices don't guarantee that "overwrites" are really overwrites, due to wear-leveling. Adiantum avoids this problem by constructing a "tweakable super-pseudorandom permutation"; this is the strongest possible security model for length-preserving encryption. Of course, storing random nonces along with the ciphertext would be the ideal solution. But doing that with existing hardware and filesystems runs into major practical problems; in most cases it would require data journaling (like dm-integrity) which severely degrades performance. Thus, for now length-preserving encryption is still needed. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-11-17 01:26:31 +00:00
const char *nhpoly1305_name;
struct skcipher_instance *inst;
struct adiantum_instance_ctx *ictx;
struct skcipher_alg *streamcipher_alg;
struct crypto_alg *blockcipher_alg;
struct shash_alg *hash_alg;
int err;
crypto: algapi - use common mechanism for inheriting flags The flag CRYPTO_ALG_ASYNC is "inherited" in the sense that when a template is instantiated, the template will have CRYPTO_ALG_ASYNC set if any of the algorithms it uses has CRYPTO_ALG_ASYNC set. We'd like to add a second flag (CRYPTO_ALG_ALLOCATES_MEMORY) that gets "inherited" in the same way. This is difficult because the handling of CRYPTO_ALG_ASYNC is hardcoded everywhere. Address this by: - Add CRYPTO_ALG_INHERITED_FLAGS, which contains the set of flags that have these inheritance semantics. - Add crypto_algt_inherited_mask(), for use by template ->create() methods. It returns any of these flags that the user asked to be unset and thus must be passed in the 'mask' to crypto_grab_*(). - Also modify crypto_check_attr_type() to handle computing the 'mask' so that most templates can just use this. - Make crypto_grab_*() propagate these flags to the template instance being created so that templates don't have to do this themselves. Make crypto/simd.c propagate these flags too, since it "wraps" another algorithm, similar to a template. Based on a patch by Mikulas Patocka <mpatocka@redhat.com> (https://lore.kernel.org/r/alpine.LRH.2.02.2006301414580.30526@file01.intranet.prod.int.rdu2.redhat.com). Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2020-07-10 06:20:38 +00:00
err = crypto_check_attr_type(tb, CRYPTO_ALG_TYPE_SKCIPHER, &mask);
if (err)
return err;
crypto: adiantum - add Adiantum support Add support for the Adiantum encryption mode. Adiantum was designed by Paul Crowley and is specified by our paper: Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/720.pdf) See our paper for full details; this patch only provides an overview. Adiantum is a tweakable, length-preserving encryption mode designed for fast and secure disk encryption, especially on CPUs without dedicated crypto instructions. Adiantum encrypts each sector using the XChaCha12 stream cipher, two passes of an ε-almost-∆-universal (εA∆U) hash function, and an invocation of the AES-256 block cipher on a single 16-byte block. On CPUs without AES instructions, Adiantum is much faster than AES-XTS; for example, on ARM Cortex-A7, on 4096-byte sectors Adiantum encryption is about 4 times faster than AES-256-XTS encryption, and decryption about 5 times faster. Adiantum is a specialization of the more general HBSH construction. Our earlier proposal, HPolyC, was also a HBSH specialization, but it used a different εA∆U hash function, one based on Poly1305 only. Adiantum's εA∆U hash function, which is based primarily on the "NH" hash function like that used in UMAC (RFC4418), is about twice as fast as HPolyC's; consequently, Adiantum is about 20% faster than HPolyC. This speed comes with no loss of security: Adiantum is provably just as secure as HPolyC, in fact slightly *more* secure. Like HPolyC, Adiantum's security is reducible to that of XChaCha12 and AES-256, subject to a security bound. XChaCha12 itself has a security reduction to ChaCha12. Therefore, one need not "trust" Adiantum; one need only trust ChaCha12 and AES-256. Note that the εA∆U hash function is only used for its proven combinatorical properties so cannot be "broken". Adiantum is also a true wide-block encryption mode, so flipping any plaintext bit in the sector scrambles the entire ciphertext, and vice versa. No other such mode is available in the kernel currently; doing the same with XTS scrambles only 16 bytes. Adiantum also supports arbitrary-length tweaks and naturally supports any length input >= 16 bytes without needing "ciphertext stealing". For the stream cipher, Adiantum uses XChaCha12 rather than XChaCha20 in order to make encryption feasible on the widest range of devices. Although the 20-round variant is quite popular, the best known attacks on ChaCha are on only 7 rounds, so ChaCha12 still has a substantial security margin; in fact, larger than AES-256's. 12-round Salsa20 is also the eSTREAM recommendation. For the block cipher, Adiantum uses AES-256, despite it having a lower security margin than XChaCha12 and needing table lookups, due to AES's extensive adoption and analysis making it the obvious first choice. Nevertheless, for flexibility this patch also permits the "adiantum" template to be instantiated with XChaCha20 and/or with an alternate block cipher. We need Adiantum support in the kernel for use in dm-crypt and fscrypt, where currently the only other suitable options are block cipher modes such as AES-XTS. A big problem with this is that many low-end mobile devices (e.g. Android Go phones sold primarily in developing countries, as well as some smartwatches) still have CPUs that lack AES instructions, e.g. ARM Cortex-A7. Sadly, AES-XTS encryption is much too slow to be viable on these devices. We did find that some "lightweight" block ciphers are fast enough, but these suffer from problems such as not having much cryptanalysis or being too controversial. The ChaCha stream cipher has excellent performance but is insecure to use directly for disk encryption, since each sector's IV is reused each time it is overwritten. Even restricting the threat model to offline attacks only isn't enough, since modern flash storage devices don't guarantee that "overwrites" are really overwrites, due to wear-leveling. Adiantum avoids this problem by constructing a "tweakable super-pseudorandom permutation"; this is the strongest possible security model for length-preserving encryption. Of course, storing random nonces along with the ciphertext would be the ideal solution. But doing that with existing hardware and filesystems runs into major practical problems; in most cases it would require data journaling (like dm-integrity) which severely degrades performance. Thus, for now length-preserving encryption is still needed. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-11-17 01:26:31 +00:00
inst = kzalloc(sizeof(*inst) + sizeof(*ictx), GFP_KERNEL);
if (!inst)
return -ENOMEM;
ictx = skcipher_instance_ctx(inst);
/* Stream cipher, e.g. "xchacha12" */
crypto: skcipher - pass instance to crypto_grab_skcipher() Initializing a crypto_skcipher_spawn currently requires: 1. Set spawn->base.inst to point to the instance. 2. Call crypto_grab_skcipher(). But there's no reason for these steps to be separate, and in fact this unneeded complication has caused at least one bug, the one fixed by commit 6db43410179b ("crypto: adiantum - initialize crypto_spawn::inst") So just make crypto_grab_skcipher() take the instance as an argument. To keep the function calls from getting too unwieldy due to this extra argument, also introduce a 'mask' variable into the affected places which weren't already using one. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2020-01-03 03:58:45 +00:00
err = crypto_grab_skcipher(&ictx->streamcipher_spawn,
skcipher_crypto_instance(inst),
crypto: adiantum - use crypto_grab_{cipher,shash} and simplify error paths Make the adiantum template use the new functions crypto_grab_cipher() and crypto_grab_shash() to initialize its cipher and shash spawns. This is needed to make all spawns be initialized in a consistent way. Also simplify the error handling by taking advantage of crypto_drop_*() now accepting (as a no-op) spawns that haven't been initialized yet, and by taking advantage of crypto_grab_*() now handling ERR_PTR() names. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2020-01-03 03:58:52 +00:00
crypto_attr_alg_name(tb[1]), 0, mask);
crypto: adiantum - add Adiantum support Add support for the Adiantum encryption mode. Adiantum was designed by Paul Crowley and is specified by our paper: Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/720.pdf) See our paper for full details; this patch only provides an overview. Adiantum is a tweakable, length-preserving encryption mode designed for fast and secure disk encryption, especially on CPUs without dedicated crypto instructions. Adiantum encrypts each sector using the XChaCha12 stream cipher, two passes of an ε-almost-∆-universal (εA∆U) hash function, and an invocation of the AES-256 block cipher on a single 16-byte block. On CPUs without AES instructions, Adiantum is much faster than AES-XTS; for example, on ARM Cortex-A7, on 4096-byte sectors Adiantum encryption is about 4 times faster than AES-256-XTS encryption, and decryption about 5 times faster. Adiantum is a specialization of the more general HBSH construction. Our earlier proposal, HPolyC, was also a HBSH specialization, but it used a different εA∆U hash function, one based on Poly1305 only. Adiantum's εA∆U hash function, which is based primarily on the "NH" hash function like that used in UMAC (RFC4418), is about twice as fast as HPolyC's; consequently, Adiantum is about 20% faster than HPolyC. This speed comes with no loss of security: Adiantum is provably just as secure as HPolyC, in fact slightly *more* secure. Like HPolyC, Adiantum's security is reducible to that of XChaCha12 and AES-256, subject to a security bound. XChaCha12 itself has a security reduction to ChaCha12. Therefore, one need not "trust" Adiantum; one need only trust ChaCha12 and AES-256. Note that the εA∆U hash function is only used for its proven combinatorical properties so cannot be "broken". Adiantum is also a true wide-block encryption mode, so flipping any plaintext bit in the sector scrambles the entire ciphertext, and vice versa. No other such mode is available in the kernel currently; doing the same with XTS scrambles only 16 bytes. Adiantum also supports arbitrary-length tweaks and naturally supports any length input >= 16 bytes without needing "ciphertext stealing". For the stream cipher, Adiantum uses XChaCha12 rather than XChaCha20 in order to make encryption feasible on the widest range of devices. Although the 20-round variant is quite popular, the best known attacks on ChaCha are on only 7 rounds, so ChaCha12 still has a substantial security margin; in fact, larger than AES-256's. 12-round Salsa20 is also the eSTREAM recommendation. For the block cipher, Adiantum uses AES-256, despite it having a lower security margin than XChaCha12 and needing table lookups, due to AES's extensive adoption and analysis making it the obvious first choice. Nevertheless, for flexibility this patch also permits the "adiantum" template to be instantiated with XChaCha20 and/or with an alternate block cipher. We need Adiantum support in the kernel for use in dm-crypt and fscrypt, where currently the only other suitable options are block cipher modes such as AES-XTS. A big problem with this is that many low-end mobile devices (e.g. Android Go phones sold primarily in developing countries, as well as some smartwatches) still have CPUs that lack AES instructions, e.g. ARM Cortex-A7. Sadly, AES-XTS encryption is much too slow to be viable on these devices. We did find that some "lightweight" block ciphers are fast enough, but these suffer from problems such as not having much cryptanalysis or being too controversial. The ChaCha stream cipher has excellent performance but is insecure to use directly for disk encryption, since each sector's IV is reused each time it is overwritten. Even restricting the threat model to offline attacks only isn't enough, since modern flash storage devices don't guarantee that "overwrites" are really overwrites, due to wear-leveling. Adiantum avoids this problem by constructing a "tweakable super-pseudorandom permutation"; this is the strongest possible security model for length-preserving encryption. Of course, storing random nonces along with the ciphertext would be the ideal solution. But doing that with existing hardware and filesystems runs into major practical problems; in most cases it would require data journaling (like dm-integrity) which severely degrades performance. Thus, for now length-preserving encryption is still needed. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-11-17 01:26:31 +00:00
if (err)
crypto: adiantum - use crypto_grab_{cipher,shash} and simplify error paths Make the adiantum template use the new functions crypto_grab_cipher() and crypto_grab_shash() to initialize its cipher and shash spawns. This is needed to make all spawns be initialized in a consistent way. Also simplify the error handling by taking advantage of crypto_drop_*() now accepting (as a no-op) spawns that haven't been initialized yet, and by taking advantage of crypto_grab_*() now handling ERR_PTR() names. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2020-01-03 03:58:52 +00:00
goto err_free_inst;
crypto: adiantum - add Adiantum support Add support for the Adiantum encryption mode. Adiantum was designed by Paul Crowley and is specified by our paper: Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/720.pdf) See our paper for full details; this patch only provides an overview. Adiantum is a tweakable, length-preserving encryption mode designed for fast and secure disk encryption, especially on CPUs without dedicated crypto instructions. Adiantum encrypts each sector using the XChaCha12 stream cipher, two passes of an ε-almost-∆-universal (εA∆U) hash function, and an invocation of the AES-256 block cipher on a single 16-byte block. On CPUs without AES instructions, Adiantum is much faster than AES-XTS; for example, on ARM Cortex-A7, on 4096-byte sectors Adiantum encryption is about 4 times faster than AES-256-XTS encryption, and decryption about 5 times faster. Adiantum is a specialization of the more general HBSH construction. Our earlier proposal, HPolyC, was also a HBSH specialization, but it used a different εA∆U hash function, one based on Poly1305 only. Adiantum's εA∆U hash function, which is based primarily on the "NH" hash function like that used in UMAC (RFC4418), is about twice as fast as HPolyC's; consequently, Adiantum is about 20% faster than HPolyC. This speed comes with no loss of security: Adiantum is provably just as secure as HPolyC, in fact slightly *more* secure. Like HPolyC, Adiantum's security is reducible to that of XChaCha12 and AES-256, subject to a security bound. XChaCha12 itself has a security reduction to ChaCha12. Therefore, one need not "trust" Adiantum; one need only trust ChaCha12 and AES-256. Note that the εA∆U hash function is only used for its proven combinatorical properties so cannot be "broken". Adiantum is also a true wide-block encryption mode, so flipping any plaintext bit in the sector scrambles the entire ciphertext, and vice versa. No other such mode is available in the kernel currently; doing the same with XTS scrambles only 16 bytes. Adiantum also supports arbitrary-length tweaks and naturally supports any length input >= 16 bytes without needing "ciphertext stealing". For the stream cipher, Adiantum uses XChaCha12 rather than XChaCha20 in order to make encryption feasible on the widest range of devices. Although the 20-round variant is quite popular, the best known attacks on ChaCha are on only 7 rounds, so ChaCha12 still has a substantial security margin; in fact, larger than AES-256's. 12-round Salsa20 is also the eSTREAM recommendation. For the block cipher, Adiantum uses AES-256, despite it having a lower security margin than XChaCha12 and needing table lookups, due to AES's extensive adoption and analysis making it the obvious first choice. Nevertheless, for flexibility this patch also permits the "adiantum" template to be instantiated with XChaCha20 and/or with an alternate block cipher. We need Adiantum support in the kernel for use in dm-crypt and fscrypt, where currently the only other suitable options are block cipher modes such as AES-XTS. A big problem with this is that many low-end mobile devices (e.g. Android Go phones sold primarily in developing countries, as well as some smartwatches) still have CPUs that lack AES instructions, e.g. ARM Cortex-A7. Sadly, AES-XTS encryption is much too slow to be viable on these devices. We did find that some "lightweight" block ciphers are fast enough, but these suffer from problems such as not having much cryptanalysis or being too controversial. The ChaCha stream cipher has excellent performance but is insecure to use directly for disk encryption, since each sector's IV is reused each time it is overwritten. Even restricting the threat model to offline attacks only isn't enough, since modern flash storage devices don't guarantee that "overwrites" are really overwrites, due to wear-leveling. Adiantum avoids this problem by constructing a "tweakable super-pseudorandom permutation"; this is the strongest possible security model for length-preserving encryption. Of course, storing random nonces along with the ciphertext would be the ideal solution. But doing that with existing hardware and filesystems runs into major practical problems; in most cases it would require data journaling (like dm-integrity) which severely degrades performance. Thus, for now length-preserving encryption is still needed. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-11-17 01:26:31 +00:00
streamcipher_alg = crypto_spawn_skcipher_alg(&ictx->streamcipher_spawn);
/* Block cipher, e.g. "aes" */
crypto: adiantum - use crypto_grab_{cipher,shash} and simplify error paths Make the adiantum template use the new functions crypto_grab_cipher() and crypto_grab_shash() to initialize its cipher and shash spawns. This is needed to make all spawns be initialized in a consistent way. Also simplify the error handling by taking advantage of crypto_drop_*() now accepting (as a no-op) spawns that haven't been initialized yet, and by taking advantage of crypto_grab_*() now handling ERR_PTR() names. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2020-01-03 03:58:52 +00:00
err = crypto_grab_cipher(&ictx->blockcipher_spawn,
skcipher_crypto_instance(inst),
crypto_attr_alg_name(tb[2]), 0, mask);
crypto: adiantum - add Adiantum support Add support for the Adiantum encryption mode. Adiantum was designed by Paul Crowley and is specified by our paper: Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/720.pdf) See our paper for full details; this patch only provides an overview. Adiantum is a tweakable, length-preserving encryption mode designed for fast and secure disk encryption, especially on CPUs without dedicated crypto instructions. Adiantum encrypts each sector using the XChaCha12 stream cipher, two passes of an ε-almost-∆-universal (εA∆U) hash function, and an invocation of the AES-256 block cipher on a single 16-byte block. On CPUs without AES instructions, Adiantum is much faster than AES-XTS; for example, on ARM Cortex-A7, on 4096-byte sectors Adiantum encryption is about 4 times faster than AES-256-XTS encryption, and decryption about 5 times faster. Adiantum is a specialization of the more general HBSH construction. Our earlier proposal, HPolyC, was also a HBSH specialization, but it used a different εA∆U hash function, one based on Poly1305 only. Adiantum's εA∆U hash function, which is based primarily on the "NH" hash function like that used in UMAC (RFC4418), is about twice as fast as HPolyC's; consequently, Adiantum is about 20% faster than HPolyC. This speed comes with no loss of security: Adiantum is provably just as secure as HPolyC, in fact slightly *more* secure. Like HPolyC, Adiantum's security is reducible to that of XChaCha12 and AES-256, subject to a security bound. XChaCha12 itself has a security reduction to ChaCha12. Therefore, one need not "trust" Adiantum; one need only trust ChaCha12 and AES-256. Note that the εA∆U hash function is only used for its proven combinatorical properties so cannot be "broken". Adiantum is also a true wide-block encryption mode, so flipping any plaintext bit in the sector scrambles the entire ciphertext, and vice versa. No other such mode is available in the kernel currently; doing the same with XTS scrambles only 16 bytes. Adiantum also supports arbitrary-length tweaks and naturally supports any length input >= 16 bytes without needing "ciphertext stealing". For the stream cipher, Adiantum uses XChaCha12 rather than XChaCha20 in order to make encryption feasible on the widest range of devices. Although the 20-round variant is quite popular, the best known attacks on ChaCha are on only 7 rounds, so ChaCha12 still has a substantial security margin; in fact, larger than AES-256's. 12-round Salsa20 is also the eSTREAM recommendation. For the block cipher, Adiantum uses AES-256, despite it having a lower security margin than XChaCha12 and needing table lookups, due to AES's extensive adoption and analysis making it the obvious first choice. Nevertheless, for flexibility this patch also permits the "adiantum" template to be instantiated with XChaCha20 and/or with an alternate block cipher. We need Adiantum support in the kernel for use in dm-crypt and fscrypt, where currently the only other suitable options are block cipher modes such as AES-XTS. A big problem with this is that many low-end mobile devices (e.g. Android Go phones sold primarily in developing countries, as well as some smartwatches) still have CPUs that lack AES instructions, e.g. ARM Cortex-A7. Sadly, AES-XTS encryption is much too slow to be viable on these devices. We did find that some "lightweight" block ciphers are fast enough, but these suffer from problems such as not having much cryptanalysis or being too controversial. The ChaCha stream cipher has excellent performance but is insecure to use directly for disk encryption, since each sector's IV is reused each time it is overwritten. Even restricting the threat model to offline attacks only isn't enough, since modern flash storage devices don't guarantee that "overwrites" are really overwrites, due to wear-leveling. Adiantum avoids this problem by constructing a "tweakable super-pseudorandom permutation"; this is the strongest possible security model for length-preserving encryption. Of course, storing random nonces along with the ciphertext would be the ideal solution. But doing that with existing hardware and filesystems runs into major practical problems; in most cases it would require data journaling (like dm-integrity) which severely degrades performance. Thus, for now length-preserving encryption is still needed. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-11-17 01:26:31 +00:00
if (err)
crypto: adiantum - use crypto_grab_{cipher,shash} and simplify error paths Make the adiantum template use the new functions crypto_grab_cipher() and crypto_grab_shash() to initialize its cipher and shash spawns. This is needed to make all spawns be initialized in a consistent way. Also simplify the error handling by taking advantage of crypto_drop_*() now accepting (as a no-op) spawns that haven't been initialized yet, and by taking advantage of crypto_grab_*() now handling ERR_PTR() names. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2020-01-03 03:58:52 +00:00
goto err_free_inst;
blockcipher_alg = crypto_spawn_cipher_alg(&ictx->blockcipher_spawn);
crypto: adiantum - add Adiantum support Add support for the Adiantum encryption mode. Adiantum was designed by Paul Crowley and is specified by our paper: Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/720.pdf) See our paper for full details; this patch only provides an overview. Adiantum is a tweakable, length-preserving encryption mode designed for fast and secure disk encryption, especially on CPUs without dedicated crypto instructions. Adiantum encrypts each sector using the XChaCha12 stream cipher, two passes of an ε-almost-∆-universal (εA∆U) hash function, and an invocation of the AES-256 block cipher on a single 16-byte block. On CPUs without AES instructions, Adiantum is much faster than AES-XTS; for example, on ARM Cortex-A7, on 4096-byte sectors Adiantum encryption is about 4 times faster than AES-256-XTS encryption, and decryption about 5 times faster. Adiantum is a specialization of the more general HBSH construction. Our earlier proposal, HPolyC, was also a HBSH specialization, but it used a different εA∆U hash function, one based on Poly1305 only. Adiantum's εA∆U hash function, which is based primarily on the "NH" hash function like that used in UMAC (RFC4418), is about twice as fast as HPolyC's; consequently, Adiantum is about 20% faster than HPolyC. This speed comes with no loss of security: Adiantum is provably just as secure as HPolyC, in fact slightly *more* secure. Like HPolyC, Adiantum's security is reducible to that of XChaCha12 and AES-256, subject to a security bound. XChaCha12 itself has a security reduction to ChaCha12. Therefore, one need not "trust" Adiantum; one need only trust ChaCha12 and AES-256. Note that the εA∆U hash function is only used for its proven combinatorical properties so cannot be "broken". Adiantum is also a true wide-block encryption mode, so flipping any plaintext bit in the sector scrambles the entire ciphertext, and vice versa. No other such mode is available in the kernel currently; doing the same with XTS scrambles only 16 bytes. Adiantum also supports arbitrary-length tweaks and naturally supports any length input >= 16 bytes without needing "ciphertext stealing". For the stream cipher, Adiantum uses XChaCha12 rather than XChaCha20 in order to make encryption feasible on the widest range of devices. Although the 20-round variant is quite popular, the best known attacks on ChaCha are on only 7 rounds, so ChaCha12 still has a substantial security margin; in fact, larger than AES-256's. 12-round Salsa20 is also the eSTREAM recommendation. For the block cipher, Adiantum uses AES-256, despite it having a lower security margin than XChaCha12 and needing table lookups, due to AES's extensive adoption and analysis making it the obvious first choice. Nevertheless, for flexibility this patch also permits the "adiantum" template to be instantiated with XChaCha20 and/or with an alternate block cipher. We need Adiantum support in the kernel for use in dm-crypt and fscrypt, where currently the only other suitable options are block cipher modes such as AES-XTS. A big problem with this is that many low-end mobile devices (e.g. Android Go phones sold primarily in developing countries, as well as some smartwatches) still have CPUs that lack AES instructions, e.g. ARM Cortex-A7. Sadly, AES-XTS encryption is much too slow to be viable on these devices. We did find that some "lightweight" block ciphers are fast enough, but these suffer from problems such as not having much cryptanalysis or being too controversial. The ChaCha stream cipher has excellent performance but is insecure to use directly for disk encryption, since each sector's IV is reused each time it is overwritten. Even restricting the threat model to offline attacks only isn't enough, since modern flash storage devices don't guarantee that "overwrites" are really overwrites, due to wear-leveling. Adiantum avoids this problem by constructing a "tweakable super-pseudorandom permutation"; this is the strongest possible security model for length-preserving encryption. Of course, storing random nonces along with the ciphertext would be the ideal solution. But doing that with existing hardware and filesystems runs into major practical problems; in most cases it would require data journaling (like dm-integrity) which severely degrades performance. Thus, for now length-preserving encryption is still needed. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-11-17 01:26:31 +00:00
crypto: adiantum - adjust some comments to match latest paper The 2018-11-28 revision of the Adiantum paper has revised some notation: - 'M' was replaced with 'L' (meaning "Left", for the left-hand part of the message) in the definition of Adiantum hashing, to avoid confusion with the full message - ε-almost-∆-universal is now abbreviated as ε-∆U instead of εA∆U - "block" is now used only to mean block cipher and Poly1305 blocks Also, Adiantum hashing was moved from the appendix to the main paper. To avoid confusion, update relevant comments in the code to match. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-12-06 22:21:59 +00:00
/* NHPoly1305 ε-∆U hash function */
crypto: adiantum - use crypto_grab_{cipher,shash} and simplify error paths Make the adiantum template use the new functions crypto_grab_cipher() and crypto_grab_shash() to initialize its cipher and shash spawns. This is needed to make all spawns be initialized in a consistent way. Also simplify the error handling by taking advantage of crypto_drop_*() now accepting (as a no-op) spawns that haven't been initialized yet, and by taking advantage of crypto_grab_*() now handling ERR_PTR() names. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2020-01-03 03:58:52 +00:00
nhpoly1305_name = crypto_attr_alg_name(tb[3]);
if (nhpoly1305_name == ERR_PTR(-ENOENT))
nhpoly1305_name = "nhpoly1305";
err = crypto_grab_shash(&ictx->hash_spawn,
skcipher_crypto_instance(inst),
nhpoly1305_name, 0, mask);
crypto: adiantum - fix leaking reference to hash algorithm crypto_alg_mod_lookup() takes a reference to the hash algorithm but crypto_init_shash_spawn() doesn't take ownership of it, hence the reference needs to be dropped in adiantum_create(). Fixes: 059c2a4d8e16 ("crypto: adiantum - add Adiantum support") Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-12-10 19:45:58 +00:00
if (err)
crypto: adiantum - use crypto_grab_{cipher,shash} and simplify error paths Make the adiantum template use the new functions crypto_grab_cipher() and crypto_grab_shash() to initialize its cipher and shash spawns. This is needed to make all spawns be initialized in a consistent way. Also simplify the error handling by taking advantage of crypto_drop_*() now accepting (as a no-op) spawns that haven't been initialized yet, and by taking advantage of crypto_grab_*() now handling ERR_PTR() names. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2020-01-03 03:58:52 +00:00
goto err_free_inst;
hash_alg = crypto_spawn_shash_alg(&ictx->hash_spawn);
crypto: adiantum - add Adiantum support Add support for the Adiantum encryption mode. Adiantum was designed by Paul Crowley and is specified by our paper: Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/720.pdf) See our paper for full details; this patch only provides an overview. Adiantum is a tweakable, length-preserving encryption mode designed for fast and secure disk encryption, especially on CPUs without dedicated crypto instructions. Adiantum encrypts each sector using the XChaCha12 stream cipher, two passes of an ε-almost-∆-universal (εA∆U) hash function, and an invocation of the AES-256 block cipher on a single 16-byte block. On CPUs without AES instructions, Adiantum is much faster than AES-XTS; for example, on ARM Cortex-A7, on 4096-byte sectors Adiantum encryption is about 4 times faster than AES-256-XTS encryption, and decryption about 5 times faster. Adiantum is a specialization of the more general HBSH construction. Our earlier proposal, HPolyC, was also a HBSH specialization, but it used a different εA∆U hash function, one based on Poly1305 only. Adiantum's εA∆U hash function, which is based primarily on the "NH" hash function like that used in UMAC (RFC4418), is about twice as fast as HPolyC's; consequently, Adiantum is about 20% faster than HPolyC. This speed comes with no loss of security: Adiantum is provably just as secure as HPolyC, in fact slightly *more* secure. Like HPolyC, Adiantum's security is reducible to that of XChaCha12 and AES-256, subject to a security bound. XChaCha12 itself has a security reduction to ChaCha12. Therefore, one need not "trust" Adiantum; one need only trust ChaCha12 and AES-256. Note that the εA∆U hash function is only used for its proven combinatorical properties so cannot be "broken". Adiantum is also a true wide-block encryption mode, so flipping any plaintext bit in the sector scrambles the entire ciphertext, and vice versa. No other such mode is available in the kernel currently; doing the same with XTS scrambles only 16 bytes. Adiantum also supports arbitrary-length tweaks and naturally supports any length input >= 16 bytes without needing "ciphertext stealing". For the stream cipher, Adiantum uses XChaCha12 rather than XChaCha20 in order to make encryption feasible on the widest range of devices. Although the 20-round variant is quite popular, the best known attacks on ChaCha are on only 7 rounds, so ChaCha12 still has a substantial security margin; in fact, larger than AES-256's. 12-round Salsa20 is also the eSTREAM recommendation. For the block cipher, Adiantum uses AES-256, despite it having a lower security margin than XChaCha12 and needing table lookups, due to AES's extensive adoption and analysis making it the obvious first choice. Nevertheless, for flexibility this patch also permits the "adiantum" template to be instantiated with XChaCha20 and/or with an alternate block cipher. We need Adiantum support in the kernel for use in dm-crypt and fscrypt, where currently the only other suitable options are block cipher modes such as AES-XTS. A big problem with this is that many low-end mobile devices (e.g. Android Go phones sold primarily in developing countries, as well as some smartwatches) still have CPUs that lack AES instructions, e.g. ARM Cortex-A7. Sadly, AES-XTS encryption is much too slow to be viable on these devices. We did find that some "lightweight" block ciphers are fast enough, but these suffer from problems such as not having much cryptanalysis or being too controversial. The ChaCha stream cipher has excellent performance but is insecure to use directly for disk encryption, since each sector's IV is reused each time it is overwritten. Even restricting the threat model to offline attacks only isn't enough, since modern flash storage devices don't guarantee that "overwrites" are really overwrites, due to wear-leveling. Adiantum avoids this problem by constructing a "tweakable super-pseudorandom permutation"; this is the strongest possible security model for length-preserving encryption. Of course, storing random nonces along with the ciphertext would be the ideal solution. But doing that with existing hardware and filesystems runs into major practical problems; in most cases it would require data journaling (like dm-integrity) which severely degrades performance. Thus, for now length-preserving encryption is still needed. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-11-17 01:26:31 +00:00
/* Check the set of algorithms */
if (!adiantum_supported_algorithms(streamcipher_alg, blockcipher_alg,
hash_alg)) {
pr_warn("Unsupported Adiantum instantiation: (%s,%s,%s)\n",
streamcipher_alg->base.cra_name,
blockcipher_alg->cra_name, hash_alg->base.cra_name);
err = -EINVAL;
crypto: adiantum - use crypto_grab_{cipher,shash} and simplify error paths Make the adiantum template use the new functions crypto_grab_cipher() and crypto_grab_shash() to initialize its cipher and shash spawns. This is needed to make all spawns be initialized in a consistent way. Also simplify the error handling by taking advantage of crypto_drop_*() now accepting (as a no-op) spawns that haven't been initialized yet, and by taking advantage of crypto_grab_*() now handling ERR_PTR() names. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2020-01-03 03:58:52 +00:00
goto err_free_inst;
crypto: adiantum - add Adiantum support Add support for the Adiantum encryption mode. Adiantum was designed by Paul Crowley and is specified by our paper: Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/720.pdf) See our paper for full details; this patch only provides an overview. Adiantum is a tweakable, length-preserving encryption mode designed for fast and secure disk encryption, especially on CPUs without dedicated crypto instructions. Adiantum encrypts each sector using the XChaCha12 stream cipher, two passes of an ε-almost-∆-universal (εA∆U) hash function, and an invocation of the AES-256 block cipher on a single 16-byte block. On CPUs without AES instructions, Adiantum is much faster than AES-XTS; for example, on ARM Cortex-A7, on 4096-byte sectors Adiantum encryption is about 4 times faster than AES-256-XTS encryption, and decryption about 5 times faster. Adiantum is a specialization of the more general HBSH construction. Our earlier proposal, HPolyC, was also a HBSH specialization, but it used a different εA∆U hash function, one based on Poly1305 only. Adiantum's εA∆U hash function, which is based primarily on the "NH" hash function like that used in UMAC (RFC4418), is about twice as fast as HPolyC's; consequently, Adiantum is about 20% faster than HPolyC. This speed comes with no loss of security: Adiantum is provably just as secure as HPolyC, in fact slightly *more* secure. Like HPolyC, Adiantum's security is reducible to that of XChaCha12 and AES-256, subject to a security bound. XChaCha12 itself has a security reduction to ChaCha12. Therefore, one need not "trust" Adiantum; one need only trust ChaCha12 and AES-256. Note that the εA∆U hash function is only used for its proven combinatorical properties so cannot be "broken". Adiantum is also a true wide-block encryption mode, so flipping any plaintext bit in the sector scrambles the entire ciphertext, and vice versa. No other such mode is available in the kernel currently; doing the same with XTS scrambles only 16 bytes. Adiantum also supports arbitrary-length tweaks and naturally supports any length input >= 16 bytes without needing "ciphertext stealing". For the stream cipher, Adiantum uses XChaCha12 rather than XChaCha20 in order to make encryption feasible on the widest range of devices. Although the 20-round variant is quite popular, the best known attacks on ChaCha are on only 7 rounds, so ChaCha12 still has a substantial security margin; in fact, larger than AES-256's. 12-round Salsa20 is also the eSTREAM recommendation. For the block cipher, Adiantum uses AES-256, despite it having a lower security margin than XChaCha12 and needing table lookups, due to AES's extensive adoption and analysis making it the obvious first choice. Nevertheless, for flexibility this patch also permits the "adiantum" template to be instantiated with XChaCha20 and/or with an alternate block cipher. We need Adiantum support in the kernel for use in dm-crypt and fscrypt, where currently the only other suitable options are block cipher modes such as AES-XTS. A big problem with this is that many low-end mobile devices (e.g. Android Go phones sold primarily in developing countries, as well as some smartwatches) still have CPUs that lack AES instructions, e.g. ARM Cortex-A7. Sadly, AES-XTS encryption is much too slow to be viable on these devices. We did find that some "lightweight" block ciphers are fast enough, but these suffer from problems such as not having much cryptanalysis or being too controversial. The ChaCha stream cipher has excellent performance but is insecure to use directly for disk encryption, since each sector's IV is reused each time it is overwritten. Even restricting the threat model to offline attacks only isn't enough, since modern flash storage devices don't guarantee that "overwrites" are really overwrites, due to wear-leveling. Adiantum avoids this problem by constructing a "tweakable super-pseudorandom permutation"; this is the strongest possible security model for length-preserving encryption. Of course, storing random nonces along with the ciphertext would be the ideal solution. But doing that with existing hardware and filesystems runs into major practical problems; in most cases it would require data journaling (like dm-integrity) which severely degrades performance. Thus, for now length-preserving encryption is still needed. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-11-17 01:26:31 +00:00
}
/* Instance fields */
err = -ENAMETOOLONG;
if (snprintf(inst->alg.base.cra_name, CRYPTO_MAX_ALG_NAME,
"adiantum(%s,%s)", streamcipher_alg->base.cra_name,
blockcipher_alg->cra_name) >= CRYPTO_MAX_ALG_NAME)
crypto: adiantum - use crypto_grab_{cipher,shash} and simplify error paths Make the adiantum template use the new functions crypto_grab_cipher() and crypto_grab_shash() to initialize its cipher and shash spawns. This is needed to make all spawns be initialized in a consistent way. Also simplify the error handling by taking advantage of crypto_drop_*() now accepting (as a no-op) spawns that haven't been initialized yet, and by taking advantage of crypto_grab_*() now handling ERR_PTR() names. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2020-01-03 03:58:52 +00:00
goto err_free_inst;
crypto: adiantum - add Adiantum support Add support for the Adiantum encryption mode. Adiantum was designed by Paul Crowley and is specified by our paper: Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/720.pdf) See our paper for full details; this patch only provides an overview. Adiantum is a tweakable, length-preserving encryption mode designed for fast and secure disk encryption, especially on CPUs without dedicated crypto instructions. Adiantum encrypts each sector using the XChaCha12 stream cipher, two passes of an ε-almost-∆-universal (εA∆U) hash function, and an invocation of the AES-256 block cipher on a single 16-byte block. On CPUs without AES instructions, Adiantum is much faster than AES-XTS; for example, on ARM Cortex-A7, on 4096-byte sectors Adiantum encryption is about 4 times faster than AES-256-XTS encryption, and decryption about 5 times faster. Adiantum is a specialization of the more general HBSH construction. Our earlier proposal, HPolyC, was also a HBSH specialization, but it used a different εA∆U hash function, one based on Poly1305 only. Adiantum's εA∆U hash function, which is based primarily on the "NH" hash function like that used in UMAC (RFC4418), is about twice as fast as HPolyC's; consequently, Adiantum is about 20% faster than HPolyC. This speed comes with no loss of security: Adiantum is provably just as secure as HPolyC, in fact slightly *more* secure. Like HPolyC, Adiantum's security is reducible to that of XChaCha12 and AES-256, subject to a security bound. XChaCha12 itself has a security reduction to ChaCha12. Therefore, one need not "trust" Adiantum; one need only trust ChaCha12 and AES-256. Note that the εA∆U hash function is only used for its proven combinatorical properties so cannot be "broken". Adiantum is also a true wide-block encryption mode, so flipping any plaintext bit in the sector scrambles the entire ciphertext, and vice versa. No other such mode is available in the kernel currently; doing the same with XTS scrambles only 16 bytes. Adiantum also supports arbitrary-length tweaks and naturally supports any length input >= 16 bytes without needing "ciphertext stealing". For the stream cipher, Adiantum uses XChaCha12 rather than XChaCha20 in order to make encryption feasible on the widest range of devices. Although the 20-round variant is quite popular, the best known attacks on ChaCha are on only 7 rounds, so ChaCha12 still has a substantial security margin; in fact, larger than AES-256's. 12-round Salsa20 is also the eSTREAM recommendation. For the block cipher, Adiantum uses AES-256, despite it having a lower security margin than XChaCha12 and needing table lookups, due to AES's extensive adoption and analysis making it the obvious first choice. Nevertheless, for flexibility this patch also permits the "adiantum" template to be instantiated with XChaCha20 and/or with an alternate block cipher. We need Adiantum support in the kernel for use in dm-crypt and fscrypt, where currently the only other suitable options are block cipher modes such as AES-XTS. A big problem with this is that many low-end mobile devices (e.g. Android Go phones sold primarily in developing countries, as well as some smartwatches) still have CPUs that lack AES instructions, e.g. ARM Cortex-A7. Sadly, AES-XTS encryption is much too slow to be viable on these devices. We did find that some "lightweight" block ciphers are fast enough, but these suffer from problems such as not having much cryptanalysis or being too controversial. The ChaCha stream cipher has excellent performance but is insecure to use directly for disk encryption, since each sector's IV is reused each time it is overwritten. Even restricting the threat model to offline attacks only isn't enough, since modern flash storage devices don't guarantee that "overwrites" are really overwrites, due to wear-leveling. Adiantum avoids this problem by constructing a "tweakable super-pseudorandom permutation"; this is the strongest possible security model for length-preserving encryption. Of course, storing random nonces along with the ciphertext would be the ideal solution. But doing that with existing hardware and filesystems runs into major practical problems; in most cases it would require data journaling (like dm-integrity) which severely degrades performance. Thus, for now length-preserving encryption is still needed. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-11-17 01:26:31 +00:00
if (snprintf(inst->alg.base.cra_driver_name, CRYPTO_MAX_ALG_NAME,
"adiantum(%s,%s,%s)",
streamcipher_alg->base.cra_driver_name,
blockcipher_alg->cra_driver_name,
hash_alg->base.cra_driver_name) >= CRYPTO_MAX_ALG_NAME)
crypto: adiantum - use crypto_grab_{cipher,shash} and simplify error paths Make the adiantum template use the new functions crypto_grab_cipher() and crypto_grab_shash() to initialize its cipher and shash spawns. This is needed to make all spawns be initialized in a consistent way. Also simplify the error handling by taking advantage of crypto_drop_*() now accepting (as a no-op) spawns that haven't been initialized yet, and by taking advantage of crypto_grab_*() now handling ERR_PTR() names. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2020-01-03 03:58:52 +00:00
goto err_free_inst;
crypto: adiantum - add Adiantum support Add support for the Adiantum encryption mode. Adiantum was designed by Paul Crowley and is specified by our paper: Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/720.pdf) See our paper for full details; this patch only provides an overview. Adiantum is a tweakable, length-preserving encryption mode designed for fast and secure disk encryption, especially on CPUs without dedicated crypto instructions. Adiantum encrypts each sector using the XChaCha12 stream cipher, two passes of an ε-almost-∆-universal (εA∆U) hash function, and an invocation of the AES-256 block cipher on a single 16-byte block. On CPUs without AES instructions, Adiantum is much faster than AES-XTS; for example, on ARM Cortex-A7, on 4096-byte sectors Adiantum encryption is about 4 times faster than AES-256-XTS encryption, and decryption about 5 times faster. Adiantum is a specialization of the more general HBSH construction. Our earlier proposal, HPolyC, was also a HBSH specialization, but it used a different εA∆U hash function, one based on Poly1305 only. Adiantum's εA∆U hash function, which is based primarily on the "NH" hash function like that used in UMAC (RFC4418), is about twice as fast as HPolyC's; consequently, Adiantum is about 20% faster than HPolyC. This speed comes with no loss of security: Adiantum is provably just as secure as HPolyC, in fact slightly *more* secure. Like HPolyC, Adiantum's security is reducible to that of XChaCha12 and AES-256, subject to a security bound. XChaCha12 itself has a security reduction to ChaCha12. Therefore, one need not "trust" Adiantum; one need only trust ChaCha12 and AES-256. Note that the εA∆U hash function is only used for its proven combinatorical properties so cannot be "broken". Adiantum is also a true wide-block encryption mode, so flipping any plaintext bit in the sector scrambles the entire ciphertext, and vice versa. No other such mode is available in the kernel currently; doing the same with XTS scrambles only 16 bytes. Adiantum also supports arbitrary-length tweaks and naturally supports any length input >= 16 bytes without needing "ciphertext stealing". For the stream cipher, Adiantum uses XChaCha12 rather than XChaCha20 in order to make encryption feasible on the widest range of devices. Although the 20-round variant is quite popular, the best known attacks on ChaCha are on only 7 rounds, so ChaCha12 still has a substantial security margin; in fact, larger than AES-256's. 12-round Salsa20 is also the eSTREAM recommendation. For the block cipher, Adiantum uses AES-256, despite it having a lower security margin than XChaCha12 and needing table lookups, due to AES's extensive adoption and analysis making it the obvious first choice. Nevertheless, for flexibility this patch also permits the "adiantum" template to be instantiated with XChaCha20 and/or with an alternate block cipher. We need Adiantum support in the kernel for use in dm-crypt and fscrypt, where currently the only other suitable options are block cipher modes such as AES-XTS. A big problem with this is that many low-end mobile devices (e.g. Android Go phones sold primarily in developing countries, as well as some smartwatches) still have CPUs that lack AES instructions, e.g. ARM Cortex-A7. Sadly, AES-XTS encryption is much too slow to be viable on these devices. We did find that some "lightweight" block ciphers are fast enough, but these suffer from problems such as not having much cryptanalysis or being too controversial. The ChaCha stream cipher has excellent performance but is insecure to use directly for disk encryption, since each sector's IV is reused each time it is overwritten. Even restricting the threat model to offline attacks only isn't enough, since modern flash storage devices don't guarantee that "overwrites" are really overwrites, due to wear-leveling. Adiantum avoids this problem by constructing a "tweakable super-pseudorandom permutation"; this is the strongest possible security model for length-preserving encryption. Of course, storing random nonces along with the ciphertext would be the ideal solution. But doing that with existing hardware and filesystems runs into major practical problems; in most cases it would require data journaling (like dm-integrity) which severely degrades performance. Thus, for now length-preserving encryption is still needed. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-11-17 01:26:31 +00:00
inst->alg.base.cra_blocksize = BLOCKCIPHER_BLOCK_SIZE;
inst->alg.base.cra_ctxsize = sizeof(struct adiantum_tfm_ctx);
inst->alg.base.cra_alignmask = streamcipher_alg->base.cra_alignmask |
hash_alg->base.cra_alignmask;
/*
* The block cipher is only invoked once per message, so for long
* messages (e.g. sectors for disk encryption) its performance doesn't
* matter as much as that of the stream cipher and hash function. Thus,
* weigh the block cipher's ->cra_priority less.
*/
inst->alg.base.cra_priority = (4 * streamcipher_alg->base.cra_priority +
2 * hash_alg->base.cra_priority +
blockcipher_alg->cra_priority) / 7;
inst->alg.setkey = adiantum_setkey;
inst->alg.encrypt = adiantum_encrypt;
inst->alg.decrypt = adiantum_decrypt;
inst->alg.init = adiantum_init_tfm;
inst->alg.exit = adiantum_exit_tfm;
inst->alg.min_keysize = crypto_skcipher_alg_min_keysize(streamcipher_alg);
inst->alg.max_keysize = crypto_skcipher_alg_max_keysize(streamcipher_alg);
inst->alg.ivsize = TWEAK_SIZE;
inst->free = adiantum_free_instance;
err = skcipher_register_instance(tmpl, inst);
crypto: adiantum - use crypto_grab_{cipher,shash} and simplify error paths Make the adiantum template use the new functions crypto_grab_cipher() and crypto_grab_shash() to initialize its cipher and shash spawns. This is needed to make all spawns be initialized in a consistent way. Also simplify the error handling by taking advantage of crypto_drop_*() now accepting (as a no-op) spawns that haven't been initialized yet, and by taking advantage of crypto_grab_*() now handling ERR_PTR() names. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2020-01-03 03:58:52 +00:00
if (err) {
err_free_inst:
adiantum_free_instance(inst);
}
crypto: adiantum - add Adiantum support Add support for the Adiantum encryption mode. Adiantum was designed by Paul Crowley and is specified by our paper: Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/720.pdf) See our paper for full details; this patch only provides an overview. Adiantum is a tweakable, length-preserving encryption mode designed for fast and secure disk encryption, especially on CPUs without dedicated crypto instructions. Adiantum encrypts each sector using the XChaCha12 stream cipher, two passes of an ε-almost-∆-universal (εA∆U) hash function, and an invocation of the AES-256 block cipher on a single 16-byte block. On CPUs without AES instructions, Adiantum is much faster than AES-XTS; for example, on ARM Cortex-A7, on 4096-byte sectors Adiantum encryption is about 4 times faster than AES-256-XTS encryption, and decryption about 5 times faster. Adiantum is a specialization of the more general HBSH construction. Our earlier proposal, HPolyC, was also a HBSH specialization, but it used a different εA∆U hash function, one based on Poly1305 only. Adiantum's εA∆U hash function, which is based primarily on the "NH" hash function like that used in UMAC (RFC4418), is about twice as fast as HPolyC's; consequently, Adiantum is about 20% faster than HPolyC. This speed comes with no loss of security: Adiantum is provably just as secure as HPolyC, in fact slightly *more* secure. Like HPolyC, Adiantum's security is reducible to that of XChaCha12 and AES-256, subject to a security bound. XChaCha12 itself has a security reduction to ChaCha12. Therefore, one need not "trust" Adiantum; one need only trust ChaCha12 and AES-256. Note that the εA∆U hash function is only used for its proven combinatorical properties so cannot be "broken". Adiantum is also a true wide-block encryption mode, so flipping any plaintext bit in the sector scrambles the entire ciphertext, and vice versa. No other such mode is available in the kernel currently; doing the same with XTS scrambles only 16 bytes. Adiantum also supports arbitrary-length tweaks and naturally supports any length input >= 16 bytes without needing "ciphertext stealing". For the stream cipher, Adiantum uses XChaCha12 rather than XChaCha20 in order to make encryption feasible on the widest range of devices. Although the 20-round variant is quite popular, the best known attacks on ChaCha are on only 7 rounds, so ChaCha12 still has a substantial security margin; in fact, larger than AES-256's. 12-round Salsa20 is also the eSTREAM recommendation. For the block cipher, Adiantum uses AES-256, despite it having a lower security margin than XChaCha12 and needing table lookups, due to AES's extensive adoption and analysis making it the obvious first choice. Nevertheless, for flexibility this patch also permits the "adiantum" template to be instantiated with XChaCha20 and/or with an alternate block cipher. We need Adiantum support in the kernel for use in dm-crypt and fscrypt, where currently the only other suitable options are block cipher modes such as AES-XTS. A big problem with this is that many low-end mobile devices (e.g. Android Go phones sold primarily in developing countries, as well as some smartwatches) still have CPUs that lack AES instructions, e.g. ARM Cortex-A7. Sadly, AES-XTS encryption is much too slow to be viable on these devices. We did find that some "lightweight" block ciphers are fast enough, but these suffer from problems such as not having much cryptanalysis or being too controversial. The ChaCha stream cipher has excellent performance but is insecure to use directly for disk encryption, since each sector's IV is reused each time it is overwritten. Even restricting the threat model to offline attacks only isn't enough, since modern flash storage devices don't guarantee that "overwrites" are really overwrites, due to wear-leveling. Adiantum avoids this problem by constructing a "tweakable super-pseudorandom permutation"; this is the strongest possible security model for length-preserving encryption. Of course, storing random nonces along with the ciphertext would be the ideal solution. But doing that with existing hardware and filesystems runs into major practical problems; in most cases it would require data journaling (like dm-integrity) which severely degrades performance. Thus, for now length-preserving encryption is still needed. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-11-17 01:26:31 +00:00
return err;
}
/* adiantum(streamcipher_name, blockcipher_name [, nhpoly1305_name]) */
static struct crypto_template adiantum_tmpl = {
.name = "adiantum",
.create = adiantum_create,
.module = THIS_MODULE,
};
static int __init adiantum_module_init(void)
{
return crypto_register_template(&adiantum_tmpl);
}
static void __exit adiantum_module_exit(void)
{
crypto_unregister_template(&adiantum_tmpl);
}
crypto: run initcalls for generic implementations earlier Use subsys_initcall for registration of all templates and generic algorithm implementations, rather than module_init. Then change cryptomgr to use arch_initcall, to place it before the subsys_initcalls. This is needed so that when both a generic and optimized implementation of an algorithm are built into the kernel (not loadable modules), the generic implementation is registered before the optimized one. Otherwise, the self-tests for the optimized implementation are unable to allocate the generic implementation for the new comparison fuzz tests. Note that on arm, a side effect of this change is that self-tests for generic implementations may run before the unaligned access handler has been installed. So, unaligned accesses will crash the kernel. This is arguably a good thing as it makes it easier to detect that type of bug. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2019-04-12 04:57:42 +00:00
subsys_initcall(adiantum_module_init);
crypto: adiantum - add Adiantum support Add support for the Adiantum encryption mode. Adiantum was designed by Paul Crowley and is specified by our paper: Adiantum: length-preserving encryption for entry-level processors (https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/720.pdf) See our paper for full details; this patch only provides an overview. Adiantum is a tweakable, length-preserving encryption mode designed for fast and secure disk encryption, especially on CPUs without dedicated crypto instructions. Adiantum encrypts each sector using the XChaCha12 stream cipher, two passes of an ε-almost-∆-universal (εA∆U) hash function, and an invocation of the AES-256 block cipher on a single 16-byte block. On CPUs without AES instructions, Adiantum is much faster than AES-XTS; for example, on ARM Cortex-A7, on 4096-byte sectors Adiantum encryption is about 4 times faster than AES-256-XTS encryption, and decryption about 5 times faster. Adiantum is a specialization of the more general HBSH construction. Our earlier proposal, HPolyC, was also a HBSH specialization, but it used a different εA∆U hash function, one based on Poly1305 only. Adiantum's εA∆U hash function, which is based primarily on the "NH" hash function like that used in UMAC (RFC4418), is about twice as fast as HPolyC's; consequently, Adiantum is about 20% faster than HPolyC. This speed comes with no loss of security: Adiantum is provably just as secure as HPolyC, in fact slightly *more* secure. Like HPolyC, Adiantum's security is reducible to that of XChaCha12 and AES-256, subject to a security bound. XChaCha12 itself has a security reduction to ChaCha12. Therefore, one need not "trust" Adiantum; one need only trust ChaCha12 and AES-256. Note that the εA∆U hash function is only used for its proven combinatorical properties so cannot be "broken". Adiantum is also a true wide-block encryption mode, so flipping any plaintext bit in the sector scrambles the entire ciphertext, and vice versa. No other such mode is available in the kernel currently; doing the same with XTS scrambles only 16 bytes. Adiantum also supports arbitrary-length tweaks and naturally supports any length input >= 16 bytes without needing "ciphertext stealing". For the stream cipher, Adiantum uses XChaCha12 rather than XChaCha20 in order to make encryption feasible on the widest range of devices. Although the 20-round variant is quite popular, the best known attacks on ChaCha are on only 7 rounds, so ChaCha12 still has a substantial security margin; in fact, larger than AES-256's. 12-round Salsa20 is also the eSTREAM recommendation. For the block cipher, Adiantum uses AES-256, despite it having a lower security margin than XChaCha12 and needing table lookups, due to AES's extensive adoption and analysis making it the obvious first choice. Nevertheless, for flexibility this patch also permits the "adiantum" template to be instantiated with XChaCha20 and/or with an alternate block cipher. We need Adiantum support in the kernel for use in dm-crypt and fscrypt, where currently the only other suitable options are block cipher modes such as AES-XTS. A big problem with this is that many low-end mobile devices (e.g. Android Go phones sold primarily in developing countries, as well as some smartwatches) still have CPUs that lack AES instructions, e.g. ARM Cortex-A7. Sadly, AES-XTS encryption is much too slow to be viable on these devices. We did find that some "lightweight" block ciphers are fast enough, but these suffer from problems such as not having much cryptanalysis or being too controversial. The ChaCha stream cipher has excellent performance but is insecure to use directly for disk encryption, since each sector's IV is reused each time it is overwritten. Even restricting the threat model to offline attacks only isn't enough, since modern flash storage devices don't guarantee that "overwrites" are really overwrites, due to wear-leveling. Adiantum avoids this problem by constructing a "tweakable super-pseudorandom permutation"; this is the strongest possible security model for length-preserving encryption. Of course, storing random nonces along with the ciphertext would be the ideal solution. But doing that with existing hardware and filesystems runs into major practical problems; in most cases it would require data journaling (like dm-integrity) which severely degrades performance. Thus, for now length-preserving encryption is still needed. Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2018-11-17 01:26:31 +00:00
module_exit(adiantum_module_exit);
MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Adiantum length-preserving encryption mode");
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL v2");
MODULE_AUTHOR("Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>");
MODULE_ALIAS_CRYPTO("adiantum");
crypto: remove cipher routines from public crypto API The cipher routines in the crypto API are mostly intended for templates implementing skcipher modes generically in software, and shouldn't be used outside of the crypto subsystem. So move the prototypes and all related definitions to a new header file under include/crypto/internal. Also, let's use the new module namespace feature to move the symbol exports into a new namespace CRYPTO_INTERNAL. Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ardb@kernel.org> Acked-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
2020-12-11 12:27:15 +00:00
MODULE_IMPORT_NS(CRYPTO_INTERNAL);
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