A new sysfs attribute, ap_config, for the vfio_ap driver is
documented.
Signed-off-by: "Jason J. Herne" <jjherne@linux.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: Tony Krowiak <akrowiak@linux.ibm.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240415152555.13152-6-jjherne@linux.ibm.com
Signed-off-by: Alexander Gordeev <agordeev@linux.ibm.com>
The uncoupling physical vs virtual address spaces brings
the following benefits to s390:
- virtual memory layout flexibility;
- closes the address gap between kernel and modules, it
caused s390-only problems in the past (e.g. 'perf' bugs);
- allows getting rid of trampolines used for module calls
into kernel;
- allows simplifying BPF trampoline;
- minor performance improvement in branch prediction;
- kernel randomization entropy is magnitude bigger, as it is
derived from the amount of available virtual, not physical
memory;
The whole change could be described in two pictures below:
before and after the change.
Some aspects of the virtual memory layout setup are not
clarified (number of page levels, alignment, DMA memory),
since these are not a part of this change or secondary
with regard to how the uncoupling itself is implemented.
The focus of the pictures is to explain why __va() and __pa()
macros are implemented the way they are.
Memory layout in V==R mode:
| Physical | Virtual |
+- 0 --------------+- 0 --------------+ identity mapping start
| | S390_lowcore | Low-address memory
| +- 8 KB -----------+
| | |
| | identity | phys == virt
| | mapping | virt == phys
| | |
+- AMODE31_START --+- AMODE31_START --+ .amode31 rand. phys/virt start
|.amode31 text/data|.amode31 text/data|
+- AMODE31_END ----+- AMODE31_END ----+ .amode31 rand. phys/virt start
| | |
| | |
+- __kaslr_offset, __kaslr_offset_phys| kernel rand. phys/virt start
| | |
| kernel text/data | kernel text/data | phys == kvirt
| | |
+------------------+------------------+ kernel phys/virt end
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
+- ident_map_size -+- ident_map_size -+ identity mapping end
| |
| ... unused gap |
| |
+---- vmemmap -----+ 'struct page' array start
| |
| virtually mapped |
| memory map |
| |
+- __abs_lowcore --+
| |
| Absolute Lowcore |
| |
+- __memcpy_real_area
| |
| Real Memory Copy|
| |
+- VMALLOC_START --+ vmalloc area start
| |
| vmalloc area |
| |
+- MODULES_VADDR --+ modules area start
| |
| modules area |
| |
+------------------+ UltraVisor Secure Storage limit
| |
| ... unused gap |
| |
+KASAN_SHADOW_START+ KASAN shadow memory start
| |
| KASAN shadow |
| |
+------------------+ ASCE limit
Memory layout in V!=R mode:
| Physical | Virtual |
+- 0 --------------+- 0 --------------+
| | S390_lowcore | Low-address memory
| +- 8 KB -----------+
| | |
| | |
| | ... unused gap |
| | |
+- AMODE31_START --+- AMODE31_START --+ .amode31 rand. phys/virt start
|.amode31 text/data|.amode31 text/data|
+- AMODE31_END ----+- AMODE31_END ----+ .amode31 rand. phys/virt end (<2GB)
| | |
| | |
+- __kaslr_offset_phys | kernel rand. phys start
| | |
| kernel text/data | |
| | |
+------------------+ | kernel phys end
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
+- ident_map_size -+ |
| |
| ... unused gap |
| |
+- __identity_base + identity mapping start (>= 2GB)
| |
| identity | phys == virt - __identity_base
| mapping | virt == phys + __identity_base
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
+---- vmemmap -----+ 'struct page' array start
| |
| virtually mapped |
| memory map |
| |
+- __abs_lowcore --+
| |
| Absolute Lowcore |
| |
+- __memcpy_real_area
| |
| Real Memory Copy|
| |
+- VMALLOC_START --+ vmalloc area start
| |
| vmalloc area |
| |
+- MODULES_VADDR --+ modules area start
| |
| modules area |
| |
+- __kaslr_offset -+ kernel rand. virt start
| |
| kernel text/data | phys == (kvirt - __kaslr_offset) +
| | __kaslr_offset_phys
+- kernel .bss end + kernel rand. virt end
| |
| ... unused gap |
| |
+------------------+ UltraVisor Secure Storage limit
| |
| ... unused gap |
| |
+KASAN_SHADOW_START+ KASAN shadow memory start
| |
| KASAN shadow |
| |
+------------------+ ASCE limit
Unused gaps in the virtual memory layout could be present
or not - depending on how partucular system is configured.
No page tables are created for the unused gaps.
The relative order of vmalloc, modules and kernel image in
virtual memory is defined by following considerations:
- start of the modules area and end of the kernel should reside
within 4GB to accommodate relative 32-bit jumps. The best way
to achieve that is to place kernel next to modules;
- vmalloc and module areas should locate next to each other
to prevent failures and extra reworks in user level tools
(makedumpfile, crash, etc.) which treat vmalloc and module
addresses similarily;
- kernel needs to be the last area in the virtual memory
layout to easily distinguish between kernel and non-kernel
virtual addresses. That is needed to (again) simplify
handling of addresses in user level tools and make __pa()
macro faster (see below);
Concluding the above, the relative order of the considered
virtual areas in memory is: vmalloc - modules - kernel.
Therefore, the only change to the current memory layout is
moving kernel to the end of virtual address space.
With that approach the implementation of __pa() macro is
straightforward - all linear virtual addresses less than
kernel base are considered identity mapping:
phys == virt - __identity_base
All addresses greater than kernel base are kernel ones:
phys == (kvirt - __kaslr_offset) + __kaslr_offset_phys
By contrast, __va() macro deals only with identity mapping
addresses:
virt == phys + __identity_base
.amode31 section is mapped separately and is not covered by
__pa() macro. In fact, it could have been handled easily by
checking whether a virtual address is within the section or
not, but there is no need for that. Thus, let __pa() code
do as little machine cycles as possible.
The KASAN shadow memory is located at the very end of the
virtual memory layout, at addresses higher than the kernel.
However, that is not a linear mapping and no code other than
KASAN instrumentation or API is expected to access it.
When KASLR mode is enabled the kernel base address randomized
within a memory window that spans whole unused virtual address
space. The size of that window depends from the amount of
physical memory available to the system, the limit imposed by
UltraVisor (if present) and the vmalloc area size as provided
by vmalloc= kernel command line parameter.
In case the virtual memory is exhausted the minimum size of
the randomization window is forcefully set to 2GB, which
amounts to in 15 bits of entropy if KASAN is enabled or 17
bits of entropy in default configuration.
The default kernel offset 0x100000 is used as a magic value
both in the decompressor code and vmlinux linker script, but
it will be removed with a follow-up change.
Acked-by: Heiko Carstens <hca@linux.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Alexander Gordeev <agordeev@linux.ibm.com>
There is no hard requirement to have the ap bus statically in the
kernel, so add an option to compile it as module.
Cc: Tony Krowiak <akrowiak@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Halil Pasic <pasic@linux.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Holger Dengler <dengler@linux.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: Harald Freudenberger <freude@linux.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: Anthony Krowiak <akrowiak@linux.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Alexander Gordeev <agordeev@linux.ibm.com>
The kernel-feat directive passes its argument straight to the shell.
This is unfortunate and unnecessary.
Let's always use paths relative to $srctree/Documentation/ and use
subprocess.check_call() instead of subprocess.Popen(shell=True).
This also makes the code shorter.
This is analogous to commit 3231dd5862 ("docs: kernel_abi.py: fix
command injection") where we did exactly the same thing for
kernel_abi.py, somehow I completely missed this one.
Link: https://fosstodon.org/@jani/111676532203641247
Reported-by: Jani Nikula <jani.nikula@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Vegard Nossum <vegard.nossum@oracle.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240110174758.3680506-1-vegard.nossum@oracle.com
- Work from Carlos Bilbao to integrate rustdoc output into the generated
HTML documentation. This took some work to figure out how to do it
without slowing the docs build and without creating people who don't have
Rust installed, but Carlos got there.
- Move the loongarch and mips architecture documentation under
Documentation/arch/.
- Some more maintainer documentation from Jakub
...plus the usual assortment of updates, translations, and fixes.
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Merge tag 'docs-6.6' of git://git.lwn.net/linux
Pull documentation updates from Jonathan Corbet:
"Documentation work keeps chugging along; this includes:
- Work from Carlos Bilbao to integrate rustdoc output into the
generated HTML documentation. This took some work to figure out how
to do it without slowing the docs build and without creating people
who don't have Rust installed, but Carlos got there
- Move the loongarch and mips architecture documentation under
Documentation/arch/
- Some more maintainer documentation from Jakub
... plus the usual assortment of updates, translations, and fixes"
* tag 'docs-6.6' of git://git.lwn.net/linux: (56 commits)
Docu: genericirq.rst: fix irq-example
input: docs: pxrc: remove reference to phoenix-sim
Documentation: serial-console: Fix literal block marker
docs/mm: remove references to hmm_mirror ops and clean typos
docs/zh_CN: correct regi_chg(),regi_add() to region_chg(),region_add()
Documentation: Fix typos
Documentation/ABI: Fix typos
scripts: kernel-doc: fix macro handling in enums
scripts: kernel-doc: parse DEFINE_DMA_UNMAP_[ADDR|LEN]
Documentation: riscv: Update boot image header since EFI stub is supported
Documentation: riscv: Add early boot document
Documentation: arm: Add bootargs to the table of added DT parameters
docs: kernel-parameters: Refer to the correct bitmap function
doc: update params of memhp_default_state=
docs: Add book to process/kernel-docs.rst
docs: sparse: fix invalid link addresses
docs: vfs: clean up after the iterate() removal
docs: Add a section on surveys to the researcher guidelines
docs: move mips under arch
docs: move loongarch under arch
...
and fix all in-tree references.
Architecture-specific documentation is being moved into Documentation/arch/
as a way of cleaning up the top-level documentation directory and making
the docs hierarchy more closely match the source hierarchy.
Signed-off-by: Costa Shulyupin <costa.shul@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Tony Krowiak <akrowiak@linux.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Acked-by: Heiko Carstens <hca@linux.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Mathieu-Daudé <philmd@linaro.org>
Reviewed-by: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20230718045550.495428-1-costa.shul@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Heiko Carstens <hca@linux.ibm.com>
Jason J. Herne