Omit an extra message for a memory allocation failure in this function.
This issue was detected by using the Coccinelle software.
Signed-off-by: Markus Elfring <elfring@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@primarydata.com>
NFS would enjoy the ability to modify the behavior of the NLM client's
unlock RPC task in order to delay the transmission of the unlock until IO
that was submitted under that lock has completed. This ability can ensure
that the NLM client will always complete the transmission of an unlock even
if the waiting caller has been interrupted with fatal signal.
For this purpose, a pointer to a struct nlmclnt_operations can be assigned
in a nfs_module's nfs_rpc_ops that will install those nlmclnt_operations on
the nlm_host. The struct nlmclnt_operations defines three callback
operations that will be used in a following patch:
nlmclnt_alloc_call - used to call back after a successful allocation of
a struct nlm_rqst in nlmclnt_proc().
nlmclnt_unlock_prepare - used to call back during NLM unlock's
rpc_call_prepare. The NLM client defers calling rpc_call_start()
until this callback returns false.
nlmclnt_release_call - used to call back when the NLM client's struct
nlm_rqst is freed.
Signed-off-by: Benjamin Coddington <bcodding@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@primarydata.com>
Firstly, nlmclnt_setlockargs can be called from a reclaimer thread, in
which case we're in entirely the wrong namespace.
Secondly, commit 8aac62706a (move
exit_task_namespaces() outside of exit_notify()) now means that
exit_task_work() is called after exit_task_namespaces(), which
triggers an Oops when we're freeing up the locks.
Fix this by ensuring that we initialise the nlm_host's rpc_client at mount
time, so that the cl_nodename field is initialised to the value of
utsname()->nodename that the net namespace uses. Then replace the
lockd callers of utsname()->nodename.
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Cc: Toralf Förster <toralf.foerster@gmx.de>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Nix <nix@esperi.org.uk>
Cc: Jeff Layton <jlayton@redhat.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org # 3.10.x
After a server reboot, the reclaimer thread will recover all the existing
locks. For locks that are blocked, however, it will change the value
of block->b_status to nlm_lck_denied_grace_period in order to signal that
they need to wake up and resend the original blocking lock request.
Due to a bug, however, the block->b_status never gets reset after the
blocked locks have been woken up, and so the process goes into an
infinite loop of resends until the blocked lock is satisfied.
Reported-by: Marc Eshel <eshel@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Pull nfsd changes from J Bruce Fields:
"Miscellaneous bugfixes, plus:
- An overhaul of the DRC cache by Jeff Layton. The main effect is
just to make it larger. This decreases the chances of intermittent
errors especially in the UDP case. But we'll need to watch for any
reports of performance regressions.
- Containerized nfsd: with some limitations, we now support
per-container nfs-service, thanks to extensive work from Stanislav
Kinsbursky over the last year."
Some notes about conflicts, since there were *two* non-data semantic
conflicts here:
- idr_remove_all() had been added by a memory leak fix, but has since
become deprecated since idr_destroy() does it for us now.
- xs_local_connect() had been added by this branch to make AF_LOCAL
connections be synchronous, but in the meantime Trond had changed the
calling convention in order to avoid a RCU dereference.
There were a couple of more obvious actual source-level conflicts due to
the hlist traversal changes and one just due to code changes next to
each other, but those were trivial.
* 'for-3.9' of git://linux-nfs.org/~bfields/linux: (49 commits)
SUNRPC: make AF_LOCAL connect synchronous
nfsd: fix compiler warning about ambiguous types in nfsd_cache_csum
svcrpc: fix rpc server shutdown races
svcrpc: make svc_age_temp_xprts enqueue under sv_lock
lockd: nlmclnt_reclaim(): avoid stack overflow
nfsd: enable NFSv4 state in containers
nfsd: disable usermode helper client tracker in container
nfsd: use proper net while reading "exports" file
nfsd: containerize NFSd filesystem
nfsd: fix comments on nfsd_cache_lookup
SUNRPC: move cache_detail->cache_request callback call to cache_read()
SUNRPC: remove "cache_request" argument in sunrpc_cache_pipe_upcall() function
SUNRPC: rework cache upcall logic
SUNRPC: introduce cache_detail->cache_request callback
NFS: simplify and clean cache library
NFS: use SUNRPC cache creation and destruction helper for DNS cache
nfsd4: free_stid can be static
nfsd: keep a checksum of the first 256 bytes of request
sunrpc: trim off trailing checksum before returning decrypted or integrity authenticated buffer
sunrpc: fix comment in struct xdr_buf definition
...
Even though nlmclnt_reclaim() is only one call into the stack frame,
928 bytes on the stack seems like a lot. Recode to dynamically
allocate the request structure once from within the reclaimer task,
then pass this pointer into nlmclnt_reclaim() for reuse on
subsequent calls.
smatch analysis:
fs/lockd/clntproc.c:620 nlmclnt_reclaim() warn: 'reqst' puts
928 bytes on stack
Also remove redundant assignment of 0 after memset.
Cc: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: Tim Gardner <tim.gardner@canonical.com>
Reviewed-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
These routines are used by server and client code, so having them in a
separate header would be best.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
v2: dereference of most probably already released nlm_host removed in
nlmclnt_done() and reclaimer().
These routines are called from locks reclaimer() kernel thread. This thread
works in "init_net" network context and currently relays on persence on lockd
thread and it's per-net resources. Thus lockd_up() and lockd_down() can't relay
on current network context. So let's pass corrent one into them.
Signed-off-by: Stanislav Kinsbursky <skinsbursky@parallels.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
This object depends on RPC client, and thus on network namespace.
So let's make it's allocation and lookup in network namespace context.
Signed-off-by: Stanislav Kinsbursky <skinsbursky@parallels.com>
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
NFS clients don't need the garbage collection processing that is
performed on nlm_host structures. The client picks up an nlm_host at
mount time and holds a reference to it until the file system is
unmounted.
Servers, on the other hand, don't have a precise way to tell when an
nlm_host is no longer being used, so zero refcount nlm_host entries
are left to expire in the cache after a time.
Basically there's nothing holding a reference to an nlm_host between
individual server-side NLM requests, but we can't afford the expense
of recreating them for every new NLM request from a client. The
nlm_host cache adds some lifetime hysteresis to entries in the cache
so the next time a particular nlm_host is needed, it's likely to be
discovered by a lookup rather than created from whole cloth.
With the new implementation, client nlm_host cache items are no longer
garbage collected, and are destroyed directly by a new release
function specialized for client entries, nlmclnt_release_host(). They
are cached in their own data structure, and have their own lookup
logic, simplified and specialized for client nlm_host entries.
However, the client nlm_host cache still shares reboot recovery logic
with the server nlm_host cache. The NSM "peer rebooted" downcall for
clients and servers still come through the same RPC call. This is a
legacy formal API that would be difficult to alter, and besides, the
user space NSM implementation can't tell the difference between peers
that are clients or servers.
For this reason, the client cache continues to share the
nlm_host_mutex (and reboot recovery logic) with the server cache.
Signed-off-by: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
The big kernel lock has been removed from all these files at some point,
leaving only the #include.
Remove this too as a cleanup.
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch removes all calls to lock_kernel() from the client. This patch
should be applied after the "fs/lock.c prepare for BKL removal" patch submitted
by Arnd Bergmann on September 18.
Signed-off-by: Bryan Schumaker <bjschuma@netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
percpu.h is included by sched.h and module.h and thus ends up being
included when building most .c files. percpu.h includes slab.h which
in turn includes gfp.h making everything defined by the two files
universally available and complicating inclusion dependencies.
percpu.h -> slab.h dependency is about to be removed. Prepare for
this change by updating users of gfp and slab facilities include those
headers directly instead of assuming availability. As this conversion
needs to touch large number of source files, the following script is
used as the basis of conversion.
http://userweb.kernel.org/~tj/misc/slabh-sweep.py
The script does the followings.
* Scan files for gfp and slab usages and update includes such that
only the necessary includes are there. ie. if only gfp is used,
gfp.h, if slab is used, slab.h.
* When the script inserts a new include, it looks at the include
blocks and try to put the new include such that its order conforms
to its surrounding. It's put in the include block which contains
core kernel includes, in the same order that the rest are ordered -
alphabetical, Christmas tree, rev-Xmas-tree or at the end if there
doesn't seem to be any matching order.
* If the script can't find a place to put a new include (mostly
because the file doesn't have fitting include block), it prints out
an error message indicating which .h file needs to be added to the
file.
The conversion was done in the following steps.
1. The initial automatic conversion of all .c files updated slightly
over 4000 files, deleting around 700 includes and adding ~480 gfp.h
and ~3000 slab.h inclusions. The script emitted errors for ~400
files.
2. Each error was manually checked. Some didn't need the inclusion,
some needed manual addition while adding it to implementation .h or
embedding .c file was more appropriate for others. This step added
inclusions to around 150 files.
3. The script was run again and the output was compared to the edits
from #2 to make sure no file was left behind.
4. Several build tests were done and a couple of problems were fixed.
e.g. lib/decompress_*.c used malloc/free() wrappers around slab
APIs requiring slab.h to be added manually.
5. The script was run on all .h files but without automatically
editing them as sprinkling gfp.h and slab.h inclusions around .h
files could easily lead to inclusion dependency hell. Most gfp.h
inclusion directives were ignored as stuff from gfp.h was usually
wildly available and often used in preprocessor macros. Each
slab.h inclusion directive was examined and added manually as
necessary.
6. percpu.h was updated not to include slab.h.
7. Build test were done on the following configurations and failures
were fixed. CONFIG_GCOV_KERNEL was turned off for all tests (as my
distributed build env didn't work with gcov compiles) and a few
more options had to be turned off depending on archs to make things
build (like ipr on powerpc/64 which failed due to missing writeq).
* x86 and x86_64 UP and SMP allmodconfig and a custom test config.
* powerpc and powerpc64 SMP allmodconfig
* sparc and sparc64 SMP allmodconfig
* ia64 SMP allmodconfig
* s390 SMP allmodconfig
* alpha SMP allmodconfig
* um on x86_64 SMP allmodconfig
8. percpu.h modifications were reverted so that it could be applied as
a separate patch and serve as bisection point.
Given the fact that I had only a couple of failures from tests on step
6, I'm fairly confident about the coverage of this conversion patch.
If there is a breakage, it's likely to be something in one of the arch
headers which should be easily discoverable easily on most builds of
the specific arch.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Guess-its-ok-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
lockd needs these sort of routines, as does the NFSv4 callback code.
Move lockd's routines into common code and rename them so that they can
be used by others.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@citi.umich.edu>
Apparently a lot of people need to disable IPv6 completely on their
distributor-built systems, which have CONFIG_IPV6_MODULE enabled at
build time.
They do this by blacklisting the ipv6.ko module. This causes the
creation of the lockd service listener to fail if CONFIG_IPV6_MODULE
is set, but the module cannot be loaded.
Now that the kernel's PF_INET6 RPC listeners are completely separate
from PF_INET listeners, we can always start PF_INET. Then lockd can
try to start PF_INET6, but it isn't required to be available.
Note this has the added benefit that NLM callbacks from AF_INET6
servers will never come from AF_INET remotes. We no longer have to
worry about matching mapped IPv4 addresses to AF_INET when comparing
addresses.
Signed-off-by: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
The NFS mount command may pass an AF_INET server address to lockd. If
lockd happens to be using a PF_INET6 listener, the nlm_cmp_addr() in
nlmclnt_grant() will fail to match requests from that host because they
will all have a mapped IPv4 AF_INET6 address.
Adopt the same solution used in nfs_sockaddr_match_ipaddr() for NFSv4
callbacks: if either address is AF_INET, map it to an AF_INET6 address
before doing the comparison.
Signed-off-by: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
If the admin has specified the "noresvport" option for an NFS mount
point, the kernel's NFS client uses an unprivileged source port for
the main NFS transport. The kernel's lockd client should use an
unprivileged port in this case as well.
Signed-off-by: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
My understanding is that there is a push to turn the kernel_thread
interface into a non-exported symbol and move all kernel threads to use
the kthread API. This patch changes lockd to use kthread_run to spawn
the reclaimer thread.
I've made the assumption here that the extra module references taken
when we spawn this thread are unnecessary and removed them. I've also
added a KERN_ERR printk that pops if the thread can't be spawned to warn
the admin that the locks won't be reclaimed.
In the future, it would be nice to be able to notify userspace that
locks have been lost (probably by implementing SIGLOST), and adding some
good policies about how long we should reattempt to reclaim the locks.
Finally, I removed a comment about memory leaks that I believe is
obsolete and added a new one to clarify the result of sending a SIGKILL
to the reclaimer thread. As best I can tell, doing so doesn't actually
cause a memory leak.
I consider this patch 2.6.29 material.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Clean up: Now that lockd_up() starts listeners for both transports, the
"proto" argument is no longer needed.
Signed-off-by: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@citi.umich.edu>
Adjust the signature and callers of nlmclnt_grant() to pass a "struct
sockaddr *" instead of a "struct sockaddr_in *" in order to support IPv6
addresses.
Signed-off-by: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@citi.umich.edu>
Pass a struct sockaddr * and a length to nlmclnt_lookup_host() to
accomodate non-AF_INET family addresses.
As a side benefit, eliminate the hostname_len argument, as the hostname
is always NUL-terminated.
Signed-off-by: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@citi.umich.edu>
Update the nlm_cmp_addr() helper to support AF_INET6 as well as AF_INET
addresses. New version takes two "struct sockaddr *" arguments instead of
"struct sockaddr_in *" arguments.
Signed-off-by: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@citi.umich.edu>
To store larger addresses in the nlm_host structure, make h_addr a
sockaddr_storage, and add an address length field.
Signed-off-by: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@citi.umich.edu>
Clean up: pass 5 arguments to nlmclnt_init() in a structure similar to the
new nfs_client_initdata structure.
Signed-off-by: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
We would like to remove the per-lock-operation nlm_lookup_host() call from
nlmclnt_proc().
The new architecture pins an nlm_host structure to each NFS client
superblock that has the "lock" mount option set. The NFS client passes
in the pinned nlm_host structure during each call to nlmclnt_proc(). NFS
client unmount processing "puts" the nlm_host so it can be garbage-
collected later.
This patch introduces externally callable NLM functions that handle
mount-time nlm_host set up and tear-down.
Signed-off-by: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
reclaimer() calls allow_signal() which plays with parent process's ->sighand.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@tv-sign.ru>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Cc: "J. Bruce Fields" <bfields@fieldses.org>
Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
This patch adds missing newlines to dprintk's.
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Annotated, all places switched to keeping status net-endian.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Acked-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
nlmclnt_recovery would try to force a portmap rebind by setting
host->h_nextrebind to 0. The right thing to do here is to set it to the
current time.
Signed-off-by: Olaf Kirch <okir@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This patch makes the SM_NOTIFY handling understand and use the nsm_handle.
To make it a bit clear what is happening:
nlmclent_prepare_reclaim and nlmclnt_finish_reclaim
get open-coded into 'reclaimer'
The result is tidied up.
Then some of that functionality is moved out into nlm_host_rebooted (which
calls nlmclnt_recovery which starts a thread which runs reclaimer).
Also host_rebooted now finds an nsm_handle rather than a host, then then
iterates over all hosts and deals with each host that shares that nsm_handle.
Signed-off-by: Olaf Kirch <okir@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This patch introduces the nsm_handle, which is shared by all nlm_host objects
referring to the same client.
With this patch applied, all nlm_hosts from the same address will share the
same nsm_handle. A future patch will add sharing by name.
Note: this patch changes h_name so that it is no longer guaranteed to be an IP
address of the host. When the host represents an NFS server, h_name will be
the name passed in the mount call. When the host represents a client, h_name
will be the name presented in the lock request received from the client. A
h_name is only used for printing informational messages, this change should
not be significant.
Signed-off-by: Olaf Kirch <okir@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
If lockd_up fails - what should we expect? Do we have to later call
lockd_down?
Well the nfs client thinks "no", the nfs server thinks "yes". lockd thinks
"yes".
The only answer that really makes sense is "no" !!
So:
Make lockd_up only increment nlmsvc_users on success.
Make nfsd handle errors from lockd_up properly.
Make sure lockd_up(0) never fails when lockd is running
so that the 'reclaimer' call to lockd_up doesn't need to
be error checked.
Cc: "J. Bruce Fields" <bfields@fieldses.org>
Signed-off-by: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Currently lockd listens on UDP always, and TCP if CONFIG_NFSD_TCP is set.
However as lockd performs services of the client as well, this is a problem.
If CONFIG_NfSD_TCP is not set, and a tcp mount is used, the server will not be
able to call back to lockd.
So:
- add an option to lockd_up saying which protocol is needed
- Always open sockets for which an explicit port was given, otherwise
only open a socket of the type required
- Change nfsd to do one lockd_up per socket rather than one per thread.
This
- removes the dependancy on CONFIG_NFSD_TCP
- means that lockd may open sockets other than at startup
- means that lockd will *not* listen on UDP if the only
mounts are TCP mount (and nfsd hasn't started).
The latter is the only one that concerns me at all - I don't know if this
might be a problem with some servers.
Signed-off-by: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Currently it is possible for a task to remove its locks at the same time as
the NLM recovery thread is trying to recover them. This quickly leads to an
Oops.
Protect the locks using an rw semaphore while they are being recovered.
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
The patch "stop abusing file_lock_list introduces a couple of bugs since
the locks may be copied and need to be removed from the lists when they are
destroyed.
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Currently lockd directly access the file_lock_list from fs/locks.c.
It does so to mark locks granted or reclaimable. This is very
suboptimal, because a) lockd needs to poke into locks.c internals, and
b) it needs to iterate over all locks in the system for marking locks
granted or reclaimable.
This patch adds lists for granted and reclaimable locks to the nlm_host
structure instead, and adds locks to those.
nlmclnt_lock:
now adds the lock to h_granted instead of setting the
NFS_LCK_GRANTED, still O(1)
nlmclnt_mark_reclaim:
goes away completely, replaced by a list_splice_init.
Complexity reduced from O(locks in the system) to O(1)
reclaimer:
iterates over h_reclaim now, complexity reduced from
O(locks in the system) to O(locks per nlm_host)
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
If 2 threads attached to the same process are blocking on different locks on
different files (maybe even on different servers) but have the same lock
arguments (i.e. same offset+length - actually quite common, since most
processes try to lock the entire file) then the first GRANTED call that wakes
one up will also wake the other.
Currently when the NLM_GRANTED callback comes in, lockd walks the list of
blocked locks in search of a match to the lock that the NLM server has
granted. Although it checks the lock pid, start and end, it fails to check
the filehandle and the server address.
By checking the filehandle and server IP address, we ensure that this only
happens if the locks truly are referencing the same file.
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
When mixing -olock and -onolock mounts on the same client, we have to
check that fl->fl_u.nfs_fl.owner is set before dereferencing it.
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
If the lock blocks, the server may send us a GRANTED message that
races with the reply to our LOCK request. Make sure that we catch
the GRANTED by queueing up our request on the nlm_blocked list
before we send off the first LOCK rpc call.
Signed-off-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Initial git repository build. I'm not bothering with the full history,
even though we have it. We can create a separate "historical" git
archive of that later if we want to, and in the meantime it's about
3.2GB when imported into git - space that would just make the early
git days unnecessarily complicated, when we don't have a lot of good
infrastructure for it.
Let it rip!
