Direct reclaim stats are useful for identifying a potential source for
application latency, as well as spotting issues with kswapd. However,
khugepaged currently distorts the picture: as a kernel thread it doesn't
impose allocation latencies on userspace, and it explicitly opts out of
kswapd reclaim. Its activity showing up in the direct reclaim stats is
misleading. Counting it as kswapd reclaim could also cause confusion when
trying to understand actual kswapd behavior.
Break out khugepaged from the direct reclaim counters into new
pgsteal_khugepaged, pgdemote_khugepaged, pgscan_khugepaged counters.
Test with a huge executable (CONFIG_READ_ONLY_THP_FOR_FS):
pgsteal_kswapd 1342185
pgsteal_direct 0
pgsteal_khugepaged 3623
pgscan_kswapd 1345025
pgscan_direct 0
pgscan_khugepaged 3623
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20221026180133.377671-1-hannes@cmpxchg.org
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reported-by: Eric Bergen <ebergen@meta.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Yang Shi <shy828301@gmail.com>
Cc: Yosry Ahmed <yosryahmed@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Kswapd will reclaim memory when memory pressure is high, the annonymous
memory will be compressed and stored in the zpool if zswap is enabled.
The memcg_kmem_bypass() in get_obj_cgroup_from_page() will bypass the
kernel thread and cause the compressed memory not be charged to its memory
cgroup.
Remove the memcg_kmem_bypass() call and properly charge compressed memory
to its corresponding memory cgroup.
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/CALvZod4nnn8BHYqAM4xtcR0Ddo2-Wr8uKm9h_CHWUaXw7g_DCg@mail.gmail.com/
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20221114194828.100822-1-hannes@cmpxchg.org
Fixes: f4840ccfca ("zswap: memcg accounting")
Signed-off-by: Li Liguang <liliguang@baidu.com>
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Muchun Song <songmuchun@bytedance.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> [5.19+]
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Return the containing folio instead of the precise page. One of the
callers wants the folio and the other can do the folio->page conversion
itself. Nets 442 bytes of text size reduction, 478 bytes removed and 36
bytes added.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20221019183332.2802139-4-willy@infradead.org
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Replace the checks for memcg is root memcg, with mem_cgroup_is_root()
helper.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220930134433.338103-1-kamalesh.babulal@oracle.com
Signed-off-by: Kamalesh Babulal <kamalesh.babulal@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Muchun Song <songmuchun@bytedance.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Kamalesh Babulal <kamalesh.babulal@oracle.com>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Cc: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Cc: Tom Hromatka <tom.hromatka@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
linux-next for a couple of months without, to my knowledge, any negative
reports (or any positive ones, come to that).
- Also the Maple Tree from Liam R. Howlett. An overlapping range-based
tree for vmas. It it apparently slight more efficient in its own right,
but is mainly targeted at enabling work to reduce mmap_lock contention.
Liam has identified a number of other tree users in the kernel which
could be beneficially onverted to mapletrees.
Yu Zhao has identified a hard-to-hit but "easy to fix" lockdep splat
(https://lkml.kernel.org/r/CAOUHufZabH85CeUN-MEMgL8gJGzJEWUrkiM58JkTbBhh-jew0Q@mail.gmail.com).
This has yet to be addressed due to Liam's unfortunately timed
vacation. He is now back and we'll get this fixed up.
- Dmitry Vyukov introduces KMSAN: the Kernel Memory Sanitizer. It uses
clang-generated instrumentation to detect used-unintialized bugs down to
the single bit level.
KMSAN keeps finding bugs. New ones, as well as the legacy ones.
- Yang Shi adds a userspace mechanism (madvise) to induce a collapse of
memory into THPs.
- Zach O'Keefe has expanded Yang Shi's madvise(MADV_COLLAPSE) to support
file/shmem-backed pages.
- userfaultfd updates from Axel Rasmussen
- zsmalloc cleanups from Alexey Romanov
- cleanups from Miaohe Lin: vmscan, hugetlb_cgroup, hugetlb and memory-failure
- Huang Ying adds enhancements to NUMA balancing memory tiering mode's
page promotion, with a new way of detecting hot pages.
- memcg updates from Shakeel Butt: charging optimizations and reduced
memory consumption.
- memcg cleanups from Kairui Song.
- memcg fixes and cleanups from Johannes Weiner.
- Vishal Moola provides more folio conversions
- Zhang Yi removed ll_rw_block() :(
- migration enhancements from Peter Xu
- migration error-path bugfixes from Huang Ying
- Aneesh Kumar added ability for a device driver to alter the memory
tiering promotion paths. For optimizations by PMEM drivers, DRM
drivers, etc.
- vma merging improvements from Jakub Matěn.
- NUMA hinting cleanups from David Hildenbrand.
- xu xin added aditional userspace visibility into KSM merging activity.
- THP & KSM code consolidation from Qi Zheng.
- more folio work from Matthew Wilcox.
- KASAN updates from Andrey Konovalov.
- DAMON cleanups from Kaixu Xia.
- DAMON work from SeongJae Park: fixes, cleanups.
- hugetlb sysfs cleanups from Muchun Song.
- Mike Kravetz fixes locking issues in hugetlbfs and in hugetlb core.
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Merge tag 'mm-stable-2022-10-08' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm
Pull MM updates from Andrew Morton:
- Yu Zhao's Multi-Gen LRU patches are here. They've been under test in
linux-next for a couple of months without, to my knowledge, any
negative reports (or any positive ones, come to that).
- Also the Maple Tree from Liam Howlett. An overlapping range-based
tree for vmas. It it apparently slightly more efficient in its own
right, but is mainly targeted at enabling work to reduce mmap_lock
contention.
Liam has identified a number of other tree users in the kernel which
could be beneficially onverted to mapletrees.
Yu Zhao has identified a hard-to-hit but "easy to fix" lockdep splat
at [1]. This has yet to be addressed due to Liam's unfortunately
timed vacation. He is now back and we'll get this fixed up.
- Dmitry Vyukov introduces KMSAN: the Kernel Memory Sanitizer. It uses
clang-generated instrumentation to detect used-unintialized bugs down
to the single bit level.
KMSAN keeps finding bugs. New ones, as well as the legacy ones.
- Yang Shi adds a userspace mechanism (madvise) to induce a collapse of
memory into THPs.
- Zach O'Keefe has expanded Yang Shi's madvise(MADV_COLLAPSE) to
support file/shmem-backed pages.
- userfaultfd updates from Axel Rasmussen
- zsmalloc cleanups from Alexey Romanov
- cleanups from Miaohe Lin: vmscan, hugetlb_cgroup, hugetlb and
memory-failure
- Huang Ying adds enhancements to NUMA balancing memory tiering mode's
page promotion, with a new way of detecting hot pages.
- memcg updates from Shakeel Butt: charging optimizations and reduced
memory consumption.
- memcg cleanups from Kairui Song.
- memcg fixes and cleanups from Johannes Weiner.
- Vishal Moola provides more folio conversions
- Zhang Yi removed ll_rw_block() :(
- migration enhancements from Peter Xu
- migration error-path bugfixes from Huang Ying
- Aneesh Kumar added ability for a device driver to alter the memory
tiering promotion paths. For optimizations by PMEM drivers, DRM
drivers, etc.
- vma merging improvements from Jakub Matěn.
- NUMA hinting cleanups from David Hildenbrand.
- xu xin added aditional userspace visibility into KSM merging
activity.
- THP & KSM code consolidation from Qi Zheng.
- more folio work from Matthew Wilcox.
- KASAN updates from Andrey Konovalov.
- DAMON cleanups from Kaixu Xia.
- DAMON work from SeongJae Park: fixes, cleanups.
- hugetlb sysfs cleanups from Muchun Song.
- Mike Kravetz fixes locking issues in hugetlbfs and in hugetlb core.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/CAOUHufZabH85CeUN-MEMgL8gJGzJEWUrkiM58JkTbBhh-jew0Q@mail.gmail.com [1]
* tag 'mm-stable-2022-10-08' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm: (555 commits)
hugetlb: allocate vma lock for all sharable vmas
hugetlb: take hugetlb vma_lock when clearing vma_lock->vma pointer
hugetlb: fix vma lock handling during split vma and range unmapping
mglru: mm/vmscan.c: fix imprecise comments
mm/mglru: don't sync disk for each aging cycle
mm: memcontrol: drop dead CONFIG_MEMCG_SWAP config symbol
mm: memcontrol: use do_memsw_account() in a few more places
mm: memcontrol: deprecate swapaccounting=0 mode
mm: memcontrol: don't allocate cgroup swap arrays when memcg is disabled
mm/secretmem: remove reduntant return value
mm/hugetlb: add available_huge_pages() func
mm: remove unused inline functions from include/linux/mm_inline.h
selftests/vm: add selftest for MADV_COLLAPSE of uffd-minor memory
selftests/vm: add file/shmem MADV_COLLAPSE selftest for cleared pmd
selftests/vm: add thp collapse shmem testing
selftests/vm: add thp collapse file and tmpfs testing
selftests/vm: modularize thp collapse memory operations
selftests/vm: dedup THP helpers
mm/khugepaged: add tracepoint to hpage_collapse_scan_file()
mm/madvise: add file and shmem support to MADV_COLLAPSE
...
* cpuset now support isolated cpus.partition type, which will enable dynamic
CPU isolation.
* pids.peak added to remember the max number of pids used.
* Holes in cgroup namespace plugged.
* Internal cleanups.
Note that for-6.1-fixes was pulled into for-6.1 twice. Both were for
follow-up cleanups and each merge commit has details.
Also, 8a693f7766 ("cgroup: Remove CFTYPE_PRESSURE") removes the flag used
by PSI changes in the tip tree and the merged result won't compile due to
the missing flag. Simply removing the struct init lines specifying the flag
is the correct resolution. linux-next already contains the correct fix:
https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220912161812.072aaa3b@canb.auug.org.au
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Merge tag 'cgroup-for-6.1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tj/cgroup
Pull cgroup updates from Tejun Heo:
- cpuset now support isolated cpus.partition type, which will enable
dynamic CPU isolation
- pids.peak added to remember the max number of pids used
- holes in cgroup namespace plugged
- internal cleanups
* tag 'cgroup-for-6.1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tj/cgroup: (25 commits)
cgroup: use strscpy() is more robust and safer
iocost_monitor: reorder BlkgIterator
cgroup: simplify code in cgroup_apply_control
cgroup: Make cgroup_get_from_id() prettier
cgroup/cpuset: remove unreachable code
cgroup: Remove CFTYPE_PRESSURE
cgroup: Improve cftype add/rm error handling
kselftest/cgroup: Add cpuset v2 partition root state test
cgroup/cpuset: Update description of cpuset.cpus.partition in cgroup-v2.rst
cgroup/cpuset: Make partition invalid if cpumask change violates exclusivity rule
cgroup/cpuset: Relocate a code block in validate_change()
cgroup/cpuset: Show invalid partition reason string
cgroup/cpuset: Add a new isolated cpus.partition type
cgroup/cpuset: Relax constraints to partition & cpus changes
cgroup/cpuset: Allow no-task partition to have empty cpuset.cpus.effective
cgroup/cpuset: Miscellaneous cleanups & add helper functions
cgroup/cpuset: Enable update_tasks_cpumask() on top_cpuset
cgroup: add pids.peak interface for pids controller
cgroup: Remove data-race around cgrp_dfl_visible
cgroup: Fix build failure when CONFIG_SHRINKER_DEBUG
...
Introduce preempt_[dis|enable_nested() and use it to clean up
various places which have open coded PREEMPT_RT conditionals.
On PREEMPT_RT enabled kernels, spinlocks and rwlocks are neither disabling
preemption nor interrupts. Though there are a few places which depend on
the implicit preemption/interrupt disable of those locks, e.g. seqcount
write sections, per CPU statistics updates etc.
PREEMPT_RT added open coded CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT conditionals to
disable/enable preemption in the related code parts all over the
place. That's hard to read and does not really explain why this is
necessary.
Linus suggested to use helper functions (preempt_disable_nested() and
preempt_enable_nested()) and use those in the affected places. On !RT
enabled kernels these functions are NOPs, but contain a lockdep assert to
validate that preemption is actually disabled to catch call sites which
do not have preemption disabled.
Clean up the affected code paths in mm, dentry and lib.
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Merge tag 'sched-rt-2022-10-05' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip
Pull preempt RT updates from Thomas Gleixner:
"Introduce preempt_[dis|enable_nested() and use it to clean up various
places which have open coded PREEMPT_RT conditionals.
On PREEMPT_RT enabled kernels, spinlocks and rwlocks are neither
disabling preemption nor interrupts. Though there are a few places
which depend on the implicit preemption/interrupt disable of those
locks, e.g. seqcount write sections, per CPU statistics updates etc.
PREEMPT_RT added open coded CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT conditionals to
disable/enable preemption in the related code parts all over the
place. That's hard to read and does not really explain why this is
necessary.
Linus suggested to use helper functions (preempt_disable_nested() and
preempt_enable_nested()) and use those in the affected places. On !RT
enabled kernels these functions are NOPs, but contain a lockdep assert
to validate that preemption is actually disabled to catch call sites
which do not have preemption disabled.
Clean up the affected code paths in mm, dentry and lib"
* tag 'sched-rt-2022-10-05' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
u64_stats: Streamline the implementation
flex_proportions: Disable preemption entering the write section.
mm/compaction: Get rid of RT ifdeffery
mm/memcontrol: Replace the PREEMPT_RT conditionals
mm/debug: Provide VM_WARN_ON_IRQS_ENABLED()
mm/vmstat: Use preempt_[dis|en]able_nested()
dentry: Use preempt_[dis|en]able_nested()
preempt: Provide preempt_[dis|en]able_nested()
Since 2d1c498072 ("mm: memcontrol: make swap tracking an integral part
of memory control"), CONFIG_MEMCG_SWAP hasn't been a user-visible config
option anymore, it just means CONFIG_MEMCG && CONFIG_SWAP.
Update the sites accordingly and drop the symbol.
[ While touching the docs, remove two references to CONFIG_MEMCG_KMEM,
which hasn't been a user-visible symbol for over half a decade. ]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220926135704.400818-5-hannes@cmpxchg.org
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
It's slightly more descriptive and consistent with other places that
distinguish cgroup1's combined memory+swap accounting scheme from
cgroup2's dedicated swap accounting.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220926135704.400818-4-hannes@cmpxchg.org
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
The swapaccounting= commandline option already does very little today. To
close a trivial containment failure case, the swap ownership tracking part
of the swap controller has recently become mandatory (see commit
2d1c498072 ("mm: memcontrol: make swap tracking an integral part of
memory control") for details), which makes up the majority of the work
during swapout, swapin, and the swap slot map.
The only thing left under this flag is the page_counter operations and the
visibility of the swap control files in the first place, which are rather
meager savings. There also aren't many scenarios, if any, where
controlling the memory of a cgroup while allowing it unlimited access to a
global swap space is a workable resource isolation strategy.
On the other hand, there have been several bugs and confusion around the
many possible swap controller states (cgroup1 vs cgroup2 behavior, memory
accounting without swap accounting, memcg runtime disabled).
This puts the maintenance overhead of retaining the toggle above its
practical benefits. Deprecate it.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220926135704.400818-3-hannes@cmpxchg.org
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Suggested-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Patch series "memcg swap fix & cleanups".
This patch (of 4):
Since commit 2d1c498072 ("mm: memcontrol: make swap tracking an integral
part of memory control"), the cgroup swap arrays are used to track memory
ownership at the time of swap readahead and swapoff, even if swap space
*accounting* has been turned off by the user via swapaccount=0 (which sets
cgroup_memory_noswap).
However, the patch was overzealous: by simply dropping the
cgroup_memory_noswap conditionals in the swapon, swapoff and uncharge
path, it caused the cgroup arrays being allocated even when the memory
controller as a whole is disabled. This is a waste of that memory.
Restore mem_cgroup_disabled() checks, implied previously by
cgroup_memory_noswap, in the swapon, swapoff, and swap_entry_free
callbacks.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220926135704.400818-1-hannes@cmpxchg.org
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220926135704.400818-2-hannes@cmpxchg.org
Fixes: 2d1c498072 ("mm: memcontrol: make swap tracking an integral part of memory control")
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reported-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Use kstrtobool which is more powerful to handle all kinds of parameters
like 'Yy1Nn0' or [oO][NnFf] for "on" and "off".
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220913071358.1812206-1-liushixin2@huawei.com
Signed-off-by: Liu Shixin <liushixin2@huawei.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Kefeng Wang <wangkefeng.wang@huawei.com>
Cc: Muchun Song <songmuchun@bytedance.com>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Cc: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
The struct memcg_vmstats and struct memcg_vmstats_percpu contains two
arrays each for events of size NR_VM_EVENT_ITEMS which can be as large as
110. However the memcg v1 only uses 4 of those while memcg v2 uses 15.
The union of both is 17. On a 64 bit system, we are wasting approximately
((110 - 17) * 8 * 2) * (nr_cpus + 1) bytes which is significant on large
machines.
This patch reduces the size of the given structures by adding one
indirection and only stores array of events which are actually used by the
memcg code. With this patch, the size of memcg_vmstats has reduced from
2544 bytes to 1056 bytes while the size of memcg_vmstats_percpu has
reduced from 2568 bytes to 1080 bytes.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix memcg_events_local() array index, per Shakeel]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/CALvZod70Mvxr+Nzb6k0yiU2RFYjTD=0NFhKK-Eyp+5ejd1PSFw@mail.gmail.com
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220907043537.3457014-4-shakeelb@google.com
Signed-off-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Acked-by: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Muchun Song <songmuchun@bytedance.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
This is a preparatory patch for easing the review of the follow up patch
which will reduce the memory overhead of memory cgroups.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220907043537.3457014-3-shakeelb@google.com
Signed-off-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Acked-by: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Muchun Song <songmuchun@bytedance.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Patch series "memcg: reduce memory overhead of memory cgroups".
Currently a lot of memory is wasted to maintain the vmevents for memory
cgroups as we have multiple arrays of size NR_VM_EVENT_ITEMS which can be
as large as 110. However memcg code uses small portion of those entries.
This patch series eliminate this overhead by removing the unneeded vmevent
entries from memory cgroup data structures.
This patch (of 3):
This is a preparatory patch to reduce the memory overhead of memory
cgroup. The struct memcg_vmstats is the largest object embedded into the
struct mem_cgroup. This patch extracts struct memcg_vmstats from struct
mem_cgroup to ease the following patches in reducing the size of struct
memcg_vmstats.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220907043537.3457014-1-shakeelb@google.com
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220907043537.3457014-2-shakeelb@google.com
Signed-off-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Acked-by: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Muchun Song <songmuchun@bytedance.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
All callers now have a folio, so convert the function to take a folio.
Saves a couple of calls to compound_head().
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220902194653.1739778-48-willy@infradead.org
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
All callers have now been converted to swap_cache_get_folio(), so we can
remove this wrapper.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220902194653.1739778-39-willy@infradead.org
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
All callers now have a folio, so pass it in here and remove an unnecessary
call to page_folio().
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220902194653.1739778-17-willy@infradead.org
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
To further exploit spatial locality, the aging prefers to walk page tables
to search for young PTEs and promote hot pages. A kill switch will be
added in the next patch to disable this behavior. When disabled, the
aging relies on the rmap only.
NB: this behavior has nothing similar with the page table scanning in the
2.4 kernel [1], which searches page tables for old PTEs, adds cold pages
to swapcache and unmaps them.
To avoid confusion, the term "iteration" specifically means the traversal
of an entire mm_struct list; the term "walk" will be applied to page
tables and the rmap, as usual.
An mm_struct list is maintained for each memcg, and an mm_struct follows
its owner task to the new memcg when this task is migrated. Given an
lruvec, the aging iterates lruvec_memcg()->mm_list and calls
walk_page_range() with each mm_struct on this list to promote hot pages
before it increments max_seq.
When multiple page table walkers iterate the same list, each of them gets
a unique mm_struct; therefore they can run concurrently. Page table
walkers ignore any misplaced pages, e.g., if an mm_struct was migrated,
pages it left in the previous memcg will not be promoted when its current
memcg is under reclaim. Similarly, page table walkers will not promote
pages from nodes other than the one under reclaim.
This patch uses the following optimizations when walking page tables:
1. It tracks the usage of mm_struct's between context switches so that
page table walkers can skip processes that have been sleeping since
the last iteration.
2. It uses generational Bloom filters to record populated branches so
that page table walkers can reduce their search space based on the
query results, e.g., to skip page tables containing mostly holes or
misplaced pages.
3. It takes advantage of the accessed bit in non-leaf PMD entries when
CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_NONLEAF_PMD_YOUNG=y.
4. It does not zigzag between a PGD table and the same PMD table
spanning multiple VMAs. IOW, it finishes all the VMAs within the
range of the same PMD table before it returns to a PGD table. This
improves the cache performance for workloads that have large
numbers of tiny VMAs [2], especially when CONFIG_PGTABLE_LEVELS=5.
Server benchmark results:
Single workload:
fio (buffered I/O): no change
Single workload:
memcached (anon): +[8, 10]%
Ops/sec KB/sec
patch1-7: 1147696.57 44640.29
patch1-8: 1245274.91 48435.66
Configurations:
no change
Client benchmark results:
kswapd profiles:
patch1-7
48.16% lzo1x_1_do_compress (real work)
8.20% page_vma_mapped_walk (overhead)
7.06% _raw_spin_unlock_irq
2.92% ptep_clear_flush
2.53% __zram_bvec_write
2.11% do_raw_spin_lock
2.02% memmove
1.93% lru_gen_look_around
1.56% free_unref_page_list
1.40% memset
patch1-8
49.44% lzo1x_1_do_compress (real work)
6.19% page_vma_mapped_walk (overhead)
5.97% _raw_spin_unlock_irq
3.13% get_pfn_folio
2.85% ptep_clear_flush
2.42% __zram_bvec_write
2.08% do_raw_spin_lock
1.92% memmove
1.44% alloc_zspage
1.36% memset
Configurations:
no change
Thanks to the following developers for their efforts [3].
kernel test robot <lkp@intel.com>
[1] https://lwn.net/Articles/23732/
[2] https://llvm.org/docs/ScudoHardenedAllocator.html
[3] https://lore.kernel.org/r/202204160827.ekEARWQo-lkp@intel.com/
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220918080010.2920238-9-yuzhao@google.com
Signed-off-by: Yu Zhao <yuzhao@google.com>
Acked-by: Brian Geffon <bgeffon@google.com>
Acked-by: Jan Alexander Steffens (heftig) <heftig@archlinux.org>
Acked-by: Oleksandr Natalenko <oleksandr@natalenko.name>
Acked-by: Steven Barrett <steven@liquorix.net>
Acked-by: Suleiman Souhlal <suleiman@google.com>
Tested-by: Daniel Byrne <djbyrne@mtu.edu>
Tested-by: Donald Carr <d@chaos-reins.com>
Tested-by: Holger Hoffstätte <holger@applied-asynchrony.com>
Tested-by: Konstantin Kharlamov <Hi-Angel@yandex.ru>
Tested-by: Shuang Zhai <szhai2@cs.rochester.edu>
Tested-by: Sofia Trinh <sofia.trinh@edi.works>
Tested-by: Vaibhav Jain <vaibhav@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Aneesh Kumar K.V <aneesh.kumar@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Barry Song <baohua@kernel.org>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Hillf Danton <hdanton@sina.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Miaohe Lin <linmiaohe@huawei.com>
Cc: Michael Larabel <Michael@MichaelLarabel.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Mike Rapoport <rppt@kernel.org>
Cc: Mike Rapoport <rppt@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Qi Zheng <zhengqi.arch@bytedance.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Searching the rmap for PTEs mapping each page on an LRU list (to test and
clear the accessed bit) can be expensive because pages from different VMAs
(PA space) are not cache friendly to the rmap (VA space). For workloads
mostly using mapped pages, searching the rmap can incur the highest CPU
cost in the reclaim path.
This patch exploits spatial locality to reduce the trips into the rmap.
When shrink_page_list() walks the rmap and finds a young PTE, a new
function lru_gen_look_around() scans at most BITS_PER_LONG-1 adjacent
PTEs. On finding another young PTE, it clears the accessed bit and
updates the gen counter of the page mapped by this PTE to
(max_seq%MAX_NR_GENS)+1.
Server benchmark results:
Single workload:
fio (buffered I/O): no change
Single workload:
memcached (anon): +[3, 5]%
Ops/sec KB/sec
patch1-6: 1106168.46 43025.04
patch1-7: 1147696.57 44640.29
Configurations:
no change
Client benchmark results:
kswapd profiles:
patch1-6
39.03% lzo1x_1_do_compress (real work)
18.47% page_vma_mapped_walk (overhead)
6.74% _raw_spin_unlock_irq
3.97% do_raw_spin_lock
2.49% ptep_clear_flush
2.48% anon_vma_interval_tree_iter_first
1.92% folio_referenced_one
1.88% __zram_bvec_write
1.48% memmove
1.31% vma_interval_tree_iter_next
patch1-7
48.16% lzo1x_1_do_compress (real work)
8.20% page_vma_mapped_walk (overhead)
7.06% _raw_spin_unlock_irq
2.92% ptep_clear_flush
2.53% __zram_bvec_write
2.11% do_raw_spin_lock
2.02% memmove
1.93% lru_gen_look_around
1.56% free_unref_page_list
1.40% memset
Configurations:
no change
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220918080010.2920238-8-yuzhao@google.com
Signed-off-by: Yu Zhao <yuzhao@google.com>
Acked-by: Barry Song <baohua@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Brian Geffon <bgeffon@google.com>
Acked-by: Jan Alexander Steffens (heftig) <heftig@archlinux.org>
Acked-by: Oleksandr Natalenko <oleksandr@natalenko.name>
Acked-by: Steven Barrett <steven@liquorix.net>
Acked-by: Suleiman Souhlal <suleiman@google.com>
Tested-by: Daniel Byrne <djbyrne@mtu.edu>
Tested-by: Donald Carr <d@chaos-reins.com>
Tested-by: Holger Hoffstätte <holger@applied-asynchrony.com>
Tested-by: Konstantin Kharlamov <Hi-Angel@yandex.ru>
Tested-by: Shuang Zhai <szhai2@cs.rochester.edu>
Tested-by: Sofia Trinh <sofia.trinh@edi.works>
Tested-by: Vaibhav Jain <vaibhav@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Aneesh Kumar K.V <aneesh.kumar@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Hillf Danton <hdanton@sina.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Miaohe Lin <linmiaohe@huawei.com>
Cc: Michael Larabel <Michael@MichaelLarabel.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Mike Rapoport <rppt@kernel.org>
Cc: Mike Rapoport <rppt@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Qi Zheng <zhengqi.arch@bytedance.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Evictable pages are divided into multiple generations for each lruvec.
The youngest generation number is stored in lrugen->max_seq for both
anon and file types as they are aged on an equal footing. The oldest
generation numbers are stored in lrugen->min_seq[] separately for anon
and file types as clean file pages can be evicted regardless of swap
constraints. These three variables are monotonically increasing.
Generation numbers are truncated into order_base_2(MAX_NR_GENS+1) bits
in order to fit into the gen counter in folio->flags. Each truncated
generation number is an index to lrugen->lists[]. The sliding window
technique is used to track at least MIN_NR_GENS and at most
MAX_NR_GENS generations. The gen counter stores a value within [1,
MAX_NR_GENS] while a page is on one of lrugen->lists[]. Otherwise it
stores 0.
There are two conceptually independent procedures: "the aging", which
produces young generations, and "the eviction", which consumes old
generations. They form a closed-loop system, i.e., "the page reclaim".
Both procedures can be invoked from userspace for the purposes of working
set estimation and proactive reclaim. These techniques are commonly used
to optimize job scheduling (bin packing) in data centers [1][2].
To avoid confusion, the terms "hot" and "cold" will be applied to the
multi-gen LRU, as a new convention; the terms "active" and "inactive" will
be applied to the active/inactive LRU, as usual.
The protection of hot pages and the selection of cold pages are based
on page access channels and patterns. There are two access channels:
one through page tables and the other through file descriptors. The
protection of the former channel is by design stronger because:
1. The uncertainty in determining the access patterns of the former
channel is higher due to the approximation of the accessed bit.
2. The cost of evicting the former channel is higher due to the TLB
flushes required and the likelihood of encountering the dirty bit.
3. The penalty of underprotecting the former channel is higher because
applications usually do not prepare themselves for major page
faults like they do for blocked I/O. E.g., GUI applications
commonly use dedicated I/O threads to avoid blocking rendering
threads.
There are also two access patterns: one with temporal locality and the
other without. For the reasons listed above, the former channel is
assumed to follow the former pattern unless VM_SEQ_READ or VM_RAND_READ is
present; the latter channel is assumed to follow the latter pattern unless
outlying refaults have been observed [3][4].
The next patch will address the "outlying refaults". Three macros, i.e.,
LRU_REFS_WIDTH, LRU_REFS_PGOFF and LRU_REFS_MASK, used later are added in
this patch to make the entire patchset less diffy.
A page is added to the youngest generation on faulting. The aging needs
to check the accessed bit at least twice before handing this page over to
the eviction. The first check takes care of the accessed bit set on the
initial fault; the second check makes sure this page has not been used
since then. This protocol, AKA second chance, requires a minimum of two
generations, hence MIN_NR_GENS.
[1] https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3297858.3304053
[2] https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3503222.3507731
[3] https://lwn.net/Articles/495543/
[4] https://lwn.net/Articles/815342/
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220918080010.2920238-6-yuzhao@google.com
Signed-off-by: Yu Zhao <yuzhao@google.com>
Acked-by: Brian Geffon <bgeffon@google.com>
Acked-by: Jan Alexander Steffens (heftig) <heftig@archlinux.org>
Acked-by: Oleksandr Natalenko <oleksandr@natalenko.name>
Acked-by: Steven Barrett <steven@liquorix.net>
Acked-by: Suleiman Souhlal <suleiman@google.com>
Tested-by: Daniel Byrne <djbyrne@mtu.edu>
Tested-by: Donald Carr <d@chaos-reins.com>
Tested-by: Holger Hoffstätte <holger@applied-asynchrony.com>
Tested-by: Konstantin Kharlamov <Hi-Angel@yandex.ru>
Tested-by: Shuang Zhai <szhai2@cs.rochester.edu>
Tested-by: Sofia Trinh <sofia.trinh@edi.works>
Tested-by: Vaibhav Jain <vaibhav@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Aneesh Kumar K.V <aneesh.kumar@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Barry Song <baohua@kernel.org>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Hillf Danton <hdanton@sina.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Miaohe Lin <linmiaohe@huawei.com>
Cc: Michael Larabel <Michael@MichaelLarabel.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Mike Rapoport <rppt@kernel.org>
Cc: Mike Rapoport <rppt@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Qi Zheng <zhengqi.arch@bytedance.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Use VM_WARN_ON_IRQS_ENABLED() and preempt_disable/enable_nested() to
replace the CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT #ifdeffery.
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Sebastian Andrzej Siewior <bigeasy@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Reviewed-by: Muchun Song <songmuchun@bytedance.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220825164131.402717-6-bigeasy@linutronix.de
Workingset refault stats are important and useful metrics to measure how
well reclaimer and swapping work and how healthy the services are, but
they are just available for cgroup v2. There are still plenty users with
cgroup v1, export the stats for cgroup v1.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220816185801.651091-1-shy828301@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Yang Shi <shy828301@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Muchun Song <songmuchun@bytedance.com>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Cc: Yosry Ahmed <yosryahmed@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
fa7e439cf9 ("cgroup: Homogenize cgroup_get_from_id() return value") broken
build when CONFIG_SHRINKER_DEBUG by trying to return an errno from
mem_cgroup_get_from_ino() which returns struct mem_cgroup *. Fix by using
ERR_CAST() instead.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Reported-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Cc: Michal Koutný <mkoutny@suse.com>f
Fixes: fa7e439cf9 ("cgroup: Homogenize cgroup_get_from_id() return value")
Cgroup id is user provided datum hence extend its return domain to
include possible error reason (similar to cgroup_get_from_fd()).
This change also fixes commit d4ccaf58a8 ("bpf: Introduce cgroup
iter") that would use NULL instead of proper error handling in
d4ccaf58a8 ("bpf: Introduce cgroup iter").
Additionally, neither of: fc_appid_store, bpf_iter_attach_cgroup,
mem_cgroup_get_from_ino (callers of cgroup_get_from_fd) is built without
CONFIG_CGROUPS (depends via CONFIG_BLK_CGROUP, direct, transitive
CONFIG_MEMCG respectively) transitive, so drop the singular definition
not needed with !CONFIG_CGROUPS.
Fixes: d4ccaf58a8 ("bpf: Introduce cgroup iter")
Signed-off-by: Michal Koutný <mkoutny@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
We keep track of several kernel memory stats (total kernel memory, page
tables, stack, vmalloc, etc) on multiple levels (global, per-node,
per-memcg, etc). These stats give insights to users to how much memory
is used by the kernel and for what purposes.
Currently, memory used by KVM mmu is not accounted in any of those
kernel memory stats. This patch series accounts the memory pages
used by KVM for page tables in those stats in a new
NR_SECONDARY_PAGETABLE stat. This stat can be later extended to account
for other types of secondary pages tables (e.g. iommu page tables).
KVM has a decent number of large allocations that aren't for page
tables, but for most of them, the number/size of those allocations
scales linearly with either the number of vCPUs or the amount of memory
assigned to the VM. KVM's secondary page table allocations do not scale
linearly, especially when nested virtualization is in use.
From a KVM perspective, NR_SECONDARY_PAGETABLE will scale with KVM's
per-VM pages_{4k,2m,1g} stats unless the guest is doing something
bizarre (e.g. accessing only 4kb chunks of 2mb pages so that KVM is
forced to allocate a large number of page tables even though the guest
isn't accessing that much memory). However, someone would need to either
understand how KVM works to make that connection, or know (or be told) to
go look at KVM's stats if they're running VMs to better decipher the stats.
Furthermore, having NR_PAGETABLE side-by-side with NR_SECONDARY_PAGETABLE
is informative. For example, when backing a VM with THP vs. HugeTLB,
NR_SECONDARY_PAGETABLE is roughly the same, but NR_PAGETABLE is an order
of magnitude higher with THP. So having this stat will at the very least
prove to be useful for understanding tradeoffs between VM backing types,
and likely even steer folks towards potential optimizations.
The original discussion with more details about the rationale:
https://lore.kernel.org/all/87ilqoi77b.wl-maz@kernel.org
This stat will be used by subsequent patches to count KVM mmu
memory usage.
Signed-off-by: Yosry Ahmed <yosryahmed@google.com>
Acked-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Acked-by: Marc Zyngier <maz@kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220823004639.2387269-2-yosryahmed@google.com
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
syzbot is reporting GFP_KERNEL allocation with oom_lock held when
reporting memcg OOM [1]. If this allocation triggers the global OOM
situation then the system can livelock because the GFP_KERNEL
allocation with oom_lock held cannot trigger the global OOM killer
because __alloc_pages_may_oom() fails to hold oom_lock.
Fix this problem by removing the allocation from memory_stat_format()
completely, and pass static buffer when calling from memcg OOM path.
Note that the caller holding filesystem lock was the trigger for syzbot
to report this locking dependency. Doing GFP_KERNEL allocation with
filesystem lock held can deadlock the system even without involving OOM
situation.
Link: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/bug?extid=2d2aeadc6ce1e1f11d45 [1]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/86afb39f-8c65-bec2-6cfc-c5e3cd600c0b@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp
Fixes: c8713d0b23 ("mm: memcontrol: dump memory.stat during cgroup OOM")
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Reported-by: syzbot <syzbot+2d2aeadc6ce1e1f11d45@syzkaller.appspotmail.com>
Suggested-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Cc: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Remove the redundant updating of stats_flush_threshold. If the global var
stats_flush_threshold has exceeded the trigger value for
__mem_cgroup_flush_stats, further increment is unnecessary.
Apply the patch and test the pts/hackbench-1.0.0 Count:4 (160 threads).
Score gain: 1.95x
Reduce CPU cycles in __mod_memcg_lruvec_state (44.88% -> 0.12%)
CPU: ICX 8380 x 2 sockets
Core number: 40 x 2 physical cores
Benchmark: pts/hackbench-1.0.0 Count:4 (160 threads)
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220722164949.47760-1-jiebin.sun@intel.com
Signed-off-by: Jiebin Sun <jiebin.sun@intel.com>
Acked-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Reviewed-by: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@linux.intel.com>
Acked-by: Muchun Song <songmuchun@bytedance.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Cc: Amadeusz Sawiski <amadeuszx.slawinski@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
memory.reclaim is a cgroup v2 interface that allows users to proactively
reclaim memory from a memcg, without real memory pressure. Reclaim
operations invoke vmpressure, which is used: (a) To notify userspace of
reclaim efficiency in cgroup v1, and (b) As a signal for a memcg being
under memory pressure for networking (see
mem_cgroup_under_socket_pressure()).
For (a), vmpressure notifications in v1 are not affected by this change
since memory.reclaim is a v2 feature.
For (b), the effects of the vmpressure signal (according to Shakeel [1])
are as follows:
1. Reducing send and receive buffers of the current socket.
2. May drop packets on the rx path.
3. May throttle current thread on the tx path.
Since proactive reclaim is invoked directly by userspace, not by memory
pressure, it makes sense not to throttle networking. Hence, this change
makes sure that proactive reclaim caused by memory.reclaim does not
trigger vmpressure.
[1] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/CALvZod68WdrXEmBpOkadhB5GPYmCXaDZzXH=yyGOCAjFRn4NDQ@mail.gmail.com/
[yosryahmed@google.com: update documentation]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220721173015.2643248-1-yosryahmed@google.com
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220714064918.2576464-1-yosryahmed@google.com
Signed-off-by: Yosry Ahmed <yosryahmed@google.com>
Acked-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Cc: Muchun Song <songmuchun@bytedance.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Cc: Miaohe Lin <linmiaohe@huawei.com>
Cc: NeilBrown <neilb@suse.de>
Cc: Alistair Popple <apopple@nvidia.com>
Cc: Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@google.com>
Cc: Peter Xu <peterx@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Yafang Shao reported an issue related to the accounting of bpf memory:
if a bpf map is charged indirectly for memory consumed from an
interrupt context and allocations are enforced, MEMCG_MAX events are
not raised.
It's not/less of an issue in a generic case because consequent
allocations from a process context will trigger the direct reclaim and
MEMCG_MAX events will be raised. However a bpf map can belong to a
dying/abandoned memory cgroup, so there will be no allocations from a
process context and no MEMCG_MAX events will be triggered.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220702033521.64630-1-roman.gushchin@linux.dev
Signed-off-by: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Reported-by: Yafang Shao <laoar.shao@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Muchun Song <songmuchun@bytedance.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
mem_cgroup_kmem_disabled() checks whether the kmem accounting is off.
Therefore, replace cgroup_memory_nokmem with mem_cgroup_kmem_disabled(),
which is the same work in percpu.c and slab_common.c.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220625061844.226764-1-xiangyang3@huawei.com
Signed-off-by: Xiang Yang <xiangyang3@huawei.com>
Reviewed-by: Muchun Song <songmuchun@bytedance.com>
Acked-by: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Acked-by: Souptick Joarder (HPE) <jrdr.linux@gmail.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Device memory that is cache coherent from device and CPU point of view.
This is used on platforms that have an advanced system bus (like CAPI or
CXL). Any page of a process can be migrated to such memory. However, no
one should be allowed to pin such memory so that it can always be evicted.
[hch@lst.de: rebased ontop of the refcount changes, remove is_dev_private_or_coherent_page]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220715150521.18165-4-alex.sierra@amd.com
Signed-off-by: Alex Sierra <alex.sierra@amd.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Acked-by: Felix Kuehling <Felix.Kuehling@amd.com>
Reviewed-by: Alistair Popple <apopple@nvidia.com>
Acked-by: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Cc: Jason Gunthorpe <jgg@nvidia.com>
Cc: Jerome Glisse <jglisse@redhat.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Ralph Campbell <rcampbell@nvidia.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Patch series "mm: introduce shrinker debugfs interface", v5.
The only existing debugging mechanism is a couple of tracepoints in
do_shrink_slab(): mm_shrink_slab_start and mm_shrink_slab_end. They
aren't covering everything though: shrinkers which report 0 objects will
never show up, there is no support for memcg-aware shrinkers. Shrinkers
are identified by their scan function, which is not always enough (e.g.
hard to guess which super block's shrinker it is having only
"super_cache_scan").
To provide a better visibility and debug options for memory shrinkers this
patchset introduces a /sys/kernel/debug/shrinker interface, to some extent
similar to /sys/kernel/slab.
For each shrinker registered in the system a directory is created. As
now, the directory will contain only a "scan" file, which allows to get
the number of managed objects for each memory cgroup (for memcg-aware
shrinkers) and each numa node (for numa-aware shrinkers on a numa
machine). Other interfaces might be added in the future.
To make debugging more pleasant, the patchset also names all shrinkers, so
that debugfs entries can have meaningful names.
This patch (of 5):
Shrinker debugfs requires a way to represent memory cgroups without using
full paths, both for displaying information and getting input from a user.
Cgroup inode number is a perfect way, already used by bpf.
This commit adds a couple of helper functions which will be used to handle
memcg-aware shrinkers.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220601032227.4076670-1-roman.gushchin@linux.dev
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220601032227.4076670-2-roman.gushchin@linux.dev
Signed-off-by: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Acked-by: Muchun Song <songmuchun@bytedance.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Cc: Kent Overstreet <kent.overstreet@gmail.com>
Cc: Hillf Danton <hdanton@sina.com>
Cc: Christophe JAILLET <christophe.jaillet@wanadoo.fr>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Currently mem_cgroup_from_obj() is not working properly with objects
allocated using vmalloc(). It creates problems in some cases, when it's
called for static objects belonging to modules or generally allocated
using vmalloc().
This patch makes mem_cgroup_from_obj() safe to be called on objects
allocated using vmalloc().
It also introduces mem_cgroup_from_slab_obj(), which is a faster version
to use in places when we know the object is either a slab object or a
generic slab page (e.g. when adding an object to a lru list).
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220610180310.1725111-1-roman.gushchin@linux.dev
Suggested-by: Kefeng Wang <wangkefeng.wang@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Tested-by: Linux Kernel Functional Testing <lkft@linaro.org>
Acked-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Tested-by: Vasily Averin <vvs@openvz.org>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: Muchun Song <songmuchun@bytedance.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Naresh Kamboju <naresh.kamboju@linaro.org>
Cc: Qian Cai <quic_qiancai@quicinc.com>
Cc: Kefeng Wang <wangkefeng.wang@huawei.com>
Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com>
Cc: Florian Westphal <fw@strlen.de>
Cc: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
Cc: Michal Koutný <mkoutny@suse.com>
Cc: Paolo Abeni <pabeni@redhat.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
There are already statistics of {pgscan,pgsteal}_kswapd and
{pgscan,pgsteal}_direct of memcg event here, but now only the sum of the
two is displayed in memory.stat of cgroup v2.
In order to obtain more accurate information during monitoring and
debugging, and to align with the display in /proc/vmstat, it better to
display {pgscan,pgsteal}_kswapd and {pgscan,pgsteal}_direct separately.
Also, for forward compatibility, we still display pgscan and pgsteal items
so that it won't break existing applications.
[zhengqi.arch@bytedance.com: add comment for memcg_vm_event_stat (suggested by Michal)]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220606154028.55030-1-zhengqi.arch@bytedance.com
[zhengqi.arch@bytedance.com: fix the doc, thanks to Johannes]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220607064803.79363-1-zhengqi.arch@bytedance.com
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220604082209.55174-1-zhengqi.arch@bytedance.com
Signed-off-by: Qi Zheng <zhengqi.arch@bytedance.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Acked-by: Muchun Song <songmuchun@bytedance.com>
Acked-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Muchun Song <songmuchun@bytedance.com>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
There is no slabinfo.py in tools/cgroup, but has memcg_slabinfo.py instead.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220610024451.744135-1-yang.yang29@zte.com.cn
Signed-off-by: Yang Yang <yang.yang29@zte.com.cn>
Reviewed-by: Muchun Song <songmuchun@bytedance.com>
Acked-by: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Applications can currently escape their cgroup memory containment when
zswap is enabled. This patch adds per-cgroup tracking and limiting of
zswap backend memory to rectify this.
The existing cgroup2 memory.stat file is extended to show zswap statistics
analogous to what's in meminfo and vmstat. Furthermore, two new control
files, memory.zswap.current and memory.zswap.max, are added to allow
tuning zswap usage on a per-workload basis. This is important since not
all workloads benefit from zswap equally; some even suffer compared to
disk swap when memory contents don't compress well. The optimal size of
the zswap pool, and the threshold for writeback, also depends on the size
of the workload's warm set.
The implementation doesn't use a traditional page_counter transaction.
zswap is unconventional as a memory consumer in that we only know the
amount of memory to charge once expensive compression has occurred. If
zwap is disabled or the limit is already exceeded we obviously don't want
to compress page upon page only to reject them all. Instead, the limit is
checked against current usage, then we compress and charge. This allows
some limit overrun, but not enough to matter in practice.
[hannes@cmpxchg.org: fix for CONFIG_SLOB builds]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/YnwD14zxYjUJPc2w@cmpxchg.org
[hannes@cmpxchg.org: opt out of cgroups v1]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/Yn6it9mBYFA+/lTb@cmpxchg.org
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220510152847.230957-7-hannes@cmpxchg.org
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <guro@fb.com>
Cc: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Cc: Seth Jennings <sjenning@redhat.com>
Cc: Dan Streetman <ddstreet@ieee.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
We run a lot of automated tests when building our software and run into
OOM scenarios when the tests run unbounded. v1 memcg exports
memcg->watermark as "memory.max_usage_in_bytes" in sysfs. We use this
metric to heuristically limit the number of tests that can run in parallel
based on per test historical data.
This metric is currently not exported for v2 memcg and there is no other
easy way of getting this information. getrusage() syscall returns
"ru_maxrss" which can be used as an approximation but that's the max RSS
of a single child process across all children instead of the aggregated
max for all child processes. The only work around is to periodically poll
"memory.current" but that's not practical for short-lived one-off cgroups.
Hence, expose memcg->watermark as "memory.peak" for v2 memcg.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220507050916.GA13577@us192.sjc.aristanetworks.com
Signed-off-by: Ganesan Rajagopal <rganesan@arista.com>
Acked-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Reviewed-by: Michal Koutný <mkoutny@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
This removes an assumption that a large folio is HPAGE_PMD_NR pages
in size.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220504182857.4013401-8-willy@infradead.org
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
This patch still does not use pte marker in any way, however it teaches
the core mm about the pte marker idea.
For example, handle_pte_marker() is introduced that will parse and handle
all the pte marker faults.
Many of the places are more about commenting it up - so that we know
there's the possibility of pte marker showing up, and why we don't need
special code for the cases.
[peterx@redhat.com: userfaultfd.c needs swapops.h]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/YmRlVj3cdizYJsr0@xz-m1.local
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220405014833.14015-1-peterx@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Peter Xu <peterx@redhat.com>
Cc: Alistair Popple <apopple@nvidia.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Axel Rasmussen <axelrasmussen@google.com>
Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Jerome Glisse <jglisse@redhat.com>
Cc: "Kirill A . Shutemov" <kirill@shutemov.name>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Mike Kravetz <mike.kravetz@oracle.com>
Cc: Mike Rapoport <rppt@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Nadav Amit <nadav.amit@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Patch series "MM changes to improve swap-over-NFS support".
Assorted improvements for swap-via-filesystem.
This is a resend of these patches, rebased on current HEAD. The only
substantial changes is that swap_dirty_folio has replaced
swap_set_page_dirty.
Currently swap-via-fs (SWP_FS_OPS) doesn't work for any filesystem. It
has previously worked for NFS but that broke a few releases back. This
series changes to use a new ->swap_rw rather than ->readpage and
->direct_IO. It also makes other improvements.
There is a companion series already in linux-next which fixes various
issues with NFS. Once both series land, a final patch is needed which
changes NFS over to use ->swap_rw.
This patch (of 10):
Many functions declared in include/linux/swap.h are only used within mm/
Create a new "mm/swap.h" and move some of these declarations there.
Remove the redundant 'extern' from the function declarations.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: mm/memory-failure.c needs mm/swap.h]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/164859751830.29473.5309689752169286816.stgit@noble.brown
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/164859778120.29473.11725907882296224053.stgit@noble.brown
Signed-off-by: NeilBrown <neilb@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Tested-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert+renesas@glider.be>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@hammerspace.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Miaohe Lin <linmiaohe@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
This patch series adds a memory.reclaim proactive reclaim interface.
The rationale behind the interface and how it works are in the first
patch.
This patch (of 4):
Introduce a memcg interface to trigger memory reclaim on a memory cgroup.
Use case: Proactive Reclaim
---------------------------
A userspace proactive reclaimer can continuously probe the memcg to
reclaim a small amount of memory. This gives more accurate and up-to-date
workingset estimation as the LRUs are continuously sorted and can
potentially provide more deterministic memory overcommit behavior. The
memory overcommit controller can provide more proactive response to the
changing behavior of the running applications instead of being reactive.
A userspace reclaimer's purpose in this case is not a complete replacement
for kswapd or direct reclaim, it is to proactively identify memory savings
opportunities and reclaim some amount of cold pages set by the policy to
free up the memory for more demanding jobs or scheduling new jobs.
A user space proactive reclaimer is used in Google data centers.
Additionally, Meta's TMO paper recently referenced a very similar
interface used for user space proactive reclaim:
https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3503222.3507731
Benefits of a user space reclaimer:
-----------------------------------
1) More flexible on who should be charged for the cpu of the memory
reclaim. For proactive reclaim, it makes more sense to be centralized.
2) More flexible on dedicating the resources (like cpu). The memory
overcommit controller can balance the cost between the cpu usage and
the memory reclaimed.
3) Provides a way to the applications to keep their LRUs sorted, so,
under memory pressure better reclaim candidates are selected. This
also gives more accurate and uptodate notion of working set for an
application.
Why memory.high is not enough?
------------------------------
- memory.high can be used to trigger reclaim in a memcg and can
potentially be used for proactive reclaim. However there is a big
downside in using memory.high. It can potentially introduce high
reclaim stalls in the target application as the allocations from the
processes or the threads of the application can hit the temporary
memory.high limit.
- Userspace proactive reclaimers usually use feedback loops to decide
how much memory to proactively reclaim from a workload. The metrics
used for this are usually either refaults or PSI, and these metrics will
become messy if the application gets throttled by hitting the high
limit.
- memory.high is a stateful interface, if the userspace proactive
reclaimer crashes for any reason while triggering reclaim it can leave
the application in a bad state.
- If a workload is rapidly expanding, setting memory.high to proactively
reclaim memory can result in actually reclaiming more memory than
intended.
The benefits of such interface and shortcomings of existing interface were
further discussed in this RFC thread:
https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/5df21376-7dd1-bf81-8414-32a73cea45dd@google.com/
Interface:
----------
Introducing a very simple memcg interface 'echo 10M > memory.reclaim' to
trigger reclaim in the target memory cgroup.
The interface is introduced as a nested-keyed file to allow for future
optional arguments to be easily added to configure the behavior of
reclaim.
Possible Extensions:
--------------------
- This interface can be extended with an additional parameter or flags
to allow specifying one or more types of memory to reclaim from (e.g.
file, anon, ..).
- The interface can also be extended with a node mask to reclaim from
specific nodes. This has use cases for reclaim-based demotion in memory
tiering systens.
- A similar per-node interface can also be added to support proactive
reclaim and reclaim-based demotion in systems without memcg.
- Add a timeout parameter to make it easier for user space to call the
interface without worrying about being blocked for an undefined amount
of time.
For now, let's keep things simple by adding the basic functionality.
[yosryahmed@google.com: worked on versions v2 onwards, refreshed to
current master, updated commit message based on recent
discussions and use cases]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220425190040.2475377-1-yosryahmed@google.com
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220425190040.2475377-2-yosryahmed@google.com
Signed-off-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Co-developed-by: Yosry Ahmed <yosryahmed@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Yosry Ahmed <yosryahmed@google.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: Wei Xu <weixugc@google.com>
Acked-by: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Zefan Li <lizefan.x@bytedance.com>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Shuah Khan <shuah@kernel.org>
Cc: Yu Zhao <yuzhao@google.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Chen Wandun <chenwandun@huawei.com>
Cc: Vaibhav Jain <vaibhav@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: "Michal Koutn" <mkoutny@suse.com>
Cc: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
There is no use for the private value, __OOM_TYPE and OOM notifier
OOM_CONTROL. Therefore remove them to make the code clean.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220421122755.40899-1-lujialin4@huawei.com
Signed-off-by: Lu Jialin <lujialin4@huawei.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Acked-by: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
cgroup_memory_noswap is only used in mm/memcontrol.c, therefore just make
it static, and remove export in include/linux/memcontrol.h
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220421124736.62180-1-lujialin4@huawei.com
Signed-off-by: Lu Jialin <lujialin4@huawei.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Acked-by: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Reviewed-by: Muchun Song <songmuchun@bytedance.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
After commit bef8620cd8 ("mm: memcg: deprecate the non-hierarchical
mode"), we won't have a NULL parent except root_mem_cgroup. And this case
is handled when (memcg == root).
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220403020833.26164-1-richard.weiyang@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Wei Yang <richard.weiyang@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Reviewed-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Johannes Weiner