142 lines
6.1 KiB
Plaintext
142 lines
6.1 KiB
Plaintext
=============================
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NO-MMU MEMORY MAPPING SUPPORT
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=============================
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The kernel has limited support for memory mapping under no-MMU conditions, such
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as are used in uClinux environments. From the userspace point of view, memory
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mapping is made use of in conjunction with the mmap() system call, the shmat()
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call and the execve() system call. From the kernel's point of view, execve()
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mapping is actually performed by the binfmt drivers, which call back into the
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mmap() routines to do the actual work.
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Memory mapping behaviour also involves the way fork(), vfork(), clone() and
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ptrace() work. Under uClinux there is no fork(), and clone() must be supplied
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the CLONE_VM flag.
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The behaviour is similar between the MMU and no-MMU cases, but not identical;
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and it's also much more restricted in the latter case:
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(*) Anonymous mapping, MAP_PRIVATE
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In the MMU case: VM regions backed by arbitrary pages; copy-on-write
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across fork.
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In the no-MMU case: VM regions backed by arbitrary contiguous runs of
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pages.
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(*) Anonymous mapping, MAP_SHARED
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These behave very much like private mappings, except that they're
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shared across fork() or clone() without CLONE_VM in the MMU case. Since
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the no-MMU case doesn't support these, behaviour is identical to
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MAP_PRIVATE there.
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(*) File, MAP_PRIVATE, PROT_READ / PROT_EXEC, !PROT_WRITE
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In the MMU case: VM regions backed by pages read from file; changes to
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the underlying file are reflected in the mapping; copied across fork.
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In the no-MMU case: VM regions backed by arbitrary contiguous runs of
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pages into which the appropriate bit of the file is read; any remaining
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bit of the mapping is cleared; such mappings are shared if possible;
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writes to the file do not affect the mapping; writes to the mapping are
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visible in other processes (no MMU protection), but should not happen.
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(*) File, MAP_PRIVATE, PROT_READ / PROT_EXEC, PROT_WRITE
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In the MMU case: like the non-PROT_WRITE case, except that the pages in
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question get copied before the write actually happens. From that point
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on writes to that page in the file no longer get reflected into the
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mapping's backing pages.
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In the no-MMU case: works exactly as for the non-PROT_WRITE case.
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(*) Regular file / blockdev, MAP_SHARED, PROT_READ / PROT_EXEC / PROT_WRITE
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In the MMU case: VM regions backed by pages read from file; changes to
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pages written back to file; writes to file reflected into pages backing
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mapping; shared across fork.
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In the no-MMU case: not supported.
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(*) Memory backed regular file, MAP_SHARED, PROT_READ / PROT_EXEC / PROT_WRITE
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In the MMU case: As for ordinary regular files.
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In the no-MMU case: The filesystem providing the memory-backed file
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(such as ramfs or tmpfs) may choose to honour an open, truncate, mmap
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sequence by providing a contiguous sequence of pages to map. In that
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case, a shared-writable memory mapping will be possible. It will work
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as for the MMU case. If the filesystem does not provide any such
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support, then the mapping request will be denied.
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(*) Memory backed chardev, MAP_SHARED, PROT_READ / PROT_EXEC / PROT_WRITE
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In the MMU case: As for ordinary regular files.
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In the no-MMU case: The character device driver may choose to honour
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the mmap() by providing direct access to the underlying device if it
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provides memory or quasi-memory that can be accessed directly. Examples
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of such are frame buffers and flash devices. If the driver does not
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provide any such support, then the mapping request will be denied.
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============================
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FURTHER NOTES ON NO-MMU MMAP
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============================
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(*) A request for a private mapping of less than a page in size may not return
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a page-aligned buffer. This is because the kernel calls kmalloc() to
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allocate the buffer, not get_free_page().
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(*) A list of all the mappings on the system is visible through /proc/maps in
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no-MMU mode.
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(*) Supplying MAP_FIXED or a requesting a particular mapping address will
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result in an error.
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(*) Files mapped privately must have a read method provided by the driver or
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filesystem so that the contents can be read into the memory allocated. An
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error will result if they don't. This is most likely to be encountered
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with character device files, pipes, fifos and sockets.
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============================================
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PROVIDING SHAREABLE CHARACTER DEVICE SUPPORT
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============================================
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To provide shareable character device support, a driver must provide a
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file->f_op->get_unmapped_area() operation. The mmap() routines will call this
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to get a proposed address for the mapping. This may return an error if it
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doesn't wish to honour the mapping because it's too long, at a weird offset,
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under some unsupported combination of flags or whatever.
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The vm_ops->close() routine will be invoked when the last mapping on a chardev
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is removed. An existing mapping will be shared, partially or not, if possible
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without notifying the driver.
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It is permitted also for the file->f_op->get_unmapped_area() operation to
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return -ENOSYS. This will be taken to mean that this operation just doesn't
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want to handle it, despite the fact it's got an operation. For instance, it
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might try directing the call to a secondary driver which turns out not to
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implement it. Such is the case for the framebuffer driver which attempts to
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direct the call to the device-specific driver.
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==============================================
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PROVIDING SHAREABLE MEMORY-BACKED FILE SUPPORT
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==============================================
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Provision of shared mappings on memory backed files is similar to the provision
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of support for shared mapped character devices. The main difference is that the
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filesystem providing the service will probably allocate a contiguous collection
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of pages and permit mappings to be made on that.
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It is recommended that a truncate operation applied to such a file that
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increases the file size, if that file is empty, be taken as a request to gather
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enough pages to honour a mapping. This is required to support POSIX shared
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memory.
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Memory backed devices are indicated by the mapping's backing device info having
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the memory_backed flag set.
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