mirror of
https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git
synced 2024-08-21 16:29:59 +00:00
![Linus Torvalds](/assets/img/avatar_default.png)
Thin archives migration by Nicholas Piggin. THIN_ARCHIVES has been available for a while as an optional feature only for PowerPC architecture, but we do not need two different intermediate-artifact schemes. Using thin archives instead of conventional incremental linking has various advantages: - save disk space for builds - speed-up building a little - fix some link issues (for example, allyesconfig on ARM) due to more flexibility for the final linking - work better with dead code elimination we are planning As discussed before, this migration has been done unconditionally so that any problems caused by this will show up with "git bisect". With testing with 0-day and linux-next, some architectures actually showed up problems, but they were trivial and all fixed now. -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Version: GnuPG v1 iQIcBAABAgAGBQJZXsiSAAoJED2LAQed4NsGfqUQAIxbR4JcFCeGNNqgOV1q7Ban CaMzVZWPum0Mq+JWzknHrCJQzBE+4BPLbOtZH4Y0YhjXVfc2/M8QkzEzSWyEPm03 FyaQ6WTq479mv7Ot2nAwaRSUYNSOuvlCx5KUOxITMJ/VmxwXXc9fCuT3ORu9opdK 4iyh0P2D+IeABQlrS5k1Rj+y4u/BtpiGY9U5RDssn7u8sjEgBHWFXFfE2fQ0No+0 1lzwa5EVyPHuq0XTBeZkPSDNxtou4iZzQC9QeNIYlyiod1G9deE4lzB55s+Qtkk0 h6rN9WF+Rvy7/hjFUJy0TDPNx0io2kdJxMaMKp2HaES49w5fHv7NAgxuipFC91vE 5UKs1sXxBe8dpPjfZWY7QSQ/JQv6NuG7NWcSGM29BWy3yFefSAXCggM+nn5IWzLH pSutfOBGeceJdyKMcdn3AgcHCj0wddFxX8AXst+ZebnqVoNxR/Nu6HGmyaucwyp3 6fFTkbZ6DvOlu9MKbK0HSqrsT3DlAas2YWZKZ4Cc20wM99Z0OtFZlmpMCRIdiYtx hZBwze/ElheUbZu6igH6UX2lpOlat0V6nT5vKHGGeOJlwkxduKi3Kj6zVSkCHic5 w3NLXr5FDWdkrMiC6/Z0Uae5mtAWOYyt6z1CwjgVmFrAkqlL8aWNagOcDCSFc1qR +3Cv7pZQSRWy2TaaLMzo =PAWi -----END PGP SIGNATURE----- Merge tag 'kbuild-thinar-v4.13' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/masahiroy/linux-kbuild Pull Kbuild thin archives updates from Masahiro Yamada: "Thin archives migration by Nicholas Piggin. THIN_ARCHIVES has been available for a while as an optional feature only for PowerPC architecture, but we do not need two different intermediate-artifact schemes. Using thin archives instead of conventional incremental linking has various advantages: - save disk space for builds - speed-up building a little - fix some link issues (for example, allyesconfig on ARM) due to more flexibility for the final linking - work better with dead code elimination we are planning As discussed before, this migration has been done unconditionally so that any problems caused by this will show up with "git bisect". With testing with 0-day and linux-next, some architectures actually showed up problems, but they were trivial and all fixed now" * tag 'kbuild-thinar-v4.13' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/masahiroy/linux-kbuild: tile: remove unneeded extra-y in Makefile kbuild: thin archives make default for all archs x86/um: thin archives build fix tile: thin archives fix linking ia64: thin archives fix linking sh: thin archives fix linking kbuild: handle libs-y archives separately from built-in.o archives kbuild: thin archives use P option to ar kbuild: thin archives final link close --whole-archives option ia64: remove unneeded extra-y in Makefile.gate tile: fix dependency and .*.cmd inclusion for incremental build sparc64: Use indirect calls in hamming weight stubs
469 lines
12 KiB
ReStructuredText
469 lines
12 KiB
ReStructuredText
.. _changes:
|
|
|
|
Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel
|
|
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
|
|
|
|
Intro
|
|
=====
|
|
|
|
This document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of
|
|
software necessary to run the 4.x kernels.
|
|
|
|
This document is originally based on my "Changes" file for 2.0.x kernels
|
|
and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch,
|
|
Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the
|
|
'net).
|
|
|
|
Current Minimal Requirements
|
|
****************************
|
|
|
|
Upgrade to at **least** these software revisions before thinking you've
|
|
encountered a bug! If you're unsure what version you're currently
|
|
running, the suggested command should tell you.
|
|
|
|
Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already functionally
|
|
running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools are necessary on all
|
|
systems; obviously, if you don't have any ISDN hardware, for example,
|
|
you probably needn't concern yourself with isdn4k-utils.
|
|
|
|
====================== =============== ========================================
|
|
Program Minimal version Command to check the version
|
|
====================== =============== ========================================
|
|
GNU C 3.2 gcc --version
|
|
GNU make 3.81 make --version
|
|
binutils 2.20 ld -v
|
|
util-linux 2.10o fdformat --version
|
|
module-init-tools 0.9.10 depmod -V
|
|
e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck -V
|
|
jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.jfs -V
|
|
reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiserfsck -V
|
|
xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db -V
|
|
squashfs-tools 4.0 mksquashfs -version
|
|
btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfsck
|
|
pcmciautils 004 pccardctl -V
|
|
quota-tools 3.09 quota -V
|
|
PPP 2.4.0 pppd --version
|
|
isdn4k-utils 3.1pre1 isdnctrl 2>&1|grep version
|
|
nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmount --version
|
|
procps 3.2.0 ps --version
|
|
oprofile 0.9 oprofiled --version
|
|
udev 081 udevd --version
|
|
grub 0.93 grub --version || grub-install --version
|
|
mcelog 0.6 mcelog --version
|
|
iptables 1.4.2 iptables -V
|
|
openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openssl version
|
|
bc 1.06.95 bc --version
|
|
Sphinx\ [#f1]_ 1.2 sphinx-build --version
|
|
====================== =============== ========================================
|
|
|
|
.. [#f1] Sphinx is needed only to build the Kernel documentation
|
|
|
|
Kernel compilation
|
|
******************
|
|
|
|
GCC
|
|
---
|
|
|
|
The gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your
|
|
computer.
|
|
|
|
Make
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
You will need GNU make 3.81 or later to build the kernel.
|
|
|
|
Binutils
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
The build system has, as of 4.13, switched to using thin archives (`ar T`)
|
|
rather than incremental linking (`ld -r`) for built-in.o intermediate steps.
|
|
This requires binutils 2.20 or newer.
|
|
|
|
Perl
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
You will need perl 5 and the following modules: ``Getopt::Long``,
|
|
``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``File::Find`` to build the kernel.
|
|
|
|
BC
|
|
--
|
|
|
|
You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and higher
|
|
|
|
|
|
OpenSSL
|
|
-------
|
|
|
|
Module signing and external certificate handling use the OpenSSL program and
|
|
crypto library to do key creation and signature generation.
|
|
|
|
You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and higher if module signing is
|
|
enabled. You will also need openssl development packages to build kernels 4.3
|
|
and higher.
|
|
|
|
|
|
System utilities
|
|
****************
|
|
|
|
Architectural changes
|
|
---------------------
|
|
|
|
DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev
|
|
(http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/)
|
|
|
|
32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun!
|
|
|
|
Linux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline
|
|
documentation via specially-formatted comments near their
|
|
definitions in the source. These comments can be combined with ReST
|
|
files the Documentation/ directory to make enriched documentation, which can
|
|
then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, ePUB and PDF files.
|
|
In order to convert from ReST format to a format of your choice, you'll need
|
|
Sphinx.
|
|
|
|
Util-linux
|
|
----------
|
|
|
|
New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` support for larger disks,
|
|
support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition
|
|
types, have a fdformat which works with 2.4 kernels, and similar goodies.
|
|
You'll probably want to upgrade.
|
|
|
|
Ksymoops
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the
|
|
ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don't.
|
|
It is generally preferred to build the kernel with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` so
|
|
that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is (this also
|
|
produces better output than ksymoops). If for some reason your kernel
|
|
is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you have no way to rebuild and
|
|
reproduce the Oops with that option, then you can still decode that Oops
|
|
with ksymoops.
|
|
|
|
Module-Init-Tools
|
|
-----------------
|
|
|
|
A new module loader is now in the kernel that requires ``module-init-tools``
|
|
to use. It is backward compatible with the 2.4.x series kernels.
|
|
|
|
Mkinitrd
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tree layout also require that
|
|
mkinitrd be upgraded.
|
|
|
|
E2fsprogs
|
|
---------
|
|
|
|
The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes several bugs in fsck and
|
|
debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgrade.
|
|
|
|
JFSutils
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilities for the file system.
|
|
The following utilities are available:
|
|
|
|
- ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check
|
|
and repair a JFS formatted partition.
|
|
|
|
- ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partition.
|
|
|
|
- other file system utilities are also available in this package.
|
|
|
|
Reiserfsprogs
|
|
-------------
|
|
|
|
The reiserfsprogs package should be used for reiserfs-3.6.x
|
|
(Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined package and contains working
|
|
versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs``, ``debugreiserfs`` and
|
|
``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 and alpha platforms.
|
|
|
|
Xfsprogs
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains ``mkfs.xfs``, ``xfs_db``, and the
|
|
``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem. It is
|
|
architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should
|
|
work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or
|
|
later is recommended, due to some significant improvements).
|
|
|
|
PCMCIAutils
|
|
-----------
|
|
|
|
PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properly sets up
|
|
PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the appropriate modules
|
|
for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is modularized and the hotplug
|
|
subsystem is used.
|
|
|
|
Quota-tools
|
|
-----------
|
|
|
|
Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required if you want to use
|
|
the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools version 3.07 and
|
|
newer has this support. Use the recommended version or newer
|
|
from the table above.
|
|
|
|
Intel IA32 microcode
|
|
--------------------
|
|
|
|
A driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode,
|
|
accessible as a normal (misc) character device. If you are not using
|
|
udev you may need to::
|
|
|
|
mkdir /dev/cpu
|
|
mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184
|
|
chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode
|
|
|
|
as root before you can use this. You'll probably also want to
|
|
get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this.
|
|
|
|
udev
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
``udev`` is a userspace application for populating ``/dev`` dynamically with
|
|
only entries for devices actually present. ``udev`` replaces the basic
|
|
functionality of devfs, while allowing persistent device naming for
|
|
devices.
|
|
|
|
FUSE
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount
|
|
options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won't work.
|
|
|
|
Networking
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
General changes
|
|
---------------
|
|
|
|
If you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably
|
|
consider using the network tools from ip-route2.
|
|
|
|
Packet Filter / NAT
|
|
-------------------
|
|
The packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x
|
|
kernel series (iptables). It still includes backwards-compatibility modules
|
|
for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm.
|
|
|
|
PPP
|
|
---
|
|
|
|
The PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to
|
|
enable it to operate over diverse media layers. If you use PPP,
|
|
upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0.
|
|
|
|
If you are not using udev, you must have the device file /dev/ppp
|
|
which can be made by::
|
|
|
|
mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0
|
|
|
|
as root.
|
|
|
|
Isdn4k-utils
|
|
------------
|
|
|
|
Due to changes in the length of the phone number field, isdn4k-utils
|
|
needs to be recompiled or (preferably) upgraded.
|
|
|
|
NFS-utils
|
|
---------
|
|
|
|
In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs server needed to know
|
|
about any client that expected to be able to access files via NFS. This
|
|
information would be given to the kernel by ``mountd`` when the client
|
|
mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at system startup. exportfs
|
|
would take information about active clients from ``/var/lib/nfs/rmtab``.
|
|
|
|
This approach is quite fragile as it depends on rmtab being correct
|
|
which is not always easy, particularly when trying to implement
|
|
fail-over. Even when the system is working well, ``rmtab`` suffers from
|
|
getting lots of old entries that never get removed.
|
|
|
|
With modern kernels we have the option of having the kernel tell mountd
|
|
when it gets a request from an unknown host, and mountd can give
|
|
appropriate export information to the kernel. This removes the
|
|
dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the kernel only needs to know about
|
|
currently active clients.
|
|
|
|
To enable this new functionality, you need to::
|
|
|
|
mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd
|
|
|
|
before running exportfs or mountd. It is recommended that all NFS
|
|
services be protected from the internet-at-large by a firewall where
|
|
that is possible.
|
|
|
|
mcelog
|
|
------
|
|
|
|
On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to process and log machine check
|
|
events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Machine check events are errors
|
|
reported by the CPU. Processing them is strongly encouraged.
|
|
|
|
Kernel documentation
|
|
********************
|
|
|
|
Sphinx
|
|
------
|
|
|
|
The ReST markups currently used by the Documentation/ files are meant to be
|
|
built with ``Sphinx`` version 1.2 or upper. If you're desiring to build
|
|
PDF outputs, it is recommended to use version 1.4.6.
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
Please notice that, for PDF and LaTeX output, you'll also need ``XeLaTeX``
|
|
version 3.14159265. Depending on the distribution, you may also need to
|
|
install a series of ``texlive`` packages that provide the minimal set of
|
|
functionalities required for ``XeLaTex`` to work. For PDF output you'll also
|
|
need ``convert(1)`` from ImageMagick (https://www.imagemagick.org).
|
|
|
|
|
|
Getting updated software
|
|
========================
|
|
|
|
Kernel compilation
|
|
******************
|
|
|
|
gcc
|
|
---
|
|
|
|
- <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/>
|
|
|
|
Make
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
- <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/>
|
|
|
|
Binutils
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binutils/>
|
|
|
|
OpenSSL
|
|
-------
|
|
|
|
- <https://www.openssl.org/>
|
|
|
|
System utilities
|
|
****************
|
|
|
|
Util-linux
|
|
----------
|
|
|
|
- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/>
|
|
|
|
Ksymoops
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/v2.4/>
|
|
|
|
Module-Init-Tools
|
|
-----------------
|
|
|
|
- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/module-init-tools/>
|
|
|
|
Mkinitrd
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
- <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/main>
|
|
|
|
E2fsprogs
|
|
---------
|
|
|
|
- <http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/e2fsprogs/e2fsprogs-1.29.tar.gz>
|
|
|
|
JFSutils
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
- <http://jfs.sourceforge.net/>
|
|
|
|
Reiserfsprogs
|
|
-------------
|
|
|
|
- <http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/reiserfs/>
|
|
|
|
Xfsprogs
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
- <ftp://oss.sgi.com/projects/xfs/>
|
|
|
|
Pcmciautils
|
|
-----------
|
|
|
|
- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/pcmcia/>
|
|
|
|
Quota-tools
|
|
-----------
|
|
|
|
- <http://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota/>
|
|
|
|
|
|
Intel P6 microcode
|
|
------------------
|
|
|
|
- <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/>
|
|
|
|
udev
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
- <http://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/udev.html>
|
|
|
|
FUSE
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
- <http://sourceforge.net/projects/fuse>
|
|
|
|
mcelog
|
|
------
|
|
|
|
- <http://www.mcelog.org/>
|
|
|
|
Networking
|
|
**********
|
|
|
|
PPP
|
|
---
|
|
|
|
- <ftp://ftp.samba.org/pub/ppp/>
|
|
|
|
Isdn4k-utils
|
|
------------
|
|
|
|
- <ftp://ftp.isdn4linux.de/pub/isdn4linux/utils/>
|
|
|
|
NFS-utils
|
|
---------
|
|
|
|
- <http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=14>
|
|
|
|
Iptables
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
- <http://www.iptables.org/downloads.html>
|
|
|
|
Ip-route2
|
|
---------
|
|
|
|
- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/>
|
|
|
|
OProfile
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
- <http://oprofile.sf.net/download/>
|
|
|
|
NFS-Utils
|
|
---------
|
|
|
|
- <http://nfs.sourceforge.net/>
|
|
|
|
Kernel documentation
|
|
********************
|
|
|
|
Sphinx
|
|
------
|
|
|
|
- <http://www.sphinx-doc.org/>
|