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![Tejun Heo](/assets/img/avatar_default.png)
With the previous changes, sysfs regular file code is ready to handle bin files too. This patch makes bin files share the regular file path. * sysfs_create/remove_bin_file() are moved to fs/sysfs/file.c. * sysfs_init_inode() is updated to use the new sysfs_bin_operations instead of bin_fops for bin files. * fs/sysfs/bin.c and the related pieces are removed. This patch shouldn't introduce any behavior difference to bin file accesses. Overall, this unification reduces the amount of duplicate logic, makes behaviors more consistent and paves the road for building simpler and more versatile interface which will allow other subsystems to make use of sysfs for their pseudo filesystems. v2: Stale fs/sysfs/bin.c reference dropped from Documentation/DocBook/filesystems.tmpl. Reported by kbuild test robot. Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Kay Sievers <kay@vrfy.org> Cc: kbuild test robot <fengguang.wu@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
425 lines
13 KiB
XML
425 lines
13 KiB
XML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
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"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" []>
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<book id="Linux-filesystems-API">
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<bookinfo>
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<title>Linux Filesystems API</title>
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<legalnotice>
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<para>
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This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
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it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
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License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
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version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
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version.
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</para>
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<para>
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This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
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useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
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warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
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See the GNU General Public License for more details.
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</para>
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<para>
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You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
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License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
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Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
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MA 02111-1307 USA
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</para>
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<para>
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For more details see the file COPYING in the source
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distribution of Linux.
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</para>
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</legalnotice>
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</bookinfo>
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<toc></toc>
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<chapter id="vfs">
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<title>The Linux VFS</title>
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<sect1 id="the_filesystem_types"><title>The Filesystem types</title>
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!Iinclude/linux/fs.h
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="the_directory_cache"><title>The Directory Cache</title>
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!Efs/dcache.c
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!Iinclude/linux/dcache.h
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="inode_handling"><title>Inode Handling</title>
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!Efs/inode.c
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!Efs/bad_inode.c
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="registration_and_superblocks"><title>Registration and Superblocks</title>
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!Efs/super.c
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="file_locks"><title>File Locks</title>
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!Efs/locks.c
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!Ifs/locks.c
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="other_functions"><title>Other Functions</title>
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!Efs/mpage.c
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!Efs/namei.c
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!Efs/buffer.c
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!Efs/bio.c
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!Efs/seq_file.c
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!Efs/filesystems.c
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!Efs/fs-writeback.c
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!Efs/block_dev.c
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</sect1>
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</chapter>
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<chapter id="proc">
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<title>The proc filesystem</title>
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<sect1 id="sysctl_interface"><title>sysctl interface</title>
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!Ekernel/sysctl.c
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="proc_filesystem_interface"><title>proc filesystem interface</title>
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!Ifs/proc/base.c
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</sect1>
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</chapter>
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<chapter id="fs_events">
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<title>Events based on file descriptors</title>
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!Efs/eventfd.c
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</chapter>
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<chapter id="sysfs">
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<title>The Filesystem for Exporting Kernel Objects</title>
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!Efs/sysfs/file.c
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!Efs/sysfs/symlink.c
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</chapter>
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<chapter id="debugfs">
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<title>The debugfs filesystem</title>
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<sect1 id="debugfs_interface"><title>debugfs interface</title>
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!Efs/debugfs/inode.c
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!Efs/debugfs/file.c
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</sect1>
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</chapter>
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<chapter id="LinuxJDBAPI">
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<chapterinfo>
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<title>The Linux Journalling API</title>
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<authorgroup>
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<author>
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<firstname>Roger</firstname>
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<surname>Gammans</surname>
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<affiliation>
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<address>
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<email>rgammans@computer-surgery.co.uk</email>
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</address>
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</affiliation>
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</author>
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</authorgroup>
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<authorgroup>
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<author>
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<firstname>Stephen</firstname>
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<surname>Tweedie</surname>
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<affiliation>
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<address>
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<email>sct@redhat.com</email>
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</address>
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</affiliation>
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</author>
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</authorgroup>
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<copyright>
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<year>2002</year>
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<holder>Roger Gammans</holder>
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</copyright>
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</chapterinfo>
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<title>The Linux Journalling API</title>
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<sect1 id="journaling_overview">
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<title>Overview</title>
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<sect2 id="journaling_details">
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<title>Details</title>
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<para>
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The journalling layer is easy to use. You need to
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first of all create a journal_t data structure. There are
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two calls to do this dependent on how you decide to allocate the physical
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media on which the journal resides. The journal_init_inode() call
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is for journals stored in filesystem inodes, or the journal_init_dev()
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call can be use for journal stored on a raw device (in a continuous range
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of blocks). A journal_t is a typedef for a struct pointer, so when
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you are finally finished make sure you call journal_destroy() on it
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to free up any used kernel memory.
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</para>
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<para>
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Once you have got your journal_t object you need to 'mount' or load the journal
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file, unless of course you haven't initialised it yet - in which case you
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need to call journal_create().
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</para>
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<para>
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Most of the time however your journal file will already have been created, but
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before you load it you must call journal_wipe() to empty the journal file.
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Hang on, you say , what if the filesystem wasn't cleanly umount()'d . Well, it is the
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job of the client file system to detect this and skip the call to journal_wipe().
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</para>
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<para>
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In either case the next call should be to journal_load() which prepares the
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journal file for use. Note that journal_wipe(..,0) calls journal_skip_recovery()
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for you if it detects any outstanding transactions in the journal and similarly
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journal_load() will call journal_recover() if necessary.
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I would advise reading fs/ext3/super.c for examples on this stage.
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[RGG: Why is the journal_wipe() call necessary - doesn't this needlessly
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complicate the API. Or isn't a good idea for the journal layer to hide
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dirty mounts from the client fs]
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</para>
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<para>
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Now you can go ahead and start modifying the underlying
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filesystem. Almost.
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</para>
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<para>
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You still need to actually journal your filesystem changes, this
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is done by wrapping them into transactions. Additionally you
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also need to wrap the modification of each of the buffers
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with calls to the journal layer, so it knows what the modifications
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you are actually making are. To do this use journal_start() which
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returns a transaction handle.
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</para>
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<para>
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journal_start()
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and its counterpart journal_stop(), which indicates the end of a transaction
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are nestable calls, so you can reenter a transaction if necessary,
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but remember you must call journal_stop() the same number of times as
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journal_start() before the transaction is completed (or more accurately
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leaves the update phase). Ext3/VFS makes use of this feature to simplify
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quota support.
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</para>
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<para>
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Inside each transaction you need to wrap the modifications to the
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individual buffers (blocks). Before you start to modify a buffer you
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need to call journal_get_{create,write,undo}_access() as appropriate,
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this allows the journalling layer to copy the unmodified data if it
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needs to. After all the buffer may be part of a previously uncommitted
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transaction.
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At this point you are at last ready to modify a buffer, and once
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you are have done so you need to call journal_dirty_{meta,}data().
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Or if you've asked for access to a buffer you now know is now longer
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required to be pushed back on the device you can call journal_forget()
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in much the same way as you might have used bforget() in the past.
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</para>
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<para>
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A journal_flush() may be called at any time to commit and checkpoint
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all your transactions.
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</para>
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<para>
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Then at umount time , in your put_super() you can then call journal_destroy()
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to clean up your in-core journal object.
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</para>
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<para>
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Unfortunately there a couple of ways the journal layer can cause a deadlock.
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The first thing to note is that each task can only have
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a single outstanding transaction at any one time, remember nothing
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commits until the outermost journal_stop(). This means
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you must complete the transaction at the end of each file/inode/address
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etc. operation you perform, so that the journalling system isn't re-entered
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on another journal. Since transactions can't be nested/batched
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across differing journals, and another filesystem other than
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yours (say ext3) may be modified in a later syscall.
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</para>
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<para>
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The second case to bear in mind is that journal_start() can
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block if there isn't enough space in the journal for your transaction
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(based on the passed nblocks param) - when it blocks it merely(!) needs to
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wait for transactions to complete and be committed from other tasks,
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so essentially we are waiting for journal_stop(). So to avoid
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deadlocks you must treat journal_start/stop() as if they
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were semaphores and include them in your semaphore ordering rules to prevent
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deadlocks. Note that journal_extend() has similar blocking behaviour to
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journal_start() so you can deadlock here just as easily as on journal_start().
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</para>
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<para>
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Try to reserve the right number of blocks the first time. ;-). This will
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be the maximum number of blocks you are going to touch in this transaction.
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I advise having a look at at least ext3_jbd.h to see the basis on which
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ext3 uses to make these decisions.
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</para>
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<para>
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Another wriggle to watch out for is your on-disk block allocation strategy.
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why? Because, if you undo a delete, you need to ensure you haven't reused any
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of the freed blocks in a later transaction. One simple way of doing this
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is make sure any blocks you allocate only have checkpointed transactions
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listed against them. Ext3 does this in ext3_test_allocatable().
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</para>
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<para>
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Lock is also providing through journal_{un,}lock_updates(),
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ext3 uses this when it wants a window with a clean and stable fs for a moment.
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eg.
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</para>
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<programlisting>
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journal_lock_updates() //stop new stuff happening..
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journal_flush() // checkpoint everything.
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..do stuff on stable fs
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journal_unlock_updates() // carry on with filesystem use.
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</programlisting>
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<para>
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The opportunities for abuse and DOS attacks with this should be obvious,
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if you allow unprivileged userspace to trigger codepaths containing these
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calls.
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</para>
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<para>
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A new feature of jbd since 2.5.25 is commit callbacks with the new
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journal_callback_set() function you can now ask the journalling layer
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to call you back when the transaction is finally committed to disk, so that
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you can do some of your own management. The key to this is the journal_callback
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struct, this maintains the internal callback information but you can
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extend it like this:-
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</para>
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<programlisting>
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struct myfs_callback_s {
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//Data structure element required by jbd..
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struct journal_callback for_jbd;
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// Stuff for myfs allocated together.
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myfs_inode* i_commited;
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}
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</programlisting>
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<para>
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this would be useful if you needed to know when data was committed to a
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particular inode.
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</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="jbd_summary">
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<title>Summary</title>
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<para>
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Using the journal is a matter of wrapping the different context changes,
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being each mount, each modification (transaction) and each changed buffer
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to tell the journalling layer about them.
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</para>
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<para>
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Here is a some pseudo code to give you an idea of how it works, as
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an example.
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</para>
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<programlisting>
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journal_t* my_jnrl = journal_create();
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journal_init_{dev,inode}(jnrl,...)
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if (clean) journal_wipe();
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journal_load();
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foreach(transaction) { /*transactions must be
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completed before
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a syscall returns to
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userspace*/
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handle_t * xct=journal_start(my_jnrl);
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foreach(bh) {
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journal_get_{create,write,undo}_access(xact,bh);
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if ( myfs_modify(bh) ) { /* returns true
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if makes changes */
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journal_dirty_{meta,}data(xact,bh);
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} else {
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journal_forget(bh);
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}
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}
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journal_stop(xct);
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}
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journal_destroy(my_jrnl);
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</programlisting>
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</sect2>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="data_types">
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<title>Data Types</title>
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<para>
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The journalling layer uses typedefs to 'hide' the concrete definitions
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of the structures used. As a client of the JBD layer you can
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just rely on the using the pointer as a magic cookie of some sort.
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Obviously the hiding is not enforced as this is 'C'.
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</para>
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<sect2 id="structures"><title>Structures</title>
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!Iinclude/linux/jbd.h
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</sect2>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="functions">
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<title>Functions</title>
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<para>
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The functions here are split into two groups those that
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affect a journal as a whole, and those which are used to
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manage transactions
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</para>
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<sect2 id="journal_level"><title>Journal Level</title>
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!Efs/jbd/journal.c
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!Ifs/jbd/recovery.c
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="transaction_level"><title>Transasction Level</title>
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!Efs/jbd/transaction.c
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</sect2>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="see_also">
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<title>See also</title>
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<para>
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<citation>
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<ulink url="http://kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/sct/ext3/journal-design.ps.gz">
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Journaling the Linux ext2fs Filesystem, LinuxExpo 98, Stephen Tweedie
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</ulink>
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</citation>
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</para>
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<para>
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<citation>
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<ulink url="http://olstrans.sourceforge.net/release/OLS2000-ext3/OLS2000-ext3.html">
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Ext3 Journalling FileSystem, OLS 2000, Dr. Stephen Tweedie
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</ulink>
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</citation>
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</para>
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</sect1>
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</chapter>
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<chapter id="splice">
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<title>splice API</title>
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<para>
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splice is a method for moving blocks of data around inside the
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kernel, without continually transferring them between the kernel
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and user space.
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</para>
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!Ffs/splice.c
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</chapter>
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<chapter id="pipes">
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<title>pipes API</title>
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<para>
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Pipe interfaces are all for in-kernel (builtin image) use.
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They are not exported for use by modules.
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</para>
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!Iinclude/linux/pipe_fs_i.h
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!Ffs/pipe.c
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</chapter>
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</book>
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