mirror of
https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git
synced 2024-08-26 10:49:33 +00:00
![FD Cami](/assets/img/avatar_default.png)
Remove Andrew Morton's http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/ urls, update to new ones when necessary, delete references otherwise. There are still instances of that living in: Documentation/zh_CN/HOWTO Documentation/zh_CN/SubmittingPatches Documentation/ko_KR/HOWTO Documentation/ja_JP/SubmittingPatches Signed-off-by: Francois Cami <francois.cami@free.fr> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
651 lines
29 KiB
Text
651 lines
29 KiB
Text
HOWTO do Linux kernel development
|
|
---------------------------------
|
|
|
|
This is the be-all, end-all document on this topic. It contains
|
|
instructions on how to become a Linux kernel developer and how to learn
|
|
to work with the Linux kernel development community. It tries to not
|
|
contain anything related to the technical aspects of kernel programming,
|
|
but will help point you in the right direction for that.
|
|
|
|
If anything in this document becomes out of date, please send in patches
|
|
to the maintainer of this file, who is listed at the bottom of the
|
|
document.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Introduction
|
|
------------
|
|
|
|
So, you want to learn how to become a Linux kernel developer? Or you
|
|
have been told by your manager, "Go write a Linux driver for this
|
|
device." This document's goal is to teach you everything you need to
|
|
know to achieve this by describing the process you need to go through,
|
|
and hints on how to work with the community. It will also try to
|
|
explain some of the reasons why the community works like it does.
|
|
|
|
The kernel is written mostly in C, with some architecture-dependent
|
|
parts written in assembly. A good understanding of C is required for
|
|
kernel development. Assembly (any architecture) is not required unless
|
|
you plan to do low-level development for that architecture. Though they
|
|
are not a good substitute for a solid C education and/or years of
|
|
experience, the following books are good for, if anything, reference:
|
|
- "The C Programming Language" by Kernighan and Ritchie [Prentice Hall]
|
|
- "Practical C Programming" by Steve Oualline [O'Reilly]
|
|
- "C: A Reference Manual" by Harbison and Steele [Prentice Hall]
|
|
|
|
The kernel is written using GNU C and the GNU toolchain. While it
|
|
adheres to the ISO C89 standard, it uses a number of extensions that are
|
|
not featured in the standard. The kernel is a freestanding C
|
|
environment, with no reliance on the standard C library, so some
|
|
portions of the C standard are not supported. Arbitrary long long
|
|
divisions and floating point are not allowed. It can sometimes be
|
|
difficult to understand the assumptions the kernel has on the toolchain
|
|
and the extensions that it uses, and unfortunately there is no
|
|
definitive reference for them. Please check the gcc info pages (`info
|
|
gcc`) for some information on them.
|
|
|
|
Please remember that you are trying to learn how to work with the
|
|
existing development community. It is a diverse group of people, with
|
|
high standards for coding, style and procedure. These standards have
|
|
been created over time based on what they have found to work best for
|
|
such a large and geographically dispersed team. Try to learn as much as
|
|
possible about these standards ahead of time, as they are well
|
|
documented; do not expect people to adapt to you or your company's way
|
|
of doing things.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Legal Issues
|
|
------------
|
|
|
|
The Linux kernel source code is released under the GPL. Please see the
|
|
file, COPYING, in the main directory of the source tree, for details on
|
|
the license. If you have further questions about the license, please
|
|
contact a lawyer, and do not ask on the Linux kernel mailing list. The
|
|
people on the mailing lists are not lawyers, and you should not rely on
|
|
their statements on legal matters.
|
|
|
|
For common questions and answers about the GPL, please see:
|
|
http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.html
|
|
|
|
|
|
Documentation
|
|
------------
|
|
|
|
The Linux kernel source tree has a large range of documents that are
|
|
invaluable for learning how to interact with the kernel community. When
|
|
new features are added to the kernel, it is recommended that new
|
|
documentation files are also added which explain how to use the feature.
|
|
When a kernel change causes the interface that the kernel exposes to
|
|
userspace to change, it is recommended that you send the information or
|
|
a patch to the manual pages explaining the change to the manual pages
|
|
maintainer at mtk.manpages@gmail.com, and CC the list
|
|
linux-api@vger.kernel.org.
|
|
|
|
Here is a list of files that are in the kernel source tree that are
|
|
required reading:
|
|
README
|
|
This file gives a short background on the Linux kernel and describes
|
|
what is necessary to do to configure and build the kernel. People
|
|
who are new to the kernel should start here.
|
|
|
|
Documentation/Changes
|
|
This file gives a list of the minimum levels of various software
|
|
packages that are necessary to build and run the kernel
|
|
successfully.
|
|
|
|
Documentation/CodingStyle
|
|
This describes the Linux kernel coding style, and some of the
|
|
rationale behind it. All new code is expected to follow the
|
|
guidelines in this document. Most maintainers will only accept
|
|
patches if these rules are followed, and many people will only
|
|
review code if it is in the proper style.
|
|
|
|
Documentation/SubmittingPatches
|
|
Documentation/SubmittingDrivers
|
|
These files describe in explicit detail how to successfully create
|
|
and send a patch, including (but not limited to):
|
|
- Email contents
|
|
- Email format
|
|
- Who to send it to
|
|
Following these rules will not guarantee success (as all patches are
|
|
subject to scrutiny for content and style), but not following them
|
|
will almost always prevent it.
|
|
|
|
Other excellent descriptions of how to create patches properly are:
|
|
"The Perfect Patch"
|
|
http://userweb.kernel.org/~akpm/stuff/tpp.txt
|
|
"Linux kernel patch submission format"
|
|
http://linux.yyz.us/patch-format.html
|
|
|
|
Documentation/stable_api_nonsense.txt
|
|
This file describes the rationale behind the conscious decision to
|
|
not have a stable API within the kernel, including things like:
|
|
- Subsystem shim-layers (for compatibility?)
|
|
- Driver portability between Operating Systems.
|
|
- Mitigating rapid change within the kernel source tree (or
|
|
preventing rapid change)
|
|
This document is crucial for understanding the Linux development
|
|
philosophy and is very important for people moving to Linux from
|
|
development on other Operating Systems.
|
|
|
|
Documentation/SecurityBugs
|
|
If you feel you have found a security problem in the Linux kernel,
|
|
please follow the steps in this document to help notify the kernel
|
|
developers, and help solve the issue.
|
|
|
|
Documentation/ManagementStyle
|
|
This document describes how Linux kernel maintainers operate and the
|
|
shared ethos behind their methodologies. This is important reading
|
|
for anyone new to kernel development (or anyone simply curious about
|
|
it), as it resolves a lot of common misconceptions and confusion
|
|
about the unique behavior of kernel maintainers.
|
|
|
|
Documentation/stable_kernel_rules.txt
|
|
This file describes the rules on how the stable kernel releases
|
|
happen, and what to do if you want to get a change into one of these
|
|
releases.
|
|
|
|
Documentation/kernel-docs.txt
|
|
A list of external documentation that pertains to kernel
|
|
development. Please consult this list if you do not find what you
|
|
are looking for within the in-kernel documentation.
|
|
|
|
Documentation/applying-patches.txt
|
|
A good introduction describing exactly what a patch is and how to
|
|
apply it to the different development branches of the kernel.
|
|
|
|
The kernel also has a large number of documents that can be
|
|
automatically generated from the source code itself. This includes a
|
|
full description of the in-kernel API, and rules on how to handle
|
|
locking properly. The documents will be created in the
|
|
Documentation/DocBook/ directory and can be generated as PDF,
|
|
Postscript, HTML, and man pages by running:
|
|
make pdfdocs
|
|
make psdocs
|
|
make htmldocs
|
|
make mandocs
|
|
respectively from the main kernel source directory.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Becoming A Kernel Developer
|
|
---------------------------
|
|
|
|
If you do not know anything about Linux kernel development, you should
|
|
look at the Linux KernelNewbies project:
|
|
http://kernelnewbies.org
|
|
It consists of a helpful mailing list where you can ask almost any type
|
|
of basic kernel development question (make sure to search the archives
|
|
first, before asking something that has already been answered in the
|
|
past.) It also has an IRC channel that you can use to ask questions in
|
|
real-time, and a lot of helpful documentation that is useful for
|
|
learning about Linux kernel development.
|
|
|
|
The website has basic information about code organization, subsystems,
|
|
and current projects (both in-tree and out-of-tree). It also describes
|
|
some basic logistical information, like how to compile a kernel and
|
|
apply a patch.
|
|
|
|
If you do not know where you want to start, but you want to look for
|
|
some task to start doing to join into the kernel development community,
|
|
go to the Linux Kernel Janitor's project:
|
|
http://janitor.kernelnewbies.org/
|
|
It is a great place to start. It describes a list of relatively simple
|
|
problems that need to be cleaned up and fixed within the Linux kernel
|
|
source tree. Working with the developers in charge of this project, you
|
|
will learn the basics of getting your patch into the Linux kernel tree,
|
|
and possibly be pointed in the direction of what to go work on next, if
|
|
you do not already have an idea.
|
|
|
|
If you already have a chunk of code that you want to put into the kernel
|
|
tree, but need some help getting it in the proper form, the
|
|
kernel-mentors project was created to help you out with this. It is a
|
|
mailing list, and can be found at:
|
|
http://selenic.com/mailman/listinfo/kernel-mentors
|
|
|
|
Before making any actual modifications to the Linux kernel code, it is
|
|
imperative to understand how the code in question works. For this
|
|
purpose, nothing is better than reading through it directly (most tricky
|
|
bits are commented well), perhaps even with the help of specialized
|
|
tools. One such tool that is particularly recommended is the Linux
|
|
Cross-Reference project, which is able to present source code in a
|
|
self-referential, indexed webpage format. An excellent up-to-date
|
|
repository of the kernel code may be found at:
|
|
http://users.sosdg.org/~qiyong/lxr/
|
|
|
|
|
|
The development process
|
|
-----------------------
|
|
|
|
Linux kernel development process currently consists of a few different
|
|
main kernel "branches" and lots of different subsystem-specific kernel
|
|
branches. These different branches are:
|
|
- main 2.6.x kernel tree
|
|
- 2.6.x.y -stable kernel tree
|
|
- 2.6.x -git kernel patches
|
|
- 2.6.x -mm kernel patches
|
|
- subsystem specific kernel trees and patches
|
|
|
|
2.6.x kernel tree
|
|
-----------------
|
|
2.6.x kernels are maintained by Linus Torvalds, and can be found on
|
|
kernel.org in the pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/ directory. Its development
|
|
process is as follows:
|
|
- As soon as a new kernel is released a two weeks window is open,
|
|
during this period of time maintainers can submit big diffs to
|
|
Linus, usually the patches that have already been included in the
|
|
-mm kernel for a few weeks. The preferred way to submit big changes
|
|
is using git (the kernel's source management tool, more information
|
|
can be found at http://git.or.cz/) but plain patches are also just
|
|
fine.
|
|
- After two weeks a -rc1 kernel is released it is now possible to push
|
|
only patches that do not include new features that could affect the
|
|
stability of the whole kernel. Please note that a whole new driver
|
|
(or filesystem) might be accepted after -rc1 because there is no
|
|
risk of causing regressions with such a change as long as the change
|
|
is self-contained and does not affect areas outside of the code that
|
|
is being added. git can be used to send patches to Linus after -rc1
|
|
is released, but the patches need to also be sent to a public
|
|
mailing list for review.
|
|
- A new -rc is released whenever Linus deems the current git tree to
|
|
be in a reasonably sane state adequate for testing. The goal is to
|
|
release a new -rc kernel every week.
|
|
- Process continues until the kernel is considered "ready", the
|
|
process should last around 6 weeks.
|
|
- Known regressions in each release are periodically posted to the
|
|
linux-kernel mailing list. The goal is to reduce the length of
|
|
that list to zero before declaring the kernel to be "ready," but, in
|
|
the real world, a small number of regressions often remain at
|
|
release time.
|
|
|
|
It is worth mentioning what Andrew Morton wrote on the linux-kernel
|
|
mailing list about kernel releases:
|
|
"Nobody knows when a kernel will be released, because it's
|
|
released according to perceived bug status, not according to a
|
|
preconceived timeline."
|
|
|
|
2.6.x.y -stable kernel tree
|
|
---------------------------
|
|
Kernels with 4-part versions are -stable kernels. They contain
|
|
relatively small and critical fixes for security problems or significant
|
|
regressions discovered in a given 2.6.x kernel.
|
|
|
|
This is the recommended branch for users who want the most recent stable
|
|
kernel and are not interested in helping test development/experimental
|
|
versions.
|
|
|
|
If no 2.6.x.y kernel is available, then the highest numbered 2.6.x
|
|
kernel is the current stable kernel.
|
|
|
|
2.6.x.y are maintained by the "stable" team <stable@kernel.org>, and are
|
|
released as needs dictate. The normal release period is approximately
|
|
two weeks, but it can be longer if there are no pressing problems. A
|
|
security-related problem, instead, can cause a release to happen almost
|
|
instantly.
|
|
|
|
The file Documentation/stable_kernel_rules.txt in the kernel tree
|
|
documents what kinds of changes are acceptable for the -stable tree, and
|
|
how the release process works.
|
|
|
|
2.6.x -git patches
|
|
------------------
|
|
These are daily snapshots of Linus' kernel tree which are managed in a
|
|
git repository (hence the name.) These patches are usually released
|
|
daily and represent the current state of Linus' tree. They are more
|
|
experimental than -rc kernels since they are generated automatically
|
|
without even a cursory glance to see if they are sane.
|
|
|
|
2.6.x -mm kernel patches
|
|
------------------------
|
|
These are experimental kernel patches released by Andrew Morton. Andrew
|
|
takes all of the different subsystem kernel trees and patches and mushes
|
|
them together, along with a lot of patches that have been plucked from
|
|
the linux-kernel mailing list. This tree serves as a proving ground for
|
|
new features and patches. Once a patch has proved its worth in -mm for
|
|
a while Andrew or the subsystem maintainer pushes it on to Linus for
|
|
inclusion in mainline.
|
|
|
|
It is heavily encouraged that all new patches get tested in the -mm tree
|
|
before they are sent to Linus for inclusion in the main kernel tree. Code
|
|
which does not make an appearance in -mm before the opening of the merge
|
|
window will prove hard to merge into the mainline.
|
|
|
|
These kernels are not appropriate for use on systems that are supposed
|
|
to be stable and they are more risky to run than any of the other
|
|
branches.
|
|
|
|
If you wish to help out with the kernel development process, please test
|
|
and use these kernel releases and provide feedback to the linux-kernel
|
|
mailing list if you have any problems, and if everything works properly.
|
|
|
|
In addition to all the other experimental patches, these kernels usually
|
|
also contain any changes in the mainline -git kernels available at the
|
|
time of release.
|
|
|
|
The -mm kernels are not released on a fixed schedule, but usually a few
|
|
-mm kernels are released in between each -rc kernel (1 to 3 is common).
|
|
|
|
Subsystem Specific kernel trees and patches
|
|
-------------------------------------------
|
|
A number of the different kernel subsystem developers expose their
|
|
development trees so that others can see what is happening in the
|
|
different areas of the kernel. These trees are pulled into the -mm
|
|
kernel releases as described above.
|
|
|
|
Here is a list of some of the different kernel trees available:
|
|
git trees:
|
|
- Kbuild development tree, Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
|
|
git.kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/sam/kbuild.git
|
|
|
|
- ACPI development tree, Len Brown <len.brown@intel.com>
|
|
git.kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/lenb/linux-acpi-2.6.git
|
|
|
|
- Block development tree, Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
|
|
git.kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/axboe/linux-2.6-block.git
|
|
|
|
- DRM development tree, Dave Airlie <airlied@linux.ie>
|
|
git.kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/airlied/drm-2.6.git
|
|
|
|
- ia64 development tree, Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
|
|
git.kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/aegl/linux-2.6.git
|
|
|
|
- infiniband, Roland Dreier <rolandd@cisco.com>
|
|
git.kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/roland/infiniband.git
|
|
|
|
- libata, Jeff Garzik <jgarzik@pobox.com>
|
|
git.kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jgarzik/libata-dev.git
|
|
|
|
- network drivers, Jeff Garzik <jgarzik@pobox.com>
|
|
git.kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jgarzik/netdev-2.6.git
|
|
|
|
- pcmcia, Dominik Brodowski <linux@dominikbrodowski.net>
|
|
git.kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/brodo/pcmcia-2.6.git
|
|
|
|
- SCSI, James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@hansenpartnership.com>
|
|
git.kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jejb/scsi-misc-2.6.git
|
|
|
|
- x86, Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
|
|
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/x86/linux-2.6-x86.git
|
|
|
|
quilt trees:
|
|
- USB, Driver Core, and I2C, Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
|
|
kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/gregkh/gregkh-2.6/
|
|
|
|
Other kernel trees can be found listed at http://git.kernel.org/ and in
|
|
the MAINTAINERS file.
|
|
|
|
Bug Reporting
|
|
-------------
|
|
|
|
bugzilla.kernel.org is where the Linux kernel developers track kernel
|
|
bugs. Users are encouraged to report all bugs that they find in this
|
|
tool. For details on how to use the kernel bugzilla, please see:
|
|
http://bugzilla.kernel.org/page.cgi?id=faq.html
|
|
|
|
The file REPORTING-BUGS in the main kernel source directory has a good
|
|
template for how to report a possible kernel bug, and details what kind
|
|
of information is needed by the kernel developers to help track down the
|
|
problem.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Managing bug reports
|
|
--------------------
|
|
|
|
One of the best ways to put into practice your hacking skills is by fixing
|
|
bugs reported by other people. Not only you will help to make the kernel
|
|
more stable, you'll learn to fix real world problems and you will improve
|
|
your skills, and other developers will be aware of your presence. Fixing
|
|
bugs is one of the best ways to get merits among other developers, because
|
|
not many people like wasting time fixing other people's bugs.
|
|
|
|
To work in the already reported bug reports, go to http://bugzilla.kernel.org.
|
|
If you want to be advised of the future bug reports, you can subscribe to the
|
|
bugme-new mailing list (only new bug reports are mailed here) or to the
|
|
bugme-janitor mailing list (every change in the bugzilla is mailed here)
|
|
|
|
http://lists.linux-foundation.org/mailman/listinfo/bugme-new
|
|
http://lists.linux-foundation.org/mailman/listinfo/bugme-janitors
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mailing lists
|
|
-------------
|
|
|
|
As some of the above documents describe, the majority of the core kernel
|
|
developers participate on the Linux Kernel Mailing list. Details on how
|
|
to subscribe and unsubscribe from the list can be found at:
|
|
http://vger.kernel.org/vger-lists.html#linux-kernel
|
|
There are archives of the mailing list on the web in many different
|
|
places. Use a search engine to find these archives. For example:
|
|
http://dir.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel
|
|
It is highly recommended that you search the archives about the topic
|
|
you want to bring up, before you post it to the list. A lot of things
|
|
already discussed in detail are only recorded at the mailing list
|
|
archives.
|
|
|
|
Most of the individual kernel subsystems also have their own separate
|
|
mailing list where they do their development efforts. See the
|
|
MAINTAINERS file for a list of what these lists are for the different
|
|
groups.
|
|
|
|
Many of the lists are hosted on kernel.org. Information on them can be
|
|
found at:
|
|
http://vger.kernel.org/vger-lists.html
|
|
|
|
Please remember to follow good behavioral habits when using the lists.
|
|
Though a bit cheesy, the following URL has some simple guidelines for
|
|
interacting with the list (or any list):
|
|
http://www.albion.com/netiquette/
|
|
|
|
If multiple people respond to your mail, the CC: list of recipients may
|
|
get pretty large. Don't remove anybody from the CC: list without a good
|
|
reason, or don't reply only to the list address. Get used to receiving the
|
|
mail twice, one from the sender and the one from the list, and don't try
|
|
to tune that by adding fancy mail-headers, people will not like it.
|
|
|
|
Remember to keep the context and the attribution of your replies intact,
|
|
keep the "John Kernelhacker wrote ...:" lines at the top of your reply, and
|
|
add your statements between the individual quoted sections instead of
|
|
writing at the top of the mail.
|
|
|
|
If you add patches to your mail, make sure they are plain readable text
|
|
as stated in Documentation/SubmittingPatches. Kernel developers don't
|
|
want to deal with attachments or compressed patches; they may want
|
|
to comment on individual lines of your patch, which works only that way.
|
|
Make sure you use a mail program that does not mangle spaces and tab
|
|
characters. A good first test is to send the mail to yourself and try
|
|
to apply your own patch by yourself. If that doesn't work, get your
|
|
mail program fixed or change it until it works.
|
|
|
|
Above all, please remember to show respect to other subscribers.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Working with the community
|
|
--------------------------
|
|
|
|
The goal of the kernel community is to provide the best possible kernel
|
|
there is. When you submit a patch for acceptance, it will be reviewed
|
|
on its technical merits and those alone. So, what should you be
|
|
expecting?
|
|
- criticism
|
|
- comments
|
|
- requests for change
|
|
- requests for justification
|
|
- silence
|
|
|
|
Remember, this is part of getting your patch into the kernel. You have
|
|
to be able to take criticism and comments about your patches, evaluate
|
|
them at a technical level and either rework your patches or provide
|
|
clear and concise reasoning as to why those changes should not be made.
|
|
If there are no responses to your posting, wait a few days and try
|
|
again, sometimes things get lost in the huge volume.
|
|
|
|
What should you not do?
|
|
- expect your patch to be accepted without question
|
|
- become defensive
|
|
- ignore comments
|
|
- resubmit the patch without making any of the requested changes
|
|
|
|
In a community that is looking for the best technical solution possible,
|
|
there will always be differing opinions on how beneficial a patch is.
|
|
You have to be cooperative, and willing to adapt your idea to fit within
|
|
the kernel. Or at least be willing to prove your idea is worth it.
|
|
Remember, being wrong is acceptable as long as you are willing to work
|
|
toward a solution that is right.
|
|
|
|
It is normal that the answers to your first patch might simply be a list
|
|
of a dozen things you should correct. This does _not_ imply that your
|
|
patch will not be accepted, and it is _not_ meant against you
|
|
personally. Simply correct all issues raised against your patch and
|
|
resend it.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Differences between the kernel community and corporate structures
|
|
-----------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
The kernel community works differently than most traditional corporate
|
|
development environments. Here are a list of things that you can try to
|
|
do to try to avoid problems:
|
|
Good things to say regarding your proposed changes:
|
|
- "This solves multiple problems."
|
|
- "This deletes 2000 lines of code."
|
|
- "Here is a patch that explains what I am trying to describe."
|
|
- "I tested it on 5 different architectures..."
|
|
- "Here is a series of small patches that..."
|
|
- "This increases performance on typical machines..."
|
|
|
|
Bad things you should avoid saying:
|
|
- "We did it this way in AIX/ptx/Solaris, so therefore it must be
|
|
good..."
|
|
- "I've being doing this for 20 years, so..."
|
|
- "This is required for my company to make money"
|
|
- "This is for our Enterprise product line."
|
|
- "Here is my 1000 page design document that describes my idea"
|
|
- "I've been working on this for 6 months..."
|
|
- "Here's a 5000 line patch that..."
|
|
- "I rewrote all of the current mess, and here it is..."
|
|
- "I have a deadline, and this patch needs to be applied now."
|
|
|
|
Another way the kernel community is different than most traditional
|
|
software engineering work environments is the faceless nature of
|
|
interaction. One benefit of using email and irc as the primary forms of
|
|
communication is the lack of discrimination based on gender or race.
|
|
The Linux kernel work environment is accepting of women and minorities
|
|
because all you are is an email address. The international aspect also
|
|
helps to level the playing field because you can't guess gender based on
|
|
a person's name. A man may be named Andrea and a woman may be named Pat.
|
|
Most women who have worked in the Linux kernel and have expressed an
|
|
opinion have had positive experiences.
|
|
|
|
The language barrier can cause problems for some people who are not
|
|
comfortable with English. A good grasp of the language can be needed in
|
|
order to get ideas across properly on mailing lists, so it is
|
|
recommended that you check your emails to make sure they make sense in
|
|
English before sending them.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Break up your changes
|
|
---------------------
|
|
|
|
The Linux kernel community does not gladly accept large chunks of code
|
|
dropped on it all at once. The changes need to be properly introduced,
|
|
discussed, and broken up into tiny, individual portions. This is almost
|
|
the exact opposite of what companies are used to doing. Your proposal
|
|
should also be introduced very early in the development process, so that
|
|
you can receive feedback on what you are doing. It also lets the
|
|
community feel that you are working with them, and not simply using them
|
|
as a dumping ground for your feature. However, don't send 50 emails at
|
|
one time to a mailing list, your patch series should be smaller than
|
|
that almost all of the time.
|
|
|
|
The reasons for breaking things up are the following:
|
|
|
|
1) Small patches increase the likelihood that your patches will be
|
|
applied, since they don't take much time or effort to verify for
|
|
correctness. A 5 line patch can be applied by a maintainer with
|
|
barely a second glance. However, a 500 line patch may take hours to
|
|
review for correctness (the time it takes is exponentially
|
|
proportional to the size of the patch, or something).
|
|
|
|
Small patches also make it very easy to debug when something goes
|
|
wrong. It's much easier to back out patches one by one than it is
|
|
to dissect a very large patch after it's been applied (and broken
|
|
something).
|
|
|
|
2) It's important not only to send small patches, but also to rewrite
|
|
and simplify (or simply re-order) patches before submitting them.
|
|
|
|
Here is an analogy from kernel developer Al Viro:
|
|
"Think of a teacher grading homework from a math student. The
|
|
teacher does not want to see the student's trials and errors
|
|
before they came up with the solution. They want to see the
|
|
cleanest, most elegant answer. A good student knows this, and
|
|
would never submit her intermediate work before the final
|
|
solution."
|
|
|
|
The same is true of kernel development. The maintainers and
|
|
reviewers do not want to see the thought process behind the
|
|
solution to the problem one is solving. They want to see a
|
|
simple and elegant solution."
|
|
|
|
It may be challenging to keep the balance between presenting an elegant
|
|
solution and working together with the community and discussing your
|
|
unfinished work. Therefore it is good to get early in the process to
|
|
get feedback to improve your work, but also keep your changes in small
|
|
chunks that they may get already accepted, even when your whole task is
|
|
not ready for inclusion now.
|
|
|
|
Also realize that it is not acceptable to send patches for inclusion
|
|
that are unfinished and will be "fixed up later."
|
|
|
|
|
|
Justify your change
|
|
-------------------
|
|
|
|
Along with breaking up your patches, it is very important for you to let
|
|
the Linux community know why they should add this change. New features
|
|
must be justified as being needed and useful.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Document your change
|
|
--------------------
|
|
|
|
When sending in your patches, pay special attention to what you say in
|
|
the text in your email. This information will become the ChangeLog
|
|
information for the patch, and will be preserved for everyone to see for
|
|
all time. It should describe the patch completely, containing:
|
|
- why the change is necessary
|
|
- the overall design approach in the patch
|
|
- implementation details
|
|
- testing results
|
|
|
|
For more details on what this should all look like, please see the
|
|
ChangeLog section of the document:
|
|
"The Perfect Patch"
|
|
http://userweb.kernel.org/~akpm/stuff/tpp.txt
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
All of these things are sometimes very hard to do. It can take years to
|
|
perfect these practices (if at all). It's a continuous process of
|
|
improvement that requires a lot of patience and determination. But
|
|
don't give up, it's possible. Many have done it before, and each had to
|
|
start exactly where you are now.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
----------
|
|
Thanks to Paolo Ciarrocchi who allowed the "Development Process"
|
|
(http://linux.tar.bz/articles/2.6-development_process) section
|
|
to be based on text he had written, and to Randy Dunlap and Gerrit
|
|
Huizenga for some of the list of things you should and should not say.
|
|
Also thanks to Pat Mochel, Hanna Linder, Randy Dunlap, Kay Sievers,
|
|
Vojtech Pavlik, Jan Kara, Josh Boyer, Kees Cook, Andrew Morton, Andi
|
|
Kleen, Vadim Lobanov, Jesper Juhl, Adrian Bunk, Keri Harris, Frans Pop,
|
|
David A. Wheeler, Junio Hamano, Michael Kerrisk, and Alex Shepard for
|
|
their review, comments, and contributions. Without their help, this
|
|
document would not have been possible.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Maintainer: Greg Kroah-Hartman <greg@kroah.com>
|