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546
vendor/github.com/codegangsta/negroni/README.md
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# Negroni
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[](http://godoc.org/github.com/urfave/negroni)
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[](https://travis-ci.org/urfave/negroni)
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[](https://codebeat.co/projects/github-com-urfave-negroni)
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[](https://codecov.io/gh/urfave/negroni)
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|
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**Notice:** This is the library formerly known as
|
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`github.com/codegangsta/negroni` -- Github will automatically redirect requests
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to this repository, but we recommend updating your references for clarity.
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Negroni is an idiomatic approach to web middleware in Go. It is tiny,
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non-intrusive, and encourages use of `net/http` Handlers.
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|
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If you like the idea of [Martini](https://github.com/go-martini/martini), but
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you think it contains too much magic, then Negroni is a great fit.
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|
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Language Translations:
|
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* [Deutsch (de_DE)](translations/README_de_de.md)
|
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* [Português Brasileiro (pt_BR)](translations/README_pt_br.md)
|
||||
* [简体中文 (zh_cn)](translations/README_zh_cn.md)
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||||
* [繁體中文 (zh_tw)](translations/README_zh_tw.md)
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* [日本語 (ja_JP)](translations/README_ja_JP.md)
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* [Français (fr_FR)](translations/README_fr_FR.md)
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## Getting Started
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After installing Go and setting up your
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[GOPATH](http://golang.org/doc/code.html#GOPATH), create your first `.go` file.
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We'll call it `server.go`.
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<!-- { "interrupt": true } -->
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``` go
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package main
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import (
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"fmt"
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"net/http"
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"github.com/urfave/negroni"
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)
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func main() {
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mux := http.NewServeMux()
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mux.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
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fmt.Fprintf(w, "Welcome to the home page!")
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})
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|
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n := negroni.Classic() // Includes some default middlewares
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n.UseHandler(mux)
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http.ListenAndServe(":3000", n)
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}
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```
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|
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Then install the Negroni package (**NOTE**: >= **go 1.1** is required):
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|
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```
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go get github.com/urfave/negroni
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```
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Then run your server:
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|
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```
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go run server.go
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```
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You will now have a Go `net/http` webserver running on `localhost:3000`.
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### Packaging
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|
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If you are on Debian, `negroni` is also available as [a
|
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package](https://packages.debian.org/sid/golang-github-urfave-negroni-dev) that
|
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you can install via `apt install golang-github-urfave-negroni-dev` (at the time
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of writing, it is in the `sid` repositories).
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|
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## Is Negroni a Framework?
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Negroni is **not** a framework. It is a middleware-focused library that is
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designed to work directly with `net/http`.
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## Routing?
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Negroni is BYOR (Bring your own Router). The Go community already has a number
|
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of great http routers available, and Negroni tries to play well with all of them
|
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by fully supporting `net/http`. For instance, integrating with [Gorilla Mux]
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||||
looks like so:
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|
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``` go
|
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router := mux.NewRouter()
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router.HandleFunc("/", HomeHandler)
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|
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n := negroni.New(Middleware1, Middleware2)
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// Or use a middleware with the Use() function
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n.Use(Middleware3)
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// router goes last
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n.UseHandler(router)
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|
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http.ListenAndServe(":3001", n)
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```
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|
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## `negroni.Classic()`
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`negroni.Classic()` provides some default middleware that is useful for most
|
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applications:
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|
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* [`negroni.Recovery`](#recovery) - Panic Recovery Middleware.
|
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* [`negroni.Logger`](#logger) - Request/Response Logger Middleware.
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* [`negroni.Static`](#static) - Static File serving under the "public"
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directory.
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|
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This makes it really easy to get started with some useful features from Negroni.
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|
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## Handlers
|
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|
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Negroni provides a bidirectional middleware flow. This is done through the
|
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`negroni.Handler` interface:
|
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|
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``` go
|
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type Handler interface {
|
||||
ServeHTTP(rw http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, next http.HandlerFunc)
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
If a middleware hasn't already written to the `ResponseWriter`, it should call
|
||||
the next `http.HandlerFunc` in the chain to yield to the next middleware
|
||||
handler. This can be used for great good:
|
||||
|
||||
``` go
|
||||
func MyMiddleware(rw http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, next http.HandlerFunc) {
|
||||
// do some stuff before
|
||||
next(rw, r)
|
||||
// do some stuff after
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
And you can map it to the handler chain with the `Use` function:
|
||||
|
||||
``` go
|
||||
n := negroni.New()
|
||||
n.Use(negroni.HandlerFunc(MyMiddleware))
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
You can also map plain old `http.Handler`s:
|
||||
|
||||
``` go
|
||||
n := negroni.New()
|
||||
|
||||
mux := http.NewServeMux()
|
||||
// map your routes
|
||||
|
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n.UseHandler(mux)
|
||||
|
||||
http.ListenAndServe(":3000", n)
|
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```
|
||||
|
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## `With()`
|
||||
|
||||
Negroni has a convenience function called `With`. `With` takes one or more
|
||||
`Handler` instances and returns a new `Negroni` with the combination of the
|
||||
receiver's handlers and the new handlers.
|
||||
|
||||
```go
|
||||
// middleware we want to reuse
|
||||
common := negroni.New()
|
||||
common.Use(MyMiddleware1)
|
||||
common.Use(MyMiddleware2)
|
||||
|
||||
// `specific` is a new negroni with the handlers from `common` combined with the
|
||||
// the handlers passed in
|
||||
specific := common.With(
|
||||
SpecificMiddleware1,
|
||||
SpecificMiddleware2
|
||||
)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## `Run()`
|
||||
|
||||
Negroni has a convenience function called `Run`. `Run` takes an addr string
|
||||
identical to [`http.ListenAndServe`](https://godoc.org/net/http#ListenAndServe).
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- { "interrupt": true } -->
|
||||
``` go
|
||||
package main
|
||||
|
||||
import (
|
||||
"github.com/urfave/negroni"
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
func main() {
|
||||
n := negroni.Classic()
|
||||
n.Run(":8080")
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
If no address is provided, the `PORT` environment variable is used instead.
|
||||
If the `PORT` environment variable is not defined, the default address will be used.
|
||||
See [Run](https://godoc.org/github.com/urfave/negroni#Negroni.Run) for a complete description.
|
||||
|
||||
In general, you will want to use `net/http` methods and pass `negroni` as a
|
||||
`Handler`, as this is more flexible, e.g.:
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- { "interrupt": true } -->
|
||||
``` go
|
||||
package main
|
||||
|
||||
import (
|
||||
"fmt"
|
||||
"log"
|
||||
"net/http"
|
||||
"time"
|
||||
|
||||
"github.com/urfave/negroni"
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
func main() {
|
||||
mux := http.NewServeMux()
|
||||
mux.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
|
||||
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Welcome to the home page!")
|
||||
})
|
||||
|
||||
n := negroni.Classic() // Includes some default middlewares
|
||||
n.UseHandler(mux)
|
||||
|
||||
s := &http.Server{
|
||||
Addr: ":8080",
|
||||
Handler: n,
|
||||
ReadTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
|
||||
WriteTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
|
||||
MaxHeaderBytes: 1 << 20,
|
||||
}
|
||||
log.Fatal(s.ListenAndServe())
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Route Specific Middleware
|
||||
|
||||
If you have a route group of routes that need specific middleware to be
|
||||
executed, you can simply create a new Negroni instance and use it as your route
|
||||
handler.
|
||||
|
||||
``` go
|
||||
router := mux.NewRouter()
|
||||
adminRoutes := mux.NewRouter()
|
||||
// add admin routes here
|
||||
|
||||
// Create a new negroni for the admin middleware
|
||||
router.PathPrefix("/admin").Handler(negroni.New(
|
||||
Middleware1,
|
||||
Middleware2,
|
||||
negroni.Wrap(adminRoutes),
|
||||
))
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
If you are using [Gorilla Mux], here is an example using a subrouter:
|
||||
|
||||
``` go
|
||||
router := mux.NewRouter()
|
||||
subRouter := mux.NewRouter().PathPrefix("/subpath").Subrouter().StrictSlash(true)
|
||||
subRouter.HandleFunc("/", someSubpathHandler) // "/subpath/"
|
||||
subRouter.HandleFunc("/:id", someSubpathHandler) // "/subpath/:id"
|
||||
|
||||
// "/subpath" is necessary to ensure the subRouter and main router linkup
|
||||
router.PathPrefix("/subpath").Handler(negroni.New(
|
||||
Middleware1,
|
||||
Middleware2,
|
||||
negroni.Wrap(subRouter),
|
||||
))
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
`With()` can be used to eliminate redundancy for middlewares shared across
|
||||
routes.
|
||||
|
||||
``` go
|
||||
router := mux.NewRouter()
|
||||
apiRoutes := mux.NewRouter()
|
||||
// add api routes here
|
||||
webRoutes := mux.NewRouter()
|
||||
// add web routes here
|
||||
|
||||
// create common middleware to be shared across routes
|
||||
common := negroni.New(
|
||||
Middleware1,
|
||||
Middleware2,
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
// create a new negroni for the api middleware
|
||||
// using the common middleware as a base
|
||||
router.PathPrefix("/api").Handler(common.With(
|
||||
APIMiddleware1,
|
||||
negroni.Wrap(apiRoutes),
|
||||
))
|
||||
// create a new negroni for the web middleware
|
||||
// using the common middleware as a base
|
||||
router.PathPrefix("/web").Handler(common.With(
|
||||
WebMiddleware1,
|
||||
negroni.Wrap(webRoutes),
|
||||
))
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Bundled Middleware
|
||||
|
||||
### Static
|
||||
|
||||
This middleware will serve files on the filesystem. If the files do not exist,
|
||||
it proxies the request to the next middleware. If you want the requests for
|
||||
non-existent files to return a `404 File Not Found` to the user you should look
|
||||
at using [http.FileServer](https://golang.org/pkg/net/http/#FileServer) as
|
||||
a handler.
|
||||
|
||||
Example:
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- { "interrupt": true } -->
|
||||
``` go
|
||||
package main
|
||||
|
||||
import (
|
||||
"fmt"
|
||||
"net/http"
|
||||
|
||||
"github.com/urfave/negroni"
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
func main() {
|
||||
mux := http.NewServeMux()
|
||||
mux.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
|
||||
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Welcome to the home page!")
|
||||
})
|
||||
|
||||
// Example of using a http.FileServer if you want "server-like" rather than "middleware" behavior
|
||||
// mux.Handle("/public", http.FileServer(http.Dir("/home/public")))
|
||||
|
||||
n := negroni.New()
|
||||
n.Use(negroni.NewStatic(http.Dir("/tmp")))
|
||||
n.UseHandler(mux)
|
||||
|
||||
http.ListenAndServe(":3002", n)
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Will serve files from the `/tmp` directory first, but proxy calls to the next
|
||||
handler if the request does not match a file on the filesystem.
|
||||
|
||||
### Recovery
|
||||
|
||||
This middleware catches `panic`s and responds with a `500` response code. If
|
||||
any other middleware has written a response code or body, this middleware will
|
||||
fail to properly send a 500 to the client, as the client has already received
|
||||
the HTTP response code. Additionally, an `ErrorHandlerFunc` can be attached
|
||||
to report 500's to an error reporting service such as Sentry or Airbrake.
|
||||
|
||||
Example:
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- { "interrupt": true } -->
|
||||
``` go
|
||||
package main
|
||||
|
||||
import (
|
||||
"net/http"
|
||||
|
||||
"github.com/urfave/negroni"
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
func main() {
|
||||
mux := http.NewServeMux()
|
||||
mux.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
|
||||
panic("oh no")
|
||||
})
|
||||
|
||||
n := negroni.New()
|
||||
n.Use(negroni.NewRecovery())
|
||||
n.UseHandler(mux)
|
||||
|
||||
http.ListenAndServe(":3003", n)
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Will return a `500 Internal Server Error` to each request. It will also log the
|
||||
stack traces as well as print the stack trace to the requester if `PrintStack`
|
||||
is set to `true` (the default).
|
||||
|
||||
Example with error handler:
|
||||
|
||||
``` go
|
||||
package main
|
||||
|
||||
import (
|
||||
"net/http"
|
||||
|
||||
"github.com/urfave/negroni"
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
func main() {
|
||||
mux := http.NewServeMux()
|
||||
mux.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
|
||||
panic("oh no")
|
||||
})
|
||||
|
||||
n := negroni.New()
|
||||
recovery := negroni.NewRecovery()
|
||||
recovery.ErrorHandlerFunc = reportToSentry
|
||||
n.Use(recovery)
|
||||
n.UseHandler(mux)
|
||||
|
||||
http.ListenAndServe(":3003", n)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func reportToSentry(error interface{}) {
|
||||
// write code here to report error to Sentry
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The middleware simply output the informations on STDOUT by default.
|
||||
You can customize the output process by using the `SetFormatter()` function.
|
||||
|
||||
You can use also the `HTMLPanicFormatter` to display a pretty HTML when a crash occurs.
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- { "interrupt": true } -->
|
||||
``` go
|
||||
package main
|
||||
|
||||
import (
|
||||
"net/http"
|
||||
|
||||
"github.com/urfave/negroni"
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
func main() {
|
||||
mux := http.NewServeMux()
|
||||
mux.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
|
||||
panic("oh no")
|
||||
})
|
||||
|
||||
n := negroni.New()
|
||||
recovery := negroni.NewRecovery()
|
||||
recovery.Formatter = &negroni.HTMLPanicFormatter{}
|
||||
n.Use(recovery)
|
||||
n.UseHandler(mux)
|
||||
|
||||
http.ListenAndServe(":3003", n)
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Logger
|
||||
|
||||
This middleware logs each incoming request and response.
|
||||
|
||||
Example:
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- { "interrupt": true } -->
|
||||
``` go
|
||||
package main
|
||||
|
||||
import (
|
||||
"fmt"
|
||||
"net/http"
|
||||
|
||||
"github.com/urfave/negroni"
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
func main() {
|
||||
mux := http.NewServeMux()
|
||||
mux.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
|
||||
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Welcome to the home page!")
|
||||
})
|
||||
|
||||
n := negroni.New()
|
||||
n.Use(negroni.NewLogger())
|
||||
n.UseHandler(mux)
|
||||
|
||||
http.ListenAndServe(":3004", n)
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Will print a log similar to:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
[negroni] 2017-10-04T14:56:25+02:00 | 200 | 378µs | localhost:3004 | GET /
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
on each request.
|
||||
|
||||
You can also set your own log format by calling the `SetFormat` function. The format is a template string with fields as mentioned in the `LoggerEntry` struct. So, as an example -
|
||||
|
||||
```go
|
||||
l.SetFormat("[{{.Status}} {{.Duration}}] - {{.Request.UserAgent}}")
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
will show something like - `[200 18.263µs] - Go-User-Agent/1.1 `
|
||||
|
||||
## Third Party Middleware
|
||||
|
||||
Here is a current list of Negroni compatible middlware. Feel free to put up a PR
|
||||
linking your middleware if you have built one:
|
||||
|
||||
| Middleware | Author | Description |
|
||||
| -----------|--------|-------------|
|
||||
| [authz](https://github.com/casbin/negroni-authz) | [Yang Luo](https://github.com/hsluoyz) | ACL, RBAC, ABAC Authorization middlware based on [Casbin](https://github.com/casbin/casbin) |
|
||||
| [binding](https://github.com/mholt/binding) | [Matt Holt](https://github.com/mholt) | Data binding from HTTP requests into structs |
|
||||
| [cloudwatch](https://github.com/cvillecsteele/negroni-cloudwatch) | [Colin Steele](https://github.com/cvillecsteele) | AWS cloudwatch metrics middleware |
|
||||
| [cors](https://github.com/rs/cors) | [Olivier Poitrey](https://github.com/rs) | [Cross Origin Resource Sharing](http://www.w3.org/TR/cors/) (CORS) support |
|
||||
| [csp](https://github.com/awakenetworks/csp) | [Awake Networks](https://github.com/awakenetworks) | [Content Security Policy](https://www.w3.org/TR/CSP2/) (CSP) support |
|
||||
| [delay](https://github.com/jeffbmartinez/delay) | [Jeff Martinez](https://github.com/jeffbmartinez) | Add delays/latency to endpoints. Useful when testing effects of high latency |
|
||||
| [New Relic Go Agent](https://github.com/yadvendar/negroni-newrelic-go-agent) | [Yadvendar Champawat](https://github.com/yadvendar) | Official [New Relic Go Agent](https://github.com/newrelic/go-agent) (currently in beta) |
|
||||
| [gorelic](https://github.com/jingweno/negroni-gorelic) | [Jingwen Owen Ou](https://github.com/jingweno) | New Relic agent for Go runtime |
|
||||
| [Graceful](https://github.com/tylerb/graceful) | [Tyler Bunnell](https://github.com/tylerb) | Graceful HTTP Shutdown |
|
||||
| [gzip](https://github.com/phyber/negroni-gzip) | [phyber](https://github.com/phyber) | GZIP response compression |
|
||||
| [JWT Middleware](https://github.com/auth0/go-jwt-middleware) | [Auth0](https://github.com/auth0) | Middleware checks for a JWT on the `Authorization` header on incoming requests and decodes it|
|
||||
| [logrus](https://github.com/meatballhat/negroni-logrus) | [Dan Buch](https://github.com/meatballhat) | Logrus-based logger |
|
||||
| [oauth2](https://github.com/goincremental/negroni-oauth2) | [David Bochenski](https://github.com/bochenski) | oAuth2 middleware |
|
||||
| [onthefly](https://github.com/xyproto/onthefly) | [Alexander Rødseth](https://github.com/xyproto) | Generate TinySVG, HTML and CSS on the fly |
|
||||
| [permissions2](https://github.com/xyproto/permissions2) | [Alexander Rødseth](https://github.com/xyproto) | Cookies, users and permissions |
|
||||
| [prometheus](https://github.com/zbindenren/negroni-prometheus) | [Rene Zbinden](https://github.com/zbindenren) | Easily create metrics endpoint for the [prometheus](http://prometheus.io) instrumentation tool |
|
||||
| [render](https://github.com/unrolled/render) | [Cory Jacobsen](https://github.com/unrolled) | Render JSON, XML and HTML templates |
|
||||
| [RestGate](https://github.com/pjebs/restgate) | [Prasanga Siripala](https://github.com/pjebs) | Secure authentication for REST API endpoints |
|
||||
| [secure](https://github.com/unrolled/secure) | [Cory Jacobsen](https://github.com/unrolled) | Middleware that implements a few quick security wins |
|
||||
| [sessions](https://github.com/goincremental/negroni-sessions) | [David Bochenski](https://github.com/bochenski) | Session Management |
|
||||
| [stats](https://github.com/thoas/stats) | [Florent Messa](https://github.com/thoas) | Store information about your web application (response time, etc.) |
|
||||
| [VanGoH](https://github.com/auroratechnologies/vangoh) | [Taylor Wrobel](https://github.com/twrobel3) | Configurable [AWS-Style](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/RESTAuthentication.html) HMAC authentication middleware |
|
||||
| [xrequestid](https://github.com/pilu/xrequestid) | [Andrea Franz](https://github.com/pilu) | Middleware that assigns a random X-Request-Id header to each request |
|
||||
| [mgo session](https://github.com/joeljames/nigroni-mgo-session) | [Joel James](https://github.com/joeljames) | Middleware that handles creating and closing mgo sessions per request |
|
||||
| [digits](https://github.com/bamarni/digits) | [Bilal Amarni](https://github.com/bamarni) | Middleware that handles [Twitter Digits](https://get.digits.com/) authentication |
|
||||
|
||||
## Examples
|
||||
|
||||
[Alexander Rødseth](https://github.com/xyproto) created
|
||||
[mooseware](https://github.com/xyproto/mooseware), a skeleton for writing a
|
||||
Negroni middleware handler.
|
||||
|
||||
[Prasanga Siripala](https://github.com/pjebs) created an effective skeleton structure for web-based Go/Negroni projects: [Go-Skeleton](https://github.com/pjebs/go-skeleton)
|
||||
|
||||
## Live code reload?
|
||||
|
||||
[gin](https://github.com/codegangsta/gin) and
|
||||
[fresh](https://github.com/pilu/fresh) both live reload negroni apps.
|
||||
|
||||
## Essential Reading for Beginners of Go & Negroni
|
||||
|
||||
* [Using a Context to pass information from middleware to end handler](http://elithrar.github.io/article/map-string-interface/)
|
||||
* [Understanding middleware](https://mattstauffer.co/blog/laravel-5.0-middleware-filter-style)
|
||||
|
||||
## About
|
||||
|
||||
Negroni is obsessively designed by none other than the [Code
|
||||
Gangsta](https://codegangsta.io/)
|
||||
|
||||
[Gorilla Mux]: https://github.com/gorilla/mux
|
||||
[`http.FileSystem`]: https://godoc.org/net/http#FileSystem
|
||||
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