diff --git a/source/org/thdl/tib/input/DuffPane.java b/source/org/thdl/tib/input/DuffPane.java
index 27e78e8..2e29a0e 100644
--- a/source/org/thdl/tib/input/DuffPane.java
+++ b/source/org/thdl/tib/input/DuffPane.java
@@ -797,7 +797,8 @@ public class DuffPane extends TibetanPane implements FocusListener {
 					before_vowel.add(dc_1);
 
 				before_vowel.add(dc_2);
-				java.util.List after_vowel = TibTextUtils.getVowel(dc_1, dc_2, v);
+				java.util.List after_vowel = new ArrayList();
+                                TibTextUtils.getVowel(after_vowel, dc_1, dc_2, v);
                 if (after_vowel.size() >= before_vowel.size()) {
                     setNumberOfGlyphsForLastVowel(after_vowel.size()
                                                   - before_vowel.size());
@@ -842,7 +843,8 @@ public class DuffPane extends TibetanPane implements FocusListener {
 	private void printAChenWithVowel(String v) {
 		DuffCode[] dc_array = (DuffCode[])TibetanMachineWeb.getTibHash().get(TibetanMachineWeb.ACHEN);
 		DuffCode dc = dc_array[TibetanMachineWeb.TMW];
-		java.util.List achenlist = TibTextUtils.getVowel(dc,v);
+		java.util.List achenlist = new ArrayList();
+                TibTextUtils.getVowel(achenlist, dc, v);
 		DuffData[] dd = TibTextUtils.convertGlyphs(achenlist);
 		getTibDoc().insertDuff(caret.getDot(), dd);		
 	}
diff --git a/source/org/thdl/tib/text/TibTextUtils.java b/source/org/thdl/tib/text/TibTextUtils.java
index a83df5e..bf6b98d 100644
--- a/source/org/thdl/tib/text/TibTextUtils.java
+++ b/source/org/thdl/tib/text/TibTextUtils.java
@@ -375,7 +375,7 @@ public class TibTextUtils implements THDLWylieConstants {
 				if (!chars.isEmpty()) {
 					glyphs.addAll(getGlyphs(chars, true, !isSanskrit, isSanskrit));
 					dc = (DuffCode)glyphs.removeLast(); //LinkedList implementation
-					glyphs.addAll(getVowel(dc, next));
+					getVowel(glyphs, dc, next);
 					chars.clear();
 				}
 				else { //if previous is punctuation or null, then achen plus vowel - otherwise, previous could be vowel
@@ -387,13 +387,13 @@ public class TibTextUtils implements THDLWylieConstants {
 							if (!TibetanMachineWeb.isWyliePunc(TibetanMachineWeb.getWylieForGlyph(dc, weDoNotCareIfThereIsCorrespondingWylieOrNot))) {
 								DuffCode dc_2 = (DuffCode)glyphs.removeLast();
 								DuffCode dc_1 = (DuffCode)glyphs.removeLast();
-								glyphs.addAll(getVowel(dc_1, dc_2, next));
+								getVowel(glyphs, dc_1, dc_2, next);
 								break vowel_block;
 							}
 						}
 						DuffCode[] dc_array = (DuffCode[])TibetanMachineWeb.getTibHash().get(ACHEN);
 						dc = dc_array[TibetanMachineWeb.TMW];
-						glyphs.addAll(getVowel(dc, next));
+						getVowel(glyphs, dc, next);
 					}
 
 					chars.clear();
@@ -442,6 +442,7 @@ public class TibTextUtils implements THDLWylieConstants {
 						default:
 							String top_char = (String)chars.get(chars.size()-1);
 							chars.remove(chars.size()-1);
+                                                        // DLC PERFORMANCE FIXME: make glyphs a parameter
 							glyphs.addAll(getGlyphs(chars, true, !isSanskrit, isSanskrit));
 							chars.clear();
 							chars.add(top_char);
@@ -520,39 +521,39 @@ public class TibTextUtils implements THDLWylieConstants {
 * @param vowel the vowel you want to affix, in Wylie
 * @return a List of glyphs equal to the vowel in context
 */
-	public static List getVowel(DuffCode context, String vowel) {
-		return getVowel(null, context, vowel);
-	}
+    public static void getVowel(List l, DuffCode context, String vowel) {
+        getVowel(l, null, context, vowel);
+    }
 
 /**
-* Gets the vowel sequence for a given vowel in a given context.
-* Given a context, this method affixes a vowel and returns the context plus the vowel.
-* Since the choice of vowel glyph depends on the consonant to which it is attached,
-* generally it is enough to provide just the immediately preceding context. However,
-* in some cases, double vowels are allowed - for example 'buo'. To find the correct
-* glyph for 'o', we need 'b' in this case, not 'u'. Note also that some Extended
-* Wylie vowels correspond to multiple glyphs in TibetanMachineWeb. For example,
-* the vowel I consists of both an achung and a reverse gigu. All required glyphs
-* are part of the returned List.
-* @param context_1 the glyph occurring two glyphs before the vowel you want to affix
-* @param context_2 the glyph immediately before the vowel you want to affix
-* @param vowel the vowel you want to affix, in Wylie
-* @return a List of glyphs equal to the vowel in context
-*/
-
-	public static List getVowel(DuffCode context_1, DuffCode context_2, String vowel) {
-		List vowels = new ArrayList();
+* Gets the vowel sequence for a given vowel in a given context and
+* appends it to l.  Given a context, this method affixes a vowel and
+* appends the context plus the vowel to l.  Since the choice of vowel
+* glyph depends on the consonant to which it is attached, generally it
+* is enough to provide just the immediately preceding
+* context. However, in some cases, double vowels are allowed - for
+* example 'buo'. To find the correct glyph for 'o', we need 'b' in
+* this case, not 'u'. Note also that some Extended Wylie vowels
+* correspond to multiple glyphs in TibetanMachineWeb. For example, the
+* vowel I consists of both an achung and a reverse gigu. All required
+* glyphs are appended to l.
+* @param context_1 the glyph occurring two glyphs before the vowel you
+* want to affix
+* @param context_2 the glyph immediately before the vowel you want to
+* affix
+* @param vowel the vowel you want to affix, in Wylie */
 
+	public static void getVowel(List l, DuffCode context_1, DuffCode context_2, String vowel) {
 //this vowel doesn't correspond to a glyph -
 //so you just return the original context
 
 		if (	vowel.equals(WYLIE_aVOWEL) ||
 			TibetanMachineWeb.isTopVowel(context_2)) {
 			if (context_1 != null)
-				vowels.add(context_1);
+				l.add(context_1);
 
-			vowels.add(context_2);
-			return vowels;
+			l.add(context_2);
+			return;
 		}
 
 //first, the three easiest cases: ai, au, and <i
@@ -561,36 +562,36 @@ public class TibTextUtils implements THDLWylieConstants {
 
 		if (vowel.equals(ai_VOWEL)) {
 			if (context_1 != null)
-				vowels.add(context_1);
+				l.add(context_1);
 
-			vowels.add(context_2);
+			l.add(context_2);
 			DuffCode[] dc_v = (DuffCode[])TibetanMachineWeb.getTibHash().get(ai_VOWEL);
-			vowels.add(dc_v[TibetanMachineWeb.TMW]);
-			return vowels;
+			l.add(dc_v[TibetanMachineWeb.TMW]);
+			return;
 		}
 
 		if (vowel.equals(au_VOWEL)) {
 			if (context_1 != null)
-				vowels.add(context_1);
+				l.add(context_1);
 
-			vowels.add(context_2);
+			l.add(context_2);
 			DuffCode[] dc_v = (DuffCode[])TibetanMachineWeb.getTibHash().get(au_VOWEL);
-			vowels.add(dc_v[TibetanMachineWeb.TMW]);
-			return vowels;
+			l.add(dc_v[TibetanMachineWeb.TMW]);
+			return;
 		}
 
 		if (vowel.equals(reverse_i_VOWEL)) {
 			if (context_1 != null)
-				vowels.add(context_1);
+				l.add(context_1);
 
-			vowels.add(context_2);
+			l.add(context_2);
 
 			if (!TibetanMachineWeb.isTopVowel(context_2)) {
 				DuffCode[] dc_v = (DuffCode[])TibetanMachineWeb.getTibHash().get(reverse_i_VOWEL);
-				vowels.add(dc_v[TibetanMachineWeb.TMW]);
+				l.add(dc_v[TibetanMachineWeb.TMW]);
 			}
 
-			return vowels;
+			return;
 		}
 
 //second, the vowels i, e, and o
@@ -609,14 +610,14 @@ public class TibTextUtils implements THDLWylieConstants {
 			}
 
 			if (context_1 != null)
-				vowels.add(context_1);
+				l.add(context_1);
 
-			vowels.add(context_2);
+			l.add(context_2);
 
 			if (null != dc_v)
-				vowels.add(dc_v);
+				l.add(dc_v);
 
-			return vowels;
+			return;
 		}
 
 		if (vowel.equals(e_VOWEL)) {
@@ -628,14 +629,14 @@ public class TibTextUtils implements THDLWylieConstants {
 			}
 
 			if (context_1 != null)
-				vowels.add(context_1);
+				l.add(context_1);
 
-			vowels.add(context_2);
+			l.add(context_2);
 
 			if (null != dc_v)
-				vowels.add(dc_v);
+				l.add(dc_v);
 
-			return vowels;
+			return;
 		}
 
 		if (vowel.equals(o_VOWEL)) {
@@ -647,14 +648,14 @@ public class TibTextUtils implements THDLWylieConstants {
 			}
 
 			if (context_1 != null)
-				vowels.add(context_1);
+				l.add(context_1);
 
-			vowels.add(context_2);
+			l.add(context_2);
 
 			if (null != dc_v)
-				vowels.add(dc_v);
+				l.add(dc_v);
 
-			return vowels;
+			return;
 		}
 
 //next come the vowels u, A, and U
@@ -669,17 +670,17 @@ public class TibTextUtils implements THDLWylieConstants {
 			DuffCode dc_v = TibetanMachineWeb.getVowel(hashKey_context, TibetanMachineWeb.VOWEL_u);
 
 			if (null != context_1)
-				vowels.add(context_1);
+				l.add(context_1);
 
 			if (null == halfHeight)
-				vowels.add(context_2);
+				l.add(context_2);
 			else
-				vowels.add(halfHeight);
+				l.add(halfHeight);
 
 			if (null != dc_v)
-				vowels.add(dc_v);
+				l.add(dc_v);
 
-			return vowels;
+			return;
 		}
 
 		if (vowel.equals(A_VOWEL)) {
@@ -688,18 +689,18 @@ public class TibTextUtils implements THDLWylieConstants {
 			DuffCode dc_v = TibetanMachineWeb.getVowel(hashKey_context, TibetanMachineWeb.VOWEL_A);
 
 			if (null != context_1)
-				vowels.add(context_1);
+				l.add(context_1);
 
 			if (null == halfHeight)
-				vowels.add(context_2);
+				l.add(context_2);
 			else
-				vowels.add(halfHeight);
+				l.add(halfHeight);
 
 			if (null != dc_v)
 
-				vowels.add(dc_v);
+				l.add(dc_v);
 
-			return vowels;
+			return;
 		}
 
 		if (vowel.equals(U_VOWEL)) {
@@ -708,17 +709,17 @@ public class TibTextUtils implements THDLWylieConstants {
 			DuffCode dc_v = TibetanMachineWeb.getVowel(hashKey_context, TibetanMachineWeb.VOWEL_U);
 
 			if (null != context_1)
-				vowels.add(context_1);
+				l.add(context_1);
 
 			if (null == halfHeight)
-				vowels.add(context_2);
+				l.add(context_2);
 			else
-				vowels.add(halfHeight);
+				l.add(halfHeight);
 
 			if (null != dc_v && !TibetanMachineWeb.isTopVowel(context_2))
-				vowels.add(dc_v);
+				l.add(dc_v);
 
-			return vowels;
+			return;
 		}
 
 //finally, the vowels I and <I
@@ -733,19 +734,19 @@ public class TibTextUtils implements THDLWylieConstants {
 			DuffCode dc_v_sup = TibetanMachineWeb.getVowel(hashKey_context, TibetanMachineWeb.VOWEL_i);
 
 			if (null != context_1)
-				vowels.add(context_1);
+				l.add(context_1);
 
 			if (null == halfHeight)
-				vowels.add(context_2);
+				l.add(context_2);
 			else
-				vowels.add(halfHeight);
+				l.add(halfHeight);
 
 			if (null != dc_v_sub && null != dc_v_sup) {
-				vowels.add(dc_v_sub);
-				vowels.add(dc_v_sup);
+				l.add(dc_v_sub);
+				l.add(dc_v_sup);
 			}
 
-			return vowels;
+			return;
 		}
 
 		if (vowel.equals(reverse_I_VOWEL)) {
@@ -756,22 +757,22 @@ public class TibTextUtils implements THDLWylieConstants {
 			DuffCode dc_v_sup = tv_array[TibetanMachineWeb.TMW];
 
 			if (null != context_1)
-				vowels.add(context_1);
+				l.add(context_1);
 
 			if (null == halfHeight)
-				vowels.add(context_2);
+				l.add(context_2);
 			else
-				vowels.add(halfHeight);
+				l.add(halfHeight);
 
 			if (null != dc_v_sub && null != dc_v_sup) {
-				vowels.add(dc_v_sub);
-				vowels.add(dc_v_sup);
+				l.add(dc_v_sub);
+				l.add(dc_v_sup);
 			}
 
-			return vowels;
+			return;
 		}
 
-		return null;
+                throw new Error("DLC can this happen? " + vowel);
 	}
 
     /**
diff --git a/source/org/thdl/tib/text/TibetanMachineWeb.java b/source/org/thdl/tib/text/TibetanMachineWeb.java
index 52304dc..9394442 100644
--- a/source/org/thdl/tib/text/TibetanMachineWeb.java
+++ b/source/org/thdl/tib/text/TibetanMachineWeb.java
@@ -1161,8 +1161,9 @@ public static String getWylieForVowel(String s) {
 }
 
 /**
-* Gets the DuffCode required for a vowel, if
-* affixed to the given hashKey.
+* Gets the DuffCode required for a vowel, if affixed to the given
+* hashKey.  Not as pretty as {@link
+* TibTextUtils#getVowel(DuffCode,DuffCode,String)}.
 * @param hashKey the key for the character the vowel is to be affixed
 * to; see {@link #getGlyph(String)} to learn about hash keys.
 * @param vowel the vowel you want the DuffCode for
@@ -1170,7 +1171,7 @@ public static String getWylieForVowel(String s) {
 * context, or null if there is no such vowel in
 * the context
 * @see DuffCode
-*/
+* @see TibTextUtils#getVowel(DuffCode,DuffCode,String) */
 public static DuffCode getVowel(String hashKey, int vowel) {
 	DuffCode[] dc = (DuffCode[])tibHash.get(hashKey);
 	
diff --git a/source/org/thdl/tib/text/ttt/ACIPConverter.java b/source/org/thdl/tib/text/ttt/ACIPConverter.java
index 35c06d7..7e11bd6 100644
--- a/source/org/thdl/tib/text/ttt/ACIPConverter.java
+++ b/source/org/thdl/tib/text/ttt/ACIPConverter.java
@@ -132,7 +132,10 @@ public class ACIPConverter {
         throws IOException
     {
         TibetanDocument tdoc = new TibetanDocument();
-		tdoc.setRomanAttributeSet("Courier", 20); // DLC make me configurable.
+        tdoc.setRomanAttributeSet(ThdlOptions.getStringOption("thdl.acip.to.x.latin.font",
+                                                              "Courier New"),
+                                  ThdlOptions.getIntegerOption("thdl.acip.to.x.latin.font.size",
+                                                               20));
         boolean rv
             = convertToTMW(scan, tdoc, errors, warnings,
                            writeWarningsToResult, warningLevel);
@@ -357,7 +360,7 @@ public class ACIPConverter {
                         } else if (stype == ACIPString.END_SLASH) {
                             if (null != writer) unicode = "\u0F3D";
                             if (null != tdoc) duff = new DuffCode[] { TibetanMachineWeb.getGlyph(")") };
-                        } else {
+                        } else if (stype == ACIPString.TIBETAN_PUNCTUATION) {
                             // For ACIP, tshegs are used as both
                             // tshegs and whitespace.  We treat a
                             // space as a tsheg if and only if it
@@ -368,8 +371,8 @@ public class ACIPConverter {
                             // typesetting.
                             boolean done = false;
                             // DLC what about after numbers?  marks?
+                            TPairList lpl = null;
                             if (s.getText().equals(" ")) {
-                                TPairList lpl = null;
                                 if (!lastGuyWasNonPunct
                                     || (null != lastGuy
                                         && (lpl = lastGuy.get(lastGuy.size() - 1)).size() == 1
@@ -389,7 +392,16 @@ public class ACIPConverter {
                                         continue;
                                     }
                                 }
+                            } else if (s.getText().equals(",")
+                                       && lastGuyWasNonPunct
+                                       && null != lastGuy
+                                       && (lpl = lastGuy.get(lastGuy.size() - 1)).size() == 1
+                                       && lpl.get(0).getLeft().equals("NG")) {
+                                DuffCode tshegDuff = TibetanMachineWeb.getGlyph(" ");
+                                if (null == tshegDuff) throw new Error("tsheg duff");
+                                tdoc.appendDuffCodes(new DuffCode[] { tshegDuff });
                             }
+
                             if (!done) {
                                 if (null != writer) unicode = ACIPRules.getUnicodeFor(s.getText(), false);
                                 if (null != tdoc) {
@@ -406,6 +418,8 @@ public class ACIPConverter {
                                     }
                                 }
                             }
+                        } else {
+                            throw new Error("forgot a case");
                         }
                         if (null != writer && null == unicode)
                             throw new Error("FIXME: make this an assertion 1");
diff --git a/source/org/thdl/tib/text/ttt/ACIPRules.java b/source/org/thdl/tib/text/ttt/ACIPRules.java
index 2b0f3b0..acff4b6 100644
--- a/source/org/thdl/tib/text/ttt/ACIPRules.java
+++ b/source/org/thdl/tib/text/ttt/ACIPRules.java
@@ -21,9 +21,12 @@ package org.thdl.tib.text.ttt;
 import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
 
 import org.thdl.tib.text.DuffCode;
+import org.thdl.tib.text.THDLWylieConstants;
 import org.thdl.tib.text.TibetanMachineWeb;
+import org.thdl.tib.text.TibTextUtils;
 
 /** Canonizes some facts regarding the ACIP transcription system.
  *  @author David Chandler */
@@ -460,38 +463,41 @@ class ACIPRules {
 
 
 
-    /** DLC DOC: Gets the duffcodes for vowel, such that they look good with hashKey, and appends them to r. */
-    static void getDuffForACIPVowel(ArrayList r, String hashKey, String vowel) {
+    /** Gets the duffcodes for vowel, such that they look good with
+     *  the stack with hash key hashKey, and appends them to r. */
+    static void getDuffForACIPVowel(ArrayList r, DuffCode preceding, String vowel) {
         if (null == vowel) return;
         if (null == getWylieForACIPVowel(vowel)) // FIXME: expensive assertion!  Use assert.
             throw new IllegalArgumentException("Vowel " + vowel + " isn't in the small set of vowels we handle correctly.");
-        if (!TibetanMachineWeb.isKnownHashKey(hashKey)) // FIXME: expensive assertion!  Use assert.
-            throw new IllegalArgumentException("bad hashKey");
 
         // Order matters here.
-        if (vowel.indexOf("'U") >= 0)
-            r.add(TibetanMachineWeb.getVowel(hashKey, TibetanMachineWeb.VOWEL_U));
-        else {
+        if (vowel.startsWith("A")) {
+            TibTextUtils.getVowel(r, preceding, THDLWylieConstants.WYLIE_aVOWEL);
+        } else if (vowel.indexOf("'U") >= 0) {
+            TibTextUtils.getVowel(r, preceding, "U");
+        } else {
             if (vowel.indexOf('\'') >= 0)
-                r.add(TibetanMachineWeb.getVowel(hashKey, TibetanMachineWeb.VOWEL_A));
+                TibTextUtils.getVowel(r, preceding, THDLWylieConstants.A_VOWEL);
             if (vowel.indexOf("EE") >= 0)
-                r.add(TibetanMachineWeb.getGlyph("ai"));
+                TibTextUtils.getVowel(r, preceding, THDLWylieConstants.ai_VOWEL);
             else if (vowel.indexOf('E') >= 0)
-                r.add(TibetanMachineWeb.getVowel(hashKey, TibetanMachineWeb.VOWEL_e));
+                TibTextUtils.getVowel(r, preceding, THDLWylieConstants.e_VOWEL);
             if (vowel.indexOf("OO") >= 0)
-                r.add(TibetanMachineWeb.getGlyph("au"));
+                TibTextUtils.getVowel(r, preceding, THDLWylieConstants.au_VOWEL);
             else if (vowel.indexOf('O') >= 0)
-                r.add(TibetanMachineWeb.getVowel(hashKey, TibetanMachineWeb.VOWEL_o));
+                TibTextUtils.getVowel(r, preceding, THDLWylieConstants.o_VOWEL);
             if (vowel.indexOf('I') >= 0)
-                r.add(TibetanMachineWeb.getVowel(hashKey, TibetanMachineWeb.VOWEL_i));
+                TibTextUtils.getVowel(r, preceding, THDLWylieConstants.i_VOWEL);
             if (vowel.indexOf('U') >= 0)
-                r.add(TibetanMachineWeb.getVowel(hashKey, TibetanMachineWeb.VOWEL_u));
+                TibTextUtils.getVowel(r, preceding, THDLWylieConstants.u_VOWEL);
             if (vowel.indexOf('i') >= 0)
-                r.add(TibetanMachineWeb.getGlyph("-i"));
+                TibTextUtils.getVowel(r, preceding, THDLWylieConstants.reverse_i_VOWEL);
         }
+
         if (vowel.indexOf('m') >= 0)
             r.add(TibetanMachineWeb.getGlyph("M"));
         if (vowel.indexOf(':') >= 0)
             r.add(TibetanMachineWeb.getGlyph("H"));
+
     }
 }
diff --git a/source/org/thdl/tib/text/ttt/ACIPTshegBarScanner.java b/source/org/thdl/tib/text/ttt/ACIPTshegBarScanner.java
index 5f323f8..a8a5acd 100644
--- a/source/org/thdl/tib/text/ttt/ACIPTshegBarScanner.java
+++ b/source/org/thdl/tib/text/ttt/ACIPTshegBarScanner.java
@@ -778,11 +778,22 @@ public class ACIPTshegBarScanner {
                 // careful, so "KA\r\n" and "GA\n" appear where "KA
                 // \r\n" and "GA \n" should appear.
                 if (('\r' == ch
-                     || '\n' == ch)
+                     || ('\n' == ch && i > 0 && s.charAt(i - 1) != '\r'))
                     && !al.isEmpty()
                     && ((ACIPString)al.get(al.size() - 1)).getType() == ACIPString.TIBETAN_NON_PUNCTUATION) {
-                    al.add(new ACIPString(" ",
-                                          ACIPString.TIBETAN_PUNCTUATION));
+                    al.add(new ACIPString(" ", ACIPString.TIBETAN_PUNCTUATION));
+                }
+
+                // "DANG,\nLHAG" is really "DANG, LHAG".  But always?  Not if you have "MDO,\n\nKA...".
+                if (('\r' == ch
+                     || ('\n' == ch && i > 0 && s.charAt(i - 1) != '\r'))
+                    && !al.isEmpty()
+                    && ((ACIPString)al.get(al.size() - 1)).getType() == ACIPString.TIBETAN_PUNCTUATION
+                    && ((ACIPString)al.get(al.size() - 1)).getText().equals(",")
+                    && s.charAt(i-1) == ','
+                    && (i + (('\r' == ch) ? 2 : 1) < sl
+                        && (s.charAt(i+(('\r' == ch) ? 2 : 1)) != ch))) {
+                    al.add(new ACIPString(" ", ACIPString.TIBETAN_PUNCTUATION));
                 }
 
                 // Don't add in a "\r\n" or "\n" unless there's a
diff --git a/source/org/thdl/tib/text/ttt/TPairList.java b/source/org/thdl/tib/text/ttt/TPairList.java
index 6549a01..6858734 100644
--- a/source/org/thdl/tib/text/ttt/TPairList.java
+++ b/source/org/thdl/tib/text/ttt/TPairList.java
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ Contributor(s): ______________________________________.
 package org.thdl.tib.text.ttt;
 
 import org.thdl.tib.text.TibetanMachineWeb;
+import org.thdl.tib.text.DuffCode;
 import org.thdl.tib.text.TGCPair;
 import org.thdl.util.ThdlDebug;
 
@@ -612,6 +613,7 @@ class TPairList {
     /** Appends the DuffCodes that correspond to this grapheme cluster
      *  to duff.  Assumes this is one grapheme cluster. */
     void getDuff(ArrayList duff) {
+        int previousSize = duff.size();
         StringBuffer wylieForConsonant = new StringBuffer();
         for (int x = 0; x + 1 < size(); x++) {
             wylieForConsonant.append(get(x).getWylie(false));
@@ -625,8 +627,15 @@ class TPairList {
                 throw new Error("How did this happen?");
             }
         }
-        duff.add(TibetanMachineWeb.getGlyph(hashKey));
-        ACIPRules.getDuffForACIPVowel(duff, hashKey, lastPair.getRight());
+        if (lastPair.getRight() == null || lastPair.equals("-")) {
+            duff.add(TibetanMachineWeb.getGlyph(hashKey));
+        } else {
+            ACIPRules.getDuffForACIPVowel(duff,
+                                          TibetanMachineWeb.getGlyph(hashKey),
+                                          lastPair.getRight());
+        }
+        if (previousSize == duff.size())
+            throw new Error("TPairList with no duffs? " + toString()); // DLC FIXME: change to assertion.
     }
 }
 // DLC FIXME: handle 'o' and 'x', e.g. KAo and NYAx.
diff --git a/source/org/thdl/tib/text/ttt/TStackList.java b/source/org/thdl/tib/text/ttt/TStackList.java
index 05efc2d..b6901e1 100644
--- a/source/org/thdl/tib/text/ttt/TStackList.java
+++ b/source/org/thdl/tib/text/ttt/TStackList.java
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ class TStackList {
         }
         return u.toString();
     }
-    /** DLC DOC */
+    /** Returns the DuffCodes corresponding to this stack list. */
     DuffCode[] getDuff() {
         ArrayList al = new ArrayList(size()*2); // rough estimate
         int count = 0;