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improve the tutorial.

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ChangeLog
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@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
2000-07-14 Khimenko Victor <grub@khim.sch57.msk.ru> 2000-07-23 OKUJI Yoshinori <okuji@gnu.org>
* docs/tutorial.texi: Fix some syntax errors and ambiguous
sentences. Suggested by M. Meiarashi <mes@st.rim.or.jp>.
2000-07-14 Khimenko Victor <grub@khim.sch57.msk.ru>
* stage2/boot.c (load_image): When getting the text length of a * stage2/boot.c (load_image): When getting the text length of a
Linux kernel, use unsigned long instead of unsigned short. Linux kernel, use unsigned long instead of unsigned short.

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THANKS
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@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ Kalle Olavi Niemitalo <tosi@ees2.oulu.fi>
Khimenko Victor <grub@khim.sch57.msk.ru> Khimenko Victor <grub@khim.sch57.msk.ru>
Klaus Reichl <klaus.reichl@alcatel.at> Klaus Reichl <klaus.reichl@alcatel.at>
Kunihiro Ishiguro <kunihiro@zebra.org> Kunihiro Ishiguro <kunihiro@zebra.org>
M. Meiarashi <mes@st.rim.or.jp>
Mark Lundeberg <aa026@pgfn.bc.ca> Mark Lundeberg <aa026@pgfn.bc.ca>
Michael Hohmuth <hohmuth@innocent.com> Michael Hohmuth <hohmuth@innocent.com>
Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org> Miles Bader <miles@gnu.org>

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docs/stamp-vti
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@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
@set UPDATED 11 June 2000 @set UPDATED 23 July 2000
@set EDITION 0.5.96 @set EDITION 0.5.96
@set VERSION 0.5.96 @set VERSION 0.5.96

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docs/tutorial.texi
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@ -3,29 +3,30 @@
Briefly, a @dfn{boot loader} is the first software program that runs when Briefly, a @dfn{boot loader} is the first software program that runs when
a computer starts. It is responsible for loading and transferring a computer starts. It is responsible for loading and transferring
control to the operating system @dfn{kernel} software (such as the Linux control to an operating system @dfn{kernel} software (such as the Linux
or GNU Hurd kernel). The kernel, in turn, initializes the rest of the or GNU Hurd kernel). The kernel, in turn, initializes the rest of the
operating system (e.g. a GNU system). operating system (e.g. a GNU system).
GRUB can load a wide variety of free operating systems, as well as GNU GRUB is a very powerful boot loader, which can load a wide variety
of free operating systems, as well as proprietary operating systems with
chain-loading@footnote{@dfn{chain-load} is the mechanism for loading chain-loading@footnote{@dfn{chain-load} is the mechanism for loading
unsupported operating systems by loading another boot loader. It is unsupported operating systems by loading another boot loader. It is
typically used for loading DOS or Windows.} proprietary operating typically used for loading DOS or Windows.}.
systems.
The important feature in GRUB is flexibility; GRUB understands One of the important features in GRUB is flexibility; GRUB understands
filesystems and kernel executable formats, so you can load an arbitrary filesystems and kernel executable formats, so you can load an arbitrary
operating system the way you like, without recording the physical operating system the way you like, without recording the physical
position of your kernel on the disk. position of your kernel on the disk.
Therefore, you have to specify the drive (and the partition) where your Thus you can load the kernel just by specifying its filename and the
kernel resides and the filename at hand. If you don't want to type in drive (and the partition) where the kernel resides. To let GRUB know the
the drive and the filename every time, you can set it up in a simple drive and the filename, you can either type in them manually via the
configuration file (@pxref{Configuration}). GRUB will locate and load command-line interface (@pxref{Command line}), or use the nice menu
it, and provide a nice menu interface (@pxref{Menu interface}) through interface (@pxref{Menu interface}) through which you can easily select
which you can easily select which OS it boots. Of course, you can enter which OS it boots. To allow you to customize the menu, GRUB will load a
the command-line interface (@pxref{Command line}) whenever you like, or preexisting configuration file (@pxref{Configuration}). Note that you
you can edit specific menu entries prior to using them. can not only enter the command-line interface whenever you like, but
also you can edit specific menu entries prior to using them.
In the following chapters, you will learn how to specify a drive or a In the following chapters, you will learn how to specify a drive or a
partition, and a file name (@pxref{Naming convention}) to GRUB, how to partition, and a file name (@pxref{Naming convention}) to GRUB, how to
@ -152,9 +153,9 @@ GRUB comes with boot images, which are normally installed in the
@node Installing GRUB on a floppy @node Installing GRUB on a floppy
@section Installing GRUB on a floppy @section Installing GRUB on a floppy
To create a GRUB boot floppy, you need to take the @file{stage1} and To create a GRUB boot floppy, you need to take the files @file{stage1}
@file{stage2} files from @file{/boot/grub} directory, and write them to and @file{stage2} from @file{/boot/grub} directory, and write them to
the first and the second block of the floppy disk. the first and the second block of the floppy disk, respectively.
@quotation @quotation
@strong{Caution:} This procedure will destroy any data currently stored @strong{Caution:} This procedure will destroy any data currently stored
@ -197,10 +198,10 @@ the grub shell}) as the super-user (@samp{root}).
Once started, GRUB will show the command-line interface (@pxref{Command Once started, GRUB will show the command-line interface (@pxref{Command
line}). First, set the GRUB's @dfn{root device}@footnote{Note that line}). First, set the GRUB's @dfn{root device}@footnote{Note that
GRUB's root device does not neccessarily have to be your OS's root GRUB's root device doesn't necessarily mean your OS's root partition; if
partition; if you need to specify a root partition for your OS, add the you need to specify a root partition for your OS, add the argument into
argument into the command @command{kernel}.} to the partition which has the command @command{kernel}.} to the partition which has your GRUB
your GRUB images, like this: images, like this:
@example @example
grub> root (hd0,0) grub> root (hd0,0)
@ -232,15 +233,14 @@ install GRUB:
grub> setup (hd0,0) grub> setup (hd0,0)
@end example @end example
If you install GRUB into a partition or a drive except for the first If you install GRUB into a partition or a drive other than the first
one, you must chain-load GRUB from another boot loader. Refer the manual one, you must chain-load GRUB from another boot loader. Refer to the
for the boot loader to know how to chain-load GRUB. manual for the boot loader to know how to chain-load GRUB.
@c FIXME: you should specify --force-lba when... @c FIXME: you should specify --force-lba when...
That's all there is to it: now you can boot GRUB without a GRUB That's all: now you can boot GRUB without a GRUB floppy. See the next
floppy. See the next chapter to find out how to boot your operating chapter to find out how to boot your operating systems from GRUB.
systems from GRUB.
@node Booting @node Booting
@ -259,13 +259,13 @@ magic.
@node General boot methods @node General boot methods
@section How to boot operating systems @section How to boot operating systems
GRUB has two distinct sets of boot methods, that is, loading an GRUB has two distinct boot methods. One of the two is to load an
operating system directly and chain-loading another boot loader which operating system directly, and the other is to chain-load another boot
then will load an operating system actually. Generally speaking, the loader which then will load an operating system actually. Generally
former is preferable, because you don't need to install or maintain speaking, the former is desirable, because you don't need to install or
other boot loaders and GRUB is flexible enough to load an operating maintain other boot loaders and GRUB is flexible enough to load an
system from an arbitrary disk/partition. However, the latter is operating system from an arbitrary disk/partition. However, the latter
sometimes required, since GRUB doesn't support all the existing is sometimes required, since GRUB doesn't support all the existing
operating systems natively. operating systems natively.
@menu @menu
@ -277,11 +277,11 @@ operating systems natively.
@node Loading an operating system directly @node Loading an operating system directly
@subsection How to boot an OS directly by GRUB @subsection How to boot an OS directly by GRUB
The native format supported by GRUB is Multiboot (@pxref{Top, Multiboot Multiboot (@pxref{Top, Multiboot Specification, Motivation, multiboot,
Specification, Motivation, multiboot, The Multiboot Specification}), but The Multiboot Specification}) is the native format supported by GRUB.
Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD and OpenBSD are also supported for For the sake of convenience, there are also support for Linux, FreeBSD,
convenience. If you want to boot other operating systems, you will have NetBSD and OpenBSD. If you want to boot other operating systems, you
to chain-load them (@pxref{Chain-loading}). will have to chain-load them (@pxref{Chain-loading}).
Generally, GRUB can boot any Multiboot-compliant OS in the following Generally, GRUB can boot any Multiboot-compliant OS in the following
steps: steps:
@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ for the information on your OS-specific issues.
@subsection Load another boot loader to boot unsupported operating systems @subsection Load another boot loader to boot unsupported operating systems
If you want to boot an unsupported operating system (e.g. Windows 95), If you want to boot an unsupported operating system (e.g. Windows 95),
chain-load the boot loader for the operating system. Normally, the boot chain-load a boot loader for the operating system. Normally, the boot
loader is embedded in the @dfn{boot sector} of the partition on which loader is embedded in the @dfn{boot sector} of the partition on which
the operating system is installed. the operating system is installed.
@ -326,8 +326,8 @@ grub> rootnoverify (hd0,0)
@end example @end example
Second, set the @dfn{active} flag in the partition by the command Second, set the @dfn{active} flag in the partition by the command
@command{makeactive}@footnote{This is not necessary for most modern @command{makeactive}@footnote{This is not necessary for most of the
operating systems.}: modern operating systems.}:
@example @example
grub> makeactive grub> makeactive
@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ Run the command @command{boot}.
@subsection GNU/Linux @subsection GNU/Linux
It is relatively easy to boot GNU/Linux from GRUB, because it somewhat It is relatively easy to boot GNU/Linux from GRUB, because it somewhat
resembles booting a Multiboot-compliant OS. resembles to boot a Multiboot-compliant OS.
@enumerate @enumerate
@item @item
@ -440,9 +440,10 @@ kernel. @xref{Command-line-specific commands}, for more information.
@node FreeBSD @node FreeBSD
@subsection FreeBSD @subsection FreeBSD
GRUB can directly load both kernel formats, ELF and a.out, but this is GRUB can load the kernel directly, either in ELF or a.out format. But
deprecated, since FreeBSD's bootstrap interface sometimes changes this is not recommended, since FreeBSD's bootstrap interface sometimes
heavily, so GRUB can't guarantee to pass kernel parameters correctly. changes heavily, so GRUB can't guarantee to pass kernel parameters
correctly.
Thus, we'd recommend loading the very flexible loader Thus, we'd recommend loading the very flexible loader
@file{/boot/loader} instead. See this example: @file{/boot/loader} instead. See this example:
@ -485,21 +486,21 @@ see @ref{Chain-loading}.
@node OpenBSD @node OpenBSD
@subsection OpenBSD @subsection OpenBSD
The booting instructions are exactly the same as for NetBSD The booting instruction is exactly the same as for NetBSD
(@pxref{NetBSD}). (@pxref{NetBSD}).
@node DOS/Windows @node DOS/Windows
@subsection DOS/Windows @subsection DOS/Windows
GRUB doesn't support booting DOS or Windows directly, so you must GRUB cannot boot DOS or Windows directly, so you must chain-load them
chain-load them (@pxref{Chain-loading}). However, their boot loaders (@pxref{Chain-loading}). However, their boot loaders have some critical
have some critical deficiencies, so the general methods may not be deficiencies, so it may not work to just chain-load them. To overcome
enough. the problems, GRUB provides you with two helper functions.
If you have installed DOS (or Windows) on a non-first hard disk, you If you have installed DOS (or Windows) on a non-first hard disk, you
have to use the disk swapping technique, because that OS cannot boot have to use the disk swapping technique, because that OS cannot boot
from any disks but the first one. The solution used in GRUB is the from any disks but the first one. The workaround used in GRUB is the
command @command{map} (@pxref{Commands}), like this: command @command{map} (@pxref{Commands}), like this:
@example @example
@ -513,20 +514,20 @@ This performs a @dfn{virtual} swap between your first and second hard
drive. drive.
@strong{Caution:} This is effective only if DOS (or Windows) uses BIOS @strong{Caution:} This is effective only if DOS (or Windows) uses BIOS
to access the swapped disks. If it uses a special driver for them, to access the swapped disks. If that OS uses a special driver for the
it probably won't work. disks, this probably won't work.
Another problem arises if you install more than one sets of DOS/Windows Another problem arises if you installed more than one set of DOS/Windows
onto one disk, because they could be confused if there are more than one onto one disk, because they could be confused if there are more than one
primary partitions for DOS/Windows. Certainly you should avoid doing primary partitions for DOS/Windows. Certainly you should avoid doing
this, but there is a solution if you do want to do so. Use the partition this, but there is a solution if you do want to do so. Use the partition
hiding/unhiding technique. hiding/unhiding technique.
If GRUB @dfn{hide}s a DOS (or Windows) partition, then it ignores the If GRUB @dfn{hide}s a DOS (or Windows) partition, it ignores the
partition. If GRUB @dfn{unhide}s a DOS (or Windows) partition, it partition. If GRUB @dfn{unhide}s a DOS (or Windows) partition, it
detects the partition. Thus, if you have installed DOS (or Windows) on detects the partition. Thus, if you have installed DOS (or Windows) on
the first partition and the second partition of the first hard disk, the first partition and the second of the first hard disk, and boot the
to boot the first copy, do the following: first copy, do the following:
@example @example
@group @group
@ -561,9 +562,9 @@ grub> boot
@chapter Downloading OS images from a network @chapter Downloading OS images from a network
Although GRUB is a disk-based boot loader, it does provide some network Although GRUB is a disk-based boot loader, it does provide some network
support. To using the network support, you need to enable at least one support. To use the network support, you need to enable at least one
network driver in the build process. For more information please see network driver in the GRUB build process. For more information please
@file{netboot/README.netboot} in the source distribution. see @file{netboot/README.netboot} in the source distribution.
@menu @menu
* General usage of network support:: * General usage of network support::
@ -574,19 +575,19 @@ network driver in the build process. For more information please see
@node General usage of network support @node General usage of network support
@section How to set up your network @section How to set up your network
First, you have to set up servers in your network. GRUB requires a GRUB requires a server that will assign an IP address to the machine on
server that will assign an IP address, and a file server. The former is which GRUB is running, and a file server. The former is either BOOTP,
either BOOTP, DHCP or a RARP server (RARP is deprecated, since it cannot DHCP or a RARP server (RARP is deprecated, since it cannot serve much
serve much information). For the latter, only TFTP is supported at the information). For the latter, only TFTP is supported at the moment. It
moment. It is not necessary to run both the servers on one computer. How is not necessary to run both the servers on one computer. How to
to configure the servers is beyond the scope of this document, so please configure these servers is beyond the scope of this document, so please
refer to the manuals specific to those protocols/servers. refer to the manuals specific to those protocols/servers.
Second, run @command{bootp}, @command{dhcp} and @command{rarp} for Once you have set up the servers, run @command{bootp}, @command{dhcp}
BOOTP, DHCP and RARP, respectively. Each command will show an assigned or @command{rarp} for BOOTP, DHCP or RARP, respectively. Each command
IP address, a netmask, an IP address for your TFTP server and a will show an assigned IP address, a netmask, an IP address for your TFTP
gateway. If any of the addresses is wrong or it causes an error, server and a gateway. If any of the addresses is wrong or it causes an
probably the configuration of your servers isn't set up properly. error, probably the configuration of your servers isn't set up properly.
Finally, download your OS images from your network. The network can be Finally, download your OS images from your network. The network can be
accessed using the network drive @samp{(nd)}. Everything else is very accessed using the network drive @samp{(nd)}. Everything else is very
@ -662,7 +663,7 @@ exact syntax should differ from the example, more or less.
You probably noticed that you need to type several commands to boot your You probably noticed that you need to type several commands to boot your
OS. There's a solution to that - GRUB provides a menu interface OS. There's a solution to that - GRUB provides a menu interface
(@pxref{Menu interface}) from which you can select an item (using arrow (@pxref{Menu interface}) from which you can select an item (using arrow
keys) which will do everything to boot an OS. keys) that will do everything to boot an OS.
To enable the menu, you need a configuration file, To enable the menu, you need a configuration file,
@file{/boot/grub/menu.lst}. We'll analyze an example file. @file{/boot/grub/menu.lst}. We'll analyze an example file.
@ -801,7 +802,7 @@ chainloader +1
@end group @end group
@end example @end example
The same as the above, just for Windows. The same as the above, but for Windows.
@example @example
@group @group
@ -812,7 +813,7 @@ setup (hd0)
@end group @end group
@end example @end example
This will just (re)install GRUB on the hard disk. This will just (re)install GRUB onto the hard disk.
@example @example
# Change the colors. # Change the colors.

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docs/version.texi
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@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
@set UPDATED 11 June 2000 @set UPDATED 23 July 2000
@set EDITION 0.5.96 @set EDITION 0.5.96
@set VERSION 0.5.96 @set VERSION 0.5.96