/* mm.c - functions for memory manager */ /* * GRUB -- GRand Unified Bootloader * Copyright (C) 2002,2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. * * GRUB is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or * (at your option) any later version. * * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the * GNU General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License * along with GRUB; if not, write to the Free Software * Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. */ /* The design of this memory manager. This is a simple implementation of malloc with a few extensions. These are the extensions: - memalign is implemented efficiently. - multiple regions may be used as free space. They may not be contiguous. Regions are managed by a singly linked list, and the meta information is stored in the beginning of each region. Space after the meta information is used to allocate memory. The memory space is used as cells instead of bytes for simplicity. This is important for some CPUs which may not access multiple bytes at a time when the first byte is not aligned at a certain boundary (typically, 4-byte or 8-byte). The size of each cell is equal to the size of struct grub_mm_header, so the header of each allocated/free block fits into one cell precisely. One cell is 16 bytes on 32-bit platforms and 32 bytes on 64-bit platforms. There are two types of blocks: allocated blocks and free blocks. In allocated blocks, the header of each block has only its size. Note that this size is based on cells but not on bytes. The header is located right before the returned pointer, that is, the header resides at the previous cell. Free blocks constitutes a ring, using a singly linked list. The first free block is pointed to by the meta information of a region. The allocator attempts to pick up the second block instead of the first one. This is a typical optimization against defragmentation, and makes the implementation a bit easier. For safety, both allocated blocks and free ones are marked by magic numbers. Whenever anything unexpected is detected, GRUB aborts the operation. */ #include #include #include #include #include #include #include /* Magic words. */ #define GRUB_MM_FREE_MAGIC 0x2d3c2808 #define GRUB_MM_ALLOC_MAGIC 0x6db08fa4 typedef struct grub_mm_header { struct grub_mm_header *next; grub_size_t size; grub_size_t magic; #if GRUB_CPU_SIZEOF_VOID_P == 4 char padding[4]; #elif GRUB_CPU_SIZEOF_VOID_P == 8 char padding[8]; #else # error "unknown word size" #endif } *grub_mm_header_t; #if GRUB_CPU_SIZEOF_VOID_P == 4 # define GRUB_MM_ALIGN_LOG2 4 #elif GRUB_CPU_SIZEOF_VOID_P == 8 # define GRUB_MM_ALIGN_LOG2 5 #endif #define GRUB_MM_ALIGN (1 << GRUB_MM_ALIGN_LOG2) typedef struct grub_mm_region { struct grub_mm_header *first; struct grub_mm_region *next; grub_addr_t addr; grub_size_t size; } *grub_mm_region_t; static grub_mm_region_t base; /* Get a header from the pointer PTR, and set *P and *R to a pointer to the header and a pointer to its region, respectively. PTR must be allocated. */ static void get_header_from_pointer (void *ptr, grub_mm_header_t *p, grub_mm_region_t *r) { if ((grub_addr_t) ptr & (GRUB_MM_ALIGN - 1)) grub_fatal ("unaligned pointer %p", ptr); for (*r = base; *r; *r = (*r)->next) if ((grub_addr_t) ptr > (*r)->addr && (grub_addr_t) ptr <= (*r)->addr + (*r)->size) break; if (! *r) grub_fatal ("out of range pointer %p", ptr); *p = (grub_mm_header_t) ptr - 1; if ((*p)->magic != GRUB_MM_ALLOC_MAGIC) grub_fatal ("alloc magic is broken at %p", *p); } /* Initialize a region starting from ADDR and whose size is SIZE, to use it as free space. */ void grub_mm_init_region (void *addr, grub_size_t size) { grub_mm_header_t h; grub_mm_region_t r, *p, q; grub_dprintf ("mem", "Using memory for heap: addr=%p, size=%u\n", addr, (unsigned int) size); /* If this region is too small, ignore it. */ if (size < GRUB_MM_ALIGN * 2) return; /* Allocate a region from the head. */ r = (grub_mm_region_t) (((grub_addr_t) addr + GRUB_MM_ALIGN - 1) & (~(GRUB_MM_ALIGN - 1))); size -= (char *) r - (char *) addr + sizeof (*r); h = (grub_mm_header_t) ((char *) r + GRUB_MM_ALIGN); h->next = h; h->magic = GRUB_MM_FREE_MAGIC; h->size = (size >> GRUB_MM_ALIGN_LOG2); r->first = h; r->addr = (grub_addr_t) h; r->size = (h->size << GRUB_MM_ALIGN_LOG2); /* Find where to insert this region. Put a smaller one before bigger ones, to prevent fragmentations. */ for (p = &base, q = *p; q; p = &(q->next), q = *p) if (q->size > r->size) break; *p = r; r->next = q; } /* Allocate the number of units N with the alignment ALIGN from the ring buffer starting from *FIRST. ALIGN must be a power of two. Return a non-NULL if successful, otherwise return NULL. */ static void * grub_real_malloc (grub_mm_header_t *first, grub_size_t n, grub_size_t align) { grub_mm_header_t p, q; if ((*first)->magic == GRUB_MM_ALLOC_MAGIC) return 0; for (q = *first, p = q->next; ; q = p, p = p->next) { grub_off_t extra; extra = ((grub_addr_t) (p + 1) >> GRUB_MM_ALIGN_LOG2) % align; if (extra) extra = align - extra; if (! p) grub_fatal ("null in the ring"); if (p->magic != GRUB_MM_FREE_MAGIC) grub_fatal ("free magic is broken at %p: 0x%x", p, p->magic); if (p->size >= n + extra) { if (extra == 0 && p->size == n) { q->next = p->next; p->magic = GRUB_MM_ALLOC_MAGIC; } else if (extra == 0 || p->size == n + extra) { p->size -= n; p += p->size; p->size = n; p->magic = GRUB_MM_ALLOC_MAGIC; } else { grub_mm_header_t r; r = p + extra + n; r->magic = GRUB_MM_FREE_MAGIC; r->size = p->size - extra - n; r->next = p->next; p->size = extra; p->next = r; p += extra; p->size = n; p->magic = GRUB_MM_ALLOC_MAGIC; } *first = q; return p + 1; } if (p == *first) break; } return 0; } /* Allocate SIZE bytes with the alignment ALIGN and return the pointer. */ void * grub_memalign (grub_size_t align, grub_size_t size) { grub_mm_region_t r; grub_size_t n = ((size + GRUB_MM_ALIGN - 1) >> GRUB_MM_ALIGN_LOG2) + 1; int count = 0; align = (align >> GRUB_MM_ALIGN_LOG2); if (align == 0) align = 1; again: for (r = base; r; r = r->next) { void *p; p = grub_real_malloc (&(r->first), n, align); if (p) return p; } /* If failed, increase free memory somehow. */ switch (count) { case 0: /* Invalidate disk caches. */ grub_disk_cache_invalidate_all (); count++; goto again; case 1: /* Unload unneeded modules. */ grub_dl_unload_unneeded (); count++; goto again; default: break; } grub_error (GRUB_ERR_OUT_OF_MEMORY, "out of memory"); return 0; } /* Allocate SIZE bytes and return the pointer. */ void * grub_malloc (grub_size_t size) { return grub_memalign (0, size); } /* Deallocate the pointer PTR. */ void grub_free (void *ptr) { grub_mm_header_t p; grub_mm_region_t r; if (! ptr) return; get_header_from_pointer (ptr, &p, &r); if (r->first->magic == GRUB_MM_ALLOC_MAGIC) { p->magic = GRUB_MM_FREE_MAGIC; r->first = p->next = p; } else { grub_mm_header_t q; #if 0 q = r->first; do { grub_printf ("%s:%d: q=%p, q->size=0x%x, q->magic=0x%x\n", __FILE__, __LINE__, q, q->size, q->magic); q = q->next; } while (q != r->first); #endif for (q = r->first; q >= p || q->next <= p; q = q->next) { if (q->magic != GRUB_MM_FREE_MAGIC) grub_fatal ("free magic is broken at %p: 0x%x", q, q->magic); if (q >= q->next && (q < p || q->next > p)) break; } p->magic = GRUB_MM_FREE_MAGIC; p->next = q->next; q->next = p; if (p + p->size == p->next) { if (p->next == q) q = p; p->next->magic = 0; p->size += p->next->size; p->next = p->next->next; } if (q + q->size == p) { p->magic = 0; q->size += p->size; q->next = p->next; } r->first = q; } } /* Reallocate SIZE bytes and return the pointer. The contents will be the same as that of PTR. */ void * grub_realloc (void *ptr, grub_size_t size) { grub_mm_header_t p; grub_mm_region_t r; void *q; grub_size_t n; if (! ptr) return grub_malloc (size); if (! size) { grub_free (ptr); return 0; } /* FIXME: Not optimal. */ n = ((size + GRUB_MM_ALIGN - 1) >> GRUB_MM_ALIGN_LOG2) + 1; get_header_from_pointer (ptr, &p, &r); if (p->size >= n) return ptr; q = grub_malloc (size); if (! q) return q; grub_memcpy (q, ptr, size); grub_free (ptr); return q; } #if MM_DEBUG void grub_mm_dump (unsigned lineno) { grub_mm_region_t r; grub_printf ("called at line %u\n", lineno); for (r = base; r; r = r->next) { grub_mm_header_t p; for (p = (grub_mm_header_t) ((r->addr + GRUB_MM_ALIGN - 1) & (~(GRUB_MM_ALIGN - 1))); (grub_addr_t) p < r->addr + r->size; p++) { switch (p->magic) { case GRUB_MM_FREE_MAGIC: grub_printf ("F:%p:%u:%p\n", p, (unsigned int) p->size << GRUB_MM_ALIGN_LOG2, p->next); break; case GRUB_MM_ALLOC_MAGIC: grub_printf ("A:%p:%u\n", p, (unsigned int) p->size << GRUB_MM_ALIGN_LOG2); break; } } } grub_printf ("\n"); } #endif /* MM_DEBUG */