\input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*- @c %**start of header @setfilename grub.info @include version.texi @settitle GNU GRUB Manual @value{VERSION} @c Unify all our little indices for now. @syncodeindex fn cp @syncodeindex vr cp @syncodeindex ky cp @syncodeindex pg cp @syncodeindex tp cp @c %**end of header @footnotestyle separate @paragraphindent 3 @finalout @copying This manual is for GNU GRUB (version @value{VERSION}, @value{UPDATED}). Copyright @copyright{} 1999,2000,2001,2002,2004,2006,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @quotation Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections. @end quotation @end copying @dircategory Kernel @direntry * GRUB: (grub). The GRand Unified Bootloader * grub-install: (grub)Invoking grub-install. Install GRUB on your drive * grub-mkconfig: (grub)Invoking grub-mkconfig. Generate GRUB configuration * grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2: (grub)Invoking grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2. * grub-mkrescue: (grub)Invoking grub-mkrescue. Make a GRUB rescue image @end direntry @setchapternewpage odd @titlepage @sp 10 @title the GNU GRUB manual @subtitle The GRand Unified Bootloader, version @value{VERSION}, @value{UPDATED}. @author Gordon Matzigkeit @author Yoshinori K. Okuji @author Colin Watson @author Colin D. Bennett @c The following two commands start the copyright page. @page @vskip 0pt plus 1filll @insertcopying @end titlepage @c Output the table of contents at the beginning. @contents @finalout @headings double @ifnottex @node Top @top GNU GRUB manual This is the documentation of GNU GRUB, the GRand Unified Bootloader, a flexible and powerful boot loader program for a wide range of architectures. This edition documents version @value{VERSION}. @insertcopying @end ifnottex @menu * Introduction:: Capturing the spirit of GRUB * Naming convention:: Names of your drives in GRUB * Installation:: Installing GRUB on your drive * Booting:: How to boot different operating systems * Configuration:: Writing your own configuration file * Theme file format:: Format of GRUB theme files * Network:: Downloading OS images from a network * Serial terminal:: Using GRUB via a serial line * Vendor power-on keys:: Changing GRUB behaviour on vendor power-on keys * Images:: GRUB image files * Filesystem:: Filesystem syntax and semantics * Interface:: The menu and the command-line * Environment:: GRUB environment variables * Commands:: The list of available builtin commands * Internationalisation:: Topics relating to language support * Security:: Authentication and authorisation * Platform limitations:: The list of platform-specific limitations * Platform-specific operations:: Platform-specific operations * Supported kernels:: The list of supported kernels * Troubleshooting:: Error messages produced by GRUB * Invoking grub-install:: How to use the GRUB installer * Invoking grub-mkconfig:: Generate a GRUB configuration file * Invoking grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2:: Generate GRUB password hashes * Invoking grub-mkrescue:: Make a GRUB rescue image * Obtaining and Building GRUB:: How to obtain and build GRUB * Reporting bugs:: Where you should send a bug report * Future:: Some future plans on GRUB * Copying This Manual:: Copying This Manual * Index:: @end menu @node Introduction @chapter Introduction to GRUB @menu * Overview:: What exactly GRUB is and how to use it * History:: From maggot to house fly * Changes from GRUB Legacy:: Differences from previous versions * Features:: GRUB features * Role of a boot loader:: The role of a boot loader @end menu @node Overview @section Overview Briefly, a @dfn{boot loader} is the first software program that runs when a computer starts. It is responsible for loading and transferring control to an operating system @dfn{kernel} software (such as Linux or GNU Mach). The kernel, in turn, initializes the rest of the operating system (e.g. a GNU system). GNU GRUB is a very powerful boot loader, which can load a wide variety of free operating systems, as well as proprietary operating systems with chain-loading@footnote{@dfn{chain-load} is the mechanism for loading unsupported operating systems by loading another boot loader. It is typically used for loading DOS or Windows.}. GRUB is designed to address the complexity of booting a personal computer; both the program and this manual are tightly bound to that computer platform, although porting to other platforms may be addressed in the future. One of the important features in GRUB is flexibility; GRUB understands filesystems and kernel executable formats, so you can load an arbitrary operating system the way you like, without recording the physical position of your kernel on the disk. Thus you can load the kernel just by specifying its file name and the drive and partition where the kernel resides. When booting with GRUB, you can use either a command-line interface (@pxref{Command-line interface}), or a menu interface (@pxref{Menu interface}). Using the command-line interface, you type the drive specification and file name of the kernel manually. In the menu interface, you just select an OS using the arrow keys. The menu is based on a configuration file which you prepare beforehand (@pxref{Configuration}). While in the menu, you can switch to the command-line mode, and vice-versa. You can even edit menu entries before using them. In the following chapters, you will learn how to specify a drive, a partition, and a file name (@pxref{Naming convention}) to GRUB, how to install GRUB on your drive (@pxref{Installation}), and how to boot your OSes (@pxref{Booting}), step by step. @node History @section History of GRUB GRUB originated in 1995 when Erich Boleyn was trying to boot the GNU Hurd with the University of Utah's Mach 4 microkernel (now known as GNU Mach). Erich and Brian Ford designed the Multiboot Specification (@pxref{Top, Multiboot Specification, Motivation, multiboot, The Multiboot Specification}), because they were determined not to add to the large number of mutually-incompatible PC boot methods. Erich then began modifying the FreeBSD boot loader so that it would understand Multiboot. He soon realized that it would be a lot easier to write his own boot loader from scratch than to keep working on the FreeBSD boot loader, and so GRUB was born. Erich added many features to GRUB, but other priorities prevented him from keeping up with the demands of its quickly-expanding user base. In 1999, Gordon Matzigkeit and Yoshinori K. Okuji adopted GRUB as an official GNU package, and opened its development by making the latest sources available via anonymous CVS. @xref{Obtaining and Building GRUB}, for more information. Over the next few years, GRUB was extended to meet many needs, but it quickly became clear that its design was not keeping up with the extensions being made to it, and we reached the point where it was very difficult to make any further changes without breaking existing features. Around 2002, Yoshinori K. Okuji started work on PUPA (Preliminary Universal Programming Architecture for GNU GRUB), aiming to rewrite the core of GRUB to make it cleaner, safer, more robust, and more powerful. PUPA was eventually renamed to GRUB 2, and the original version of GRUB was renamed to GRUB Legacy. Small amounts of maintenance continued to be done on GRUB Legacy, but the last release (0.97) was made in 2005 and at the time of writing it seems unlikely that there will be another. By around 2007, GNU/Linux distributions started to use GRUB 2 to limited extents, and by the end of 2009 multiple major distributions were installing it by default. @node Changes from GRUB Legacy @section Differences from previous versions GRUB 2 is a rewrite of GRUB (@pxref{History}), although it shares many characteristics with the previous version, now known as GRUB Legacy. Users of GRUB Legacy may need some guidance to find their way around this new version. @itemize @bullet @item The configuration file has a new name (@file{grub.cfg} rather than @file{menu.lst} or @file{grub.conf}), new syntax (@pxref{Configuration}) and many new commands (@pxref{Commands}). Configuration cannot be copied over directly, although most GRUB Legacy users should not find the syntax too surprising. @item @file{grub.cfg} is typically automatically generated by @command{grub-mkconfig} (@pxref{Simple configuration}). This makes it easier to handle versioned kernel upgrades. @item Partition numbers in GRUB device names now start at 1, not 0 (@pxref{Naming convention}). @item The configuration file is now written in something closer to a full scripting language: variables, conditionals, and loops are available. @item A small amount of persistent storage is available across reboots, using the @command{save_env} and @command{load_env} commands in GRUB and the @command{grub-editenv} utility. This is not available in all configurations (@pxref{Environment block}). @item GRUB 2 has more reliable ways to find its own files and those of target kernels on multiple-disk systems, and has commands (@pxref{search}) to find devices using file system labels or Universally Unique Identifiers (UUIDs). @item GRUB 2 is available for several other types of system in addition to the PC BIOS systems supported by GRUB Legacy: PC EFI, PC coreboot, PowerPC, SPARC, and MIPS Lemote Yeeloong are all supported. @item Many more file systems are supported, including but not limited to ext4, HFS+, and NTFS. @item GRUB 2 can read files directly from LVM and RAID devices. @item A graphical terminal and a graphical menu system are available. @item GRUB 2's interface can be translated, including menu entry names. @item The image files (@pxref{Images}) that make up GRUB have been reorganised; Stage 1, Stage 1.5, and Stage 2 are no more. @item GRUB 2 puts many facilities in dynamically loaded modules, allowing the core image to be smaller, and allowing the core image to be built in more flexible ways. @end itemize @node Features @section GRUB features The primary requirement for GRUB is that it be compliant with the @dfn{Multiboot Specification}, which is described in @ref{Top, Multiboot Specification, Motivation, multiboot, The Multiboot Specification}. The other goals, listed in approximate order of importance, are: @itemize @bullet{} @item Basic functions must be straightforward for end-users. @item Rich functionality to support kernel experts and designers. @item Backward compatibility for booting FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, and Linux. Proprietary kernels (such as DOS, Windows NT, and OS/2) are supported via a chain-loading function. @end itemize Except for specific compatibility modes (chain-loading and the Linux @dfn{piggyback} format), all kernels will be started in much the same state as in the Multiboot Specification. Only kernels loaded at 1 megabyte or above are presently supported. Any attempt to load below that boundary will simply result in immediate failure and an error message reporting the problem. In addition to the requirements above, GRUB has the following features (note that the Multiboot Specification doesn't require all the features that GRUB supports): @table @asis @item Recognize multiple executable formats Support many of the @dfn{a.out} variants plus @dfn{ELF}. Symbol tables are also loaded. @item Support non-Multiboot kernels Support many of the various free 32-bit kernels that lack Multiboot compliance (primarily FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, and Linux). Chain-loading of other boot loaders is also supported. @item Load multiples modules Fully support the Multiboot feature of loading multiple modules. @item Load a configuration file Support a human-readable text configuration file with preset boot commands. You can also load another configuration file dynamically and embed a preset configuration file in a GRUB image file. The list of commands (@pxref{Commands}) are a superset of those supported on the command-line. An example configuration file is provided in @ref{Configuration}. @item Provide a menu interface A menu interface listing preset boot commands, with a programmable timeout, is available. There is no fixed limit on the number of boot entries, and the current implementation has space for several hundred. @item Have a flexible command-line interface A fairly flexible command-line interface, accessible from the menu, is available to edit any preset commands, or write a new boot command set from scratch. If no configuration file is present, GRUB drops to the command-line. The list of commands (@pxref{Commands}) are a subset of those supported for configuration files. Editing commands closely resembles the Bash command-line (@pxref{Command Line Editing, Bash, Command Line Editing, features, Bash Features}), with @key{TAB}-completion of commands, devices, partitions, and files in a directory depending on context. @item Support multiple filesystem types Support multiple filesystem types transparently, plus a useful explicit blocklist notation. The currently supported filesystem types are @dfn{Amiga Fast FileSystem (AFFS)}, @dfn{AtheOS fs}, @dfn{BeFS}, @dfn{BtrFS} (including raid0, raid1, raid10, gzip and lzo), @dfn{cpio} (little- and big-endian bin, odc and newc variants), @dfn{Linux ext2/ext3/ext4}, @dfn{DOS FAT12/FAT16/FAT32}, @dfn{exFAT}, @dfn{HFS}, @dfn{HFS+}, @dfn{ISO9660} (including Joliet, Rock-ridge and multi-chunk files), @dfn{JFS}, @dfn{Minix fs} (versions 1, 2 and 3), @dfn{nilfs2}, @dfn{NTFS} (including compression), @dfn{ReiserFS}, @dfn{ROMFS}, @dfn{Amiga Smart FileSystem (SFS)}, @dfn{Squash4}, @dfn{tar}, @dfn{UDF}, @dfn{BSD UFS/UFS2}, @dfn{XFS}, and @dfn{ZFS} (including lzjb, gzip, zle, mirror, stripe, raidz1/2/3 and encryption in AES-CCM and AES-GCM). @xref{Filesystem}, for more information. @item Support automatic decompression Can decompress files which were compressed by @command{gzip} or @command{xz}@footnote{Only CRC32 data integrity check is supported (xz default is CRC64 so one should use --check=crc32 option). LZMA BCJ filters are supported.}. This function is both automatic and transparent to the user (i.e. all functions operate upon the uncompressed contents of the specified files). This greatly reduces a file size and loading time, a particularly great benefit for floppies.@footnote{There are a few pathological cases where loading a very badly organized ELF kernel might take longer, but in practice this never happen.} It is conceivable that some kernel modules should be loaded in a compressed state, so a different module-loading command can be specified to avoid uncompressing the modules. @item Access data on any installed device Support reading data from any or all floppies or hard disk(s) recognized by the BIOS, independent of the setting of the root device. @item Be independent of drive geometry translations Unlike many other boot loaders, GRUB makes the particular drive translation irrelevant. A drive installed and running with one translation may be converted to another translation without any adverse effects or changes in GRUB's configuration. @item Detect all installed @sc{ram} GRUB can generally find all the installed @sc{ram} on a PC-compatible machine. It uses an advanced BIOS query technique for finding all memory regions. As described on the Multiboot Specification (@pxref{Top, Multiboot Specification, Motivation, multiboot, The Multiboot Specification}), not all kernels make use of this information, but GRUB provides it for those who do. @item Support Logical Block Address mode In traditional disk calls (called @dfn{CHS mode}), there is a geometry translation problem, that is, the BIOS cannot access over 1024 cylinders, so the accessible space is limited to at least 508 MB and to at most 8GB. GRUB can't universally solve this problem, as there is no standard interface used in all machines. However, several newer machines have the new interface, Logical Block Address (@dfn{LBA}) mode. GRUB automatically detects if LBA mode is available and uses it if available. In LBA mode, GRUB can access the entire disk. @item Support network booting GRUB is basically a disk-based boot loader but also has network support. You can load OS images from a network by using the @dfn{TFTP} protocol. @item Support remote terminals To support computers with no console, GRUB provides remote terminal support, so that you can control GRUB from a remote host. Only serial terminal support is implemented at the moment. @end table @node Role of a boot loader @section The role of a boot loader The following is a quotation from Gordon Matzigkeit, a GRUB fanatic: @quotation Some people like to acknowledge both the operating system and kernel when they talk about their computers, so they might say they use ``GNU/Linux'' or ``GNU/Hurd''. Other people seem to think that the kernel is the most important part of the system, so they like to call their GNU operating systems ``Linux systems.'' I, personally, believe that this is a grave injustice, because the @emph{boot loader} is the most important software of all. I used to refer to the above systems as either ``LILO''@footnote{The LInux LOader, a boot loader that everybody uses, but nobody likes.} or ``GRUB'' systems. Unfortunately, nobody ever understood what I was talking about; now I just use the word ``GNU'' as a pseudonym for GRUB. So, if you ever hear people talking about their alleged ``GNU'' systems, remember that they are actually paying homage to the best boot loader around@dots{} GRUB! @end quotation We, the GRUB maintainers, do not (usually) encourage Gordon's level of fanaticism, but it helps to remember that boot loaders deserve recognition. We hope that you enjoy using GNU GRUB as much as we did writing it. @node Naming convention @chapter Naming convention The device syntax used in GRUB is a wee bit different from what you may have seen before in your operating system(s), and you need to know it so that you can specify a drive/partition. Look at the following examples and explanations: @example (fd0) @end example First of all, GRUB requires that the device name be enclosed with @samp{(} and @samp{)}. The @samp{fd} part means that it is a floppy disk. The number @samp{0} is the drive number, which is counted from @emph{zero}. This expression means that GRUB will use the whole floppy disk. @example (hd0,msdos2) @end example Here, @samp{hd} means it is a hard disk drive. The first integer @samp{0} indicates the drive number, that is, the first hard disk, the string @samp{msdos} indicates the partition scheme, while the second integer, @samp{2}, indicates the partition number (or the @sc{pc} slice number in the BSD terminology). The partition numbers are counted from @emph{one}, not from zero (as was the case in previous versions of GRUB). This expression means the second partition of the first hard disk drive. In this case, GRUB uses one partition of the disk, instead of the whole disk. @example (hd0,msdos5) @end example This specifies the first @dfn{extended partition} of the first hard disk drive. Note that the partition numbers for extended partitions are counted from @samp{5}, regardless of the actual number of primary partitions on your hard disk. @example (hd1,msdos1,bsd1) @end example This means the BSD @samp{a} partition on first @sc{pc} slice number of the second hard disk. Of course, to actually access the disks or partitions with GRUB, you need to use the device specification in a command, like @samp{set root=(fd0)} or @samp{parttool (hd0,msdos3) hidden-}. To help you find out which number specifies a partition you want, the GRUB command-line (@pxref{Command-line interface}) options have argument completion. This means that, for example, you only need to type @example set root=( @end example followed by a @key{TAB}, and GRUB will display the list of drives, partitions, or file names. So it should be quite easy to determine the name of your target partition, even with minimal knowledge of the syntax. Note that GRUB does @emph{not} distinguish IDE from SCSI - it simply counts the drive numbers from zero, regardless of their type. Normally, any IDE drive number is less than any SCSI drive number, although that is not true if you change the boot sequence by swapping IDE and SCSI drives in your BIOS. Now the question is, how to specify a file? Again, consider an example: @example (hd0,msdos1)/vmlinuz @end example This specifies the file named @samp{vmlinuz}, found on the first partition of the first hard disk drive. Note that the argument completion works with file names, too. That was easy, admit it. Now read the next chapter, to find out how to actually install GRUB on your drive. @node Installation @chapter Installation In order to install GRUB as your boot loader, you need to first install the GRUB system and utilities under your UNIX-like operating system (@pxref{Obtaining and Building GRUB}). You can do this either from the source tarball, or as a package for your OS. After you have done that, you need to install the boot loader on a drive (floppy or hard disk) by using the utility @command{grub-install} (@pxref{Invoking grub-install}) on a UNIX-like OS. GRUB comes with boot images, which are normally put in the directory @file{/usr/lib/grub/-} (for BIOS-based machines @file{/usr/lib/grub/i386-pc}). Hereafter, the directory where GRUB images are initially placed (normally @file{/usr/lib/grub/-}) will be called the @dfn{image directory}, and the directory where the boot loader needs to find them (usually @file{/boot}) will be called the @dfn{boot directory}. @menu * Installing GRUB using grub-install:: * Making a GRUB bootable CD-ROM:: * Device map:: * BIOS installation:: @end menu @node Installing GRUB using grub-install @section Installing GRUB using grub-install For information on where GRUB should be installed on PC BIOS platforms, @pxref{BIOS installation}. In order to install GRUB under a UNIX-like OS (such as @sc{gnu}), invoke the program @command{grub-install} (@pxref{Invoking grub-install}) as the superuser (@dfn{root}). The usage is basically very simple. You only need to specify one argument to the program, namely, where to install the boot loader. The argument has to be either a device file (like @samp{/dev/hda}). For example, under Linux the following will install GRUB into the MBR of the first IDE disk: @example # @kbd{grub-install /dev/hda} @end example Likewise, under GNU/Hurd, this has the same effect: @example # @kbd{grub-install /dev/hd0} @end example But all the above examples assume that GRUB should put images under the @file{/boot} directory. If you want GRUB to put images under a directory other than @file{/boot}, you need to specify the option @option{--boot-directory}. The typical usage is that you create a GRUB boot floppy with a filesystem. Here is an example: @example @group # @kbd{mke2fs /dev/fd0} # @kbd{mount -t ext2 /dev/fd0 /mnt} # @kbd{mkdir /mnt/boot} # @kbd{grub-install --boot-directory=/mnt/boot /dev/fd0} # @kbd{umount /mnt} @end group @end example Some BIOSes have a bug of exposing the first partition of a USB drive as a floppy instead of exposing the USB drive as a hard disk (they call it ``USB-FDD'' boot). In such cases, you need to install like this: @example # @kbd{losetup /dev/loop0 /dev/sdb1} # @kbd{mount /dev/loop0 /mnt/usb} # @kbd{grub-install --boot-directory=/mnt/usb/bugbios --force --allow-floppy /dev/loop0} @end example This install doesn't conflict with standard install as long as they are in separate directories. Note that @command{grub-install} is actually just a shell script and the real task is done by @command{grub-mkimage} and @command{grub-setup}. Therefore, you may run those commands directly to install GRUB, without using @command{grub-install}. Don't do that, however, unless you are very familiar with the internals of GRUB. Installing a boot loader on a running OS may be extremely dangerous. @node Making a GRUB bootable CD-ROM @section Making a GRUB bootable CD-ROM GRUB supports the @dfn{no emulation mode} in the El Torito specification@footnote{El Torito is a specification for bootable CD using BIOS functions.}. This means that you can use the whole CD-ROM from GRUB and you don't have to make a floppy or hard disk image file, which can cause compatibility problems. For booting from a CD-ROM, GRUB uses a special image called @file{cdboot.img}, which is concatenated with @file{core.img}. The @file{core.img} used for this should be built with at least the @samp{iso9660} and @samp{biosdisk} modules. Your bootable CD-ROM will usually also need to include a configuration file @file{grub.cfg} and some other GRUB modules. To make a simple generic GRUB rescue CD, you can use the @command{grub-mkrescue} program (@pxref{Invoking grub-mkrescue}): @example $ @kbd{grub-mkrescue -o grub.iso} @end example You will often need to include other files in your image. To do this, first make a top directory for the bootable image, say, @samp{iso}: @example $ @kbd{mkdir iso} @end example Make a directory for GRUB: @example $ @kbd{mkdir -p iso/boot/grub} @end example If desired, make the config file @file{grub.cfg} under @file{iso/boot/grub} (@pxref{Configuration}), and copy any files and directories for the disc to the directory @file{iso/}. Finally, make the image: @example $ @kbd{grub-mkrescue -o grub.iso iso} @end example This produces a file named @file{grub.iso}, which then can be burned into a CD (or a DVD), or written to a USB mass storage device. The root device will be set up appropriately on entering your @file{grub.cfg} configuration file, so you can refer to file names on the CD without needing to use an explicit device name. This makes it easier to produce rescue images that will work on both optical drives and USB mass storage devices. @node Device map @section The map between BIOS drives and OS devices The @command{grub-mkdevicemap} program can be used to create the @dfn{device map file}. It is often run automatically by tools such as @command{grub-install} if the device map file does not already exist. The file name @file{/boot/grub/device.map} is preferred. If the device map file exists, the GRUB utilities (@command{grub-probe}, @command{grub-setup}, etc.) read it to map BIOS drives to OS devices. This file consists of lines like this: @example @var{device} @var{file} @end example @var{device} is a drive specified in the GRUB syntax (@pxref{Device syntax}), and @var{file} is an OS file, which is normally a device file. Historically, the device map file was used because GRUB device names had to be used in the configuration file, and they were derived from BIOS drive numbers. The map between BIOS drives and OS devices cannot always be guessed correctly: for example, GRUB will get the order wrong if you exchange the boot sequence between IDE and SCSI in your BIOS. Unfortunately, even OS device names are not always stable. Modern versions of the Linux kernel may probe drives in a different order from boot to boot, and the prefix (@file{/dev/hd*} versus @file{/dev/sd*}) may change depending on the driver subsystem in use. As a result, the device map file required frequent editing on some systems. GRUB avoids this problem nowadays by using UUIDs or file system labels when generating @file{grub.cfg}, and we advise that you do the same for any custom menu entries you write. If the device map file does not exist, then the GRUB utilities will assume a temporary device map on the fly. This is often good enough, particularly in the common case of single-disk systems. However, the device map file is not entirely obsolete yet, and there are still some situations that require it to exist. If necessary, you may edit the file if @command{grub-mkdevicemap} makes a mistake. You can put any comments in the file if needed, as the GRUB utilities assume that a line is just a comment if the first character is @samp{#}. @node BIOS installation @section BIOS installation @heading MBR The partition table format traditionally used on PC BIOS platforms is called the Master Boot Record (MBR) format; this is the format that allows up to four primary partitions and additional logical partitions. With this partition table format, there are two ways to install GRUB: it can be embedded in the area between the MBR and the first partition (called by various names, such as the "boot track", "MBR gap", or "embedding area", and which is usually at least 31 KiB), or the core image can be installed in a file system and a list of the blocks that make it up can be stored in the first sector of that partition. Each of these has different problems. There is no way to reserve space in the embedding area with complete safety, and some proprietary software is known to use it to make it difficult for users to work around licensing restrictions; and systems are sometimes partitioned without leaving enough space before the first partition. On the other hand, installing to a filesystem means that GRUB is vulnerable to its blocks being moved around by filesystem features such as tail packing, or even by aggressive fsck implementations, so this approach is quite fragile; and this approach can only be used if the @file{/boot} filesystem is on the same disk that the BIOS boots from, so that GRUB does not have to rely on guessing BIOS drive numbers. The GRUB development team generally recommends embedding GRUB before the first partition, unless you have special requirements. You must ensure that the first partition starts at least 31 KiB (63 sectors) from the start of the disk; on modern disks, it is often a performance advantage to align partitions on larger boundaries anyway, so the first partition might start 1 MiB from the start of the disk. @heading GPT Some newer systems use the GUID Partition Table (GPT) format. This was specified as part of the Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI), but it can also be used on BIOS platforms if system software supports it; for example, GRUB and GNU/Linux can be used in this configuration. With this format, it is possible to reserve a whole partition for GRUB, called the BIOS Boot Partition. GRUB can then be embedded into that partition without the risk of being overwritten by other software and without being contained in a filesystem which might move its blocks around. When creating a BIOS Boot Partition on a GPT system, you should make sure that it is at least 31 KiB in size. (GPT-formatted disks are not usually particularly small, so we recommend that you make it larger than the bare minimum, such as 1 MiB, to allow plenty of room for growth.) You must also make sure that it has the proper partition type. Using GNU Parted, you can set this using a command such as the following: @example # @kbd{parted /dev/@var{disk} set @var{partition-number} bios_grub on} @end example If you are using gdisk, set the partition type to @samp{0xEF02}. With partitioning programs that require setting the GUID directly, it should be @samp{21686148-6449-6e6f-744e656564454649}. @strong{Caution:} Be very careful which partition you select! When GRUB finds a BIOS Boot Partition during installation, it will automatically overwrite part of it. Make sure that the partition does not contain any other data. @node Booting @chapter Booting GRUB can load Multiboot-compliant kernels in a consistent way, but for some free operating systems you need to use some OS-specific magic. @menu * General boot methods:: How to boot OSes with GRUB generally * Loopback booting:: Notes on booting from loopbacks * OS-specific notes:: Notes on some operating systems @end menu @node General boot methods @section How to boot operating systems GRUB has two distinct boot methods. One of the two is to load an operating system directly, and the other is to chain-load another boot loader which then will load an operating system actually. Generally speaking, the former is more desirable, because you don't need to install or maintain other boot loaders and GRUB is flexible enough to load an operating system from an arbitrary disk/partition. However, the latter is sometimes required, since GRUB doesn't support all the existing operating systems natively. @menu * Loading an operating system directly:: * Chain-loading:: @end menu @node Loading an operating system directly @subsection How to boot an OS directly with GRUB Multiboot (@pxref{Top, Multiboot Specification, Motivation, multiboot, The Multiboot Specification}) is the native format supported by GRUB. For the sake of convenience, there is also support for Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD and OpenBSD. If you want to boot other operating systems, you will have to chain-load them (@pxref{Chain-loading}). FIXME: this section is incomplete. @enumerate @item Run the command @command{boot} (@pxref{boot}). @end enumerate However, DOS and Windows have some deficiencies, so you might have to use more complicated instructions. @xref{DOS/Windows}, for more information. @node Chain-loading @subsection Chain-loading an OS Operating systems that do not support Multiboot and do not have specific support in GRUB (specific support is available for Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD and OpenBSD) must be chain-loaded, which involves loading another boot loader and jumping to it in real mode. The @command{chainloader} command (@pxref{chainloader}) is used to set this up. It is normally also necessary to load some GRUB modules and set the appropriate root device. Putting this together, we get something like this, for a Windows system on the first partition of the first hard disk: @verbatim menuentry "Windows" { insmod chain insmod ntfs set root=(hd0,1) chainloader +1 } @end verbatim @c FIXME: document UUIDs. On systems with multiple hard disks, an additional workaround may be required. @xref{DOS/Windows}. Chain-loading is only supported on PC BIOS and EFI platforms. @node Loopback booting @section Loopback booting GRUB is able to read from an image (be it one of CD or HDD) stored on any of its accessible storages (refer to @pxref{loopback} command). However the OS itself should be able to find its root. This usually involves running a userspace program running before the real root is discovered. This is achieved by GRUB loading a specially made small image and passing it as ramdisk to the kernel. This is achieved by commands @command{kfreebsd_module}, @command{knetbsd_module_elf}, @command{kopenbsd_ramdisk}, @command{initrd} (@pxref{initrd}), @command{initrd16} (@pxref{initrd}), @command{multiboot_module}, @command{multiboot2_module} or @command{xnu_ramdisk} depending on the loader. Note that for knetbsd the image must be put inside miniroot.kmod and the whole miniroot.kmod has to be loaded. In kopenbsd payload this is disabled by default. Aditionally behaviour of initial ramdisk depends on command line options. Several distributors provide the image for this purpose or it's integrated in their standard ramdisk and activated by special option. Consult your kernel and distribution manual for more details. Other loaders like appleloader, chainloader (BIOS, EFI, coreboot), freedos, ntldr and plan9 provide no possibility of loading initial ramdisk and as far as author is aware the payloads in question don't support either initial ramdisk or discovering loopback boot in other way and as such not bootable this way. Please consider alternative boot methods like copying all files from the image to actual partition. Consult your OS documentation for more details @node OS-specific notes @section Some caveats on OS-specific issues Here, we describe some caveats on several operating systems. @menu * GNU/Hurd:: * GNU/Linux:: * DOS/Windows:: @end menu @node GNU/Hurd @subsection GNU/Hurd Since GNU/Hurd is Multiboot-compliant, it is easy to boot it; there is nothing special about it. But do not forget that you have to specify a root partition to the kernel. @enumerate @item Set GRUB's root device to the same drive as GNU/Hurd's. The command @code{search --file --set /boot/gnumach.gz} or similar may help you (@pxref{search}). @item Load the kernel and the modules, like this: @example @group grub> @kbd{multiboot /boot/gnumach.gz root=device:hd0s1} grub> @kbd{module /hurd/ext2fs.static ext2fs --readonly \ --multiboot-command-line='$@{kernel-command-line@}' \ --host-priv-port='$@{host-port@}' \ --device-master-port='$@{device-port@}' \ --exec-server-task='$@{exec-task@}' -T typed '$@{root@}' \ '$(task-create)' '$(task-resume)'} grub> @kbd{module /lib/ld.so.1 exec /hurd/exec '$(exec-task=task-create)'} @end group @end example @item Finally, run the command @command{boot} (@pxref{boot}). @end enumerate @node GNU/Linux @subsection GNU/Linux It is relatively easy to boot GNU/Linux from GRUB, because it somewhat resembles to boot a Multiboot-compliant OS. @enumerate @item Set GRUB's root device to the same drive as GNU/Linux's. The command @code{search --file --set /vmlinuz} or similar may help you (@pxref{search}). @item Load the kernel using the command @command{linux} (@pxref{linux}): @example grub> @kbd{linux /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda1} @end example If you need to specify some kernel parameters, just append them to the command. For example, to set @option{acpi} to @samp{off}, do this: @example grub> @kbd{linux /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda1 acpi=off} @end example See the documentation in the Linux source tree for complete information on the available options. With @command{linux} GRUB uses 32-bit protocol. Some BIOS services like APM or EDD aren't available with this protocol. In this case you need to use @command{linux16} @example grub> @kbd{linux16 /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda1 acpi=off} @end example @item If you use an initrd, execute the command @command{initrd} (@pxref{initrd}) after @command{linux}: @example grub> @kbd{initrd /initrd} @end example If you used @command{linux16} you need to use @command{initrd16}: @example grub> @kbd{initrd16 /initrd} @end example @item Finally, run the command @command{boot} (@pxref{boot}). @end enumerate @strong{Caution:} If you use an initrd and specify the @samp{mem=} option to the kernel to let it use less than actual memory size, you will also have to specify the same memory size to GRUB. To let GRUB know the size, run the command @command{uppermem} @emph{before} loading the kernel. @xref{uppermem}, for more information. @node DOS/Windows @subsection DOS/Windows GRUB cannot boot DOS or Windows directly, so you must chain-load them (@pxref{Chain-loading}). However, their boot loaders have some critical deficiencies, so it may not work to just chain-load them. To overcome the problems, GRUB provides you with two helper functions. If you have installed DOS (or Windows) on a non-first hard disk, you have to use the disk swapping technique, because that OS cannot boot from any disks but the first one. The workaround used in GRUB is the command @command{drivemap} (@pxref{drivemap}), like this: @example drivemap -s (hd0) (hd1) @end example This performs a @dfn{virtual} swap between your first and second hard drive. @strong{Caution:} This is effective only if DOS (or Windows) uses BIOS to access the swapped disks. If that OS uses a special driver for the disks, this probably won't work. Another problem arises if you installed more than one set of DOS/Windows onto one disk, because they could be confused if there are more than one primary partitions for DOS/Windows. Certainly you should avoid doing this, but there is a solution if you do want to do so. Use the partition hiding/unhiding technique. If GRUB @dfn{hides} a DOS (or Windows) partition (@pxref{parttool}), DOS (or Windows) will ignore the partition. If GRUB @dfn{unhides} a DOS (or Windows) partition, DOS (or Windows) will detect the partition. Thus, if you have installed DOS (or Windows) on the first and the second partition of the first hard disk, and you want to boot the copy on the first partition, do the following: @example @group parttool (hd0,1) hidden- parttool (hd0,2) hidden+ set root=(hd0,1) chainloader +1 parttool @verb{'${root}'} boot+ boot @end group @end example @node Configuration @chapter Writing your own configuration file GRUB is configured using @file{grub.cfg}, usually located under @file{/boot/grub}. This file is quite flexible, but most users will not need to write the whole thing by hand. @menu * Simple configuration:: Recommended for most users * Shell-like scripting:: For power users and developers * Embedded configuration:: Embedding a configuration file into GRUB @end menu @node Simple configuration @section Simple configuration handling The program @command{grub-mkconfig} (@pxref{Invoking grub-mkconfig}) generates @file{grub.cfg} files suitable for most cases. It is suitable for use when upgrading a distribution, and will discover available kernels and attempt to generate menu entries for them. @command{grub-mkconfig} does have some limitations. While adding extra custom menu entries to the end of the list can be done by editing @file{/etc/grub.d/40_custom} or creating @file{/boot/grub/custom.cfg}, changing the order of menu entries or changing their titles may require making complex changes to shell scripts stored in @file{/etc/grub.d/}. This may be improved in the future. In the meantime, those who feel that it would be easier to write @file{grub.cfg} directly are encouraged to do so (@pxref{Booting}, and @ref{Shell-like scripting}), and to disable any system provided by their distribution to automatically run @command{grub-mkconfig}. The file @file{/etc/default/grub} controls the operation of @command{grub-mkconfig}. It is sourced by a shell script, and so must be valid POSIX shell input; normally, it will just be a sequence of @samp{KEY=value} lines, but if the value contains spaces or other special characters then it must be quoted. For example: @example GRUB_TERMINAL_INPUT="console serial" @end example Valid keys in @file{/etc/default/grub} are as follows: @table @samp @item GRUB_DEFAULT The default menu entry. This may be a number, in which case it identifies the Nth entry in the generated menu counted from zero, or the title of a menu entry, or the special string @samp{saved}. Using the title may be useful if you want to set a menu entry as the default even though there may be a variable number of entries before it. For example, if you have: @verbatim menuentry 'Example GNU/Linux distribution' --class gnu-linux { ... } @end verbatim then you can make this the default using: @example GRUB_DEFAULT='Example GNU/Linux distribution' @end example If you set this to @samp{saved}, then the default menu entry will be that saved by @samp{GRUB_SAVEDEFAULT}, @command{grub-set-default}, or @command{grub-reboot}. The default is @samp{0}. @item GRUB_SAVEDEFAULT If this option is set to @samp{true}, then, when an entry is selected, save it as a new default entry for use by future runs of GRUB. This is only useful if @samp{GRUB_DEFAULT=saved}; it is a separate option because @samp{GRUB_DEFAULT=saved} is useful without this option, in conjunction with @command{grub-set-default} or @command{grub-reboot}. Unset by default. This option relies on the environment block, which may not be available in all situations (@pxref{Environment block}). @item GRUB_TIMEOUT Boot the default entry this many seconds after the menu is displayed, unless a key is pressed. The default is @samp{5}. Set to @samp{0} to boot immediately without displaying the menu, or to @samp{-1} to wait indefinitely. @item GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT Wait this many seconds for a key to be pressed before displaying the menu. If no key is pressed during that time, boot immediately. Unset by default. @item GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT_QUIET In conjunction with @samp{GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT}, set this to @samp{true} to suppress the verbose countdown while waiting for a key to be pressed before displaying the menu. Unset by default. @item GRUB_DEFAULT_BUTTON @itemx GRUB_TIMEOUT_BUTTON @itemx GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT_BUTTON @itemx GRUB_BUTTON_CMOS_ADDRESS Variants of the corresponding variables without the @samp{_BUTTON} suffix, used to support vendor-specific power buttons. @xref{Vendor power-on keys}. @item GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR Set by distributors of GRUB to their identifying name. This is used to generate more informative menu entry titles. @item GRUB_TERMINAL_INPUT Select the terminal input device. You may select multiple devices here, separated by spaces. Valid terminal input names depend on the platform, but may include @samp{console} (PC BIOS and EFI consoles), @samp{serial} (serial terminal), @samp{ofconsole} (Open Firmware console), @samp{at_keyboard} (PC AT keyboard, mainly useful with Coreboot), or @samp{usb_keyboard} (USB keyboard using the HID Boot Protocol, for cases where the firmware does not handle this). The default is to use the platform's native terminal input. @item GRUB_TERMINAL_OUTPUT Select the terminal output device. You may select multiple devices here, separated by spaces. Valid terminal output names depend on the platform, but may include @samp{console} (PC BIOS and EFI consoles), @samp{serial} (serial terminal), @samp{gfxterm} (graphics-mode output), @samp{ofconsole} (Open Firmware console), or @samp{vga_text} (VGA text output, mainly useful with Coreboot). The default is to use the platform's native terminal output. @item GRUB_TERMINAL If this option is set, it overrides both @samp{GRUB_TERMINAL_INPUT} and @samp{GRUB_TERMINAL_OUTPUT} to the same value. @item GRUB_SERIAL_COMMAND A command to configure the serial port when using the serial console. @xref{serial}. Defaults to @samp{serial}. @item GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX Command-line arguments to add to menu entries for the Linux kernel. @item GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT Unless @samp{GRUB_DISABLE_RECOVERY} is set to @samp{true}, two menu entries will be generated for each Linux kernel: one default entry and one entry for recovery mode. This option lists command-line arguments to add only to the default menu entry, after those listed in @samp{GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX}. @item GRUB_CMDLINE_NETBSD @itemx GRUB_CMDLINE_NETBSD_DEFAULT As @samp{GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX} and @samp{GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT}, but for NetBSD. @item GRUB_CMDLINE_GNUMACH As @samp{GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX}, but for GNU Mach. @item GRUB_CMDLINE_XEN @itemx GRUB_CMDLINE_XEN_DEFAULT The values of these options are appended to the values of @samp{GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX} and @samp{GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT} for Linux and Xen menu entries. @item GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_XEN_REPLACE @item GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_XEN_REPLACE_DEFAULT The values of these options replace the values of @samp{GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX} and @samp{GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT} for Linux and Xen menu entries. @item GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_UUID Normally, @command{grub-mkconfig} will generate menu entries that use universally-unique identifiers (UUIDs) to identify the root filesystem to the Linux kernel, using a @samp{root=UUID=...} kernel parameter. This is usually more reliable, but in some cases it may not be appropriate. To disable the use of UUIDs, set this option to @samp{true}. @item GRUB_DISABLE_RECOVERY If this option is set to @samp{true}, disable the generation of recovery mode menu entries. @item GRUB_VIDEO_BACKEND If graphical video support is required, either because the @samp{gfxterm} graphical terminal is in use or because @samp{GRUB_GFXPAYLOAD_LINUX} is set, then @command{grub-mkconfig} will normally load all available GRUB video drivers and use the one most appropriate for your hardware. If you need to override this for some reason, then you can set this option. After @command{grub-install} has been run, the available video drivers are listed in @file{/boot/grub/video.lst}. @item GRUB_GFXMODE Set the resolution used on the @samp{gfxterm} graphical terminal. Note that you can only use modes which your graphics card supports via VESA BIOS Extensions (VBE), so for example native LCD panel resolutions may not be available. The default is @samp{auto}, which tries to select a preferred resolution. @xref{gfxmode}. @item GRUB_BACKGROUND Set a background image for use with the @samp{gfxterm} graphical terminal. The value of this option must be a file readable by GRUB at boot time, and it must end with @file{.png}, @file{.tga}, @file{.jpg}, or @file{.jpeg}. The image will be scaled if necessary to fit the screen. @item GRUB_THEME Set a theme for use with the @samp{gfxterm} graphical terminal. @item GRUB_GFXPAYLOAD_LINUX Set to @samp{text} to force the Linux kernel to boot in normal text mode, @samp{keep} to preserve the graphics mode set using @samp{GRUB_GFXMODE}, @samp{@var{width}x@var{height}}[@samp{x@var{depth}}] to set a particular graphics mode, or a sequence of these separated by commas or semicolons to try several modes in sequence. @xref{gfxpayload}. Depending on your kernel, your distribution, your graphics card, and the phase of the moon, note that using this option may cause GNU/Linux to suffer from various display problems, particularly during the early part of the boot sequence. If you have problems, set this option to @samp{text} and GRUB will tell Linux to boot in normal text mode. @item GRUB_DISABLE_OS_PROBER Normally, @command{grub-mkconfig} will try to use the external @command{os-prober} program, if installed, to discover other operating systems installed on the same system and generate appropriate menu entries for them. Set this option to @samp{true} to disable this. @item GRUB_INIT_TUNE Play a tune on the speaker when GRUB starts. This is particularly useful for users unable to see the screen. The value of this option is passed directly to @ref{play}. @item GRUB_BADRAM If this option is set, GRUB will issue a @ref{badram} command to filter out specified regions of RAM. @item GRUB_PRELOAD_MODULES This option may be set to a list of GRUB module names separated by spaces. Each module will be loaded as early as possible, at the start of @file{grub.cfg}. @end table For more detailed customisation of @command{grub-mkconfig}'s output, you may edit the scripts in @file{/etc/grub.d} directly. @file{/etc/grub.d/40_custom} is particularly useful for adding entire custom menu entries; simply type the menu entries you want to add at the end of that file, making sure to leave at least the first two lines intact. @node Shell-like scripting @section Writing full configuration files directly @c Some of this section is derived from the GNU Bash manual page, also @c copyrighted by the FSF. @file{grub.cfg} is written in GRUB's built-in scripting language, which has a syntax quite similar to that of GNU Bash and other Bourne shell derivatives. @heading Words A @dfn{word} is a sequence of characters considered as a single unit by GRUB. Words are separated by @dfn{metacharacters}, which are the following plus space, tab, and newline: @example @{ @} | & $ ; < > @end example Quoting may be used to include metacharacters in words; see below. @heading Reserved words Reserved words have a special meaning to GRUB. The following words are recognised as reserved when unquoted and either the first word of a simple command or the third word of a @code{for} command: @example ! [[ ]] @{ @} case do done elif else esac fi for function if in menuentry select then time until while @end example Not all of these reserved words have a useful purpose yet; some are reserved for future expansion. @heading Quoting Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or words. It can be used to treat metacharacters as part of a word, to prevent reserved words from being recognised as such, and to prevent variable expansion. There are three quoting mechanisms: the escape character, single quotes, and double quotes. A non-quoted backslash (\) is the @dfn{escape character}. It preserves the literal value of the next character that follows, with the exception of newline. Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value of each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash. Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of @samp{$} and @samp{\}. The @samp{$} character retains its special meaning within double quotes. The backslash retains its special meaning only when followed by one of the following characters: @samp{$}, @samp{"}, @samp{\}, or newline. A backslash-newline pair is treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from the input stream and effectively ignored@footnote{Currently a backslash-newline pair within a variable name is not handled properly, so use this feature with some care.}). A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by preceding it with a backslash. @heading Variable expansion The @samp{$} character introduces variable expansion. The variable name to be expanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which could be interpreted as part of the name. Normal variable names begin with an alphabetic character, followed by zero or more alphanumeric characters. These names refer to entries in the GRUB environment (@pxref{Environment}). Positional variable names consist of one or more digits. They represent parameters passed to function calls, with @samp{$1} representing the first parameter, and so on. The special variable name @samp{?} expands to the exit status of the most recently executed command. When positional variable names are active, other special variable names @samp{@@}, @samp{*} and @samp{#} are defined and they expand to all positional parameters with necessary quoting, positional parameters without any quoting, and positional parameter count respectively. @heading Comments A word beginning with @samp{#} causes that word and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored. @heading Simple commands A @dfn{simple command} is a sequence of words separated by spaces or tabs and terminated by a semicolon or a newline. The first word specifies the command to be executed. The remaining words are passed as arguments to the invoked command. The return value of a simple command is its exit status. If the reserved word @code{!} precedes the command, then the return value is instead the logical negation of the command's exit status. @heading Compound commands A @dfn{compound command} is one of the following: @table @asis @item for @var{name} in @var{word} @dots{}; do @var{list}; done The list of words following @code{in} is expanded, generating a list of items. The variable @var{name} is set to each element of this list in turn, and @var{list} is executed each time. The return value is the exit status of the last command that executes. If the expansion of the items following @code{in} results in an empty list, no commands are executed, and the return status is 0. @item if @var{list}; then @var{list}; [elif @var{list}; then @var{list};] @dots{} [else @var{list};] fi The @code{if} @var{list} is executed. If its exit status is zero, the @code{then} @var{list} is executed. Otherwise, each @code{elif} @var{list} is executed in turn, and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding @code{then} @var{list} is executed and the command completes. Otherwise, the @code{else} @var{list} is executed, if present. The exit status is the exit status of the last command executed, or zero if no condition tested true. @item while @var{cond}; do @var{list}; done @itemx until @var{cond}; do @var{list}; done The @code{while} command continuously executes the @code{do} @var{list} as long as the last command in @var{cond} returns an exit status of zero. The @code{until} command is identical to the @code{while} command, except that the test is negated; the @code{do} @var{list} is executed as long as the last command in @var{cond} returns a non-zero exit status. The exit status of the @code{while} and @code{until} commands is the exit status of the last @code{do} @var{list} command executed, or zero if none was executed. @item function @var{name} @{ @var{command}; @dots{} @} This defines a function named @var{name}. The @dfn{body} of the function is the list of commands within braces, each of which must be terminated with a semicolon or a newline. This list of commands will be executed whenever @var{name} is specified as the name of a simple command. Function definitions do not affect the exit status in @code{$?}. When executed, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the last command executed in the body. @item menuentry @var{title} [@option{--class=class} @dots{}] [@option{--users=users}] [@option{--hotkey=key}] @{ @var{command}; @dots{} @} @xref{menuentry}. @end table @heading Built-in Commands Some built-in commands are also provided by GRUB script to help script writers perform actions that are otherwise not possible. For example, these include commands to jump out of a loop without fully completing it, etc. @table @asis @item break [@code{n}] Exit from within a @code{for}, @code{while}, or @code{until} loop. If @code{n} is specified, break @code{n} levels. @code{n} must be greater than or equal to 1. If @code{n} is greater than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are exited. The return value is 0 unless @code{n} is not greater than or equal to 1. @item continue [@code{n}] Resume the next iteration of the enclosing @code{for}, @code{while} or @code{until} loop. If @code{n} is specified, resume at the @code{n}th enclosing loop. @code{n} must be greater than or equal to 1. If @code{n} is greater than the number of enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the @dfn{top-level} loop) is resumed. The return value is 0 unless @code{n} is not greater than or equal to 1. @item return [@code{n}] Causes a function to exit with the return value specified by @code{n}. If @code{n} is omitted, the return status is that of the last command executed in the function body. If used outside a function the return status is false. @item shift [@code{n}] The positional parameters from @code{n}+1 @dots{} are renamed to @code{$1}@dots{}. Parameters represented by the numbers @code{$#} down to @code{$#}-@code{n}+1 are unset. @code{n} must be a non-negative number less than or equal to @code{$#}. If @code{n} is 0, no parameters are changed. If @code{n} is not given, it is assumed to be 1. If @code{n} is greater than @code{$#}, the positional parameters are not changed. The return status is greater than zero if @code{n} is greater than @code{$#} or less than zero; otherwise 0. @end table @node Embedded configuration @section Embedding a configuration file into GRUB GRUB supports embedding a configuration file directly into the core image, so that it is loaded before entering normal mode. This is useful, for example, when it is not straightforward to find the real configuration file, or when you need to debug problems with loading that file. @command{grub-install} uses this feature when it is not using BIOS disk functions or when installing to a different disk from the one containing @file{/boot/grub}, in which case it needs to use the @command{search} command (@pxref{search}) to find @file{/boot/grub}. To embed a configuration file, use the @option{-c} option to @command{grub-mkimage}. The file is copied into the core image, so it may reside anywhere on the file system, and may be removed after running @command{grub-mkimage}. After the embedded configuration file (if any) is executed, GRUB will load the @samp{normal} module (@pxref{normal}), which will then read the real configuration file from @file{$prefix/grub.cfg}. By this point, the @code{root} variable will also have been set to the root device name. For example, @code{prefix} might be set to @samp{(hd0,1)/boot/grub}, and @code{root} might be set to @samp{hd0,1}. Thus, in most cases, the embedded configuration file only needs to set the @code{prefix} and @code{root} variables, and then drop through to GRUB's normal processing. A typical example of this might look like this: @example @group search.fs_uuid 01234567-89ab-cdef-0123-456789abcdef root set prefix=($root)/boot/grub @end group @end example (The @samp{search_fs_uuid} module must be included in the core image for this example to work.) In more complex cases, it may be useful to read other configuration files directly from the embedded configuration file. This allows such things as reading files not called @file{grub.cfg}, or reading files from a directory other than that where GRUB's loadable modules are installed. To do this, include the @samp{configfile} and @samp{normal} modules in the core image, and embed a configuration file that uses the @command{configfile} command to load another file. The following example of this also requires the @command{echo}, @command{search_label}, and @command{test} modules to be included in the core image: @example @group search.fs_label grub root if [ -e /boot/grub/example/test1.cfg ]; then set prefix=($root)/boot/grub configfile /boot/grub/example/test1.cfg else if [ -e /boot/grub/example/test2.cfg ]; then set prefix=($root)/boot/grub configfile /boot/grub/example/test2.cfg else echo "Could not find an example configuration file!" fi fi @end group @end example The embedded configuration file may not contain menu entries directly, but may only read them from elsewhere using @command{configfile}. @node Theme file format @chapter Theme file format @section Introduction The GRUB graphical menu supports themes that can customize the layout and appearance of the GRUB boot menu. The theme is configured through a plain text file that specifies the layout of the various GUI components (including the boot menu, timeout progress bar, and text messages) as well as the appearance using colors, fonts, and images. Example is available in docs/example_theme.txt @section Theme Elements @subsection Colors Colors can be specified in several ways: @itemize @item HTML-style ``#RRGGBB'' or ``#RGB'' format, where *R*, *G*, and *B* are hexadecimal digits (e.g., ``#8899FF'') @item as comma-separated decimal RGB values (e.g., ``128, 128, 255'') @item with ``SVG 1.0 color names'' (e.g., ``cornflowerblue'') which must be specified in lowercase. @end itemize @subsection Fonts The fonts GRUB uses ``PFF2 font format'' bitmap fonts. Fonts are specified with full font names. Currently there is no provision for a preference list of fonts, or deriving one font from another. Fonts are loaded with the ``loadfont'' command in GRUB. To see the list of loaded fonts, execute the ``lsfonts'' command. If there are too many fonts to fit on screen, do ``set pager=1'' before executing ``lsfonts''. @subsection Progress Bar @float Figure, Pixmap-styled progress bar @c @image{Theme_progress_bar,,,,.png} @end float @float Figure, Plain progress bar, drawn with solid color. @c @image{Theme_progress_bar_filled,,,,.png} @end float Progress bars are used to display the remaining time before GRUB boots the default menu entry. To create a progress bar that will display the remaining time before automatic boot, simply create a ``progress_bar'' component with the id ``__timeout__''. This indicates to GRUB that the progress bar should be updated as time passes, and it should be made invisible if the countdown to automatic boot is interrupted by the user. Progress bars may optionally have text displayed on them. This is controlled through the ``show_text'' property, which can be set to either ``true'' or ``false'' to control whether text is displayed. When GRUB is counting down to automatic boot, the text informs the user of the number of seconds remaining. @subsection Circular Progress Indicator @c @image{Theme_circular_progress,,,,.png} The circular progress indicator functions similarly to the progress bar. When given an id of ``__timeout__'', GRUB updates the circular progress indicator's value to indicate the time remaining. For the circular progress indicator, there are two images used to render it: the *center* image, and the *tick* image. The center image is rendered in the center of the component, while the tick image is used to render each mark along the circumference of the indicator. @subsection Labels Text labels can be placed on the boot screen. The font, color, and horizontal alignment can be specified for labels. If a label is given the id ``__timeout__'', then the ``text'' property for that label is also updated with a message informing the user of the number of seconds remaining until automatic boot. This is useful in case you want the text displayed somewhere else instead of directly on the progress bar. @subsection Boot Menu @c @image{Theme_boot_menu,,,,.png} The boot menu where GRUB displays the menu entries from the ``grub.cfg'' file. It is a list of items, where each item has a title and an optional icon. The icon is selected based on the *classes* specified for the menu entry. If there is a PNG file named ``myclass.png'' in the ``grub/themes/icons'' directory, it will be displayed for items which have the class *myclass*. The boot menu can be customized in several ways, such as the font and color used for the menu entry title, and by specifying styled boxes for the menu itself and for the selected item highlight. @subsection Styled Boxes One of the most important features for customizing the layout is the use of *styled boxes*. A styled box is composed of 9 rectangular (and potentially empty) regions, which are used to seamlessly draw the styled box on screen: @multitable @columnfractions 0.3 0.3 0.3 @item Northwest (nw) @tab North (n) @tab Northeast (ne) @item West (w) @tab Center (c) @tab East (e) @item Southwest (sw) @tab South (s) @tab Southeast (se) @end multitable To support any size of box on screen, the center slice and the slices for the top, bottom, and sides are all scaled to the correct size for the component on screen, using the following rules: @enumerate @item The edge slices (north, south, east, and west) are scaled in the direction of the edge they are adjacent to. For instance, the west slice is scaled vertically. @item The corner slices (northwest, northeast, southeast, and southwest) are not scaled. @item The center slice is scaled to fill the remaining space in the middle. @end enumerate As an example of how an image might be sliced up, consider the styled box used for a terminal view. @float Figure, An example of the slices (in red) used for a terminal window. This drawing was created and sliced in Inkscape_, as the next section explains. @c @image{Box_slice_example_terminal,,,,.png} @end float @subsection Creating Styled Box Images The Inkscape_ scalable vector graphics editor is a very useful tool for creating styled box images. One process that works well for slicing a drawing into the necessary image slices is: @enumerate @item Create or open the drawing you'd like use. @item Create a new layer on the top of the layer stack. Make it visible. Select this layer as the current layer. @item Draw 9 rectangles on your drawing where you'd like the slices to be. Clear the fill option, and set the stroke to 1 pixel wide solid stroke. The corners of the slices must meet precisely; if it is off by a single pixel, it will probably be evident when the styled box is rendered in the GRUB menu. You should probably go to File | Document Properties | Grids and enable a grid or create a guide (click on one of the rulers next to the drawing and drag over the drawing; release the mouse button to place the guide) to help place the rectangles precisely. @item Right click on the center slice rectangle and choose Object Properties. Change the "Id" to ``slice_c`` and click Set. Repeat this for the remaining 8 rectangles, giving them Id values of ``slice_n``, ``slice_ne``, ``slice_e``, and so on according to the location. @item Save the drawing. @item Select all the slice rectangles. With the slice layer selected, you can simply press Ctrl+A to select all rectangles. The status bar should indicate that 9 rectangles are selected. @item Click the layer hide icon for the slice layer in the layer palette. The rectangles will remain selected, even though they are hidden. @item Choose File | Export Bitmap and check the *Batch export 9 selected objects* box. Make sure that *Hide all except selected* is unchecked. click *Export*. This will create PNG files in the same directory as the drawing, named after the slices. These can now be used for a styled box in a GRUB theme. @end enumerate @section Theme File Manual The theme file is a plain text file. Lines that begin with ``#`` are ignored and considered comments. (Note: This may not be the case if the previous line ended where a value was expected.) The theme file contains two types of statements: @enumerate @item Global properties. @item Component construction. @end enumerate @subsection Global Properties @subsection Format Global properties are specified with the simple format: @itemize @item name1: value1 @item name2: "value which may contain spaces" @item name3: #88F @end itemize In this example, name3 is assigned a color value. @subsection Global Property List @multitable @columnfractions 0.3 0.6 @item title-text @tab Specifies the text to display at the top center of the screen as a title. @item title-font @tab Defines the font used for the title message at the top of the screen. @item title-color @tab Defines the color of the title message. @item message-font @tab Defines the font used for messages, such as when GRUB is unable to automatically boot an entry. @item message-color @tab Defines the color of the message text. @item message-bg-color @tab Defines the background color of the message text area. @item desktop-image @tab Specifies the image to use as the background. It will be scaled to fit the screen size. @item desktop-color @tab Specifies the color for the background if *desktop-image* is not specified. @item terminal-box @tab Specifies the file name pattern for the styled box slices used for the command line terminal window. For example, ``terminal-box: terminal_*.png'' will use the images ``terminal_c.png`` as the center area, ``terminal_n.png`` as the north (top) edge, ``terminal_nw.png`` as the northwest (upper left) corner, and so on. If the image for any slice is not found, it will simply be left empty. @end multitable @subsection Component Construction Greater customizability comes is provided by components. A tree of components forms the user interface. *Containers* are components that can contain other components, and there is always a single root component which is an instance of a *canvas* container. Components are created in the theme file by prefixing the type of component with a '+' sign: @code{ + label @{ text="GRUB" font="aqui 11" color="#8FF" @} } properties of a component are specified as "name = value" (whitespace surrounding tokens is optional and is ignored) where *value* may be: @itemize @item a single word (e.g., ``align = center``, ``color = #FF8080``), @item a quoted string (e.g., ``text = "Hello, World!"``), or @item a tuple (e.g., ``preferred_size = (120, 80)``). @end itemize @subsection Component List The following is a list of the components and the properties they support. @itemize @item label A label displays a line of text. Properties: @multitable @columnfractions 0.2 0.7 @item text @tab The text to display. @item font @tab The font to use for text display. @item color @tab The color of the text. @item align @tab The horizontal alignment of the text within the component. Options are ``left``, ``center``, and ``right``. @end multitable @item image A component that displays an image. The image is scaled to fit the component, although the preferred size defaults to the image's original size unless the ``preferred_size`` property is explicitly set. Properties: @multitable @columnfractions 0.2 0.7 @item file @tab The full path to the image file to load. @end multitable @item progress_bar Displays a horizontally oriented progress bar. It can be rendered using simple solid filled rectangles, or using a pair of pixmap styled boxes. Properties: @multitable @columnfractions 0.2 0.7 @item fg_color @tab The foreground color for plain solid color rendering. @item bg_color @tab The background color for plain solid color rendering. @item border_color @tab The border color for plain solid color rendering. @item text_color @tab The text color. @item show_text @tab Boolean value indicating whether or not text should be displayed on the progress bar. If set to *false*, then no text will be displayed on the bar. If set to any other value, text will be displayed on the bar. @item bar_style @tab The styled box specification for the frame of the progress bar. Example: ``progress_frame_*.png`` @item highlight_style @tab The styled box specification for the highlighted region of the progress bar. This box will be used to paint just the highlighted region of the bar, and will be increased in size as the bar nears completion. Example: ``progress_hl_*.png``. @item text @tab The text to display on the progress bar. If the progress bar's ID is set to ``__timeout__``, then GRUB will updated this property with an informative message as the timeout approaches. @item value @tab The progress bar current value. Normally not set manually. @item start @tab The progress bar start value. Normally not set manually. @item end @tab The progress bar end value. Normally not set manually. @end multitable @item circular_progress Displays a circular progress indicator. The appearance of this component is determined by two images: the *center* image and the *tick* image. The center image is generally larger and will be drawn in the center of the component. Around the circumference of a circle within the component, the tick image will be drawn a certain number of times, depending on the properties of the component. Properties: @multitable @columnfractions 0.3 0.6 @item center_bitmap @tab The file name of the image to draw in the center of the component. @item tick_bitmap @tab The file name of the image to draw for the tick marks. @item num_ticks @tab The number of ticks that make up a full circle. @item ticks_disappear @tab Boolean value indicating whether tick marks should progressively appear, or progressively disappear as *value* approaches *end*. Specify ``true`` or ``false``. @item value @tab The progress indicator current value. Normally not set manually. @item start @tab The progress indicator start value. Normally not set manually. @item end @tab The progress indicator end value. Normally not set manually. @end multitable @item boot_menu Displays the GRUB boot menu. It allows selecting items and executing them. Properties: @multitable @columnfractions 0.4 0.5 @item item_font @tab The font to use for the menu item titles. @item selected_item_font @tab The font to use for the selected menu item, or ``inherit`` (the default) to use ``item_font`` for the selected menu item as well. @item item_color @tab The color to use for the menu item titles. @item selected_item_color @tab The color to use for the selected menu item, or ``inherit`` (the default) to use ``item_color`` for the selected menu item as well. @item icon_width @tab The width of menu item icons. Icons are scaled to the specified size. @item icon_height @tab The height of menu item icons. @item item_height @tab The height of each menu item in pixels. @item item_padding @tab The amount of space in pixels to leave on each side of the menu item contents. @item item_icon_space @tab The space between an item's icon and the title text, in pixels. @item item_spacing @tab The amount of space to leave between menu items, in pixels. @item menu_pixmap_style @tab The image file pattern for the menu frame styled box. Example: ``menu_*.png`` (this will use images such as ``menu_c.png``, ``menu_w.png``, `menu_nw.png``, etc.) @item selected_item_pixmap_style @tab The image file pattern for the selected item highlight styled box. @item scrollbar @tab Boolean value indicating whether the scroll bar should be drawn if the frame and thumb styled boxes are configured. @item scrollbar_frame @tab The image file pattern for the entire scroll bar. Example: ``scrollbar_*.png`` @item scrollbar_thumb @tab The image file pattern for the scroll bar thumb (the part of the scroll bar that moves as scrolling occurs). Example: ``scrollbar_thumb_*.png`` @item max_items_shown @tab The maximum number of items to show on the menu. If there are more than *max_items_shown* items in the menu, the list will scroll to make all items accessible. @end multitable @item canvas Canvas is a container that allows manual placement of components within it. It does not alter the positions of its child components. It assigns all child components their preferred sizes. @item hbox The *hbox* container lays out its children from left to right, giving each one its preferred width. The height of each child is set to the maximum of the preferred heights of all children. @item vbox The *vbox* container lays out its children from top to bottom, giving each one its preferred height. The width of each child is set to the maximum of the preferred widths of all children. @end itemize @subsection Common properties The following properties are supported by all components: @table @samp @item left The distance from the left border of container to left border of the object in either of three formats: @multitable @columnfractions 0.2 0.7 @item x @tab Value in pixels @item p% @tab Percentage @item p%+x @tab mixture of both @end multitable @item top The distance from the left border of container to left border of the object in same format. @item width The width of object in same format. @item height The height of object in same format. @item id The identifier for the component. This can be any arbitrary string. The ID can be used by scripts to refer to various components in the GUI component tree. Currently, there is one special ID value that GRUB recognizes: @multitable @columnfractions 0.2 0.7 @item ``__timeout__`` @tab Any component with this ID will have its *text*, *start*, *end*, *value*, and *visible* properties set by GRUB when it is counting down to an automatic boot of the default menu entry. @end multitable @end table @node Network @chapter Booting GRUB from the network The following instructions only work on PC BIOS systems where the Preboot eXecution Environment (PXE) is available. To generate a PXE boot image, run: @example @group grub-mkimage --format=i386-pc-pxe --output=grub.pxe --prefix='(pxe)/boot/grub' pxe pxecmd @end group @end example Copy @file{grub.pxe}, @file{/boot/grub/*.mod}, and @file{/boot/grub/*.lst} to the PXE (TFTP) server, ensuring that @file{*.mod} and @file{*.lst} are accessible via the @file{/boot/grub/} path from the TFTP server root. Set the DHCP server configuration to offer @file{grub.pxe} as the boot file (the @samp{filename} option in ISC dhcpd). You can also use the @command{grub-mknetdir} utility to generate an image and a GRUB directory tree, rather than copying files around manually. After GRUB has started, files on the TFTP server will be accessible via the @samp{(pxe)} device. The server and gateway IP address can be controlled by changing the @samp{(pxe)} device name to @samp{(pxe:@var{server-ip})} or @samp{(pxe:@var{server-ip}:@var{gateway-ip})}. Note that this should be changed both in the prefix and in any references to the device name in the configuration file. GRUB provides several environment variables which may be used to inspect or change the behaviour of the PXE device: @table @samp @item net_pxe_ip The IP address of this machine. Read-only. @item net_pxe_mac The network interface's MAC address. Read-only. @item net_pxe_hostname The client host name provided by DHCP. Read-only. @item net_pxe_domain The client domain name provided by DHCP. Read-only. @item net_pxe_rootpath The path to the client's root disk provided by DHCP. Read-only. @item net_pxe_extensionspath The path to additional DHCP vendor extensions provided by DHCP. Read-only. @item net_pxe_boot_file The boot file name provided by DHCP. Read-only. @item net_pxe_dhcp_server_name The name of the DHCP server responsible for these boot parameters. Read-only. @item pxe_blksize The PXE transfer block size. Read-write, defaults to 512. @item pxe_default_server The default PXE server. Read-write, although setting this is only useful before opening a PXE device. @item pxe_default_gateway The default gateway to use when contacting the PXE server. Read-write, although setting this is only useful before opening a PXE device. @end table @node Serial terminal @chapter Using GRUB via a serial line This chapter describes how to use the serial terminal support in GRUB. If you have many computers or computers with no display/keyboard, it could be very useful to control the computers through serial communications. To connect one computer with another via a serial line, you need to prepare a null-modem (cross) serial cable, and you may need to have multiport serial boards, if your computer doesn't have extra serial ports. In addition, a terminal emulator is also required, such as minicom. Refer to a manual of your operating system, for more information. As for GRUB, the instruction to set up a serial terminal is quite simple. Here is an example: @example @group grub> @kbd{serial --unit=0 --speed=9600} grub> @kbd{terminal_input serial; terminal_output serial} @end group @end example The command @command{serial} initializes the serial unit 0 with the speed 9600bps. The serial unit 0 is usually called @samp{COM1}, so, if you want to use COM2, you must specify @samp{--unit=1} instead. This command accepts many other options, so please refer to @ref{serial}, for more details. The commands @command{terminal_input} (@pxref{terminal_input}) and @command{terminal_output} (@pxref{terminal_output}) choose which type of terminal you want to use. In the case above, the terminal will be a serial terminal, but you can also pass @code{console} to the command, as @samp{terminal_input serial console}. In this case, a terminal in which you press any key will be selected as a GRUB terminal. In the example above, note that you need to put both commands on the same command line, as you will lose the ability to type commands on the console after the first command. However, note that GRUB assumes that your terminal emulator is compatible with VT100 by default. This is true for most terminal emulators nowadays, but you should pass the option @option{--dumb} to the command if your terminal emulator is not VT100-compatible or implements few VT100 escape sequences. If you specify this option then GRUB provides you with an alternative menu interface, because the normal menu requires several fancy features of your terminal. @node Vendor power-on keys @chapter Using GRUB with vendor power-on keys Some laptop vendors provide an additional power-on button which boots another OS. GRUB supports such buttons with the @samp{GRUB_TIMEOUT_BUTTON}, @samp{GRUB_DEFAULT_BUTTON}, @samp{GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT_BUTTON} and @samp{GRUB_BUTTON_CMOS_ADDRESS} variables in default/grub (@pxref{Simple configuration}). @samp{GRUB_TIMEOUT_BUTTON}, @samp{GRUB_DEFAULT_BUTTON} and @samp{GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT_BUTTON} are used instead of the corresponding variables without the @samp{_BUTTON} suffix when powered on using the special button. @samp{GRUB_BUTTON_CMOS_ADDRESS} is vendor-specific and partially model-specific. Values known to the GRUB team are: @table @key @item Dell XPS M1530 85:3 @item Asus EeePC 1005PE 84:1 (unconfirmed) @end table To take full advantage of this function, install GRUB into the MBR (@pxref{Installing GRUB using grub-install}). If you have a laptop which has a similar feature and not in the above list could you figure your address and contribute? To discover the address do the following: @itemize @item boot normally @item @example sudo modprobe nvram sudo cat /dev/nvram | xxd > normal_button.txt @end example @item boot using vendor button @item @example sudo modprobe nvram sudo cat /dev/nvram | xxd > normal_vendor.txt @end example @end itemize Then compare these text files and find where a bit was toggled. E.g. in case of Dell XPS it was: @example byte 0x47: 20 --> 28 @end example It's a bit number 3 as seen from following table: @multitable @columnfractions .2 .2 @item 0 @tab 01 @item 1 @tab 02 @item 2 @tab 04 @item 3 @tab 08 @item 4 @tab 10 @item 5 @tab 20 @item 6 @tab 40 @item 7 @tab 80 @end multitable 0x47 is decimal 71. Linux nvram implementation cuts first 14 bytes of CMOS. So the real byte address in CMOS is 71+14=85 So complete address is 85:3 @node Images @chapter GRUB image files @c FIXME: parts of this section are specific to PC BIOS right now. GRUB consists of several images: a variety of bootstrap images for starting GRUB in various ways, a kernel image, and a set of modules which are combined with the kernel image to form a core image. Here is a short overview of them. @table @file @item boot.img On PC BIOS systems, this image is the first part of GRUB to start. It is written to a master boot record (MBR) or to the boot sector of a partition. Because a PC boot sector is 512 bytes, the size of this image is exactly 512 bytes. The sole function of @file{boot.img} is to read the first sector of the core image from a local disk and jump to it. Because of the size restriction, @file{boot.img} cannot understand any file system structure, so @command{grub-setup} hardcodes the location of the first sector of the core image into @file{boot.img} when installing GRUB. @item diskboot.img This image is used as the first sector of the core image when booting from a hard disk. It reads the rest of the core image into memory and starts the kernel. Since file system handling is not yet available, it encodes the location of the core image using a block list format. @item cdboot.img This image is used as the first sector of the core image when booting from a CD-ROM drive. It performs a similar function to @file{diskboot.img}. @item pxeboot.img This image is used as the start of the core image when booting from the network using PXE. @xref{Network}. @item lnxboot.img This image may be placed at the start of the core image in order to make GRUB look enough like a Linux kernel that it can be booted by LILO using an @samp{image=} section. @item kernel.img This image contains GRUB's basic run-time facilities: frameworks for device and file handling, environment variables, the rescue mode command-line parser, and so on. It is rarely used directly, but is built into all core images. @item core.img This is the core image of GRUB. It is built dynamically from the kernel image and an arbitrary list of modules by the @command{grub-mkimage} program. Usually, it contains enough modules to access @file{/boot/grub}, and loads everything else (including menu handling, the ability to load target operating systems, and so on) from the file system at run-time. The modular design allows the core image to be kept small, since the areas of disk where it must be installed are often as small as 32KB. @xref{BIOS installation}, for details on where the core image can be installed on PC systems. @item *.mod Everything else in GRUB resides in dynamically loadable modules. These are often loaded automatically, or built into the core image if they are essential, but may also be loaded manually using the @command{insmod} command (@pxref{insmod}). @end table @heading For GRUB Legacy users GRUB 2 has a different design from GRUB Legacy, and so correspondences with the images it used cannot be exact. Nevertheless, GRUB Legacy users often ask questions in the terms they are familiar with, and so here is a brief guide to how GRUB 2's images relate to that. @table @file @item stage1 Stage 1 from GRUB Legacy was very similar to @file{boot.img} in GRUB 2, and they serve the same function. @item *_stage1_5 In GRUB Legacy, Stage 1.5's function was to include enough filesystem code to allow the much larger Stage 2 to be read from an ordinary filesystem. In this respect, its function was similar to @file{core.img} in GRUB 2. However, @file{core.img} is much more capable than Stage 1.5 was; since it offers a rescue shell, it is sometimes possible to recover manually in the event that it is unable to load any other modules, for example if partition numbers have changed. @file{core.img} is built in a more flexible way, allowing GRUB 2 to support reading modules from advanced disk types such as LVM and RAID. GRUB Legacy could run with only Stage 1 and Stage 2 in some limited configurations, while GRUB 2 requires @file{core.img} and cannot work without it. @item stage2 GRUB 2 has no single Stage 2 image. Instead, it loads modules from @file{/boot/grub} at run-time. @item stage2_eltorito In GRUB 2, images for booting from CD-ROM drives are now constructed using @file{cdboot.img} and @file{core.img}, making sure that the core image contains the @samp{iso9660} module. It is usually best to use the @command{grub-mkrescue} program for this. @item nbgrub There is as yet no equivalent for @file{nbgrub} in GRUB 2; it was used by Etherboot and some other network boot loaders. @item pxegrub In GRUB 2, images for PXE network booting are now constructed using @file{pxeboot.img} and @file{core.img}, making sure that the core image contains the @samp{pxe} and @samp{pxecmd} modules. @xref{Network}. @end table @node Filesystem @chapter Filesystem syntax and semantics GRUB uses a special syntax for specifying disk drives which can be accessed by BIOS. Because of BIOS limitations, GRUB cannot distinguish between IDE, ESDI, SCSI, or others. You must know yourself which BIOS device is equivalent to which OS device. Normally, that will be clear if you see the files in a device or use the command @command{search} (@pxref{search}). @menu * Device syntax:: How to specify devices * File name syntax:: How to specify files * Block list syntax:: How to specify block lists @end menu @node Device syntax @section How to specify devices The device syntax is like this: @example @code{(@var{device}[,@var{partmap-name1}@var{part-num1}[,@var{partmap-name2}@var{part-num2}[,...]]])} @end example @samp{[]} means the parameter is optional. @var{device} depends on the disk driver in use. BIOS and EFI disks use either @samp{fd} or @samp{hd} followed by a digit, like @samp{fd0}, or @samp{cd}. AHCI, PATA (ata), crypto, USB use the name of driver followed by a number. Memdisk and host are limited to one disk and so it's refered just by driver name. RAID (md), ofdisk (ieee1275), LVM (lv) and arcdisk (arc) use intrinsic name of disk prefixed by driver name. Conflicts are solved by suffixing a number if necessarry. Commas need to be escaped. Loopback uses whatever name specified to @command{loopback} command. Hostdisk uses names specified in device.map or hostdisk/. For crypto and RAID (md) additionally you can use the syntax uuid/. @example (fd0) (hd0) (cd) (ahci0) (ata0) (crypto0) (usb0) (cryptouuid/123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef0) (mduuid/123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef0) (lv/system-root) (md/myraid) (md/0) (ieee1275/disk2) (ieee1275//pci@@1f\,0/ide@@d/disk@@2) (memdisk) (host) (myloop) (hostdisk//dev/sda) @end example @var{part-num} represents the partition number of @var{device}, starting from one. @var{partname} is optional but is recommended since disk may have several top-level partmaps. Specifying third and later component you can access to subpartitions. The syntax @samp{(hd0)} represents using the entire disk (or the MBR when installing GRUB), while the syntax @samp{(hd0,1)} represents using the first partition of the disk (or the boot sector of the partition when installing GRUB). @example (hd0,msdos1) (hd0,msdos1,msdos5) (hd0,msdos1,bsd3) (hd0,netbsd1) (hd0,gpt1) (hd0,1,3) @end example If you enabled the network support, the special drives @samp{(tftp)}, @samp{(http)} and so on ars also available. Before using the network drive, you must initialize the network. @xref{Network}, for more information. If you boot GRUB from a CD-ROM, @samp{(cd)} is available. @xref{Making a GRUB bootable CD-ROM}, for details. @node File name syntax @section How to specify files There are two ways to specify files, by @dfn{absolute file name} and by @dfn{block list}. An absolute file name resembles a Unix absolute file name, using @samp{/} for the directory separator (not @samp{\} as in DOS). One example is @samp{(hd0,1)/boot/grub/grub.cfg}. This means the file @file{/boot/grub/grub.cfg} in the first partition of the first hard disk. If you omit the device name in an absolute file name, GRUB uses GRUB's @dfn{root device} implicitly. So if you set the root device to, say, @samp{(hd1,1)} by the command @samp{set root=(hd1,1)} (@pxref{set}), then @code{/boot/kernel} is the same as @code{(hd1,1)/boot/kernel}. @node Block list syntax @section How to specify block lists A block list is used for specifying a file that doesn't appear in the filesystem, like a chainloader. The syntax is @code{[@var{offset}]+@var{length}[,[@var{offset}]+@var{length}]@dots{}}. Here is an example: @example @code{0+100,200+1,300+300} @end example This represents that GRUB should read blocks 0 through 99, block 200, and blocks 300 through 599. If you omit an offset, then GRUB assumes the offset is zero. Like the file name syntax (@pxref{File name syntax}), if a blocklist does not contain a device name, then GRUB uses GRUB's @dfn{root device}. So @code{(hd0,2)+1} is the same as @code{+1} when the root device is @samp{(hd0,2)}. @node Interface @chapter GRUB's user interface GRUB has both a simple menu interface for choosing preset entries from a configuration file, and a highly flexible command-line for performing any desired combination of boot commands. GRUB looks for its configuration file as soon as it is loaded. If one is found, then the full menu interface is activated using whatever entries were found in the file. If you choose the @dfn{command-line} menu option, or if the configuration file was not found, then GRUB drops to the command-line interface. @menu * Command-line interface:: The flexible command-line interface * Menu interface:: The simple menu interface * Menu entry editor:: Editing a menu entry @end menu @node Command-line interface @section The flexible command-line interface The command-line interface provides a prompt and after it an editable text area much like a command-line in Unix or DOS. Each command is immediately executed after it is entered@footnote{However, this behavior will be changed in the future version, in a user-invisible way.}. The commands (@pxref{Command-line and menu entry commands}) are a subset of those available in the configuration file, used with exactly the same syntax. Cursor movement and editing of the text on the line can be done via a subset of the functions available in the Bash shell: @table @key @item C-f @itemx PC right key Move forward one character. @item C-b @itemx PC left key Move back one character. @item C-a @itemx HOME Move to the start of the line. @item C-e @itemx END Move the the end of the line. @item C-d @itemx DEL Delete the character underneath the cursor. @item C-h @itemx BS Delete the character to the left of the cursor. @item C-k Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the line. @item C-u Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the line. @item C-y Yank the killed text back into the buffer at the cursor. @item C-p @itemx PC up key Move up through the history list. @item C-n @itemx PC down key Move down through the history list. @end table When typing commands interactively, if the cursor is within or before the first word in the command-line, pressing the @key{TAB} key (or @key{C-i}) will display a listing of the available commands, and if the cursor is after the first word, the @kbd{@key{TAB}} will provide a completion listing of disks, partitions, and file names depending on the context. Note that to obtain a list of drives, one must open a parenthesis, as @command{root (}. Note that you cannot use the completion functionality in the TFTP filesystem. This is because TFTP doesn't support file name listing for the security. @node Menu interface @section The simple menu interface The menu interface is quite easy to use. Its commands are both reasonably intuitive and described on screen. Basically, the menu interface provides a list of @dfn{boot entries} to the user to choose from. Use the arrow keys to select the entry of choice, then press @key{RET} to run it. An optional timeout is available to boot the default entry (the first one if not set), which is aborted by pressing any key. Commands are available to enter a bare command-line by pressing @key{c} (which operates exactly like the non-config-file version of GRUB, but allows one to return to the menu if desired by pressing @key{ESC}) or to edit any of the @dfn{boot entries} by pressing @key{e}. If you protect the menu interface with a password (@pxref{Security}), all you can do is choose an entry by pressing @key{RET}, or press @key{p} to enter the password. @node Menu entry editor @section Editing a menu entry The menu entry editor looks much like the main menu interface, but the lines in the menu are individual commands in the selected entry instead of entry names. If an @key{ESC} is pressed in the editor, it aborts all the changes made to the configuration entry and returns to the main menu interface. Each line in the menu entry can be edited freely, and you can add new lines by pressing @key{RET} at the end of a line. To boot the edited entry, press @key{Ctrl-x}. Although GRUB unfortunately does not support @dfn{undo}, you can do almost the same thing by just returning to the main menu using @key{ESC}. @node Environment @chapter GRUB environment variables GRUB supports environment variables which are rather like those offered by all Unix-like systems. Environment variables have a name, which is unique and is usually a short identifier, and a value, which is an arbitrary string of characters. They may be set (@pxref{set}), unset (@pxref{unset}), or looked up (@pxref{Shell-like scripting}) by name. A number of environment variables have special meanings to various parts of GRUB. Others may be used freely in GRUB configuration files. @menu * Special environment variables:: * Environment block:: @end menu @node Special environment variables @section Special environment variables These variables have special meaning to GRUB. @menu * biosnum:: * chosen:: * color_highlight:: * color_normal:: * debug:: * default:: * fallback:: * gfxmode:: * gfxpayload:: * gfxterm_font:: * icondir:: * lang:: * locale_dir:: * menu_color_highlight:: * menu_color_normal:: * net_pxe_boot_file:: * net_pxe_dhcp_server_name:: * net_pxe_domain:: * net_pxe_extensionspath:: * net_pxe_hostname:: * net_pxe_ip:: * net_pxe_mac:: * net_pxe_rootpath:: * pager:: * prefix:: * pxe_blksize:: * pxe_default_gateway:: * pxe_default_server:: * root:: * superusers:: * theme:: * timeout:: @end menu @node biosnum @subsection biosnum When chain-loading another boot loader (@pxref{Chain-loading}), GRUB may need to know what BIOS drive number corresponds to the root device (@pxref{root}) so that it can set up registers properly. If the @var{biosnum} variable is set, it overrides GRUB's own means of guessing this. For an alternative approach which also changes BIOS drive mappings for the chain-loaded system, @pxref{drivemap}. @node chosen @subsection chosen When executing a menu entry, GRUB sets the @var{chosen} variable to the title of the entry being executed. If the menu entry is in one or more submenus, then @var{chosen} is set to the titles of each of the submenus starting from the top level followed by the title of the menu entry itself, separated by @samp{>}. @node color_highlight @subsection color_highlight This variable contains the ``highlight'' foreground and background terminal colors, separated by a slash (@samp{/}). Setting this variable changes those colors. For the available color names, @pxref{color_normal}. The default is @samp{black/white}. @node color_normal @subsection color_normal This variable contains the ``normal'' foreground and background terminal colors, separated by a slash (@samp{/}). Setting this variable changes those colors. Each color must be a name from the following list: @itemize @bullet @item black @item blue @item green @item cyan @item red @item magenta @item brown @item light-gray @item dark-gray @item light-blue @item light-green @item light-cyan @item light-red @item light-magenta @item yellow @item white @end itemize The default is @samp{white/black}. @node debug @subsection debug This variable may be set to enable debugging output from various components of GRUB. The value is a list of debug facility names separated by whitespace or @samp{,}, or @samp{all} to enable all available debugging output. @node default @subsection default If this variable is set, it identifies a menu entry that should be selected by default, possibly after a timeout (@pxref{timeout}). The entry may be identified by number or by title. If the entry is in a submenu, then it must be identified using the titles of each of the submenus starting from the top level followed by the number or title of the menu entry itself, separated by @samp{>}. For example, take the following menu structure: @example Submenu 1 Menu Entry 1 Menu Entry 2 Submenu 2 Submenu 3 Menu Entry 3 Menu Entry 4 Menu Entry 5 @end example ``Menu Entry 3'' would then be identified as @samp{Submenu 2>Submenu 3>Menu Entry 3}. This variable is often set by @samp{GRUB_DEFAULT} (@pxref{Simple configuration}), @command{grub-set-default}, or @command{grub-reboot}. @node fallback @subsection fallback If this variable is set, it identifies a menu entry that should be selected if the default menu entry fails to boot. Entries are identified in the same way as for @samp{default} (@pxref{default}). @node gfxmode @subsection gfxmode If this variable is set, it sets the resolution used on the @samp{gfxterm} graphical terminal. Note that you can only use modes which your graphics card supports via VESA BIOS Extensions (VBE), so for example native LCD panel resolutions may not be available. The default is @samp{auto}, which selects a platform-specific default that should look reasonable. The resolution may be specified as a sequence of one or more modes, separated by commas (@samp{,}) or semicolons (@samp{;}); each will be tried in turn until one is found. Each mode should be either @samp{auto}, @samp{@var{width}x@var{height}}, or @samp{@var{width}x@var{height}x@var{depth}}. @node gfxpayload @subsection gfxpayload If this variable is set, it controls the video mode in which the Linux kernel starts up, replacing the @samp{vga=} boot option (@pxref{linux}). It may be set to @samp{text} to force the Linux kernel to boot in normal text mode, @samp{keep} to preserve the graphics mode set using @samp{gfxmode}, or any of the permitted values for @samp{gfxmode} to set a particular graphics mode (@pxref{gfxmode}). Depending on your kernel, your distribution, your graphics card, and the phase of the moon, note that using this option may cause GNU/Linux to suffer from various display problems, particularly during the early part of the boot sequence. If you have problems, set this variable to @samp{text} and GRUB will tell Linux to boot in normal text mode. The default is platform-specific. On platforms with a native text mode (such as PC BIOS platforms), the default is @samp{text}. Otherwise the default may be @samp{auto} or a specific video mode. This variable is often set by @samp{GRUB_GFXPAYLOAD_LINUX} (@pxref{Simple configuration}). @node gfxterm_font @subsection gfxterm_font If this variable is set, it names a font to use for text on the @samp{gfxterm} graphical terminal. Otherwise, @samp{gfxterm} may use any available font. @node icondir @subsection icondir If this variable is set, it names a directory in which the GRUB graphical menu should look for icons after looking in the theme's @samp{icons} directory. @xref{Theme file format}. @node lang @subsection lang If this variable is set, it names the language code that the @command{gettext} command (@pxref{gettext}) uses to translate strings. For example, French would be named as @samp{fr}, and Simplified Chinese as @samp{zh_CN}. @command{grub-mkconfig} (@pxref{Simple configuration}) will try to set a reasonable default for this variable based on the system locale. @node locale_dir @subsection locale_dir If this variable is set, it names the directory where translation files may be found (@pxref{gettext}), usually @file{/boot/grub/locale}. Otherwise, internationalization is disabled. @command{grub-mkconfig} (@pxref{Simple configuration}) will set a reasonable default for this variable if internationalization is needed and any translation files are available. @node menu_color_highlight @subsection menu_color_highlight This variable contains the foreground and background colors to be used for the highlighted menu entry, separated by a slash (@samp{/}). Setting this variable changes those colors. For the available color names, @pxref{color_normal}. The default is the value of @samp{color_highlight} (@pxref{color_highlight}). @node menu_color_normal @subsection menu_color_normal This variable contains the foreground and background colors to be used for non-highlighted menu entries, separated by a slash (@samp{/}). Setting this variable changes those colors. For the available color names, @pxref{color_normal}. The default is the value of @samp{color_normal} (@pxref{color_normal}). @node net_pxe_boot_file @subsection net_pxe_boot_file @xref{Network}. @node net_pxe_dhcp_server_name @subsection net_pxe_dhcp_server_name @xref{Network}. @node net_pxe_domain @subsection net_pxe_domain @xref{Network}. @node net_pxe_extensionspath @subsection net_pxe_extensionspath @xref{Network}. @node net_pxe_hostname @subsection net_pxe_hostname @xref{Network}. @node net_pxe_ip @subsection net_pxe_ip @xref{Network}. @node net_pxe_mac @subsection net_pxe_mac @xref{Network}. @node net_pxe_rootpath @subsection net_pxe_rootpath @xref{Network}. @node pager @subsection pager If set to @samp{1}, pause output after each screenful and wait for keyboard input. The default is not to pause output. @node prefix @subsection prefix The location of the @samp{/boot/grub} directory as an absolute file name (@pxref{File name syntax}). This is normally set by GRUB at startup based on information provided by @command{grub-install}. GRUB modules are dynamically loaded from this directory, so it must be set correctly in order for many parts of GRUB to work. @node pxe_blksize @subsection pxe_blksize @xref{Network}. @node pxe_default_gateway @subsection pxe_default_gateway @xref{Network}. @node pxe_default_server @subsection pxe_default_server @xref{Network}. @node root @subsection root The root device name (@pxref{Device syntax}). Any file names that do not specify an explicit device name are read from this device. The default is normally set by GRUB at startup based on the value of @samp{prefix} (@pxref{prefix}). For example, if GRUB was installed to the first partition of the first hard disk, then @samp{prefix} might be set to @samp{(hd0,msdos1)/boot/grub} and @samp{root} to @samp{hd0,msdos1}. @node superusers @subsection superusers This variable may be set to a list of superuser names to enable authentication support. @xref{Security}. @node theme @subsection theme This variable may be set to a directory containing a GRUB graphical menu theme. @xref{Theme file format}. This variable is often set by @samp{GRUB_THEME} (@pxref{Simple configuration}). @node timeout @subsection timeout If this variable is set, it specifies the time in seconds to wait for keyboard input before booting the default menu entry. A timeout of @samp{0} means to boot the default entry immediately without displaying the menu; a timeout of @samp{-1} (or unset) means to wait indefinitely. This variable is often set by @samp{GRUB_TIMEOUT} or @samp{GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT} (@pxref{Simple configuration}). @node Environment block @section The GRUB environment block It is often useful to be able to remember a small amount of information from one boot to the next. For example, you might want to set the default menu entry based on what was selected the last time. GRUB deliberately does not implement support for writing files in order to minimise the possibility of the boot loader being responsible for file system corruption, so a GRUB configuration file cannot just create a file in the ordinary way. However, GRUB provides an ``environment block'' which can be used to save a small amount of state. The environment block is a preallocated 1024-byte file, which normally lives in @file{/boot/grub/grubenv} (although you should not assume this). At boot time, the @command{load_env} command (@pxref{load_env}) loads environment variables from it, and the @command{save_env} (@pxref{save_env}) command saves environment variables to it. From a running system, the @command{grub-editenv} utility can be used to edit the environment block. For safety reasons, this storage is only available when installed on a plain disk (no LVM or RAID), using a non-checksumming filesystem (no ZFS), and using BIOS or EFI functions (no ATA, USB or IEEE1275). @command{grub-mkconfig} uses this facility to implement @samp{GRUB_SAVEDEFAULT} (@pxref{Simple configuration}). @node Commands @chapter The list of available commands In this chapter, we list all commands that are available in GRUB. Commands belong to different groups. A few can only be used in the global section of the configuration file (or ``menu''); most of them can be entered on the command-line and can be used either anywhere in the menu or specifically in the menu entries. In rescue mode, only the @command{insmod} (@pxref{insmod}), @command{ls} (@pxref{ls}), @command{set} (@pxref{set}), and @command{unset} (@pxref{unset}) commands are normally available. If you end up in rescue mode and do not know what to do, then @pxref{GRUB only offers a rescue shell}. @menu * Menu-specific commands:: * General commands:: * Command-line and menu entry commands:: @end menu @node Menu-specific commands @section The list of commands for the menu only The semantics used in parsing the configuration file are the following: @itemize @bullet @item The files @emph{must} be in plain-text format. @item @samp{#} at the beginning of a line in a configuration file means it is only a comment. @item Options are separated by spaces. @item All numbers can be either decimal or hexadecimal. A hexadecimal number must be preceded by @samp{0x}, and is case-insensitive. @end itemize These commands can only be used in the menu: @menu * menuentry:: Start a menu entry * submenu:: Group menu entries @end menu @node menuentry @subsection menuentry @deffn Command menuentry @var{title} @ [@option{--class=class} @dots{}] [@option{--users=users}] @ [@option{--hotkey=key}] @ @{ @var{command}; @dots{} @} This defines a GRUB menu entry named @var{title}. When this entry is selected from the menu, GRUB will set the @var{chosen} environment variable to @var{title}, execute the list of commands given within braces, and if the last command in the list returned successfully and a kernel was loaded it will execute the @command{boot} command. The @option{--class} option may be used any number of times to group menu entries into classes. Menu themes may display different classes using different styles. The @option{--users} option grants specific users access to specific menu entries. @xref{Security}. The @option{--hotkey} option associates a hotkey with a menu entry. @var{key} may be a single letter, or one of the aliases @samp{backspace}, @samp{tab}, or @samp{delete}. @end deffn @node submenu @subsection submenu @deffn Command submenu @var{title} @ [@option{--class=class} @dots{}] [@option{--users=users}] @ [@option{--hotkey=key}] @ @{ @var{menu entries} @dots{} @} This defines a submenu. An entry called @var{title} will be added to the menu; when that entry is selected, a new menu will be displayed showing all the entries within this submenu. All options are the same as in the @command{menuentry} command (@pxref{menuentry}). @end deffn @node General commands @section The list of general commands Commands usable anywhere in the menu and in the command-line. @menu * serial:: Set up a serial device * terminal_input:: Manage input terminals * terminal_output:: Manage output terminals * terminfo:: Define terminal type @end menu @node serial @subsection serial @deffn Command serial [@option{--unit=unit}] [@option{--port=port}] [@option{--speed=speed}] [@option{--word=word}] [@option{--parity=parity}] [@option{--stop=stop}] Initialize a serial device. @var{unit} is a number in the range 0-3 specifying which serial port to use; default is 0, which corresponds to the port often called COM1. @var{port} is the I/O port where the UART is to be found; if specified it takes precedence over @var{unit}. @var{speed} is the transmission speed; default is 9600. @var{word} and @var{stop} are the number of data bits and stop bits. Data bits must be in the range 5-8 and stop bits must be 1 or 2. Default is 8 data bits and one stop bit. @var{parity} is one of @samp{no}, @samp{odd}, @samp{even} and defaults to @samp{no}. The serial port is not used as a communication channel unless the @command{terminal_input} or @command{terminal_output} command is used (@pxref{terminal_input}, @pxref{terminal_output}). See also @ref{Serial terminal}. @end deffn @node terminal_input @subsection terminal_input @deffn Command terminal_input [@option{--append}|@option{--remove}] @ [terminal1] [terminal2] @dots{} List or select an input terminal. With no arguments, list the active and available input terminals. With @option{--append}, add the named terminals to the list of active input terminals; any of these may be used to provide input to GRUB. With @option{--remove}, remove the named terminals from the active list. With no options but a list of terminal names, make only the listed terminal names active. @end deffn @node terminal_output @subsection terminal_output @deffn Command terminal_output [@option{--append}|@option{--remove}] @ [terminal1] [terminal2] @dots{} List or select an output terminal. With no arguments, list the active and available output terminals. With @option{--append}, add the named terminals to the list of active output terminals; all of these will receive output from GRUB. With @option{--remove}, remove the named terminals from the active list. With no options but a list of terminal names, make only the listed terminal names active. @end deffn @node terminfo @subsection terminfo @deffn Command terminfo [-a|-u|-v] [term] Define the capabilities of your terminal by giving the name of an entry in the terminfo database, which should correspond roughly to a @samp{TERM} environment variable in Unix. The currently available terminal types are @samp{vt100}, @samp{vt100-color}, @samp{ieee1275}, and @samp{dumb}. If you need other terminal types, please contact us to discuss the best way to include support for these in GRUB. The @option{-a} (@option{--ascii}), @option{-u} (@option{--utf8}), and @option{-v} (@option{--visual-utf8}) options control how non-ASCII text is displayed. @option{-a} specifies an ASCII-only terminal; @option{-u} specifies logically-ordered UTF-8; and @option{-v} specifies "visually-ordered UTF-8" (in other words, arranged such that a terminal emulator without bidirectional text support will display right-to-left text in the proper order; this is not really proper UTF-8, but a workaround). If no option or terminal type is specified, the current terminal type is printed. @end deffn @node Command-line and menu entry commands @section The list of command-line and menu entry commands These commands are usable in the command-line and in menu entries. If you forget a command, you can run the command @command{help} (@pxref{help}). @menu * acpi:: Load ACPI tables * badram:: Filter out bad regions of RAM * blocklist:: Print a block list * boot:: Start up your operating system * cat:: Show the contents of a file * chainloader:: Chain-load another boot loader * cmp:: Compare two files * configfile:: Load a configuration file * cpuid:: Check for CPU features * crc:: Calculate CRC32 checksums * date:: Display or set current date and time * drivemap:: Map a drive to another * echo:: Display a line of text * export:: Export an environment variable * false:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully * gettext:: Translate a string * gptsync:: Fill an MBR based on GPT entries * halt:: Shut down your computer * help:: Show help messages * initrd:: Load a Linux initrd * initrd16:: Load a Linux initrd (16-bit mode) * insmod:: Insert a module * keystatus:: Check key modifier status * linux:: Load a Linux kernel * linux16:: Load a Linux kernel (16-bit mode) * list_env:: List variables in environment block * load_env:: Load variables from environment block * loopback:: Make a device from a filesystem image * ls:: List devices or files * normal:: Enter normal mode * normal_exit:: Exit from normal mode * parttool:: Modify partition table entries * password:: Set a clear-text password * password_pbkdf2:: Set a hashed password * play:: Play a tune * pxe_unload:: Unload the PXE environment * read:: Read user input * reboot:: Reboot your computer * save_env:: Save variables to environment block * search:: Search devices by file, label, or UUID * sendkey:: Emulate keystrokes * set:: Set an environment variable * true:: Do nothing, successfully * unset:: Unset an environment variable * uppermem:: Set the upper memory size @end menu @node acpi @subsection acpi @deffn Command acpi [@option{-1}|@option{-2}] @ [@option{--exclude=table1,@dots{}}|@option{--load-only=table1,@dots{}}] @ [@option{--oemid=id}] [@option{--oemtable=table}] @ [@option{--oemtablerev=rev}] [@option{--oemtablecreator=creator}] @ [@option{--oemtablecreatorrev=rev}] [@option{--no-ebda}] @ filename @dots{} Modern BIOS systems normally implement the Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI), and define various tables that describe the interface between an ACPI-compliant operating system and the firmware. In some cases, the tables provided by default only work well with certain operating systems, and it may be necessary to replace some of them. Normally, this command will replace the Root System Description Pointer (RSDP) in the Extended BIOS Data Area to point to the new tables. If the @option{--no-ebda} option is used, the new tables will be known only to GRUB, but may be used by GRUB's EFI emulation. @end deffn @node badram @subsection badram @deffn Command badram addr,mask[,addr,mask...] Filter out bad RAM. @end deffn This command notifies the memory manager that specified regions of RAM ought to be filtered out (usually, because they're damaged). This remains in effect after a payload kernel has been loaded by GRUB, as long as the loaded kernel obtains its memory map from GRUB. Kernels that support this include Linux, GNU Mach, the kernel of FreeBSD and Multiboot kernels in general. Syntax is the same as provided by the @uref{http://www.memtest.org/, Memtest86+ utility}: a list of address/mask pairs. Given a page-aligned address and a base address / mask pair, if all the bits of the page-aligned address that are enabled by the mask match with the base address, it means this page is to be filtered. This syntax makes it easy to represent patterns that are often result of memory damage, due to physical distribution of memory cells. @node blocklist @subsection blocklist @deffn Command blocklist file Print a block list (@pxref{Block list syntax}) for @var{file}. @end deffn @node boot @subsection boot @deffn Command boot Boot the OS or chain-loader which has been loaded. Only necessary if running the fully interactive command-line (it is implicit at the end of a menu entry). @end deffn @node cat @subsection cat @deffn Command cat [@option{--dos}] file Display the contents of the file @var{file}. This command may be useful to remind you of your OS's root partition: @example grub> @kbd{cat /etc/fstab} @end example If the @option{--dos} option is used, then carriage return / new line pairs will be displayed as a simple new line. Otherwise, the carriage return will be displayed as a control character (@samp{}) to make it easier to see when boot problems are caused by a file formatted using DOS-style line endings. @end deffn @node chainloader @subsection chainloader @deffn Command chainloader [@option{--force}] file Load @var{file} as a chain-loader. Like any other file loaded by the filesystem code, it can use the blocklist notation (@pxref{Block list syntax}) to grab the first sector of the current partition with @samp{+1}. If you specify the option @option{--force}, then load @var{file} forcibly, whether it has a correct signature or not. This is required when you want to load a defective boot loader, such as SCO UnixWare 7.1. @end deffn @node cmp @subsection cmp @deffn Command cmp file1 file2 Compare the file @var{file1} with the file @var{file2}. If they differ in size, print the sizes like this: @example Differ in size: 0x1234 [foo], 0x4321 [bar] @end example If the sizes are equal but the bytes at an offset differ, then print the bytes like this: @example Differ at the offset 777: 0xbe [foo], 0xef [bar] @end example If they are completely identical, nothing will be printed. @end deffn @node configfile @subsection configfile @deffn Command configfile file Load @var{file} as a configuration file. If @var{file} defines any menu entries, then show a menu containing them immediately. @end deffn @node cpuid @subsection cpuid @deffn Command cpuid [-l] Check for CPU features. This command is only available on x86 systems. With the @option{-l} option, return true if the CPU supports long mode (64-bit). If invoked without options, this command currently behaves as if it had been invoked with @option{-l}. This may change in the future. @end deffn @node crc @subsection crc @deffn Command crc file Display the CRC32 checksum of @var{file}. @end deffn @node date @subsection date @deffn Command date [[year-]month-day] [hour:minute[:second]] With no arguments, print the current date and time. Otherwise, take the current date and time, change any elements specified as arguments, and set the result as the new date and time. For example, `date 01-01' will set the current month and day to January 1, but leave the year, hour, minute, and second unchanged. @end deffn @node drivemap @subsection drivemap @deffn Command drivemap @option{-l}|@option{-r}|[@option{-s}] @ from_drive to_drive Without options, map the drive @var{from_drive} to the drive @var{to_drive}. This is necessary when you chain-load some operating systems, such as DOS, if such an OS resides at a non-first drive. For convenience, any partition suffix on the drive is ignored, so you can safely use @verb{'${root}'} as a drive specification. With the @option{-s} option, perform the reverse mapping as well, swapping the two drives. With the @option{-l} option, list the current mappings. With the @option{-r} option, reset all mappings to the default values. For example: @example drivemap -s (hd0) (hd1) @end example @end deffn @node echo @subsection echo @deffn Command echo [@option{-n}] [@option{-e}] string @dots{} Display the requested text and, unless the @option{-n} option is used, a trailing new line. If there is more than one string, they are separated by spaces in the output. As usual in GRUB commands, variables may be substituted using @samp{$@{var@}}. The @option{-e} option enables interpretation of backslash escapes. The following sequences are recognised: @table @code @item \\ backslash @item \a alert (BEL) @item \c suppress trailing new line @item \f form feed @item \n new line @item \r carriage return @item \t horizontal tab @item \v vertical tab @end table When interpreting backslash escapes, backslash followed by any other character will print that character. @end deffn @node export @subsection export @deffn Command export envvar Export the environment variable @var{envvar}. Exported variables are visible to subsidiary configuration files loaded using @command{configfile}. @end deffn @node false @subsection false @deffn Command false Do nothing, unsuccessfully. This is mainly useful in control constructs such as @code{if} and @code{while} (@pxref{Shell-like scripting}). @end deffn @node gettext @subsection gettext @deffn Command gettext string Translate @var{string} into the current language. The current language code is stored in the @samp{lang} variable in GRUB's environment (@pxref{lang}). Translation files in MO format are read from @samp{locale_dir} (@pxref{locale_dir}), usually @file{/boot/grub/locale}. @end deffn @node gptsync @subsection gptsync @deffn Command gptsync device [partition[+/-[type]]] @dots{} Disks using the GUID Partition Table (GPT) also have a legacy Master Boot Record (MBR) partition table for compatibility with the BIOS and with older operating systems. The legacy MBR can only represent a limited subset of GPT partition entries. This command populates the legacy MBR with the specified @var{partition} entries on @var{device}. Up to three partitions may be used. @var{type} is an MBR partition type code; prefix with @samp{0x} if you want to enter this in hexadecimal. The separator between @var{partition} and @var{type} may be @samp{+} to make the partition active, or @samp{-} to make it inactive; only one partition may be active. If both the separator and type are omitted, then the partition will be inactive. @end deffn @node halt @subsection halt @deffn Command halt @option{--no-apm} The command halts the computer. If the @option{--no-apm} option is specified, no APM BIOS call is performed. Otherwise, the computer is shut down using APM. @end deffn @node help @subsection help @deffn Command help [pattern @dots{}] Display helpful information about builtin commands. If you do not specify @var{pattern}, this command shows short descriptions of all available commands. If you specify any @var{patterns}, it displays longer information about each of the commands whose names begin with those @var{patterns}. @end deffn @node initrd @subsection initrd @deffn Command initrd file Load an initial ramdisk for a Linux kernel image, and set the appropriate parameters in the Linux setup area in memory. This may only be used after the @command{linux} command (@pxref{linux}) has been run. See also @ref{GNU/Linux}. @end deffn @node initrd16 @subsection initrd16 @deffn Command initrd16 file Load an initial ramdisk for a Linux kernel image to be booted in 16-bit mode, and set the appropriate parameters in the Linux setup area in memory. This may only be used after the @command{linux16} command (@pxref{linux16}) has been run. See also @ref{GNU/Linux}. This command is only available on x86 systems. @end deffn @node insmod @subsection insmod @deffn Command insmod module Insert the dynamic GRUB module called @var{module}. @end deffn @node keystatus @subsection keystatus @deffn Command keystatus [@option{--shift}] [@option{--ctrl}] [@option{--alt}] Return true if the Shift, Control, or Alt modifier keys are held down, as requested by options. This is useful in scripting, to allow some user control over behaviour without having to wait for a keypress. Checking key modifier status is only supported on some platforms. If invoked without any options, the @command{keystatus} command returns true if and only if checking key modifier status is supported. @end deffn @node linux @subsection linux @deffn Command linux file @dots{} Load a Linux kernel image from @var{file}. The rest of the line is passed verbatim as the @dfn{kernel command-line}. Any initrd must be reloaded after using this command (@pxref{initrd}). On x86 systems, the kernel will be booted using the 32-bit boot protocol. Note that this means that the @samp{vga=} boot option will not work; if you want to set a special video mode, you will need to use GRUB commands such as @samp{set gfxpayload=1024x768} or @samp{set gfxpayload=keep} (to keep the same mode as used in GRUB) instead. GRUB can automatically detect some uses of @samp{vga=} and translate them to appropriate settings of @samp{gfxpayload}. The @command{linux16} command (@pxref{linux16}) avoids this restriction. @end deffn @node linux16 @subsection linux16 @deffn Command linux16 file @dots{} Load a Linux kernel image from @var{file} in 16-bit mode. The rest of the line is passed verbatim as the @dfn{kernel command-line}. Any initrd must be reloaded after using this command (@pxref{initrd16}). The kernel will be booted using the traditional 16-bit boot protocol. As well as bypassing problems with @samp{vga=} described in @ref{linux}, this permits booting some other programs that implement the Linux boot protocol for the sake of convenience. This command is only available on x86 systems. @end deffn @node list_env @subsection list_env @deffn Command list_env [@option{-f} file] List all variables in the environment block file. @xref{Environment block}. The @option{-f} option overrides the default location of the environment block. @end deffn @node load_env @subsection load_env @deffn Command load_env [@option{-f} file] Load all variables from the environment block file into the environment. @xref{Environment block}. The @option{-f} option overrides the default location of the environment block. @end deffn @node loopback @subsection loopback @deffn Command loopback [@option{-d}] device file Make the device named @var{device} correspond to the contents of the filesystem image in @var{file}. For example: @example loopback loop0 /path/to/image ls (loop0)/ @end example With the @option{-d} option, delete a device previously created using this command. @end deffn @node ls @subsection ls @deffn Command ls [arg @dots{}] List devices or files. With no arguments, print all devices known to GRUB. If the argument is a device name enclosed in parentheses (@pxref{Device syntax}), then list all files at the root directory of that device. If the argument is a directory given as an absolute file name (@pxref{File name syntax}), then list the contents of that directory. @end deffn @node normal @subsection normal @deffn Command normal [file] Enter normal mode and display the GRUB menu. In normal mode, commands, filesystem modules, and cryptography modules are automatically loaded, and the full GRUB script parser is available. Other modules may be explicitly loaded using @command{insmod} (@pxref{insmod}). If a @var{file} is given, then commands will be read from that file. Otherwise, they will be read from @file{$prefix/grub.cfg} if it exists. @command{normal} may be called from within normal mode, creating a nested environment. It is more usual to use @command{configfile} (@pxref{configfile}) for this. @end deffn @node normal_exit @subsection normal_exit @deffn Command normal_exit Exit normal mode (@pxref{normal}). If this instance of normal mode was not nested within another one, then return to rescue mode. @end deffn @node parttool @subsection parttool @deffn Command parttool partition commands Make various modifications to partition table entries. Each @var{command} is either a boolean option, in which case it must be followed with @samp{+} or @samp{-} (with no intervening space) to enable or disable that option, or else it takes a value in the form @samp{@var{command}=@var{value}}. Currently, @command{parttool} is only useful on DOS partition tables (also known as Master Boot Record, or MBR). On these partition tables, the following commands are available: @table @asis @item @samp{boot} (boolean) When enabled, this makes the selected partition be the active (bootable) partition on its disk, clearing the active flag on all other partitions. This command is limited to @emph{primary} partitions. @item @samp{type} (value) Change the type of an existing partition. The value must be a number in the range 0-0xFF (prefix with @samp{0x} to enter it in hexadecimal). @item @samp{hidden} (boolean) When enabled, this hides the selected partition by setting the @dfn{hidden} bit in its partition type code; when disabled, unhides the selected partition by clearing this bit. This is useful only when booting DOS or Wwindows and multiple primary FAT partitions exist in one disk. See also @ref{DOS/Windows}. @end table @end deffn @node password @subsection password @deffn Command password user clear-password Define a user named @var{user} with password @var{clear-password}. @xref{Security}. @end deffn @node password_pbkdf2 @subsection password_pbkdf2 @deffn Command password_pbkdf2 user hashed-password Define a user named @var{user} with password hash @var{hashed-password}. Use @command{grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2} (@pxref{Invoking grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2}) to generate password hashes. @xref{Security}. @end deffn @node play @subsection play @deffn Command play file | tempo [pitch1 duration1] [pitch2 duration2] ... Plays a tune If the argument is a file name (@pxref{File name syntax}), play the tune recorded in it. The file format is first the tempo as an unsigned 32bit little-endian number, then pairs of unsigned 16bit little-endian numbers for pitch and duration pairs. If the arguments are a series of numbers, play the inline tune. The tempo is the base for all note durations. 60 gives a 1-second base, 120 gives a half-second base, etc. Pitches are Hz. Set pitch to 0 to produce a rest. @end deffn @node pxe_unload @subsection pxe_unload @deffn Command pxe_unload Unload the PXE environment (@pxref{Network}). This command is only available on PC BIOS systems. @end deffn @node read @subsection read @deffn Command read [var] Read a line of input from the user. If an environment variable @var{var} is given, set that environment variable to the line of input that was read, with no terminating newline. @end deffn @node reboot @subsection reboot @deffn Command reboot Reboot the computer. @end deffn @node save_env @subsection save_env @deffn Command save_env [@option{-f} file] var @dots{} Save the named variables from the environment to the environment block file. @xref{Environment block}. The @option{-f} option overrides the default location of the environment block. @end deffn @node search @subsection search @deffn Command search @ [@option{--file}|@option{--label}|@option{--fs-uuid}] @ [@option{--set} [var]] [@option{--no-floppy}] name Search devices by file (@option{-f}, @option{--file}), filesystem label (@option{-l}, @option{--label}), or filesystem UUID (@option{-u}, @option{--fs-uuid}). If the @option{--set} option is used, the first device found is set as the value of environment variable @var{var}. The default variable is @samp{root}. The @option{--no-floppy} option prevents searching floppy devices, which can be slow. The @samp{search.file}, @samp{search.fs_label}, and @samp{search.fs_uuid} commands are aliases for @samp{search --file}, @samp{search --label}, and @samp{search --fs-uuid} respectively. @end deffn @node sendkey @subsection sendkey @deffn Command sendkey @ [@option{--num}|@option{--caps}|@option{--scroll}|@option{--insert}|@ @option{--pause}|@option{--left-shift}|@option{--right-shift}|@ @option{--sysrq}|@option{--numkey}|@option{--capskey}|@option{--scrollkey}|@ @option{--insertkey}|@option{--left-alt}|@option{--right-alt}|@ @option{--left-ctrl}|@option{--right-ctrl} @ @samp{on}|@samp{off}]@dots{} @ [@option{no-led}] @ keystroke Insert keystrokes into the keyboard buffer when booting. Sometimes an operating system or chainloaded boot loader requires particular keys to be pressed: for example, one might need to press a particular key to enter "safe mode", or when chainloading another boot loader one might send keystrokes to it to navigate its menu. You may provide up to 16 keystrokes (the length of the BIOS keyboard buffer). Keystroke names may be upper-case or lower-case letters, digits, or taken from the following table: @c Please keep this table in the same order as in @c commands/i386/pc/sendkey.c, for ease of maintenance. @c Exception: The function and numeric keys are sorted, for aesthetics. @multitable @columnfractions .4 .5 @headitem Name @tab Key @item escape @tab Escape @item exclam @tab ! @item at @tab @@ @item numbersign @tab # @item dollar @tab $ @item percent @tab % @item caret @tab ^ @item ampersand @tab & @item asterisk @tab * @item parenleft @tab ( @item parenright @tab ) @item minus @tab - @item underscore @tab _ @item equal @tab = @item plus @tab + @item backspace @tab Backspace @item tab @tab Tab @item bracketleft @tab [ @item braceleft @tab @{ @item bracketright @tab ] @item braceright @tab @} @item enter @tab Enter @item control @tab press and release Control @item semicolon @tab ; @item colon @tab : @item quote @tab ' @item doublequote @tab " @item backquote @tab ` @item tilde @tab ~ @item shift @tab press and release left Shift @item backslash @tab \ @item bar @tab | @item comma @tab , @item less @tab < @item period @tab . @item greater @tab > @item slash @tab / @item question @tab ? @item rshift @tab press and release right Shift @item alt @tab press and release Alt @item space @tab space bar @item capslock @tab Caps Lock @item F1 @tab F1 @item F2 @tab F2 @item F3 @tab F3 @item F4 @tab F4 @item F5 @tab F5 @item F6 @tab F6 @item F7 @tab F7 @item F8 @tab F8 @item F9 @tab F9 @item F10 @tab F10 @item F11 @tab F11 @item F12 @tab F12 @item num1 @tab 1 (numeric keypad) @item num2 @tab 2 (numeric keypad) @item num3 @tab 3 (numeric keypad) @item num4 @tab 4 (numeric keypad) @item num5 @tab 5 (numeric keypad) @item num6 @tab 6 (numeric keypad) @item num7 @tab 7 (numeric keypad) @item num8 @tab 8 (numeric keypad) @item num9 @tab 9 (numeric keypad) @item num0 @tab 0 (numeric keypad) @item numperiod @tab . (numeric keypad) @item numend @tab End (numeric keypad) @item numdown @tab Down (numeric keypad) @item numpgdown @tab Page Down (numeric keypad) @item numleft @tab Left (numeric keypad) @item numcenter @tab 5 with Num Lock inactive (numeric keypad) @item numright @tab Right (numeric keypad) @item numhome @tab Home (numeric keypad) @item numup @tab Up (numeric keypad) @item numpgup @tab Page Up (numeric keypad) @item numinsert @tab Insert (numeric keypad) @item numdelete @tab Delete (numeric keypad) @item numasterisk @tab * (numeric keypad) @item numminus @tab - (numeric keypad) @item numplus @tab + (numeric keypad) @item numslash @tab / (numeric keypad) @item numenter @tab Enter (numeric keypad) @item delete @tab Delete @item insert @tab Insert @item home @tab Home @item end @tab End @item pgdown @tab Page Down @item pgup @tab Page Up @item down @tab Down @item up @tab Up @item left @tab Left @item right @tab Right @end multitable As well as keystrokes, the @command{sendkey} command takes various options that affect the BIOS keyboard status flags. These options take an @samp{on} or @samp{off} parameter, specifying that the corresponding status flag be set or unset; omitting the option for a given status flag will leave that flag at its initial state at boot. The @option{--num}, @option{--caps}, @option{--scroll}, and @option{--insert} options emulate setting the corresponding mode, while the @option{--numkey}, @option{--capskey}, @option{--scrollkey}, and @option{--insertkey} options emulate pressing and holding the corresponding key. The other status flag options are self-explanatory. If the @option{--no-led} option is given, the status flag options will have no effect on keyboard LEDs. If the @command{sendkey} command is given multiple times, then only the last invocation has any effect. Since @command{sendkey} manipulates the BIOS keyboard buffer, it may cause hangs, reboots, or other misbehaviour on some systems. If the operating system or boot loader that runs after GRUB uses its own keyboard driver rather than the BIOS keyboard functions, then @command{sendkey} will have no effect. This command is only available on PC BIOS systems. @end deffn @node set @subsection set @deffn Command set [envvar=value] Set the environment variable @var{envvar} to @var{value}. If invoked with no arguments, print all environment variables with their values. @end deffn @node true @subsection true @deffn Command true Do nothing, successfully. This is mainly useful in control constructs such as @code{if} and @code{while} (@pxref{Shell-like scripting}). @end deffn @node unset @subsection unset @deffn Command unset envvar Unset the environment variable @var{envvar}. @end deffn @node uppermem @subsection uppermem This command is not yet implemented for GRUB 2, although it is planned. @node Internationalisation @chapter Charset GRUB uses UTF-8 internally other than in rendering where some GRUB-specific appropriate representation is used. All text files (including config) are assumed to be encoded in UTF-8. @chapter Filesystems NTFS, JFS, UDF, HFS+, exFAT, long filenames in FAT, Joliet part of ISO9660 are treated as UTF-16 as per specification. AFS and BFS are read as UTF-8, again according to specification. BtrFS, cpio, tar, squash4, minix, minix2, minix3, ROMFS, ReiserFS, XFS, ext2, ext3, ext4, FAT (short names), ISO9660 (plain and RockRidge), nilfs2, UFS1, UFS2 and ZFS are assumed to be UTF-8. This might be false on systems configured with legacy charset but as long as the charset used is superset of ASCII you should be able to access ASCII-named files. And it's recommended to configure your system to use UTF-8 to access the filesystem, convmv may help with migration. AFFS, SFS and HFS never use unicode and GRUB assumes them to be in Latin1, Latin1 and MacRoman respectively. GRUB handles filesystem case-insensitivity however no attempt is performed at case conversion of international characters so e.g. a file named lowercase greek alpha is treated as different from the one named as uppercase alpha. The filesystems in questions are NTFS (except POSIX namespace), HFS+ (by default), FAT, exFAT and ZFS (configurable on per-subvolume basis by property ``casesensitivity'', default sensitive). On ZFS subvolumes marked as case insensitive files containing lowercase international characters are inaccessible. Also like all supported filesystems except HFS+ and ZFS (configurable on per-subvolume basis by property ``normalization'', default none) GRUB makes no attempt at check of canonical equivalence so a file name u-diaresis is treated as distinct from u+combining diaresis. This however means that in order to access file on HFS+ its name must be specified in normalisation form D. On normalized ZFS subvolumes filenames out of normalisation are inaccessible. @chapter Output terminal Firmware output console ``console'' on ARC and IEEE1275 are limited to ASCII. BIOS firmware console and VGA text are limited to ASCII and some pseudographics. None of above mentioned is appropriate for displaying international and any unsupported character is replaced with question mark except pseudographics which we attempt to approximate with ASCII. EFI console on the other hand nominally supports UTF-16 but actual language coverage depends on firmware and may be very limited. The encoding used on serial can be chosen with @command{terminfo} as either ASCII, UTF-8 or ``visual UTF-8''. Last one is against the specification but results in correct rendering of right-to-left on some readers which don't have own bidi implementation. When using gfxterm or gfxmenu GRUB itself is responsible for rendering the text. In this case GRUB is limited by loaded fonts. If fonts contain all required characters then bidirectional text, cursive variants and combining marks other than enclosing, half (e.g. left half tilde or combining overline) and double ones. Ligatures aren't supported though. This should cover European, Middle Eastern (if you don't mind lack of lam-alif ligature in Arabic) and East Asian scripts. Notable unsupported scripts are Brahmic family and derived as well as Mongolian, Tifinagh, Korean Jamo (precomposed characters have no problem) and tonal writing (2e5-2e9). GRUB also ignores deprecated (as specified in Unicode) characters (e.g. tags). GRUB also doesn't handle so called ``annotation characters'' If you can complete either of two lists or, better, propose a patch to improve rendering, please contact developper team. @chapter Input terminal Firmware console on BIOS, IEEE1275 and ARC doesn't allow you to enter non-ASCII characters. EFI specification allows for such but author is unaware of any actual implementations. Serial input is currently limited for latin1 (unlikely to change). Own keyboard implementations (at_keyboard and usb_keyboard) supports any key but work on one-char-per-keystroke. So no dead keys or advanced input method. Also there is no keymap change hotkey. In practice it makes difficult to enter any text using non-Latin alphabet. Moreover all current input consumers are limited to ASCII. @chapter Gettext GRUB supports being translated. For this you need to have language *.mo files in $prefix/locale, load gettext module and set ``lang'' variable. @chapter Regexp Regexps work on unicode characters, however no attempt at checking cannonical equivalence has been made. Moreover the classes like [:alpha:] match only ASCII subset. @chapter Other Currently GRUB always uses YEAR-MONTH-DAY HOUR:MINUTE:SECOND [WEEKDAY] 24-hour datetime format but weekdays are translated. GRUB always uses the decimal number format with [0-9] as digits and . as descimal separator and no group separator. IEEE1275 aliases are matched case-insensitively except non-ASCII which is matched as binary. Similar behaviour is for matching OSBundleRequired. Since IEEE1275 aliases and OSBundleRequired don't contain any non-ASCII it should never be a problem in practice. Case-sensitive identifiers are matched as raw strings, no canonical equivalence check is performed. Case-insenstive identifiers are matched as RAW but additionally [a-z] is equivalent to [A-Z]. GRUB-defined identifiers use only ASCII and so should user-defined ones. Identifiers containing non-ASCII may work but aren't supported. Only the ASCII space characters (space U+0020, tab U+000b, CR U+000d and LF U+000a) are recognised. Other unicode space characters aren't a valid field separator. @command{test} tests <, >, <=, >=, -pgt and -plt compare the strings in the lexicographical order of unicode codepoints, replicating the behaviour of test from coreutils. environment variables and commands are listed in the same order. @node Security @chapter Authentication and authorisation By default, the boot loader interface is accessible to anyone with physical access to the console: anyone can select and edit any menu entry, and anyone can get direct access to a GRUB shell prompt. For most systems, this is reasonable since anyone with direct physical access has a variety of other ways to gain full access, and requiring authentication at the boot loader level would only serve to make it difficult to recover broken systems. However, in some environments, such as kiosks, it may be appropriate to lock down the boot loader to require authentication before performing certain operations. The @samp{password} (@pxref{password}) and @samp{password_pbkdf2} (@pxref{password_pbkdf2}) commands can be used to define users, each of which has an associated password. @samp{password} sets the password in plain text, requiring @file{grub.cfg} to be secure; @samp{password_pbkdf2} sets the password hashed using the Password-Based Key Derivation Function (RFC 2898), requiring the use of @command{grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2} (@pxref{Invoking grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2}) to generate password hashes. In order to enable authentication support, the @samp{superusers} environment variable must be set to a list of usernames, separated by any of spaces, commas, semicolons, pipes, or ampersands. Superusers are permitted to use the GRUB command line, edit menu entries, and execute any menu entry. If @samp{superusers} is set, then use of the command line is automatically restricted to superusers. Other users may be given access to specific menu entries by giving a list of usernames (as above) using the @option{--users} option to the @samp{menuentry} command (@pxref{menuentry}). If the @option{--users} option is not used for a menu entry, then that entry is unrestricted. Putting this together, a typical @file{grub.cfg} fragment might look like this: @example @group set superusers="root" password_pbkdf2 root grub.pbkdf2.sha512.10000.biglongstring password user1 insecure menuentry "May be run by any user" @{ set root=(hd0,1) linux /vmlinuz @} menuentry "Superusers only" --users "" @{ set root=(hd0,1) linux /vmlinuz single @} menuentry "May be run by user1 or a superuser" --users user1 @{ set root=(hd0,2) chainloader +1 @} @end group @end example The @command{grub-mkconfig} program does not yet have built-in support for generating configuration files with authentication. You can use @file{/etc/grub.d/40_custom} to add simple superuser authentication, by adding @kbd{set superusers=} and @kbd{password} or @kbd{password_pbkdf2} commands. @node Platform limitations @chapter Platform limitations GRUB2 is designed to be portable and is actually ported across platforms. We try to keep all platforms at the level. Unfortunately some platforms are better supported than others. This is detailed in current and 2 following sections. ARC platform is unable to change datetime (firmware doesn't seem to provide a function for it). EMU has similar limitation. ARC platform no serial port is available. EMU has similar limitation. Console charset refers only to firmware-assisted console. gfxterm is always Unicode (see Internationalisation section for its limitations). Serial is configurable to UTF-8 or ASCII (see Internationalisation). In case of qemu and coreboot ports the refered console is vga_text. Loongson always uses gfxterm. Most limited one is ASCII. CP437 provides additionally pseudographics. GRUB2 doesn't use any language characters from CP437 as often CP437 is replaced by national encoding compatible only in pseudographics. Unicode is the most versatile charset which supports many languages. However the actual console may be much more limited depending on firmware On BIOS network is supported only if the image is loaded through network. On sparc64 GRUB is unable to determine which server it was booted from. On platforms not having direct serial support (as indicated in the line serial) you can still redirect firmware console to serial if it allows so. Direct ATA/AHCI support allows to circumvent various firmware limitations but isn't needed for normal operation except on baremetal ports. AT keyboard support allows keyboard layout remapping and support for keys not available through firmware. It isn't needed for normal operation except baremetal ports. USB support provides benefits similar to ATA (for USB disks) or AT (for USB keyboards). In addition it allows USBserial. Chainloading refers to the ability to load another bootloader through the same protocol Hints allow faster disk discovery by already knowing in advance which is the disk in question. On some platforms hints are correct unless you move the disk between boots. On other platforms it's just an educated guess. Note that hint failure results in just reduced performance, not a failure BadRAM is the ability to mark some of the RAM as ``bad''. Note: due to protocol limitations mips-loongson (with Linux protocol) and mips-qemu_mips can use only memory up to first hole. @multitable @columnfractions .20 .20 .20 .20 .20 @item @tab BIOS @tab Coreboot @tab Multiboot @tab Qemu @item video @tab yes @tab yes @tab yes @tab yes @item console charset @tab CP437 @tab CP437 @tab CP437 @tab CP437 @item network @tab yes (*) @tab no @tab no @tab no @item ATA/AHCI @tab yes @tab yes @tab yes @tab yes @item AT keyboard @tab yes @tab yes @tab yes @tab yes @item USB @tab yes @tab yes @tab yes @tab yes @item chainloader @tab local @tab yes @tab yes @tab no @item cpuid @tab partial @tab partial @tab partial @tab partial @item hints @tab guess @tab guess @tab guess @tab guess @item PCI @tab yes @tab yes @tab yes @tab yes @item badram @tab yes @tab yes @tab yes @tab yes @item compression @tab always @tab pointless @tab no @tab no @item exit @tab yes @tab no @tab no @tab no @end multitable @multitable @columnfractions .20 .20 .20 .20 .20 @item @tab ia32 EFI @tab amd64 EFI @tab ia32 IEEE1275 @tab Itanium @item video @tab yes @tab yes @tab no @tab no @item console charset @tab Unicode @tab Unicode @tab ASCII @tab Unicode @item network @tab yes @tab yes @tab yes @tab yes @item ATA/AHCI @tab yes @tab yes @tab yes @tab no @item AT keyboard @tab yes @tab yes @tab yes @tab no @item USB @tab yes @tab yes @tab yes @tab no @item chainloader @tab local @tab local @tab no @tab local @item cpuid @tab partial @tab partial @tab partial @tab no @item hints @tab guess @tab guess @tab good @tab guess @item PCI @tab yes @tab yes @tab yes @tab no @item badram @tab yes @tab yes @tab no @tab yes @item compression @tab no @tab no @tab no @tab no @item exit @tab yes @tab yes @tab yes @tab yes @end multitable @multitable @columnfractions .20 .20 .20 .20 .20 @item @tab Loongson @tab sparc64 @tab Powerpc @tab ARC @item video @tab yes @tab no @tab yes @tab no @item console charset @tab N/A @tab ASCII @tab ASCII @tab ASCII @item network @tab no @tab yes (*) @tab yes @tab no @item ATA/AHCI @tab yes @tab no @tab no @tab no @item AT keyboard @tab yes @tab no @tab no @tab no @item USB @tab yes @tab no @tab no @tab no @item chainloader @tab yes @tab no @tab no @tab no @item cpuid @tab no @tab no @tab no @tab no @item hints @tab good @tab good @tab good @tab no @item PCI @tab yes @tab no @tab no @tab no @item badram @tab yes (*) @tab no @tab no @tab no @item compression @tab configurable @tab no @tab no @tab configurable @item exit @tab no @tab yes @tab yes @tab yes @end multitable @multitable @columnfractions .20 .20 .20 .20 .20 @item @tab MIPS qemu @tab emu @item video @tab no @tab yes @item console charset @tab CP437 @tab ASCII @item network @tab no @tab yes @item ATA/AHCI @tab yes @tab no @item AT keyboard @tab yes @tab no @item USB @tab N/A @tab yes @item chainloader @tab yes @tab no @item cpuid @tab no @tab no @item hints @tab guess @tab no @item PCI @tab no @tab no @item badram @tab yes (*) @tab no @item compression @tab configurable @tab no @item exit @tab no @tab yes @end multitable @node Platform-specific operations @chapter Outline Some platforms have features which allows to implement some commands useless or not implementable on others. Quick summary: Information retrieval: @itemize @item mipsel-loongson: lsspd @item mips-arc: lsdev @item efi: lsefisystab, lssal, lsefimmap @item i386-pc: lsapm @item acpi-enabled (i386-pc, i386-coreboot, i386-multiboot, *-efi): lsacpi @end itemize Workarounds for platform-specific issues: @itemize @item i386-efi/x86_64-efi: loadbios, fixvideo @item acpi-enabled (i386-pc, i386-coreboot, i386-multiboot, *-efi): acpi (override ACPI tables) @item i386-pc: drivemap @item i386-pc: sendkey @end itemize Advanced operations for power users: @itemize @item x86: iorw (direct access to I/O ports) @end itemize Miscelaneous: @itemize @item cmos (x86-*, ieee1275, mips-qemu_mips, mips-loongson): cmostest (used on some laptops to check for special power-on key) @item i386-pc: play @end itemize @node Supported kernels @chapter Supported boot targets X86 support is summarised in the following table. ``Yes'' means that the kernel works on the given platform, ``crashes'' means an early kernel crash which we hope will be fixed by concerned kernel developers. ``no'' means GRUB doesn't load the given kernel on a given platform. ``headless'' means that the kernel works but lacks console drivers (you can still use serial or network console). In case of ``no'' and ``crashes'' the reason is given in footnote. @multitable @columnfractions .50 .22 .22 @item @tab BIOS @tab Coreboot @item BIOS chainloading @tab yes @tab no (1) @item NTLDR @tab yes @tab no (1) @item Plan9 @tab yes @tab no (1) @item Freedos @tab yes @tab no (1) @item FreeBSD bootloader @tab yes @tab crashes (1) @item 32-bit kFreeBSD @tab yes @tab crashes (2,6) @item 64-bit kFreeBSD @tab yes @tab crashes (2,6) @item 32-bit kNetBSD @tab yes @tab crashes (1) @item 64-bit kNetBSD @tab yes @tab crashes (2) @item 32-bit kOpenBSD @tab yes @tab yes @item 64-bit kOpenBSD @tab yes @tab yes @item Multiboot @tab yes @tab yes @item Multiboot2 @tab yes @tab yes @item 32-bit Linux (legacy protocol) @tab yes @tab no (1) @item 64-bit Linux (legacy protocol) @tab yes @tab no (1) @item 32-bit Linux (modern protocol) @tab yes @tab yes @item 64-bit Linux (modern protocol) @tab yes @tab yes @item 32-bit XNU @tab yes @tab ? @item 64-bit XNU @tab yes @tab ? @item 32-bit EFI chainloader @tab no (3) @tab no (3) @item 64-bit EFI chainloader @tab no (3) @tab no (3) @item Appleloader @tab no (3) @tab no (3) @end multitable @multitable @columnfractions .50 .22 .22 @item @tab Multiboot @tab Qemu @item BIOS chainloading @tab no (1) @tab no (1) @item NTLDR @tab no (1) @tab no (1) @item Plan9 @tab no (1) @tab no (1) @item FreeDOS @tab no (1) @tab no (1) @item FreeBSD bootloader @tab crashes (1) @tab crashes (1) @item 32-bit kFreeBSD @tab crashes (6) @tab crashes (6) @item 64-bit kFreeBSD @tab crashes (6) @tab crashes (6) @item 32-bit kNetBSD @tab crashes (1) @tab crashes (1) @item 64-bit kNetBSD @tab yes @tab yes @item 32-bit kOpenBSD @tab yes @tab yes @item 64-bit kOpenBSD @tab yes @tab yes @item Multiboot @tab yes @tab yes @item Multiboot2 @tab yes @tab yes @item 32-bit Linux (legacy protocol) @tab no (1) @tab no (1) @item 64-bit Linux (legacy protocol) @tab no (1) @tab no (1) @item 32-bit Linux (modern protocol) @tab yes @tab yes @item 64-bit Linux (modern protocol) @tab yes @tab yes @item 32-bit XNU @tab ? @tab ? @item 64-bit XNU @tab ? @tab ? @item 32-bit EFI chainloader @tab no (3) @tab no (3) @item 64-bit EFI chainloader @tab no (3) @tab no (3) @item Appleloader @tab no (3) @tab no (3) @end multitable @multitable @columnfractions .50 .22 .22 @item @tab ia32 EFI @tab amd64 EFI @item BIOS chainloading @tab no (1) @tab no (1) @item NTLDR @tab no (1) @tab no (1) @item Plan9 @tab no (1) @tab no (1) @item FreeDOS @tab no (1) @tab no (1) @item FreeBSD bootloader @tab crashes (1) @tab crashes (1) @item 32-bit kFreeBSD @tab headless @tab headless @item 64-bit kFreeBSD @tab headless @tab headless @item 32-bit kNetBSD @tab crashes (1) @tab crashes (1) @item 64-bit kNetBSD @tab yes @tab yes @item 32-bit kOpenBSD @tab headless @tab headless @item 64-bit kOpenBSD @tab headless @tab headless @item Multiboot @tab yes @tab yes @item Multiboot2 @tab yes @tab yes @item 32-bit Linux (legacy protocol) @tab no (1) @tab no (1) @item 64-bit Linux (legacy protocol) @tab no (1) @tab no (1) @item 32-bit Linux (modern protocol) @tab yes @tab yes @item 64-bit Linux (modern protocol) @tab yes @tab yes @item 32-bit XNU @tab yes @tab yes @item 64-bit XNU @tab yes (5) @tab yes @item 32-bit EFI chainloader @tab yes @tab no (4) @item 64-bit EFI chainloader @tab no (4) @tab yes @item Appleloader @tab yes @tab yes @end multitable @multitable @columnfractions .50 .22 .22 @item @tab ia32 IEEE1275 @item BIOS chainloading @tab no (1) @item NTLDR @tab no (1) @item Plan9 @tab no (1) @item FreeDOS @tab no (1) @item FreeBSD bootloader @tab crashes (1) @item 32-bit kFreeBSD @tab crashes (6) @item 64-bit kFreeBSD @tab crashes (6) @item 32-bit kNetBSD @tab crashes (1) @item 64-bit kNetBSD @tab ? @item 32-bit kOpenBSD @tab ? @item 64-bit kOpenBSD @tab ? @item Multiboot @tab ? @item Multiboot2 @tab ? @item 32-bit Linux (legacy protocol) @tab no (1) @item 64-bit Linux (legacy protocol) @tab no (1) @item 32-bit Linux (modern protocol) @tab ? @item 64-bit Linux (modern protocol) @tab ? @item 32-bit XNU @tab ? @item 64-bit XNU @tab ? @item 32-bit EFI chainloader @tab no (3) @item 64-bit EFI chainloader @tab no (3) @item Appleloader @tab no (3) @end multitable @enumerate @item Requires BIOS @item Crashes because the memory at 0x0-0x1000 isn't available @item EFI only @item 32-bit and 64-bit EFI have different structures and work in different CPU modes so it's not possible to chainload 32-bit bootloader on 64-bit platform and vice-versa @item Some modules may need to be disabled @item Requires ACPI @end enumerate PowerPC, IA64 and Sparc64 ports support only Linux. MIPS port supports Linux and multiboot2. @chapter Boot tests As you have seen in previous chapter the support matrix is pretty big and some of the configurations are only rarely used. To ensure the quality bootchecks are available for all x86 targets except EFI chainloader, Appleloader and XNU. All x86 platforms have bootcheck facility except ieee1275. Multiboot, multiboot2, BIOS chainloader, ntldr and freebsd-bootloader boot targets are tested only with a fake kernel images. Only Linux is tested among the payloads using Linux protocols. Following variables must be defined: @multitable @columnfractions .30 .65 @item GRUB_PAYLOADS_DIR @tab directory containing the required kernels @item GRUB_CBFSTOOL @tab cbfstoll from Coreboot package (for coreboot platform only) @item GRUB_COREBOOT_ROM @tab empty Coreboot ROM @item GRUB_QEMU_OPTS @tab additional options to be supplied to QEMU @end multitable Required files are: @multitable @columnfractions .40 .55 @item kfreebsd_env.i386 @tab 32-bit kFreeBSD device hints @item kfreebsd.i386 @tab 32-bit FreeBSD kernel image @item kfreebsd.x86_64, kfreebsd_env.x86_64 @tab same from 64-bit kFreeBSD @item knetbsd.i386 @tab 32-bit NetBSD kernel image @item knetbsd.miniroot.i386 @tab 32-bit kNetBSD miniroot.kmod. @item knetbsd.x86_64, knetbsd.miniroot.x86_64 @tab same from 64-bit kNetBSD @item kopenbsd.i386 @tab 32-bit OpenBSD kernel bsd.rd image @item kopenbsd.x86_64 @tab same from 64-bit kOpenBSD @item linux.i386 @tab 32-bit Linux @item linux.x86_64 @tab 64-bit Linux @end multitable @node Troubleshooting @chapter Error messages produced by GRUB @menu * GRUB only offers a rescue shell:: @end menu @node GRUB only offers a rescue shell @section GRUB only offers a rescue shell GRUB's normal start-up procedure involves setting the @samp{prefix} environment variable to a value set in the core image by @command{grub-install}, setting the @samp{root} variable to match, loading the @samp{normal} module from the prefix, and running the @samp{normal} command (@pxref{normal}). This command is responsible for reading @file{/boot/grub/grub.cfg}, running the menu, and doing all the useful things GRUB is supposed to do. If, instead, you only get a rescue shell, this usually means that GRUB failed to load the @samp{normal} module for some reason. It may be possible to work around this temporarily: for instance, if the reason for the failure is that @samp{prefix} is wrong (perhaps it refers to the wrong device, or perhaps the path to @file{/boot/grub} was not correctly made relative to the device), then you can correct this and enter normal mode manually: @example @group # Inspect the current prefix (and other preset variables): set # Find out which devices are available: ls # Set to the correct value, which might be something like this: set prefix=(hd0,1)/grub set root=(hd0,1) insmod normal normal @end group @end example However, any problem that leaves you in the rescue shell probably means that GRUB was not correctly installed. It may be more useful to try to reinstall it properly using @kbd{grub-install @var{device}} (@pxref{Invoking grub-install}). When doing this, there are a few things to remember: @itemize @bullet{} @item Drive ordering in your operating system may not be the same as the boot drive ordering used by your firmware. Do not assume that your first hard drive (e.g. @samp{/dev/sda}) is the one that your firmware will boot from. @file{device.map} (@pxref{Device map}) can be used to override this, but it is usually better to use UUIDs or file system labels and avoid depending on drive ordering entirely. @item At least on BIOS systems, if you tell @command{grub-install} to install GRUB to a partition but GRUB has already been installed in the master boot record, then the GRUB installation in the partition will be ignored. @item If possible, it is generally best to avoid installing GRUB to a partition (unless it is a special partition for the use of GRUB alone, such as the BIOS Boot Partition used on GPT). Doing this means that GRUB may stop being able to read its core image due to a file system moving blocks around, such as while defragmenting, running checks, or even during normal operation. Installing to the whole disk device is normally more robust. @item Check that GRUB actually knows how to read from the device and file system containing @file{/boot/grub}. It will not be able to read from encrypted devices, nor from file systems for which support has not yet been added to GRUB. @end itemize @node Invoking grub-install @chapter Invoking grub-install The program @command{grub-install} installs GRUB on your drive using @command{grub-mkimage} and (on some platforms) @command{grub-setup}. You must specify the device name on which you want to install GRUB, like this: @example grub-install @var{install_device} @end example The device name @var{install_device} is an OS device name or a GRUB device name. @command{grub-install} accepts the following options: @table @option @item --help Print a summary of the command-line options and exit. @item --version Print the version number of GRUB and exit. @item --boot-directory=@var{dir} Install GRUB images under the directory @file{@var{dir}/grub/} This option is useful when you want to install GRUB into a separate partition or a removable disk. If this option is not specified then it defaults to @file{/boot}, so @example @kbd{grub-install /dev/sda} @end example is equivalent to @example @kbd{grub-install --boot-directory=/boot/ /dev/sda} @end example Here is an example in which you have a separate @dfn{boot} partition which is mounted on @file{/mnt/boot}: @example @kbd{grub-install --boot-directory=/mnt/boot /dev/sdb} @end example @item --recheck Recheck the device map, even if @file{/boot/grub/device.map} already exists. You should use this option whenever you add/remove a disk into/from your computer. @end table @node Invoking grub-mkconfig @chapter Invoking grub-mkconfig The program @command{grub-mkconfig} generates a configuration file for GRUB (@pxref{Simple configuration}). @example grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg @end example @command{grub-mkconfig} accepts the following options: @table @option @item --help Print a summary of the command-line options and exit. @item --version Print the version number of GRUB and exit. @item -o @var{file} @itemx --output=@var{file} Send the generated configuration file to @var{file}. The default is to send it to standard output. @end table @node Invoking grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2 @chapter Invoking grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2 The program @command{grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2} generates password hashes for GRUB (@pxref{Security}). @example grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2 @end example @command{grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2} accepts the following options: @table @option @item -c @var{number} @itemx --iteration-count=@var{number} Number of iterations of the underlying pseudo-random function. Defaults to 10000. @item -l @var{number} @itemx --buflen=@var{number} Length of the generated hash. Defaults to 64. @item -s @var{number} @itemx --salt=@var{number} Length of the salt. Defaults to 64. @end table @node Invoking grub-mkrescue @chapter Invoking grub-mkrescue The program @command{grub-mkrescue} generates a bootable GRUB rescue image (@pxref{Making a GRUB bootable CD-ROM}). @example grub-mkrescue -o grub.iso @end example All arguments not explicitly listed as @command{grub-mkrescue} options are passed on directly to @command{xorriso} in @command{mkisofs} emulation mode. Options passed to @command{xorriso} will normally be interpreted as @command{mkisofs} options; if the option @samp{--} is used, then anything after that will be interpreted as native @command{xorriso} options. Non-option arguments specify additional source directories. This is commonly used to add extra files to the image: @example mkdir -p disk/boot/grub @r{(add extra files to @file{disk/boot/grub})} grub-mkrescue -o grub.iso disk @end example @command{grub-mkrescue} accepts the following options: @table @option @item --help Print a summary of the command-line options and exit. @item --version Print the version number of GRUB and exit. @item -o @var{file} @itemx --output=@var{file} Save output in @var{file}. This "option" is required. @item --modules=@var{modules} Pre-load the named GRUB modules in the image. Multiple entries in @var{modules} should be separated by whitespace (so you will probably need to quote this for your shell). @item --rom-directory=@var{dir} If generating images for the QEMU or Coreboot platforms, copy the resulting @file{qemu.img} or @file{coreboot.elf} files respectively to the @var{dir} directory as well as including them in the image. @item --xorriso=@var{file} Use @var{file} as the @command{xorriso} program, rather than the built-in default. @item --grub-mkimage=@var{file} Use @var{file} as the @command{grub-mkimage} program, rather than the built-in default. @end table @node Obtaining and Building GRUB @appendix How to obtain and build GRUB @quotation @strong{Caution:} GRUB requires binutils-2.9.1.0.23 or later because the GNU assembler has been changed so that it can produce real 16bits machine code between 2.9.1 and 2.9.1.0.x. See @uref{http://sources.redhat.com/binutils/}, to obtain information on how to get the latest version. @end quotation GRUB is available from the GNU alpha archive site @uref{ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/grub} or any of its mirrors. The file will be named grub-version.tar.gz. The current version is @value{VERSION}, so the file you should grab is: @uref{ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/grub/grub-@value{VERSION}.tar.gz} To unbundle GRUB use the instruction: @example @kbd{zcat grub-@value{VERSION}.tar.gz | tar xvf -} @end example which will create a directory called @file{grub-@value{VERSION}} with all the sources. You can look at the file @file{INSTALL} for detailed instructions on how to build and install GRUB, but you should be able to just do: @example @group @kbd{cd grub-@value{VERSION}} @kbd{./configure} @kbd{make install} @end group @end example Also, the latest version is available using Bazaar. See @uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/grub-download.en.html} for more information. @node Reporting bugs @appendix Reporting bugs These are the guideline for how to report bugs. Take a look at this list below before you submit bugs: @enumerate @item Before getting unsettled, read this manual through and through. Also, see the @uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/grub-faq.html, GNU GRUB FAQ}. @item Always mention the information on your GRUB. The version number and the configuration are quite important. If you build it yourself, write the options specified to the configure script and your operating system, including the versions of gcc and binutils. @item If you have trouble with the installation, inform us of how you installed GRUB. Don't omit error messages, if any. Just @samp{GRUB hangs up when it boots} is not enough. The information on your hardware is also essential. These are especially important: the geometries and the partition tables of your hard disk drives and your BIOS. @item If GRUB cannot boot your operating system, write down @emph{everything} you see on the screen. Don't paraphrase them, like @samp{The foo OS crashes with GRUB, even though it can boot with the bar boot loader just fine}. Mention the commands you executed, the messages printed by them, and information on your operating system including the version number. @item Explain what you wanted to do. It is very useful to know your purpose and your wish, and how GRUB didn't satisfy you. @item If you can investigate the problem yourself, please do. That will give you and us much more information on the problem. Attaching a patch is even better. When you attach a patch, make the patch in unified diff format, and write ChangeLog entries. But, even when you make a patch, don't forget to explain the problem, so that we can understand what your patch is for. @item Write down anything that you think might be related. Please understand that we often need to reproduce the same problem you encountered in our environment. So your information should be sufficient for us to do the same thing---Don't forget that we cannot see your computer directly. If you are not sure whether to state a fact or leave it out, state it! Reporting too many things is much better than omitting something important. @end enumerate If you follow the guideline above, submit a report to the @uref{http://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/?group=grub, Bug Tracking System}. Alternatively, you can submit a report via electronic mail to @email{bug-grub@@gnu.org}, but we strongly recommend that you use the Bug Tracking System, because e-mail can be passed over easily. Once we get your report, we will try to fix the bugs. @node Future @appendix Where GRUB will go GRUB 2 is now quite stable and used in many production systems. We are currently working towards a 2.0 release. If you are interested in the development of GRUB 2, take a look at @uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/grub.html, the homepage}. @node Copying This Manual @appendix Copying This Manual @menu * GNU Free Documentation License:: License for copying this manual. @end menu @include fdl.texi @node Index @unnumbered Index @c Currently, we use only the Concept Index. @printindex cp @bye Some notes: This is an attempt to make a manual for GRUB 2. The contents are copied from the GRUB manual in GRUB Legacy, so they are not always appropriate yet for GRUB 2.