diff --git a/common/arg.cpp b/common/arg.cpp
index deb113786..c81b15217 100644
--- a/common/arg.cpp
+++ b/common/arg.cpp
@@ -1512,7 +1512,7 @@ common_params_context common_params_parser_init(common_params & params, llama_ex
         {"--lora"}, "FNAME",
         "path to LoRA adapter (can be repeated to use multiple adapters)",
         [](common_params & params, const std::string & value) {
-            params.lora_adapters.push_back({ std::string(value), 1.0 });
+            params.lora_adapters.push_back({ std::string(value), 1.0, nullptr });
         }
         // we define this arg on both COMMON and EXPORT_LORA, so when showing help message of export-lora, it will be categorized as "example-specific" arg
     ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_COMMON, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_EXPORT_LORA}));
@@ -1520,7 +1520,7 @@ common_params_context common_params_parser_init(common_params & params, llama_ex
         {"--lora-scaled"}, "FNAME", "SCALE",
         "path to LoRA adapter with user defined scaling (can be repeated to use multiple adapters)",
         [](common_params & params, const std::string & fname, const std::string & scale) {
-            params.lora_adapters.push_back({ fname, std::stof(scale) });
+            params.lora_adapters.push_back({ fname, std::stof(scale), nullptr });
         }
         // we define this arg on both COMMON and EXPORT_LORA, so when showing help message of export-lora, it will be categorized as "example-specific" arg
     ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_COMMON, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_EXPORT_LORA}));
diff --git a/common/common.cpp b/common/common.cpp
index 6c0d24688..3e37039ca 100644
--- a/common/common.cpp
+++ b/common/common.cpp
@@ -922,20 +922,21 @@ struct common_init_result common_init_from_params(common_params & params) {
 
     // load and optionally apply lora adapters
     for (auto & la : params.lora_adapters) {
-        common_lora_adapter_container loaded_la;
-        loaded_la.path = la.path;
-        loaded_la.scale = la.scale;
-        loaded_la.adapter.reset(llama_lora_adapter_init(model, la.path.c_str()));
-        if (loaded_la.adapter == nullptr) {
+        llama_lora_adapter_ptr lora;
+        lora.reset(llama_lora_adapter_init(model, la.path.c_str()));
+        if (lora == nullptr) {
             LOG_ERR("%s: failed to apply lora adapter '%s'\n", __func__, la.path.c_str());
             llama_free(lctx);
             llama_free_model(model);
             return iparams;
         }
-        iparams.lora_adapters.emplace_back(std::move(loaded_la)); // copy to list of loaded adapters
+
+        la.ptr = lora.get();
+        iparams.lora.emplace_back(std::move(lora)); // copy to list of loaded adapters
     }
+
     if (!params.lora_init_without_apply) {
-        common_lora_adapters_apply(lctx, iparams.lora_adapters);
+        common_lora_adapters_apply(lctx, params.lora_adapters);
     }
 
     if (params.sampling.ignore_eos && llama_token_eos(model) == LLAMA_TOKEN_NULL) {
@@ -1002,11 +1003,11 @@ struct common_init_result common_init_from_params(common_params & params) {
     return iparams;
 }
 
-void common_lora_adapters_apply(struct llama_context * ctx, std::vector<common_lora_adapter_container> & lora_adapters) {
+void common_lora_adapters_apply(struct llama_context * ctx, std::vector<common_lora_adapter_info> & lora) {
     llama_lora_adapter_clear(ctx);
-    for (auto & la : lora_adapters) {
+    for (auto & la : lora) {
         if (la.scale != 0.0f) {
-            llama_lora_adapter_set(ctx, la.adapter.get(), la.scale);
+            llama_lora_adapter_set(ctx, la.ptr, la.scale);
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/common/common.h b/common/common.h
index 2802675c2..e64292152 100644
--- a/common/common.h
+++ b/common/common.h
@@ -24,13 +24,12 @@
 
 #define DEFAULT_MODEL_PATH "models/7B/ggml-model-f16.gguf"
 
+// TODO: "lora_adapter" is tautology
 struct common_lora_adapter_info {
     std::string path;
     float scale;
-};
 
-struct common_lora_adapter_container : common_lora_adapter_info {
-    llama_lora_adapter_ptr adapter;
+    struct llama_lora_adapter * ptr;
 };
 
 using llama_tokens = std::vector<llama_token>;
@@ -478,11 +477,12 @@ std::string fs_get_cache_file(const std::string & filename);
 // Model utils
 //
 
+// note: defines object's lifetime
 struct common_init_result {
     llama_model_ptr   model;
     llama_context_ptr context;
 
-    std::vector<common_lora_adapter_container> lora_adapters;
+    std::vector<llama_lora_adapter_ptr> lora;
 };
 
 struct common_init_result     common_init_from_params(common_params & params);
@@ -504,7 +504,7 @@ struct llama_model * common_load_model_from_hf(
     const struct llama_model_params & params);
 
 // clear LoRA adapters from context, then apply new list of adapters
-void common_lora_adapters_apply(struct llama_context * ctx, std::vector<common_lora_adapter_container> & lora_adapters);
+void common_lora_adapters_apply(struct llama_context * ctx, std::vector<common_lora_adapter_info> & lora);
 
 //
 // Batch utils
diff --git a/examples/server/server.cpp b/examples/server/server.cpp
index f50d75964..441c58e38 100644
--- a/examples/server/server.cpp
+++ b/examples/server/server.cpp
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ struct slot_params {
     int64_t t_max_prompt_ms  = -1; // TODO: implement
     int64_t t_max_predict_ms = -1; // if positive, limit the generation phase to this time limit
 
-    std::vector<common_lora_adapter_container> lora;
+    std::vector<common_lora_adapter_info> lora;
 
     std::vector<std::string> antiprompt;
     std::vector<std::string> response_fields;
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ struct server_task {
     bool metrics_reset_bucket = false;
 
     // used by SERVER_TASK_TYPE_SET_LORA
-    std::vector<common_lora_adapter_container> set_lora;
+    std::vector<common_lora_adapter_info> set_lora;
 
     server_task(server_task_type type) : type(type) {}
 
@@ -206,7 +206,6 @@ struct server_task {
             const llama_model * model,
             const llama_context * ctx,
             const common_params & params_base,
-            const std::vector<common_lora_adapter_container> & lora_base,
             const json & data) {
         slot_params params;
 
@@ -265,12 +264,12 @@ struct server_task {
 
         if (data.contains("lora")) {
             if (data.at("lora").is_array()) {
-                params.lora = parse_lora_request(lora_base, data.at("lora"));
+                params.lora = parse_lora_request(params_base.lora_adapters, data.at("lora"));
             } else {
                 throw std::runtime_error("Error: 'lora' must be an array of objects with 'id' and 'scale' fields");
             }
         } else {
-            params.lora = lora_base;
+            params.lora = params_base.lora_adapters;
         }
 
         // TODO: add more sanity checks for the input parameters
@@ -1132,7 +1131,7 @@ struct server_slot {
 
     common_speculative * spec = nullptr;
 
-    std::vector<common_lora_adapter_container> lora;
+    std::vector<common_lora_adapter_info> lora;
 
     // the index relative to completion multi-task request
     size_t index = 0;
@@ -1633,8 +1632,6 @@ struct server_context {
     llama_model * model = nullptr;
     llama_context * ctx = nullptr;
 
-    std::vector<common_lora_adapter_container> lora;
-
     llama_model * model_dft = nullptr;
 
     llama_context_params cparams_dft;
@@ -1687,8 +1684,6 @@ struct server_context {
         model = llama_init.model.get();
         ctx   = llama_init.context.get();
 
-        lora = std::move(llama_init.lora_adapters);
-
         if (model == nullptr) {
             SRV_ERR("failed to load model, '%s'\n", params_base.model.c_str());
             return false;
@@ -1883,7 +1878,7 @@ struct server_context {
         if (!are_lora_equal(task.params.lora, slot.lora)) {
             // if lora is changed, we cannot reuse cached tokens
             slot.cache_tokens.clear();
-            slot.lora = std::move(task.params.lora);
+            slot.lora = task.params.lora;
         }
 
         SLT_DBG(slot, "launching slot : %s\n", safe_json_to_str(slot.to_json()).c_str());
@@ -2577,7 +2572,7 @@ struct server_context {
                 } break;
             case SERVER_TASK_TYPE_SET_LORA:
                 {
-                    lora = std::move(task.set_lora);
+                    params_base.lora_adapters = std::move(task.set_lora);
                     auto res = std::make_unique<server_task_result_apply_lora>();
                     res->id = task.id;
                     queue_results.send(std::move(res));
@@ -3656,7 +3651,6 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
                                             ctx_server.model,
                                             ctx_server.ctx,
                                             ctx_server.params_base,
-                                            ctx_server.lora,
                                             data);
                 task.id_selected_slot = json_value(data, "id_slot", -1);
 
@@ -4083,8 +4077,9 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
 
     const auto handle_lora_adapters_list = [&](const httplib::Request &, httplib::Response & res) {
         json result = json::array();
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < ctx_server.lora.size(); ++i) {
-            auto & lora = ctx_server.lora[i];
+        const auto & loras = ctx_server.params_base.lora_adapters;
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < loras.size(); ++i) {
+            auto & lora = loras[i];
             result.push_back({
                 {"id", i},
                 {"path", lora.path},
@@ -4103,7 +4098,7 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
         }
         server_task task(SERVER_TASK_TYPE_SET_LORA);
         task.id = ctx_server.queue_tasks.get_new_id();
-        task.set_lora = parse_lora_request(ctx_server.lora, body);
+        task.set_lora = parse_lora_request(ctx_server.params_base.lora_adapters, body);
         ctx_server.queue_results.add_waiting_task_id(task.id);
         ctx_server.queue_tasks.post(task);
 
diff --git a/examples/server/utils.hpp b/examples/server/utils.hpp
index 1cf08bb0a..dc6e6e67e 100644
--- a/examples/server/utils.hpp
+++ b/examples/server/utils.hpp
@@ -799,25 +799,25 @@ static std::vector<llama_token_data> get_token_probabilities(llama_context * ctx
 }
 
 static bool are_lora_equal(
-        const std::vector<common_lora_adapter_container> & l1,
-        const std::vector<common_lora_adapter_container> & l2) {
+        const std::vector<common_lora_adapter_info> & l1,
+        const std::vector<common_lora_adapter_info> & l2) {
     if (l1.size() != l2.size()) {
         return false;
     }
     for (size_t i = 0; i < l1.size(); ++i) {
         // we don't check lora.path to reduce the time complexity
-        if (l1[i].scale != l2[i].scale || l1[i].adapter != l2[i].adapter) {
+        if (l1[i].scale != l2[i].scale || l1[i].ptr != l2[i].ptr) {
             return false;
         }
     }
     return true;
 }
 
-// parse lora config from JSON request, returned a copy of base_lora with updated scale
-static std::vector<common_lora_adapter_container> parse_lora_request(
-        const std::vector<common_lora_adapter_container> & base_lora,
+// parse lora config from JSON request, returned a copy of lora_base with updated scale
+static std::vector<common_lora_adapter_info> parse_lora_request(
+        const std::vector<common_lora_adapter_info> & lora_base,
         const json & data) {
-    std::vector<common_lora_adapter_container> lora(base_lora);
+    std::vector<common_lora_adapter_info> lora(lora_base);
     int max_idx = lora.size();
 
     // clear existing value
diff --git a/src/llama-impl.cpp b/src/llama-impl.cpp
index ca9f1ea8e..a05ba4f63 100644
--- a/src/llama-impl.cpp
+++ b/src/llama-impl.cpp
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include <cinttypes>
 #include <climits>
 #include <cstdarg>
+#include <cstring>
 #include <vector>
 #include <sstream>
 
diff --git a/src/llama-model-loader.cpp b/src/llama-model-loader.cpp
index 87ffdc599..7743b4652 100644
--- a/src/llama-model-loader.cpp
+++ b/src/llama-model-loader.cpp
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@
 
 #include "ggml.h"
 
+#include <array>
 #include <cinttypes>
+#include <cstring>
 #include <future>
 
 const char * llama_file_version_name(llama_fver version) {
diff --git a/src/llama-model-loader.h b/src/llama-model-loader.h
index c9f274fc3..1ec478195 100644
--- a/src/llama-model-loader.h
+++ b/src/llama-model-loader.h
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <map>
+#include <stdexcept>
 #include <unordered_map>
 
 using llama_buf_map = std::unordered_map<uint32_t, ggml_backend_buffer_t>;