diff --git a/common/arg.cpp b/common/arg.cpp
index 8266a16c2..e89d6c9e2 100644
--- a/common/arg.cpp
+++ b/common/arg.cpp
@@ -1638,7 +1638,7 @@ gpt_params_context gpt_params_parser_init(gpt_params & params, llama_example ex,
             params.cvector_outfile = value;
             params.lora_outfile = value;
         }
-    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_IMATRIX, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_CVECTOR_GENERATOR, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_EXPORT_LORA}));
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_IMATRIX, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_CVECTOR_GENERATOR, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_EXPORT_LORA, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_COMPRESS}));
     add_opt(llama_arg(
         {"-ofreq", "--output-frequency"}, "N",
         format("output the imatrix every N iterations (default: %d)", params.n_out_freq),
@@ -1950,6 +1950,24 @@ gpt_params_context gpt_params_parser_init(gpt_params & params, llama_example ex,
             else { std::invalid_argument("invalid value"); }
         }
     ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_BENCH}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--compression_header_size"}, "N",
+        "Number of tokens to keep in header (default: 1)",
+        [](gpt_params & params, int value){
+            params.num_tokens_header = value;
+        }).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_COMPRESS}));
+    add_opt(llama_arg(
+        {"--mode"}, "{compress,expand,test}",
+        "What task to run (default: test)",
+        [](gpt_params & params,  const std::string & value){
+            if (value == "test"){
+                return; }
+            else if (value == "compress"){
+                params.compress_mode = 1; }
+            else if (value == "expand"){
+                params.compress_mode = 2; }
+            else { std::invalid_argument("invalid value"); }
+        }).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_COMPRESS}));
     add_opt(llama_arg(
         {"--log-disable"},
         "Log disable",
diff --git a/common/common.h b/common/common.h
index 8b84cf9ad..1c65662c2 100644
--- a/common/common.h
+++ b/common/common.h
@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ enum llama_example {
     LLAMA_EXAMPLE_PARALLEL,
 
     LLAMA_EXAMPLE_COUNT,
+    LLAMA_EXAMPLE_COMPRESS
 };
 
 enum gpt_sampler_type {
@@ -341,6 +342,9 @@ struct gpt_params {
 
     // batched-bench params
     bool batched_bench_output_jsonl = false;
+
+    int num_tokens_header = 1;
+    int compress_mode = 0;
 };
 
 // call once at the start of a program if it uses libcommon
diff --git a/examples/CMakeLists.txt b/examples/CMakeLists.txt
index 67b3d2774..acc0edccf 100644
--- a/examples/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/examples/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ else()
     add_subdirectory(batched-bench)
     add_subdirectory(batched)
     add_subdirectory(benchmark)
+    add_subdirectory(compress)
     add_subdirectory(convert-llama2c-to-ggml)
     add_subdirectory(embedding)
     add_subdirectory(eval-callback)
diff --git a/examples/compress/CMakeLists.txt b/examples/compress/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..677dac8fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/compress/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+set(TARGET llama-compress)
+add_executable(${TARGET} compress.cpp)
+install(TARGETS ${TARGET} RUNTIME)
+target_link_libraries(${TARGET} PRIVATE common llama ${CMAKE_THREAD_LIBS_INIT})
+target_compile_features(${TARGET} PRIVATE cxx_std_11)
diff --git a/examples/compress/README.md b/examples/compress/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3b461e143
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/compress/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# llama.cpp/examples/compress
+
+Demonstration of LLM-based natural language compression.
diff --git a/examples/compress/compress.cpp b/examples/compress/compress.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b56ca6808
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/compress/compress.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,631 @@
+#include "arg.h"
+#include "common.h"
+#include "sampling.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "llama.h"
+
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <bitset>
+#include <fstream>
+
+int msB_log256(int x)
+{
+    int ret = 0;
+    while (x > 0)
+    {
+        ret++;
+        x >>= 8;
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+const int block_header_size = 2;
+const int fixed_token_cost = 1;
+
+int total_pad = 0;
+
+std::vector<uint8_t> encode(llama_context *ctx, std::vector<llama_token> inp, gpt_sampler *smpl, int num_raw_tokens_header)
+{
+
+    llama_batch batch = llama_batch_init(inp.size(), 0, 1);
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_raw_tokens_header; i++)
+    {
+        llama_batch_add(batch, inp[i], i, {0}, true);
+    }
+
+    // eval the first few tokens of the prompt
+    if (llama_decode(ctx, batch))
+    {
+        LOG_ERR("%s: llama_decode() failed\n", __func__);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    const auto t_enc_end = ggml_time_us();
+
+    std::vector<int> sample_ids;
+
+    gpt_sampler_sample(smpl, ctx, num_raw_tokens_header - 1, true);
+    for (int index = num_raw_tokens_header; index < inp.size(); index++)
+    {
+        auto cur_p = gpt_sampler_get_candidates(smpl); // initialized by set_logits
+
+        int match = -1;
+        for (int i = 0; i < cur_p->size; i++)
+        {
+            auto tok = cur_p->data[i];
+            llama_token candidate = tok.id;
+            if (candidate == inp[index])
+            {
+                LOG("%s", llama_token_to_piece(ctx, candidate).c_str());
+                match = i;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (match < 0)
+        {
+            LOG_ERR("\n couldn't match %s", llama_token_to_piece(ctx, inp[index]).c_str());
+            exit(1);
+        }
+        sample_ids.push_back(match);
+        llama_batch_clear(batch);
+        llama_batch_add(batch, inp[index], index, {0}, true);
+        if (llama_decode(ctx, batch))
+        {
+            LOG_ERR("%s : failed to eval, return code %d\n", __func__, 1);
+            exit(1);
+        }
+        gpt_sampler_sample(smpl, ctx, 0, true);
+    }
+
+    std::vector<uint8_t> sample_ids_bitpacked;
+
+    int bit_offset = 0;
+    uint8_t current = 0;
+
+    int block_start = 0;
+    bool build_block = true;
+    bool was_block = false;
+
+    // frst put the raw first few tokens
+    sample_ids_bitpacked.push_back(num_raw_tokens_header);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_raw_tokens_header; i++)
+    {
+        // pack 4 bytes
+        for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++)
+        {
+            uint8_t byte = inp[i] >> (j * 8);
+            sample_ids_bitpacked.push_back(byte);
+        }
+    }
+    block_start = 1 + num_raw_tokens_header * 4;
+    bit_offset = block_start * 8;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < sample_ids.size(); i++)
+    {
+        int sample_id = sample_ids[i];
+        uint8_t PAD = (8 - bit_offset % 8) % 8;
+        uint8_t bytesize = (uint8_t)msB_log256(sample_id);
+
+        // Big number, better save as token
+        if (sample_id > PAD + (block_header_size + fixed_token_cost + bytesize) * 8)
+        {
+            // Close current block (0b1010 is block marker)
+            if (was_block)
+            {
+                sample_ids_bitpacked[block_start] = 0b10100000 | PAD;
+                int block_size = (bit_offset + PAD) / 8 - block_start;
+                if (block_size >= 256)
+                {
+                    // TODO: handle more than 256 bytes of block data
+                    // (maybe allow multiple blocks in a row)
+                    LOG_ERR("Block too big %d >= 256", block_size);
+                    exit(-1);
+                }
+                sample_ids_bitpacked[block_start + 1] = block_size & 0xff;
+
+                // put last bytes
+                if (PAD)
+                {
+                    sample_ids_bitpacked.push_back(current);
+                    current = 0;
+                }
+            }
+            bit_offset += PAD;
+            total_pad += PAD;
+            if (bit_offset % 8)
+            {
+                LOG_ERR("Unreachable");
+                exit(-1);
+            }
+            // 0b0101 is token marker
+            sample_ids_bitpacked.push_back(0b01010000 | bytesize);
+            // put token bytes into sample_ids_bitpacked
+            for (int j = 0; j < bytesize; j++)
+            {
+                sample_ids_bitpacked.push_back(sample_id & 0xff);
+                sample_id >>= 8;
+            }
+            if (sample_id)
+                LOG("Shouldn't happen");
+            bit_offset += 8 * (fixed_token_cost + bytesize);
+            build_block = true;
+            was_block = false;
+            continue;
+        }
+        was_block = true;
+        if (build_block)
+        {
+            if (bit_offset % 8)
+            {
+                LOG_ERR("Unreachable");
+                exit(-1);
+            }
+            build_block = false;
+            block_start = bit_offset / 8;
+            for (int j = 0; j < block_header_size; j++)
+            {
+                sample_ids_bitpacked.push_back(0);
+            }
+            bit_offset += 8 * block_header_size;
+        }
+        for (int j = 0; j < sample_id; j++)
+        {
+            current |= 1 << (7 - bit_offset % 8);
+            bit_offset++;
+            if (bit_offset % 8 == 0)
+            {
+                sample_ids_bitpacked.push_back(current);
+                current = 0;
+            }
+        }
+        bit_offset++;
+        if (bit_offset % 8 == 0)
+        {
+            sample_ids_bitpacked.push_back(current);
+            current = 0;
+        }
+    }
+    if (!build_block)
+    {
+        if (bit_offset % 8)
+            sample_ids_bitpacked.push_back(current);
+        uint8_t PAD = (8 - bit_offset % 8) % 8;
+        sample_ids_bitpacked[block_start] = 0b10100000 | PAD;
+        int block_size = (bit_offset + PAD) / 8 - block_start;
+        // endianness: big endian
+        sample_ids_bitpacked[block_start + 1] = block_size & 0xff;
+        total_pad += PAD;
+    }
+    llama_batch_free(batch);
+    return sample_ids_bitpacked;
+}
+
+std::vector<llama_token> decode(llama_context *ctx, gpt_sampler *smpl, std::vector<uint8_t> sample_ids_bitpacked, std::vector<llama_token> inp = {})
+{
+    std::vector<llama_token> out;
+
+    llama_batch batch = llama_batch_init(512, 0, 1);
+
+    int num_raw_tokens_header = sample_ids_bitpacked[0];
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_raw_tokens_header; i++)
+    {
+        // unpack 4 bytes
+        llama_token token = 0;
+        for (int j = 3; j >= 0; j--)
+        {
+            token <<= 8;
+            token |= sample_ids_bitpacked[1 + i * 4 + j];
+        }
+
+        llama_batch_add(batch, token, i, {0}, true);
+        out.push_back(token);
+        auto token_str = llama_token_to_piece(ctx, token);
+        LOG("%s", token_str.c_str());
+    }
+    if (llama_decode(ctx, batch))
+    {
+        LOG_ERR("%s: llama_decode() failed\n", __func__);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    gpt_sampler_sample(smpl, ctx, num_raw_tokens_header - 1, true);
+
+    int index = 0;
+    int bit_index = (1 + num_raw_tokens_header * 4) * 8;
+    const int bitsize = sample_ids_bitpacked.size() * 8;
+    while (bit_index < bitsize)
+    {
+
+        uint8_t header = sample_ids_bitpacked[bit_index / 8];
+        if (header & 0b01010000)
+        {
+            uint8_t bytesize = header & 0x0f;
+            // it's a token
+
+            int sample_id = 0;
+            for (int i = bytesize; i > 0; i--)
+            {
+                sample_id <<= 8;
+                sample_id |= (int)sample_ids_bitpacked[i + (bit_index / 8)];
+            }
+
+            auto cur_p = gpt_sampler_get_candidates(smpl); // initialized by set_logits
+
+            auto token_id = cur_p->data[sample_id].id;
+
+            out.push_back(token_id);
+
+            if (!inp.size() || token_id == inp[num_raw_tokens_header + index])
+            {
+                LOG("%s", llama_token_to_piece(ctx, token_id).c_str());
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // print in red
+                LOG("\u001b[31m%s", llama_token_to_piece(ctx, token_id).c_str());
+                LOG("\nExpected: %s", llama_token_to_piece(ctx, inp[num_raw_tokens_header + index]).c_str());
+                LOG("\n, Id: %d != %d", token_id, inp[num_raw_tokens_header + index]);
+                LOG("\nPos: %d, bs:%d", sample_id, bytesize);
+
+                // print sample_id bytes in hex
+                LOG("\n");
+                for (int i = bytesize; i > 0; i--)
+                {
+                    LOG("%02x ", sample_ids_bitpacked[i + (bit_index / 8)]);
+                }
+                exit(-1);
+            }
+
+            llama_batch_clear(batch);
+            llama_batch_add(batch, token_id, num_raw_tokens_header + index, {0}, true);
+            if (llama_decode(ctx, batch))
+            {
+                LOG_ERR("%s : failed to eval, return code %d\n", __func__, 1);
+                exit(1);
+            }
+            gpt_sampler_sample(smpl, ctx, 0, true);
+
+            index++;
+
+            bit_index += 8 * (fixed_token_cost + bytesize);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // it's a block
+            uint8_t PAD = header & 0x0f;
+            int block_size = sample_ids_bitpacked[bit_index / 8 + 1];
+            int block_end = block_size * 8 + bit_index;
+            bit_index += 8 * block_header_size;
+            int id = 0;
+            for (; bit_index < block_end - PAD; bit_index++)
+            {
+                bool bit = sample_ids_bitpacked[bit_index / 8] & (1 << (7 - bit_index % 8));
+                if (bit)
+                {
+                    id++;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    {
+                        int sample_id = id;
+
+                        auto cur_p = gpt_sampler_get_candidates(smpl); // initialized by set_logits
+
+                        auto token_id = cur_p->data[sample_id].id;
+                        out.push_back(token_id);
+                        if (!inp.size() || token_id == inp[num_raw_tokens_header + index])
+                        {
+                            LOG("%s", llama_token_to_piece(ctx, token_id).c_str());
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            // print in red
+                            LOG("\u001b[31m%s", llama_token_to_piece(ctx, token_id).c_str());
+                        }
+
+                        llama_batch_clear(batch);
+                        llama_batch_add(batch, token_id, num_raw_tokens_header + index, {0}, true);
+                        if (llama_decode(ctx, batch))
+                        {
+                            LOG_ERR("%s : failed to eval, return code %d\n", __func__, 1);
+                            exit(1);
+                        }
+                        gpt_sampler_sample(smpl, ctx, 0, true);
+                    }
+                    index++;
+
+                    id = 0;
+                }
+            }
+            bit_index += PAD;
+        }
+    }
+
+    llama_batch_free(batch);
+    return out;
+}
+
+void test(const gpt_params &params)
+{
+    int num_raw_tokens_header = params.num_tokens_header;
+    llama_model_params model_params = llama_model_params_from_gpt_params(params);
+    llama_model *model = llama_load_model_from_file(params.model.c_str(), model_params);
+
+    llama_context_params ctx_params = llama_context_params_from_gpt_params(params);
+    llama_context *ctx = llama_new_context_with_model(model, ctx_params);
+
+    // Tokenize the prompt
+    std::vector<llama_token> inp;
+
+    inp = ::llama_tokenize(ctx, params.prompt, false, false);
+
+    // num_raw_tokens_header = inp.size();
+    assert(inp.size() > num_raw_tokens_header);
+
+    const int max_context_size = llama_n_ctx(ctx);
+    const int max_tokens_list_size = max_context_size - 4;
+
+    if ((int)inp.size() > max_tokens_list_size)
+    {
+        LOG_ERR("%s: prompt too long (%d tokens, max %d)\n", __func__, (int)inp.size(), max_tokens_list_size);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    LOG("\n\n");
+
+    int i = 0;
+    for (auto id : inp)
+    {
+        LOG("%s", llama_token_to_piece(ctx, id).c_str());
+        if (++i >= num_raw_tokens_header)
+            break;
+    }
+
+    fflush(stderr);
+
+    // encode stage
+
+    const auto t_enc_start = ggml_time_us();
+
+    struct gpt_sampler *smpl = gpt_sampler_init(model, params.sparams);
+
+    std::vector<uint8_t> sample_ids_bitpacked = encode(ctx, inp, smpl, num_raw_tokens_header);
+
+    gpt_sampler_free(smpl);
+    auto t_enc_end = ggml_time_us();
+
+    LOG("\n");
+
+    // print bits as binary to debug
+    for (int i = 0; i < sample_ids_bitpacked.size(); i++)
+    {
+        std::bitset<8> x(sample_ids_bitpacked[i]);
+        LOG("%s ", x.to_string().c_str());
+    }
+    LOG("\n");
+
+    // print as hexadecimal
+    for (int i = 0; i < sample_ids_bitpacked.size(); i++)
+    {
+        LOG("%02X ", sample_ids_bitpacked[i]);
+    }
+    LOG("\n");
+
+    LOG("\nInput: %d characters (%d tokens)", params.prompt.length(), inp.size());
+
+    float compressed_byte_per_token = (float)sample_ids_bitpacked.size() / (float)inp.size();
+    float compressed_bits_per_char = 8 * (float)sample_ids_bitpacked.size() / (float)params.prompt.length();
+
+    LOG("\n%d compressed bytes,(%04f bytes per token, %04f bits per character)\n", (int)sample_ids_bitpacked.size(), compressed_byte_per_token, compressed_bits_per_char);
+
+    llama_free(ctx);
+    ctx = llama_new_context_with_model(model, ctx_params);
+
+    LOG("\n------------\n");
+
+    // decode stage
+
+    const auto t_dec_start = ggml_time_us();
+
+    smpl = gpt_sampler_init(model, params.sparams);
+    decode(ctx, smpl, sample_ids_bitpacked, inp);
+
+    auto t_dec_end = ggml_time_us();
+
+    LOG("\n\n");
+
+    LOG_INF("encoded %4d tokens in %8.3f seconds, speed: %8.3f t/s\n", inp.size(), (t_enc_end - t_enc_start) / 1e6f, inp.size() / ((t_enc_end - t_enc_start) / 1e6f));
+
+    LOG_INF("\n");
+    LOG_INF("\n");
+
+    LOG_INF("\n");
+    gpt_perf_print(ctx, smpl);
+
+    gpt_sampler_free(smpl);
+
+    llama_free(ctx);
+    llama_free_model(model);
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+    gpt_params params;
+
+    if (!gpt_params_parse(argc, argv, params, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_COMPRESS))
+    {
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    // TODO: change defaults instead?
+    params.sparams.min_p = 0;
+    params.sparams.top_p = 1;
+    params.sparams.top_k = -1;
+    // Avoid temp=0 because greedy sampling breaks stuff
+    params.sparams.temp = 1.;
+
+    gpt_init();
+
+    // init llama.cpp
+    llama_backend_init();
+    llama_numa_init(params.numa);
+
+    // TODO: use Enum?
+    if (params.compress_mode == 0)
+    {
+        test(params);
+    }
+    else if (params.compress_mode == 1)
+    { // compress
+        llama_model_params model_params = llama_model_params_from_gpt_params(params);
+        llama_model *model = llama_load_model_from_file(params.model.c_str(), model_params);
+
+        llama_context_params ctx_params = llama_context_params_from_gpt_params(params);
+        llama_context *ctx = llama_new_context_with_model(model, ctx_params);
+
+        // Tokenize the prompt
+        std::vector<llama_token> inp;
+
+        inp = ::llama_tokenize(ctx, params.prompt, false, false);
+
+        assert(inp.size() > params.num_tokens_header);
+
+        const int max_context_size = llama_n_ctx(ctx);
+        const int max_tokens_list_size = max_context_size - 4;
+
+        if ((int)inp.size() > max_tokens_list_size)
+        {
+            LOG_ERR("%s: prompt too long (%d tokens, max %d)\n", __func__, (int)inp.size(), max_tokens_list_size);
+            return 1;
+        }
+
+        // Eval the start of the prompt
+        int i = 0;
+        for (auto id : inp)
+        {
+            LOG("%s", llama_token_to_piece(ctx, id).c_str());
+            if (++i >= params.num_tokens_header)
+                break;
+        }
+
+        fflush(stderr);
+
+        // encode stage
+
+        const auto t_enc_start = ggml_time_us();
+
+        struct gpt_sampler *smpl = gpt_sampler_init(model, params.sparams);
+
+        std::vector<uint8_t> sample_ids_bitpacked = encode(ctx, inp, smpl, params.num_tokens_header);
+
+        gpt_sampler_free(smpl);
+        llama_free(ctx);
+        llama_free_model(model);
+        auto t_enc_end = ggml_time_us();
+
+        LOG("\n");
+        if (!params.no_perf)
+        {
+            LOG("\nInput: %d characters (%d tokens)", params.prompt.length(), inp.size());
+
+            float compressed_bits_per_token = 8 * (float)sample_ids_bitpacked.size() / (float)inp.size();
+            float compressed_bits_per_char = 8 * (float)sample_ids_bitpacked.size() / (float)params.prompt.length();
+
+            LOG("\n%d compressed bytes,(%04f bits per token, %04f bits per character)\n", (int)sample_ids_bitpacked.size(), compressed_bits_per_token, compressed_bits_per_char);
+            LOG("\n%d padding bits, (%04f bits per character without padding)", total_pad, compressed_bits_per_char - total_pad / (float)params.prompt.length());
+            LOG("\nPPL (over)estimation: %04f (%04f with padding)", exp2(compressed_bits_per_token - total_pad / (float)inp.size()), exp2(compressed_bits_per_token));
+        }
+        // maybe this needs to be changed
+        if (params.out_file != "imatrix.dat")
+        {
+            // dump uint8array to bin file
+            std::ofstream ofs(params.out_file.c_str(), std::ios::binary);
+            ofs.write((char *)&sample_ids_bitpacked[0], sample_ids_bitpacked.size());
+            ofs.close();
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            LOG("\n------------\n");
+            // print as hex to stdout
+            for (int i = 0; i < sample_ids_bitpacked.size(); i++)
+            {
+                LOG("%02X ", sample_ids_bitpacked[i]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else if (params.compress_mode == 2)
+    {
+        // decompress mode
+        //  load sample_ids_bitpacked from params.prompt_file
+        std::ifstream ifs(params.prompt_file.c_str(), std::ios::binary);
+
+        if (!ifs)
+        {
+            LOG_ERR("%s: failed to open file\n", __func__);
+            return -1;
+        }
+        // Get the ifs size
+        ifs.seekg(0, std::ios::end);
+        std::streampos fileSize = ifs.tellg();
+        ifs.seekg(0, std::ios::beg);
+
+        // Reserve space in the vector
+        std::vector<uint8_t> sample_ids_bitpacked(fileSize);
+
+        // Read the ifs into the vector
+        if (!ifs.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(sample_ids_bitpacked.data()), fileSize))
+        {
+            LOG_ERR("%s: failed to read file\n", __func__);
+            return -1;
+        }
+        ifs.close();
+
+        // Debug: print as hex
+        for (int i = 0; i < sample_ids_bitpacked.size(); i++)
+        {
+            LOG("%02X ", sample_ids_bitpacked[i]);
+        }
+        LOG("\n");
+
+        llama_model_params model_params = llama_model_params_from_gpt_params(params);
+        llama_model *model = llama_load_model_from_file(params.model.c_str(), model_params);
+
+        llama_context_params ctx_params = llama_context_params_from_gpt_params(params);
+        llama_context *ctx = llama_new_context_with_model(model, ctx_params);
+
+        const auto t_dec_start = ggml_time_us();
+
+        struct gpt_sampler *smpl = gpt_sampler_init(model, params.sparams);
+
+        std::vector<llama_token> out = decode(ctx, smpl, sample_ids_bitpacked);
+
+        gpt_sampler_free(smpl);
+        auto t_dec_end = ggml_time_us();
+
+        // maybe this needs to be changed
+        if (params.out_file != "imatrix.dat")
+        {
+            // dump as string to file
+            std::string out_str = ::llama_detokenize(ctx, out);
+
+            std::ofstream ofs(params.out_file.c_str(), std::ios::binary);
+            ofs.write((char *)&out_str[0], out_str.size());
+            ofs.close();
+        }
+
+        llama_free(ctx);
+        llama_free_model(model);
+    }
+
+    llama_backend_free();
+
+    LOG("\n\n");
+
+    return 0;
+}