diff --git a/.github/workflows/build.yml b/.github/workflows/build.yml
index 022d31fb2..a377eff38 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build.yml
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ jobs:
           wget -qO - https://packages.lunarg.com/lunarg-signing-key-pub.asc | sudo apt-key add -
           sudo wget -qO /etc/apt/sources.list.d/lunarg-vulkan-jammy.list https://packages.lunarg.com/vulkan/lunarg-vulkan-jammy.list
           sudo apt-get update -y
-          sudo apt-get install -y build-essential vulkan-sdk
+          sudo apt-get install -y build-essential mesa-vulkan-drivers vulkan-sdk
 
       - name: Build
         id: cmake_build
@@ -327,6 +327,12 @@ jobs:
           cmake -DGGML_VULKAN=ON ..
           cmake --build . --config Release -j $(nproc)
 
+      - name: Test
+        id: cmake_test
+        run: |
+          cd build
+          ctest -L main --verbose --timeout 900
+
   ubuntu-22-cmake-hip:
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     container: rocm/dev-ubuntu-22.04:6.0.2
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index a3b491754..3f3971d7e 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ Instructions for adding support for new models: [HOWTO-add-model.md](docs/develo
 | [SYCL](docs/backend/SYCL.md) | Intel and Nvidia GPU |
 | [MUSA](docs/build.md#musa) | Moore Threads MTT GPU |
 | [CUDA](docs/build.md#cuda) | Nvidia GPU |
-| [hipBLAS](docs/build.md#hipblas) | AMD GPU |
+| [HIP](docs/build.md#hip) | AMD GPU |
 | [Vulkan](docs/build.md#vulkan) | GPU |
 | [CANN](docs/build.md#cann) | Ascend NPU |
 
@@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ To learn more about model quantization, [read this documentation](examples/quant
 [^1]: [examples/perplexity/README.md](examples/perplexity/README.md)
 [^2]: [https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/perplexity](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/perplexity)
 
-## [`llama-bench`](example/bench)
+## [`llama-bench`](examples/llama-bench)
 
 #### Benchmark the performance of the inference for various parameters.
 
diff --git a/common/arg.cpp b/common/arg.cpp
index 39bc874c8..e5ddd8318 100644
--- a/common/arg.cpp
+++ b/common/arg.cpp
@@ -119,29 +119,33 @@ std::string common_arg::to_string() {
 // utils
 //
 
-static void common_params_handle_model_default(common_params & params) {
-    if (!params.hf_repo.empty()) {
+static void common_params_handle_model_default(
+        std::string & model,
+        std::string & model_url,
+        std::string & hf_repo,
+        std::string & hf_file) {
+    if (!hf_repo.empty()) {
         // short-hand to avoid specifying --hf-file -> default it to --model
-        if (params.hf_file.empty()) {
-            if (params.model.empty()) {
+        if (hf_file.empty()) {
+            if (model.empty()) {
                 throw std::invalid_argument("error: --hf-repo requires either --hf-file or --model\n");
             }
-            params.hf_file = params.model;
-        } else if (params.model.empty()) {
+            hf_file = model;
+        } else if (model.empty()) {
             // this is to avoid different repo having same file name, or same file name in different subdirs
-            std::string filename = params.hf_repo + "_" + params.hf_file;
+            std::string filename = hf_repo + "_" + hf_file;
             // to make sure we don't have any slashes in the filename
             string_replace_all(filename, "/", "_");
-            params.model = fs_get_cache_file(filename);
+            model = fs_get_cache_file(filename);
         }
-    } else if (!params.model_url.empty()) {
-        if (params.model.empty()) {
-            auto f = string_split<std::string>(params.model_url, '#').front();
+    } else if (!model_url.empty()) {
+        if (model.empty()) {
+            auto f = string_split<std::string>(model_url, '#').front();
             f = string_split<std::string>(f, '?').front();
-            params.model = fs_get_cache_file(string_split<std::string>(f, '/').back());
+            model = fs_get_cache_file(string_split<std::string>(f, '/').back());
         }
-    } else if (params.model.empty()) {
-        params.model = DEFAULT_MODEL_PATH;
+    } else if (model.empty()) {
+        model = DEFAULT_MODEL_PATH;
     }
 }
 
@@ -276,7 +280,9 @@ static bool common_params_parse_ex(int argc, char ** argv, common_params_context
         throw std::invalid_argument("error: --prompt-cache-all not supported in interactive mode yet\n");
     }
 
-    common_params_handle_model_default(params);
+    // TODO: refactor model params in a common struct
+    common_params_handle_model_default(params.model,         params.model_url,         params.hf_repo,         params.hf_file);
+    common_params_handle_model_default(params.vocoder.model, params.vocoder.model_url, params.vocoder.hf_repo, params.vocoder.hf_file);
 
     if (params.escape) {
         string_process_escapes(params.prompt);
@@ -842,7 +848,7 @@ common_params_context common_params_parser_init(common_params & params, llama_ex
         }
     ).set_sparam());
     add_opt(common_arg(
-        {"--sampling-seq"}, "SEQUENCE",
+        {"--sampling-seq", "--sampler-seq"}, "SEQUENCE",
         string_format("simplified sequence for samplers that will be used (default: %s)", sampler_type_chars.c_str()),
         [](common_params & params, const std::string & value) {
             params.sampling.samplers = common_sampler_types_from_chars(value);
@@ -855,13 +861,6 @@ common_params_context common_params_parser_init(common_params & params, llama_ex
             params.sampling.ignore_eos = true;
         }
     ).set_sparam());
-    add_opt(common_arg(
-        {"--penalize-nl"},
-        string_format("penalize newline tokens (default: %s)", params.sampling.penalize_nl ? "true" : "false"),
-        [](common_params & params) {
-            params.sampling.penalize_nl = true;
-        }
-    ).set_sparam());
     add_opt(common_arg(
         {"--temp"}, "N",
         string_format("temperature (default: %.1f)", (double)params.sampling.temp),
@@ -916,6 +915,9 @@ common_params_context common_params_parser_init(common_params & params, llama_ex
         {"--repeat-last-n"}, "N",
         string_format("last n tokens to consider for penalize (default: %d, 0 = disabled, -1 = ctx_size)", params.sampling.penalty_last_n),
         [](common_params & params, int value) {
+            if (value < -1) {
+                throw std::runtime_error(string_format("error: invalid repeat-last-n = %d\n", value));
+            }
             params.sampling.penalty_last_n = value;
             params.sampling.n_prev = std::max(params.sampling.n_prev, params.sampling.penalty_last_n);
         }
@@ -970,6 +972,9 @@ common_params_context common_params_parser_init(common_params & params, llama_ex
         {"--dry-penalty-last-n"}, "N",
         string_format("set DRY penalty for the last n tokens (default: %d, 0 = disable, -1 = context size)", params.sampling.dry_penalty_last_n),
         [](common_params & params, int value) {
+            if (value < -1) {
+                throw std::runtime_error(string_format("error: invalid dry-penalty-last-n = %d\n", value));
+            }
             params.sampling.dry_penalty_last_n = value;
         }
     ).set_sparam());
@@ -1582,6 +1587,20 @@ common_params_context common_params_parser_init(common_params & params, llama_ex
             params.hf_file = value;
         }
     ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_HF_FILE"));
+    add_opt(common_arg(
+        {"-hfrv", "--hf-repo-v"}, "REPO",
+        "Hugging Face model repository for the vocoder model (default: unused)",
+        [](common_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.vocoder.hf_repo = value;
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_HF_REPO_V"));
+    add_opt(common_arg(
+        {"-hffv", "--hf-file-v"}, "FILE",
+        "Hugging Face model file for the vocoder model (default: unused)",
+        [](common_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.vocoder.hf_file = value;
+        }
+    ).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_HF_FILE_V"));
     add_opt(common_arg(
         {"-hft", "--hf-token"}, "TOKEN",
         "Hugging Face access token (default: value from HF_TOKEN environment variable)",
@@ -2179,5 +2198,13 @@ common_params_context common_params_parser_init(common_params & params, llama_ex
         }
     ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SPECULATIVE, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}).set_env("LLAMA_ARG_MODEL_DRAFT"));
 
+    add_opt(common_arg(
+        {"-mv", "--model-vocoder"}, "FNAME",
+        "vocoder model for audio generation (default: unused)",
+        [](common_params & params, const std::string & value) {
+            params.vocoder.model = value;
+        }
+    ).set_examples({LLAMA_EXAMPLE_TTS, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_SERVER}));
+
     return ctx_arg;
 }
diff --git a/common/common.cpp b/common/common.cpp
index 3adfb0329..20be92911 100644
--- a/common/common.cpp
+++ b/common/common.cpp
@@ -940,6 +940,25 @@ struct common_init_result common_init_from_params(common_params & params) {
         params.sampling.ignore_eos = false;
     }
 
+    if (params.sampling.ignore_eos) {
+        for (llama_token i = 0; i < llama_n_vocab(model); i++) {
+            if (llama_token_is_eog(model, i)) {
+                LOG_INF("%s: added %s logit bias = %f\n", __func__, common_token_to_piece(lctx, i).c_str(), -INFINITY);
+                params.sampling.logit_bias.push_back({i, -INFINITY});
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (params.sampling.penalty_last_n == -1) {
+        LOG_INF("%s: setting penalty_last_n to ctx_size = %d\n", __func__, llama_n_ctx(lctx));
+        params.sampling.penalty_last_n = llama_n_ctx(lctx);
+    }
+
+    if (params.sampling.dry_penalty_last_n == -1) {
+        LOG_INF("%s: setting dry_penalty_last_n to ctx_size = %d\n", __func__, llama_n_ctx(lctx));
+        params.sampling.dry_penalty_last_n = llama_n_ctx(lctx);
+    }
+
     if (params.warmup) {
         LOG_WRN("%s: warming up the model with an empty run - please wait ... (--no-warmup to disable)\n", __func__);
 
@@ -1076,7 +1095,7 @@ struct ggml_threadpool_params ggml_threadpool_params_from_cpu_params(const cpu_p
 #define CURL_MAX_RETRY 3
 #define CURL_RETRY_DELAY_SECONDS 2
 
-static bool curl_perform_with_retry(const std::string& url, CURL* curl, int max_attempts, int retry_delay_seconds) {
+static bool curl_perform_with_retry(const std::string & url, CURL * curl, int max_attempts, int retry_delay_seconds) {
     int remaining_attempts = max_attempts;
 
     while (remaining_attempts > 0) {
@@ -1100,7 +1119,6 @@ static bool curl_perform_with_retry(const std::string& url, CURL* curl, int max_
 }
 
 static bool common_download_file(const std::string & url, const std::string & path, const std::string & hf_token) {
-
     // Initialize libcurl
     std::unique_ptr<CURL, decltype(&curl_easy_cleanup)> curl(curl_easy_init(), &curl_easy_cleanup);
     if (!curl) {
@@ -1173,11 +1191,13 @@ static bool common_download_file(const std::string & url, const std::string & pa
         std::string etag;
         std::string last_modified;
     };
+
     common_load_model_from_url_headers headers;
+
     {
         typedef size_t(*CURLOPT_HEADERFUNCTION_PTR)(char *, size_t, size_t, void *);
         auto header_callback = [](char * buffer, size_t /*size*/, size_t n_items, void * userdata) -> size_t {
-            common_load_model_from_url_headers *headers = (common_load_model_from_url_headers *) userdata;
+            common_load_model_from_url_headers * headers = (common_load_model_from_url_headers *) userdata;
 
             static std::regex header_regex("([^:]+): (.*)\r\n");
             static std::regex etag_regex("ETag", std::regex_constants::icase);
@@ -1761,7 +1781,9 @@ void common_embd_normalize(const float * inp, float * out, int n, int embd_norm)
             break;
         case 0: // max absolute
             for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-                if (sum < std::abs(inp[i])) sum = std::abs(inp[i]);
+                if (sum < std::abs(inp[i])) {
+                    sum = std::abs(inp[i]);
+                }
             }
             sum /= 32760.0; // make an int16 range
             break;
diff --git a/common/common.h b/common/common.h
index 9e47b70a4..1d2bd932c 100644
--- a/common/common.h
+++ b/common/common.h
@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ enum llama_example {
     LLAMA_EXAMPLE_LLAVA,
     LLAMA_EXAMPLE_LOOKUP,
     LLAMA_EXAMPLE_PARALLEL,
+    LLAMA_EXAMPLE_TTS,
 
     LLAMA_EXAMPLE_COUNT,
 };
@@ -95,6 +96,7 @@ enum common_sampler_type {
     COMMON_SAMPLER_TYPE_TEMPERATURE = 7,
     COMMON_SAMPLER_TYPE_XTC         = 8,
     COMMON_SAMPLER_TYPE_INFILL      = 9,
+    COMMON_SAMPLER_TYPE_PENALTIES   = 10,
 };
 
 // dimensionality reduction methods, used by cvector-generator
@@ -130,7 +132,6 @@ struct common_params_sampling {
     int32_t mirostat           = 0;     // 0 = disabled, 1 = mirostat, 2 = mirostat 2.0
     float   mirostat_tau       = 5.00f; // target entropy
     float   mirostat_eta       = 0.10f; // learning rate
-    bool    penalize_nl        = false; // consider newlines as a repeatable token
     bool    ignore_eos         = false;
     bool    no_perf            = false; // disable performance metrics
     bool    timing_per_token   = false;
@@ -139,6 +140,7 @@ struct common_params_sampling {
 
 
     std::vector<enum common_sampler_type> samplers = {
+        COMMON_SAMPLER_TYPE_PENALTIES,
         COMMON_SAMPLER_TYPE_DRY,
         COMMON_SAMPLER_TYPE_TOP_K,
         COMMON_SAMPLER_TYPE_TYPICAL_P,
@@ -158,6 +160,7 @@ struct common_params_sampling {
 
 struct common_params_speculative {
     std::vector<ggml_backend_dev_t> devices; // devices to use for offloading
+
     int32_t n_ctx        =     0; // draft context size
     int32_t n_max        =    16; // maximum number of tokens to draft during speculative decoding
     int32_t n_min        =     5; // minimum number of draft tokens to use for speculative decoding
@@ -171,6 +174,14 @@ struct common_params_speculative {
     std::string model = ""; // draft model for speculative decoding                          // NOLINT
 };
 
+struct common_params_vocoder {
+    std::string hf_repo = ""; // HF repo                                                     // NOLINT
+    std::string hf_file = ""; // HF file                                                     // NOLINT
+
+    std::string model     = ""; // model path                                                // NOLINT
+    std::string model_url = ""; // model url to download                                     // NOLINT
+};
+
 struct common_params {
     int32_t n_predict             =    -1; // new tokens to predict
     int32_t n_ctx                 =  4096; // context size
@@ -193,11 +204,13 @@ struct common_params {
     float   defrag_thold          =  0.1f; // KV cache defragmentation threshold
 
     // offload params
-    std::vector<ggml_backend_dev_t> devices;         // devices to use for offloading
-    int32_t n_gpu_layers                    =    -1; // number of layers to store in VRAM (-1 - use default)
-    int32_t main_gpu                        =     0; // the GPU that is used for scratch and small tensors
-    float   tensor_split[128]               =   {0}; // how split tensors should be distributed across GPUs
-    enum llama_split_mode        split_mode = LLAMA_SPLIT_MODE_LAYER; // how to split the model across GPUs
+    std::vector<ggml_backend_dev_t> devices; // devices to use for offloading
+
+    int32_t n_gpu_layers      = -1;  // number of layers to store in VRAM (-1 - use default)
+    int32_t main_gpu          = 0;   // the GPU that is used for scratch and small tensors
+    float   tensor_split[128] = {0}; // how split tensors should be distributed across GPUs
+
+    enum llama_split_mode split_mode = LLAMA_SPLIT_MODE_LAYER; // how to split the model across GPUs
 
     struct cpu_params cpuparams;
     struct cpu_params cpuparams_batch;
@@ -211,8 +224,9 @@ struct common_params {
     enum llama_pooling_type      pooling_type      = LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_UNSPECIFIED; // pooling type for embeddings
     enum llama_attention_type    attention_type    = LLAMA_ATTENTION_TYPE_UNSPECIFIED; // attention type for embeddings
 
-    struct common_params_sampling sampling;
+    struct common_params_sampling    sampling;
     struct common_params_speculative speculative;
+    struct common_params_vocoder     vocoder;
 
     std::string model                = ""; // model path                                                    // NOLINT
     std::string model_alias          = ""; // model alias                                                   // NOLINT
@@ -593,7 +607,8 @@ void common_kv_cache_dump_view_seqs(const llama_kv_cache_view & view, int row_si
 // Embedding utils
 //
 
-void common_embd_normalize(const float * inp, float * out, int n, int embd_norm = 2);
+// TODO: repace embd_norm with an enum
+void common_embd_normalize(const float * inp, float * out, int n, int embd_norm);
 
 float common_embd_similarity_cos(const float * embd1, const float * embd2, int n);
 
diff --git a/common/sampling.cpp b/common/sampling.cpp
index 0c4699a89..e83a971c7 100644
--- a/common/sampling.cpp
+++ b/common/sampling.cpp
@@ -161,32 +161,20 @@ struct common_sampler * common_sampler_init(const struct llama_model * model, co
                 params.logit_bias.size(),
                 params.logit_bias.data()));
 
-    llama_sampler_chain_add(result->chain,
-            llama_sampler_init_penalties(
-                llama_n_vocab  (model),
-                llama_token_eos(model),
-                llama_token_nl (model),
-                params.penalty_last_n,
-                params.penalty_repeat,
-                params.penalty_freq,
-                params.penalty_present,
-                params.penalize_nl,
-                params.ignore_eos));
-
     if (params.mirostat == 0) {
         for (const auto & cnstr : params.samplers) {
             switch (cnstr) {
-                    case COMMON_SAMPLER_TYPE_DRY:
+                case COMMON_SAMPLER_TYPE_DRY:
                     {
-                        std::vector<const char*> c_breakers;
+                        std::vector<const char *> c_breakers;
                         c_breakers.reserve(params.dry_sequence_breakers.size());
-                        for (const auto& str : params.dry_sequence_breakers) {
+                        for (const auto & str : params.dry_sequence_breakers) {
                             c_breakers.push_back(str.c_str());
                         }
 
                         llama_sampler_chain_add(result->chain, llama_sampler_init_dry      (model, params.dry_multiplier, params.dry_base, params.dry_allowed_length, params.dry_penalty_last_n, c_breakers.data(), c_breakers.size()));
                     }
-                        break;
+                    break;
                 case COMMON_SAMPLER_TYPE_TOP_K:
                     llama_sampler_chain_add(result->chain, llama_sampler_init_top_k    (params.top_k));
                     break;
@@ -208,6 +196,9 @@ struct common_sampler * common_sampler_init(const struct llama_model * model, co
                 case COMMON_SAMPLER_TYPE_INFILL:
                     llama_sampler_chain_add(result->chain, llama_sampler_init_infill   (model));
                     break;
+                case COMMON_SAMPLER_TYPE_PENALTIES:
+                    llama_sampler_chain_add(result->chain, llama_sampler_init_penalties(params.penalty_last_n, params.penalty_repeat, params.penalty_freq, params.penalty_present));
+                    break;
                 default:
                     GGML_ASSERT(false && "unknown sampler type");
             }
@@ -415,6 +406,7 @@ char common_sampler_type_to_chr(enum common_sampler_type cnstr) {
         case COMMON_SAMPLER_TYPE_TEMPERATURE: return 't';
         case COMMON_SAMPLER_TYPE_XTC:         return 'x';
         case COMMON_SAMPLER_TYPE_INFILL:      return 'i';
+        case COMMON_SAMPLER_TYPE_PENALTIES:   return 'e';
         default : return '?';
     }
 }
@@ -429,6 +421,7 @@ std::string common_sampler_type_to_str(enum common_sampler_type cnstr) {
         case COMMON_SAMPLER_TYPE_TEMPERATURE: return "temperature";
         case COMMON_SAMPLER_TYPE_XTC:         return "xtc";
         case COMMON_SAMPLER_TYPE_INFILL:      return "infill";
+        case COMMON_SAMPLER_TYPE_PENALTIES:   return "penalties";
         default : return "";
     }
 }
@@ -443,6 +436,7 @@ std::vector<common_sampler_type> common_sampler_types_from_names(const std::vect
         { "temperature", COMMON_SAMPLER_TYPE_TEMPERATURE },
         { "xtc",         COMMON_SAMPLER_TYPE_XTC },
         { "infill",      COMMON_SAMPLER_TYPE_INFILL },
+        { "penalties",   COMMON_SAMPLER_TYPE_PENALTIES },
     };
 
     // since samplers names are written multiple ways
@@ -489,6 +483,7 @@ std::vector<common_sampler_type> common_sampler_types_from_chars(const std::stri
         { common_sampler_type_to_chr(COMMON_SAMPLER_TYPE_TEMPERATURE), COMMON_SAMPLER_TYPE_TEMPERATURE },
         { common_sampler_type_to_chr(COMMON_SAMPLER_TYPE_XTC),         COMMON_SAMPLER_TYPE_XTC },
         { common_sampler_type_to_chr(COMMON_SAMPLER_TYPE_INFILL),      COMMON_SAMPLER_TYPE_INFILL },
+        { common_sampler_type_to_chr(COMMON_SAMPLER_TYPE_PENALTIES),   COMMON_SAMPLER_TYPE_PENALTIES },
     };
 
     std::vector<common_sampler_type> samplers;
diff --git a/convert_hf_to_gguf.py b/convert_hf_to_gguf.py
index 9dc1673bc..4a0b00f69 100755
--- a/convert_hf_to_gguf.py
+++ b/convert_hf_to_gguf.py
@@ -221,17 +221,17 @@ class Model:
             self.gguf_writer.add_context_length(n_ctx)
             logger.info(f"gguf: context length = {n_ctx}")
 
-        n_embd = self.find_hparam(["hidden_size", "n_embd"])
-        self.gguf_writer.add_embedding_length(n_embd)
-        logger.info(f"gguf: embedding length = {n_embd}")
+        if (n_embd := self.find_hparam(["hidden_size", "n_embd"], optional=True)) is not None:
+            self.gguf_writer.add_embedding_length(n_embd)
+            logger.info(f"gguf: embedding length = {n_embd}")
 
         if (n_ff := self.find_hparam(["intermediate_size", "n_inner"], optional=True)) is not None:
             self.gguf_writer.add_feed_forward_length(n_ff)
             logger.info(f"gguf: feed forward length = {n_ff}")
 
-        n_head = self.find_hparam(["num_attention_heads", "n_head"])
-        self.gguf_writer.add_head_count(n_head)
-        logger.info(f"gguf: head count = {n_head}")
+        if (n_head := self.find_hparam(["num_attention_heads", "n_head"], optional=True)) is not None:
+            self.gguf_writer.add_head_count(n_head)
+            logger.info(f"gguf: head count = {n_head}")
 
         if (n_head_kv := self.hparams.get("num_key_value_heads")) is not None:
             self.gguf_writer.add_head_count_kv(n_head_kv)
@@ -296,7 +296,9 @@ class Model:
                     break
 
             for new_name, data_torch in (self.modify_tensors(data_torch, name, bid)):
-                data = data_torch.squeeze().numpy()
+                # TODO: why do we squeeze here?
+                # data = data_torch.squeeze().numpy()
+                data = data_torch.numpy()
 
                 # if data ends up empty, it means data_torch was a scalar tensor -> restore
                 if len(data.shape) == 0:
@@ -324,6 +326,8 @@ class Model:
                             gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.TIME_MIX_W2,
                             gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.TIME_MIX_DECAY_W1,
                             gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.TIME_MIX_DECAY_W2,
+                            gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.POSNET_NORM1,
+                            gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.POSNET_NORM2,
                         )
                     )
                     or not new_name.endswith(".weight")
@@ -689,6 +693,9 @@ class Model:
         return res
         # Marker: End get_vocab_base_pre
 
+    def _set_vocab_none(self) -> None:
+        self.gguf_writer.add_tokenizer_model("none")
+
     def _set_vocab_gpt2(self) -> None:
         tokens, toktypes, tokpre = self.get_vocab_base()
         self.gguf_writer.add_tokenizer_model("gpt2")
@@ -2027,6 +2034,44 @@ class Qwen2VLModel(Model):
             yield name, data
 
 
+@Model.register("WavTokenizerDec")
+class WavTokenizerDecModel(Model):
+    model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.WAVTOKENIZER_DEC
+
+    def modify_tensors(self, data_torch: Tensor, name: str, bid: int | None) -> Iterable[tuple[str, Tensor]]:
+        del bid  # unused
+
+        if \
+                name.endswith("codebook.cluster_size") or \
+                name.endswith("codebook.embed_avg") or \
+                name.endswith("codebook.inited"):
+            logger.debug(f"Skipping {name!r}")
+            return []
+
+        logger.info(f"{self.map_tensor_name(name)} -> {data_torch.shape}")
+
+        return [(self.map_tensor_name(name), data_torch)]
+
+    def set_vocab(self):
+        self._set_vocab_none()
+
+    def set_gguf_parameters(self):
+        super().set_gguf_parameters()
+        self.gguf_writer.add_vocab_size         (self.hparams["vocab_size"])
+        self.gguf_writer.add_features_length    (self.hparams["n_embd_features"])
+        self.gguf_writer.add_feed_forward_length(self.hparams["n_ff"])
+        self.gguf_writer.add_group_norm_eps     (self.hparams["group_norm_epsilon"])
+        self.gguf_writer.add_group_norm_groups  (self.hparams["group_norm_groups"])
+
+        self.gguf_writer.add_posnet_embedding_length(self.hparams["posnet"]["n_embd"])
+        self.gguf_writer.add_posnet_block_count     (self.hparams["posnet"]["n_layer"])
+
+        self.gguf_writer.add_convnext_embedding_length(self.hparams["convnext"]["n_embd"])
+        self.gguf_writer.add_convnext_block_count     (self.hparams["convnext"]["n_layer"])
+
+        self.gguf_writer.add_causal_attention(False)
+
+
 @Model.register("Qwen2MoeForCausalLM")
 class Qwen2MoeModel(Model):
     model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.QWEN2MOE
diff --git a/examples/CMakeLists.txt b/examples/CMakeLists.txt
index 21b31392e..66cfab2c3 100644
--- a/examples/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/examples/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ else()
     add_subdirectory(speculative)
     add_subdirectory(speculative-simple)
     add_subdirectory(tokenize)
+    add_subdirectory(tts)
     add_subdirectory(gen-docs)
     if (NOT GGML_BACKEND_DL)
         # these examples use the backends directly and cannot be built with dynamic loading
diff --git a/examples/batched/batched.cpp b/examples/batched/batched.cpp
index ba219cd4b..e2e01f2d5 100644
--- a/examples/batched/batched.cpp
+++ b/examples/batched/batched.cpp
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
     llama_context * ctx = llama_new_context_with_model(model, ctx_params);
 
     auto sparams = llama_sampler_chain_default_params();
+    sparams.no_perf = false;
 
     llama_sampler * smpl = llama_sampler_chain_init(sparams);
 
diff --git a/examples/gritlm/gritlm.cpp b/examples/gritlm/gritlm.cpp
index 6e42fa073..18a945b33 100644
--- a/examples/gritlm/gritlm.cpp
+++ b/examples/gritlm/gritlm.cpp
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ static std::vector<std::vector<float>> encode(llama_context * ctx, const std::ve
         }
 
         std::vector<float> emb_norm(emb_unorm.size());
-        common_embd_normalize(emb_unorm.data(), emb_norm.data(), n_embd);
+        common_embd_normalize(emb_unorm.data(), emb_norm.data(), n_embd, 2);
         result.push_back(emb_norm);
 
 #ifdef GRIT_DEBUG
diff --git a/examples/llama.android/llama/build.gradle.kts b/examples/llama.android/llama/build.gradle.kts
index 2d1dfba20..28dbc1904 100644
--- a/examples/llama.android/llama/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/examples/llama.android/llama/build.gradle.kts
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ android {
         externalNativeBuild {
             cmake {
                 arguments += "-DLLAMA_BUILD_COMMON=ON"
+                arguments += "-DGGML_LLAMAFILE=OFF"
                 arguments += "-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release"
                 cppFlags += listOf()
                 arguments += listOf()
diff --git a/examples/llava/clip.cpp b/examples/llava/clip.cpp
index ba28c07c6..463b7c865 100644
--- a/examples/llava/clip.cpp
+++ b/examples/llava/clip.cpp
@@ -896,7 +896,7 @@ static ggml_cgraph * clip_image_build_graph(clip_ctx * ctx, const clip_image_f32
                 mlp_3 = ggml_cont(ctx0, ggml_permute(ctx0, mlp_3, 1, 0, 2, 3));
                 mlp_3 = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx0, mlp_3, n_patch, n_patch, mlp_3->ne[1], mlp_3->ne[2]);
                 // stride = 1, padding = 1, bias is nullptr
-                block_1 = ggml_conv_depthwise_2d(ctx0, model.mm_model_block_1_block_0_0_w, mlp_3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+                block_1 = ggml_conv_2d_dw(ctx0, model.mm_model_block_1_block_0_0_w, mlp_3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1);
 
                 // layer norm
                 // // block_1 shape = [1, 2048, 24, 24], ne = [24, 24, 2048, 1]
@@ -944,7 +944,7 @@ static ggml_cgraph * clip_image_build_graph(clip_ctx * ctx, const clip_image_f32
             // block_2
             {
                 // stride = 2
-                block_1 = ggml_conv_depthwise_2d(ctx0, model.mm_model_block_2_block_0_0_w, block_1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+                block_1 = ggml_conv_2d_dw(ctx0, model.mm_model_block_2_block_0_0_w, block_1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1);
 
                 // block_1 shape = [1, 2048, 12, 12], ne = [12, 12, 2048, 1]
                 // layer norm
@@ -1005,7 +1005,7 @@ static ggml_cgraph * clip_image_build_graph(clip_ctx * ctx, const clip_image_f32
             // mlp_2 ne [24, 24, 2048, 1]
             mlp_2 = ggml_pool_2d(ctx0, mlp_2, GGML_OP_POOL_AVG, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0);
             // weight ne = [3, 3, 2048, 1]
-            struct ggml_tensor * peg_0 = ggml_conv_depthwise_2d(ctx0, model.mm_model_peg_0_w, mlp_2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+            struct ggml_tensor * peg_0 = ggml_conv_2d_dw(ctx0, model.mm_model_peg_0_w, mlp_2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1);
             peg_0 = ggml_cont(ctx0, ggml_permute(ctx0, peg_0, 1, 2, 0, 3));
             peg_0 = ggml_add(ctx0, peg_0, model.mm_model_peg_0_b);
             mlp_2 = ggml_cont(ctx0, ggml_permute(ctx0, mlp_2, 1, 2, 0, 3));
diff --git a/examples/main/README.md b/examples/main/README.md
index 7787f7b11..17d80a622 100644
--- a/examples/main/README.md
+++ b/examples/main/README.md
@@ -177,16 +177,11 @@ Example usage: `--temp 0`
 
 -   `--repeat-penalty N`: Control the repetition of token sequences in the generated text default: 1.0, 1.0 = disabled).
 -   `--repeat-last-n N`: Last n tokens to consider for penalizing repetition (default: 64, 0 = disabled, -1 = ctx-size).
--   `--no-penalize-nl`: Disable penalization for newline tokens when applying the repeat penalty.
 
 The `repeat-penalty` option helps prevent the model from generating repetitive or monotonous text. A higher value (e.g., 1.5) will penalize repetitions more strongly, while a lower value (e.g., 0.9) will be more lenient. The default value is 1.
 
 The `repeat-last-n` option controls the number of tokens in the history to consider for penalizing repetition. A larger value will look further back in the generated text to prevent repetitions, while a smaller value will only consider recent tokens. A value of 0 disables the penalty, and a value of -1 sets the number of tokens considered equal to the context size (`ctx-size`).
 
-Use the `--no-penalize-nl` option to disable newline penalization when applying the repeat penalty. This option is particularly useful for generating chat conversations, dialogues, code, poetry, or any text where newline tokens play a significant role in structure and formatting. Disabling newline penalization helps maintain the natural flow and intended formatting in these specific use cases.
-
-Example usage: `--repeat-penalty 1.15 --repeat-last-n 128 --no-penalize-nl`
-
 ### DRY Repetition Penalty
 
 DRY (Don't Repeat Yourself) sampling is an effective technique for reducing repetition in generated text even across long contexts by penalizing tokens based on their recent usage patterns (original [PR link](https://github.com/oobabooga/text-generation-webui/pull/5677)).
diff --git a/examples/retrieval/retrieval.cpp b/examples/retrieval/retrieval.cpp
index 23ff4db27..a5c6fe7e5 100644
--- a/examples/retrieval/retrieval.cpp
+++ b/examples/retrieval/retrieval.cpp
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ static void batch_decode(llama_context * ctx, llama_batch & batch, float * outpu
         }
 
         float * out = output + batch.seq_id[i][0] * n_embd;
-        common_embd_normalize(embd, out, n_embd);
+        common_embd_normalize(embd, out, n_embd, 2);
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/server/README.md b/examples/server/README.md
index a9443e56b..d006a8d37 100644
--- a/examples/server/README.md
+++ b/examples/server/README.md
@@ -104,7 +104,6 @@ The project is under active development, and we are [looking for feedback and co
 | `-s, --seed SEED` | RNG seed (default: -1, use random seed for -1) |
 | `--sampling-seq SEQUENCE` | simplified sequence for samplers that will be used (default: dkypmxt) |
 | `--ignore-eos` | ignore end of stream token and continue generating (implies --logit-bias EOS-inf) |
-| `--penalize-nl` | penalize newline tokens (default: false) |
 | `--temp N` | temperature (default: 0.8) |
 | `--top-k N` | top-k sampling (default: 40, 0 = disabled) |
 | `--top-p N` | top-p sampling (default: 0.9, 1.0 = disabled) |
@@ -393,8 +392,6 @@ These words will not be included in the completion, so make sure to add them to
 
 `repeat_last_n`: Last n tokens to consider for penalizing repetition. Default: `64`, where `0` is disabled and `-1` is ctx-size.
 
-`penalize_nl`: Penalize newline tokens when applying the repeat penalty. Default: `true`
-
 `presence_penalty`: Repeat alpha presence penalty. Default: `0.0`, which is disabled.
 
 `frequency_penalty`: Repeat alpha frequency penalty. Default: `0.0`, which is disabled.
@@ -441,19 +438,22 @@ These words will not be included in the completion, so make sure to add them to
 
 `cache_prompt`: Re-use KV cache from a previous request if possible. This way the common prefix does not have to be re-processed, only the suffix that differs between the requests. Because (depending on the backend) the logits are **not** guaranteed to be bit-for-bit identical for different batch sizes (prompt processing vs. token generation) enabling this option can cause nondeterministic results. Default: `true`
 
+`return_tokens`: Return the raw generated token ids in the `tokens` field. Otherwise `tokens` remains empty. Default: `false`
+
 `samplers`: The order the samplers should be applied in. An array of strings representing sampler type names. If a sampler is not set, it will not be used. If a sampler is specified more than once, it will be applied multiple times. Default: `["dry", "top_k", "typ_p", "top_p", "min_p", "xtc", "temperature"]` - these are all the available values.
 
 `timings_per_token`: Include prompt processing and text generation speed information in each response.  Default: `false`
 
 **Response format**
 
-- Note: In streaming mode (`stream`), only `content` and `stop` will be returned until end of completion. Responses are sent using the [Server-sent events](https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/server-sent-events.html) standard. Note: the browser's `EventSource` interface cannot be used due to its lack of `POST` request support.
+- Note: In streaming mode (`stream`), only `content`, `tokens` and `stop` will be returned until end of completion. Responses are sent using the [Server-sent events](https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/server-sent-events.html) standard. Note: the browser's `EventSource` interface cannot be used due to its lack of `POST` request support.
 
 - `completion_probabilities`: An array of token probabilities for each completion. The array's length is `n_predict`. Each item in the array has the following structure:
 
 ```json
 {
-  "content": "<the token selected by the model>",
+  "content": "<the token generated by the model>",
+  "tokens": [ generated token ids if requested ],
   "probs": [
     {
       "prob": float,
@@ -471,6 +471,7 @@ These words will not be included in the completion, so make sure to add them to
 Notice that each `probs` is an array of length `n_probs`.
 
 - `content`: Completion result as a string (excluding `stopping_word` if any). In case of streaming mode, will contain the next token as a string.
+- `tokens`: Same as `content` but represented as raw token ids. Only populated if `"return_tokens": true` or `"stream": true` in the request.
 - `stop`: Boolean for use with `stream` to check whether the generation has stopped (Note: This is not related to stopping words array `stop` from input options)
 - `generation_settings`: The provided options above excluding `prompt` but including `n_ctx`, `model`. These options may differ from the original ones in some way (e.g. bad values filtered out, strings converted to tokens, etc.).
 - `model`: The path to the model loaded with `-m`
@@ -655,7 +656,6 @@ This endpoint is public (no API key check). By default, it is read-only. To make
       "mirostat": 0,
       "mirostat_tau": 5.0,
       "mirostat_eta": 0.10000000149011612,
-      "penalize_nl": false,
       "stop": [],
       "max_tokens": -1,
       "n_keep": 0,
@@ -763,6 +763,8 @@ curl http://localhost:8080/v1/chat/completions \
 
 ### POST `/v1/embeddings`: OpenAI-compatible embeddings API
 
+This endpoint requires that the model uses a pooling different than type `none`. The embeddings are normalized using the Eucledian norm.
+
 *Options:*
 
 See [OpenAI Embeddings API documentation](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/embeddings).
@@ -795,6 +797,46 @@ See [OpenAI Embeddings API documentation](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-r
   }'
   ```
 
+### POST `/embeddings`: non-OpenAI-compatible embeddings API
+
+This endpoint supports all poolings, including `--pooling none`. When the pooling is `none`, the responses will contain the *unnormalized* embeddings for *all* input tokens. For all other pooling types, only the pooled embeddings are returned, normalized using Euclidian norm.
+
+Note that the response format of this endpoint is different from `/v1/embeddings`.
+
+*Options:*
+
+Same as the `/v1/embeddings` endpoint.
+
+*Examples:*
+
+Same as the `/v1/embeddings` endpoint.
+
+**Response format**
+
+```json
+[
+  {
+    "index": 0,
+    "embedding": [
+      [ ... embeddings for token 0   ... ],
+      [ ... embeddings for token 1   ... ],
+      [ ... ]
+      [ ... embeddings for token N-1 ... ],
+    ]
+  },
+  ...
+  {
+    "index": P,
+    "embedding": [
+      [ ... embeddings for token 0   ... ],
+      [ ... embeddings for token 1   ... ],
+      [ ... ]
+      [ ... embeddings for token N-1 ... ],
+    ]
+  }
+]
+```
+
 ### GET `/slots`: Returns the current slots processing state
 
 > [!WARNING]
@@ -845,7 +887,6 @@ Example:
       "mirostat": 0,
       "mirostat_tau": 5.0,
       "mirostat_eta": 0.10000000149011612,
-      "penalize_nl": false,
       "stop": [],
       "max_tokens": -1,
       "n_keep": 0,
diff --git a/examples/server/public/index.html.gz b/examples/server/public/index.html.gz
index d7816b04f..6a6491557 100644
Binary files a/examples/server/public/index.html.gz and b/examples/server/public/index.html.gz differ
diff --git a/examples/server/public_legacy/index-new.html b/examples/server/public_legacy/index-new.html
index 8bfa380e5..cbfbbdf28 100644
--- a/examples/server/public_legacy/index-new.html
+++ b/examples/server/public_legacy/index-new.html
@@ -39,7 +39,6 @@
       temperature: 0.8, // adapt all following parameters to optimized min-p requierements. If for non-english, set to 0.6 or lower
       repeat_last_n: 0, // 0 = disable penalty, -1 = context size
       repeat_penalty: 1.0, // 1.0 = disabled
-      penalize_nl: false, // true only useful for infinite completion
       dry_multiplier: 0.0, // 0.0 = disabled, 0.8 works well
       dry_base: 1.75,     // 0.0 = disabled
       dry_allowed_length: 2, // tokens extending repetitions beyond this receive penalty, 2 works well
diff --git a/examples/server/public_legacy/index.html b/examples/server/public_legacy/index.html
index a95f5c6df..75f39330a 100644
--- a/examples/server/public_legacy/index.html
+++ b/examples/server/public_legacy/index.html
@@ -303,7 +303,6 @@
       temperature: 0.7,
       repeat_last_n: 256, // 0 = disable penalty, -1 = context size
       repeat_penalty: 1.18, // 1.0 = disabled
-      penalize_nl: false,
       dry_multiplier: 0.0, // 0.0 = disabled, 0.8 works well
       dry_base: 1.75,     // 0.0 = disabled
       dry_allowed_length: 2, // tokens extending repetitions beyond this receive penalty, 2 works well
@@ -1006,7 +1005,6 @@
             ${FloatField({ label: "Temperature", max: 2.0, min: 0.0, name: "temperature", step: 0.01, value: params.value.temperature })}
             ${FloatField({ label: "Penalize repeat sequence", max: 2.0, min: 0.0, name: "repeat_penalty", step: 0.01, value: params.value.repeat_penalty })}
             ${IntField({ label: "Consider N tokens for penalize", max: 2048, min: 0, name: "repeat_last_n", value: params.value.repeat_last_n })}
-            ${BoolField({ label: "Penalize repetition of newlines", name: "penalize_nl", value: params.value.penalize_nl })}
             ${IntField({ label: "Top-K sampling", max: 100, min: -1, name: "top_k", value: params.value.top_k })}
             ${FloatField({ label: "Top-P sampling", max: 1.0, min: 0.0, name: "top_p", step: 0.01, value: params.value.top_p })}
             ${FloatField({ label: "Min-P sampling", max: 1.0, min: 0.0, name: "min_p", step: 0.01, value: params.value.min_p })}
diff --git a/examples/server/server.cpp b/examples/server/server.cpp
index aa8c31259..5ed4e8d27 100644
--- a/examples/server/server.cpp
+++ b/examples/server/server.cpp
@@ -79,8 +79,9 @@ enum error_type {
 };
 
 struct slot_params {
-    bool stream       = true;
-    bool cache_prompt = true; // remember the prompt to avoid reprocessing all prompt
+    bool stream        = true;
+    bool cache_prompt  = true; // remember the prompt to avoid reprocessing all prompt
+    bool return_tokens = false;
 
     int32_t n_keep    =  0; // number of tokens to keep from initial prompt
     int32_t n_discard =  0; // number of tokens after n_keep that may be discarded when shifting context, 0 defaults to half
@@ -135,7 +136,6 @@ struct slot_params {
             {"mirostat",                  sampling.mirostat},
             {"mirostat_tau",              sampling.mirostat_tau},
             {"mirostat_eta",              sampling.mirostat_eta},
-            {"penalize_nl",               sampling.penalize_nl},
             {"stop",                      antiprompt},
             {"max_tokens",                n_predict}, // User configured n_predict
             {"n_keep",                    n_keep},
@@ -184,6 +184,7 @@ struct server_task {
 
     static slot_params params_from_json_cmpl(
             const llama_model * model,
+            const llama_context * ctx,
             const common_params & params_base,
             const json & data) {
         slot_params params;
@@ -199,6 +200,7 @@ struct server_task {
 
         params.stream           = json_value(data, "stream",             false);
         params.cache_prompt     = json_value(data, "cache_prompt",       true);
+        params.return_tokens    = json_value(data, "return_tokens",      false);
         params.n_predict        = json_value(data, "n_predict",          json_value(data, "max_tokens", defaults.n_predict));
         params.n_indent         = json_value(data, "n_indent",           defaults.n_indent);
         params.n_keep           = json_value(data, "n_keep",             defaults.n_keep);
@@ -226,7 +228,6 @@ struct server_task {
         params.sampling.mirostat           = json_value(data, "mirostat",           defaults.sampling.mirostat);
         params.sampling.mirostat_tau       = json_value(data, "mirostat_tau",       defaults.sampling.mirostat_tau);
         params.sampling.mirostat_eta       = json_value(data, "mirostat_eta",       defaults.sampling.mirostat_eta);
-        params.sampling.penalize_nl        = json_value(data, "penalize_nl",        defaults.sampling.penalize_nl);
         params.sampling.seed               = json_value(data, "seed",               defaults.sampling.seed);
         params.sampling.n_probs            = json_value(data, "n_probs",            defaults.sampling.n_probs);
         params.sampling.min_keep           = json_value(data, "min_keep",           defaults.sampling.min_keep);
@@ -239,8 +240,27 @@ struct server_task {
         params.speculative.n_min = std::max(params.speculative.n_min, 2);
         params.speculative.n_max = std::max(params.speculative.n_max, 0);
 
+        // TODO: add more sanity checks for the input parameters
+
+        if (params.sampling.penalty_last_n < -1) {
+            throw std::runtime_error("Error: repeat_last_n must be >= -1");
+        }
+
+        if (params.sampling.dry_penalty_last_n < -1) {
+            throw std::runtime_error("Error: dry_penalty_last_n must be >= -1");
+        }
+
+        if (params.sampling.penalty_last_n == -1) {
+            // note: should be the slot's context and not the full context, but it's ok
+            params.sampling.penalty_last_n = llama_n_ctx(ctx);
+        }
+
+        if (params.sampling.dry_penalty_last_n == -1) {
+            params.sampling.dry_penalty_last_n = llama_n_ctx(ctx);
+        }
+
         if (params.sampling.dry_base < 1.0f) {
-           params.sampling.dry_base = defaults.sampling.dry_base;
+            params.sampling.dry_base = defaults.sampling.dry_base;
         }
 
         // sequence breakers for DRY
@@ -450,7 +470,10 @@ struct completion_token_output {
 
 struct server_task_result_cmpl_final : server_task_result {
     int index = 0;
-    std::string content;
+
+    std::string  content;
+    llama_tokens tokens;
+
     bool stream;
     result_timings timings;
     std::string prompt;
@@ -492,6 +515,7 @@ struct server_task_result_cmpl_final : server_task_result {
         json res = json {
             {"index",               index},
             {"content",             stream ? "" : content}, // in stream mode, content is already in last partial chunk
+            {"tokens",              stream ? llama_tokens {} : tokens},
             {"id_slot",             id_slot},
             {"stop",                true},
             {"model",               oaicompat_model},
@@ -521,9 +545,9 @@ struct server_task_result_cmpl_final : server_task_result {
         json choices = json::array({json{
             {"finish_reason", finish_reason},
             {"index", 0},
-            {"message", json{
+            {"message", json {
                 {"content", content},
-                {"role", "assistant"}
+                {"role",    "assistant"}
             }
         }}});
 
@@ -587,7 +611,9 @@ struct server_task_result_cmpl_final : server_task_result {
 
 struct server_task_result_cmpl_partial : server_task_result {
     int index = 0;
-    std::string content;
+
+    std::string  content;
+    llama_tokens tokens;
 
     int32_t n_decoded;
     int32_t n_prompt_tokens;
@@ -619,6 +645,7 @@ struct server_task_result_cmpl_partial : server_task_result {
         json res = json {
             {"index",            index},
             {"content",          content},
+            {"tokens",           tokens},
             {"stop",             false},
             {"id_slot",          id_slot},
             {"tokens_predicted", n_decoded},
@@ -660,7 +687,7 @@ struct server_task_result_cmpl_partial : server_task_result {
                 json second_ret = json{
                             {"choices", json::array({json{{"finish_reason", nullptr},
                                                             {"index", 0},
-                                                            {"delta", json{
+                                                            {"delta", json {
                                                             {"content", content}}}
                                                             }})},
                             {"created", t},
@@ -675,7 +702,7 @@ struct server_task_result_cmpl_partial : server_task_result {
                 {"finish_reason", nullptr},
                 {"index", 0},
                 {"delta",
-                json{
+                json {
                     {"content", content},
                 }},
             }});
@@ -699,32 +726,52 @@ struct server_task_result_cmpl_partial : server_task_result {
 
 struct server_task_result_embd : server_task_result {
     int index = 0;
-    std::vector<float> embedding;
+    std::vector<std::vector<float>> embedding;
+
+    int32_t n_tokens;
+
+    // OAI-compat fields
+    bool oaicompat = false;
 
     virtual int get_index() override {
         return index;
     }
 
     virtual json to_json() override {
+        return oaicompat ? to_json_oaicompat() : to_json_non_oaicompat();
+    }
+
+    json to_json_non_oaicompat() {
         return json {
             {"index",     index},
             {"embedding", embedding},
         };
     }
+
+    json to_json_oaicompat() {
+        return json {
+            {"index",            index},
+            {"embedding",        embedding[0]},
+            {"tokens_evaluated", n_tokens},
+        };
+    }
 };
 
 struct server_task_result_rerank : server_task_result {
     int index = 0;
     float score = -1e6;
 
+    int32_t n_tokens;
+
     virtual int get_index() override {
         return index;
     }
 
     virtual json to_json() override {
         return json {
-            {"index", index},
-            {"score", score},
+            {"index",            index},
+            {"score",            score},
+            {"tokens_evaluated", n_tokens},
         };
     }
 };
@@ -931,8 +978,11 @@ struct server_slot {
 
     size_t last_nl_pos = 0;
 
-    std::string generated_text;
+    std::string  generated_text;
+    llama_tokens generated_tokens;
+
     llama_tokens cache_tokens;
+
     std::vector<completion_token_output> generated_token_probs;
 
     bool has_next_token = true;
@@ -976,6 +1026,7 @@ struct server_slot {
         n_sent_token_probs = 0;
         task_type          = SERVER_TASK_TYPE_COMPLETION;
 
+        generated_tokens.clear();
         generated_token_probs.clear();
     }
 
@@ -1469,7 +1520,7 @@ struct server_context {
         n_ctx = llama_n_ctx(ctx);
 
         add_bos_token = llama_add_bos_token(model);
-        has_eos_token = !llama_add_eos_token(model);
+        has_eos_token = llama_token_eos(model) != LLAMA_TOKEN_NULL;
 
         if (!params_base.speculative.model.empty()) {
             SRV_INF("loading draft model '%s'\n", params_base.speculative.model.c_str());
@@ -1716,8 +1767,10 @@ struct server_context {
         const std::string token_str = common_token_to_piece(ctx, result.tok, params_base.special);
         slot.sampled = result.tok;
 
-        // search stop word and delete it
         slot.generated_text += token_str;
+        if (slot.params.return_tokens) {
+            slot.generated_tokens.push_back(result.tok);
+        }
         slot.has_next_token = true;
 
         // check if there is incomplete UTF-8 character at the end
@@ -1742,6 +1795,7 @@ struct server_context {
             break;
         }
 
+        // search stop word and delete it
         if (!incomplete) {
             size_t pos = std::min(slot.n_sent_text, slot.generated_text.size());
 
@@ -1894,6 +1948,7 @@ struct server_context {
         res->id      = slot.id_task;
         res->index   = slot.index;
         res->content = tkn.text_to_send;
+        res->tokens  = { tkn.tok };
 
         res->n_decoded       = slot.n_decoded;
         res->n_prompt_tokens = slot.n_prompt_tokens;
@@ -1934,6 +1989,7 @@ struct server_context {
 
         res->index           = slot.index;
         res->content         = slot.generated_text;
+        res->tokens          = slot.generated_tokens;
         res->timings         = slot.get_timings();
         res->prompt          = common_detokenize(ctx, slot.prompt_tokens, true);
 
@@ -1975,8 +2031,10 @@ struct server_context {
 
     void send_embedding(const server_slot & slot, const llama_batch & batch) {
         auto res = std::make_unique<server_task_result_embd>();
-        res->id    = slot.id_task;
-        res->index = slot.index;
+        res->id        = slot.id_task;
+        res->index     = slot.index;
+        res->n_tokens  = slot.n_prompt_tokens;
+        res->oaicompat = slot.params.oaicompat;
 
         const int n_embd = llama_n_embd(model);
 
@@ -1995,12 +2053,18 @@ struct server_context {
             if (embd == NULL) {
                 SLT_ERR(slot, "failed to get embeddings, token = %d, seq_id = %d\n", batch.token[i], batch.seq_id[i][0]);
 
-                res->embedding = std::vector<float>(n_embd, 0.0f);
+                res->embedding.push_back(std::vector<float>(n_embd, 0.0f));
                 continue;
             }
 
-            common_embd_normalize(embd, embd_res.data(), n_embd);
-            res->embedding = embd_res;
+            // normalize only when there is pooling
+            // TODO: configurable
+            if (llama_pooling_type(slot.ctx) != LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_NONE) {
+                common_embd_normalize(embd, embd_res.data(), n_embd, 2);
+                res->embedding.push_back(embd_res);
+            } else {
+                res->embedding.push_back({ embd, embd + n_embd });
+            }
         }
 
         SLT_DBG(slot, "%s", "sending embeddings\n");
@@ -2012,6 +2076,7 @@ struct server_context {
         auto res = std::make_unique<server_task_result_rerank>();
         res->id    = slot.id_task;
         res->index = slot.index;
+        res->n_tokens = slot.n_prompt_tokens;
 
         for (int i = 0; i < batch.n_tokens; ++i) {
             if (!batch.logits[i] || batch.seq_id[i][0] != slot.id) {
@@ -2613,7 +2678,10 @@ struct server_context {
 
                     // add prompt tokens for processing in the current batch
                     while (slot.n_past < slot.n_prompt_tokens && batch.n_tokens < n_batch) {
-                        common_batch_add(batch, prompt_tokens[slot.n_past], slot.n_past, { slot.id }, false);
+                        // without pooling, we want to output the embeddings for all the tokens in the batch
+                        const bool need_embd = slot.task_type == SERVER_TASK_TYPE_EMBEDDING && llama_pooling_type(slot.ctx) == LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_NONE;
+
+                        common_batch_add(batch, prompt_tokens[slot.n_past], slot.n_past, { slot.id }, need_embd);
 
                         if (slot.params.cache_prompt) {
                             slot.cache_tokens.push_back(prompt_tokens[slot.n_past]);
@@ -3381,7 +3449,7 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
                 task.index = i;
 
                 task.prompt_tokens    = std::move(tokenized_prompts[i]);
-                task.params           = server_task::params_from_json_cmpl(ctx_server.model, ctx_server.params_base, data);
+                task.params           = server_task::params_from_json_cmpl(ctx_server.model, ctx_server.ctx, ctx_server.params_base, data);
                 task.id_selected_slot = json_value(data, "id_slot", -1);
 
                 // OAI-compat
@@ -3621,34 +3689,50 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
         res_ok(res, data);
     };
 
-    const auto handle_embeddings = [&ctx_server, &res_error, &res_ok](const httplib::Request & req, httplib::Response & res) {
+    const auto handle_embeddings_impl = [&ctx_server, &res_error, &res_ok](const httplib::Request & req, httplib::Response & res, bool oaicompat) {
         const json body = json::parse(req.body);
-        bool oaicompat = false;
 
-        // an input prompt can be a string or a list of tokens (integer)
+        if (oaicompat && llama_pooling_type(ctx_server.ctx) == LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_NONE) {
+            res_error(res, format_error_response("Pooling type 'none' is not OAI compatible. Please use a different pooling type", ERROR_TYPE_INVALID_REQUEST));
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // for the shape of input/content, see tokenize_input_prompts()
         json prompt;
         if (body.count("input") != 0) {
-            oaicompat = true;
             prompt = body.at("input");
-        } else if (body.count("content") != 0) {
-            // with "content", we only support single prompt
-            prompt = std::vector<std::string>{body.at("content")};
+        } else if (body.contains("content")) {
+            oaicompat = false;
+            prompt = body.at("content");
         } else {
             res_error(res, format_error_response("\"input\" or \"content\" must be provided", ERROR_TYPE_INVALID_REQUEST));
             return;
         }
 
+        std::vector<llama_tokens> tokenized_prompts = tokenize_input_prompts(ctx_server.ctx, prompt, true, true);
+        for (const auto & tokens : tokenized_prompts) {
+            // this check is necessary for models that do not add BOS token to the input
+            if (tokens.empty()) {
+                res_error(res, format_error_response("Input content cannot be empty", ERROR_TYPE_INVALID_REQUEST));
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
         // create and queue the task
         json responses = json::array();
         bool error = false;
         {
             std::vector<server_task> tasks;
-            std::vector<llama_tokens> tokenized_prompts = tokenize_input_prompts(ctx_server.ctx, prompt, /* add_special */ false, true);
             for (size_t i = 0; i < tokenized_prompts.size(); i++) {
-                server_task task   = server_task(SERVER_TASK_TYPE_EMBEDDING);
+                server_task task = server_task(SERVER_TASK_TYPE_EMBEDDING);
+
                 task.id            = ctx_server.queue_tasks.get_new_id();
                 task.index         = i;
                 task.prompt_tokens = std::move(tokenized_prompts[i]);
+
+                // OAI-compat
+                task.params.oaicompat = oaicompat;
+
                 tasks.push_back(task);
             }
 
@@ -3676,12 +3760,18 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
         }
 
         // write JSON response
-        json root = oaicompat
-            ? format_embeddings_response_oaicompat(body, responses)
-            : responses.size() == 1 ? responses[0] : json(responses);
+        json root = oaicompat ? format_embeddings_response_oaicompat(body, responses) : json(responses);
         res_ok(res, root);
     };
 
+    const auto handle_embeddings = [&handle_embeddings_impl](const httplib::Request & req, httplib::Response & res) {
+        handle_embeddings_impl(req, res, false);
+    };
+
+    const auto handle_embeddings_oai = [&handle_embeddings_impl](const httplib::Request & req, httplib::Response & res) {
+        handle_embeddings_impl(req, res, true);
+    };
+
     const auto handle_rerank = [&ctx_server, &res_error, &res_ok](const httplib::Request & req, httplib::Response & res) {
         if (!ctx_server.params_base.reranking || ctx_server.params_base.embedding) {
             res_error(res, format_error_response("This server does not support reranking. Start it with `--reranking` and without `--embedding`", ERROR_TYPE_NOT_SUPPORTED));
@@ -3855,7 +3945,7 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
     svr->Post("/infill",              handle_infill);
     svr->Post("/embedding",           handle_embeddings); // legacy
     svr->Post("/embeddings",          handle_embeddings);
-    svr->Post("/v1/embeddings",       handle_embeddings);
+    svr->Post("/v1/embeddings",       handle_embeddings_oai);
     svr->Post("/rerank",              handle_rerank);
     svr->Post("/reranking",           handle_rerank);
     svr->Post("/v1/rerank",           handle_rerank);
diff --git a/examples/server/tests/unit/test_completion.py b/examples/server/tests/unit/test_completion.py
index 062ebcd4a..36aee57dd 100644
--- a/examples/server/tests/unit/test_completion.py
+++ b/examples/server/tests/unit/test_completion.py
@@ -10,16 +10,17 @@ def create_server():
     global server
     server = ServerPreset.tinyllama2()
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("prompt,n_predict,re_content,n_prompt,n_predicted,truncated", [
-    ("I believe the meaning of life is", 8, "(going|bed)+", 18, 8, False),
-    ("Write a joke about AI from a very long prompt which will not be truncated", 256, "(princesses|everyone|kids|Anna|forest)+", 46, 64, False),
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("prompt,n_predict,re_content,n_prompt,n_predicted,truncated,return_tokens", [
+    ("I believe the meaning of life is", 8, "(going|bed)+", 18, 8, False, False),
+    ("Write a joke about AI from a very long prompt which will not be truncated", 256, "(princesses|everyone|kids|Anna|forest)+", 46, 64, False, True),
 ])
-def test_completion(prompt: str, n_predict: int, re_content: str, n_prompt: int, n_predicted: int, truncated: bool):
+def test_completion(prompt: str, n_predict: int, re_content: str, n_prompt: int, n_predicted: int, truncated: bool, return_tokens: bool):
     global server
     server.start()
     res = server.make_request("POST", "/completion", data={
         "n_predict": n_predict,
         "prompt": prompt,
+        "return_tokens": return_tokens,
     })
     assert res.status_code == 200
     assert res.body["timings"]["prompt_n"] == n_prompt
@@ -27,6 +28,11 @@ def test_completion(prompt: str, n_predict: int, re_content: str, n_prompt: int,
     assert res.body["truncated"] == truncated
     assert type(res.body["has_new_line"]) == bool
     assert match_regex(re_content, res.body["content"])
+    if return_tokens:
+        assert len(res.body["tokens"]) > 0
+        assert all(type(tok) == int for tok in res.body["tokens"])
+    else:
+        assert res.body["tokens"] == []
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("prompt,n_predict,re_content,n_prompt,n_predicted,truncated", [
@@ -56,6 +62,8 @@ def test_completion_stream(prompt: str, n_predict: int, re_content: str, n_promp
             assert data["generation_settings"]["seed"] == server.seed
             assert match_regex(re_content, content)
         else:
+            assert len(data["tokens"]) > 0
+            assert all(type(tok) == int for tok in data["tokens"])
             content += data["content"]
 
 
diff --git a/examples/server/tests/unit/test_embedding.py b/examples/server/tests/unit/test_embedding.py
index fc7c20064..e32d74582 100644
--- a/examples/server/tests/unit/test_embedding.py
+++ b/examples/server/tests/unit/test_embedding.py
@@ -14,8 +14,9 @@ def create_server():
 
 def test_embedding_single():
     global server
+    server.pooling = 'last'
     server.start()
-    res = server.make_request("POST", "/embeddings", data={
+    res = server.make_request("POST", "/v1/embeddings", data={
         "input": "I believe the meaning of life is",
     })
     assert res.status_code == 200
@@ -29,8 +30,9 @@ def test_embedding_single():
 
 def test_embedding_multiple():
     global server
+    server.pooling = 'last'
     server.start()
-    res = server.make_request("POST", "/embeddings", data={
+    res = server.make_request("POST", "/v1/embeddings", data={
         "input": [
             "I believe the meaning of life is",
             "Write a joke about AI from a very long prompt which will not be truncated",
@@ -45,10 +47,69 @@ def test_embedding_multiple():
         assert len(d['embedding']) > 1
 
 
-def test_embedding_openai_library_single():
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "input,is_multi_prompt",
+    [
+        # single prompt
+        ("string", False),
+        ([12, 34, 56], False),
+        ([12, 34, "string", 56, 78], False),
+        # multiple prompts
+        (["string1", "string2"], True),
+        (["string1", [12, 34, 56]], True),
+        ([[12, 34, 56], [12, 34, 56]], True),
+        ([[12, 34, 56], [12, "string", 34, 56]], True),
+    ]
+)
+def test_embedding_mixed_input(input, is_multi_prompt: bool):
     global server
     server.start()
-    client = OpenAI(api_key="dummy", base_url=f"http://{server.server_host}:{server.server_port}")
+    res = server.make_request("POST", "/v1/embeddings", data={"input": input})
+    assert res.status_code == 200
+    data = res.body['data']
+    if is_multi_prompt:
+        assert len(data) == len(input)
+        for d in data:
+            assert 'embedding' in d
+            assert len(d['embedding']) > 1
+    else:
+        assert 'embedding' in data[0]
+        assert len(data[0]['embedding']) > 1
+
+
+def test_embedding_pooling_none():
+    global server
+    server.pooling = 'none'
+    server.start()
+    res = server.make_request("POST", "/embeddings", data={
+        "input": "hello hello hello",
+    })
+    assert res.status_code == 200
+    assert 'embedding' in res.body[0]
+    assert len(res.body[0]['embedding']) == 5 # 3 text tokens + 2 special
+
+    # make sure embedding vector is not normalized
+    for x in res.body[0]['embedding']:
+        assert abs(sum([x ** 2 for x in x]) - 1) > EPSILON
+
+
+def test_embedding_pooling_none_oai():
+    global server
+    server.pooling = 'none'
+    server.start()
+    res = server.make_request("POST", "/v1/embeddings", data={
+        "input": "hello hello hello",
+    })
+
+    # /v1/embeddings does not support pooling type 'none'
+    assert res.status_code == 400
+
+
+def test_embedding_openai_library_single():
+    global server
+    server.pooling = 'last'
+    server.start()
+    client = OpenAI(api_key="dummy", base_url=f"http://{server.server_host}:{server.server_port}/v1")
     res = client.embeddings.create(model="text-embedding-3-small", input="I believe the meaning of life is")
     assert len(res.data) == 1
     assert len(res.data[0].embedding) > 1
@@ -56,8 +117,9 @@ def test_embedding_openai_library_single():
 
 def test_embedding_openai_library_multiple():
     global server
+    server.pooling = 'last'
     server.start()
-    client = OpenAI(api_key="dummy", base_url=f"http://{server.server_host}:{server.server_port}")
+    client = OpenAI(api_key="dummy", base_url=f"http://{server.server_host}:{server.server_port}/v1")
     res = client.embeddings.create(model="text-embedding-3-small", input=[
         "I believe the meaning of life is",
         "Write a joke about AI from a very long prompt which will not be truncated",
@@ -71,8 +133,9 @@ def test_embedding_openai_library_multiple():
 
 def test_embedding_error_prompt_too_long():
     global server
+    server.pooling = 'last'
     server.start()
-    res = server.make_request("POST", "/embeddings", data={
+    res = server.make_request("POST", "/v1/embeddings", data={
         "input": "This is a test " * 512,
     })
     assert res.status_code != 200
@@ -80,8 +143,9 @@ def test_embedding_error_prompt_too_long():
 
 
 def test_same_prompt_give_same_result():
+    server.pooling = 'last'
     server.start()
-    res = server.make_request("POST", "/embeddings", data={
+    res = server.make_request("POST", "/v1/embeddings", data={
         "input": [
             "I believe the meaning of life is",
             "I believe the meaning of life is",
@@ -97,3 +161,33 @@ def test_same_prompt_give_same_result():
         vi = res.body['data'][i]['embedding']
         for x, y in zip(v0, vi):
             assert abs(x - y) < EPSILON
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "content,n_tokens",
+    [
+        ("I believe the meaning of life is", 9),
+        ("This is a test", 6),
+    ]
+)
+def test_embedding_usage_single(content, n_tokens):
+    global server
+    server.start()
+    res = server.make_request("POST", "/v1/embeddings", data={"input": content})
+    assert res.status_code == 200
+    assert res.body['usage']['prompt_tokens'] == res.body['usage']['total_tokens']
+    assert res.body['usage']['prompt_tokens'] == n_tokens
+
+
+def test_embedding_usage_multiple():
+    global server
+    server.start()
+    res = server.make_request("POST", "/v1/embeddings", data={
+        "input": [
+            "I believe the meaning of life is",
+            "I believe the meaning of life is",
+        ],
+    })
+    assert res.status_code == 200
+    assert res.body['usage']['prompt_tokens'] == res.body['usage']['total_tokens']
+    assert res.body['usage']['prompt_tokens'] == 2 * 9
diff --git a/examples/server/tests/unit/test_rerank.py b/examples/server/tests/unit/test_rerank.py
index 189bc4c96..7203d7943 100644
--- a/examples/server/tests/unit/test_rerank.py
+++ b/examples/server/tests/unit/test_rerank.py
@@ -53,3 +53,26 @@ def test_invalid_rerank_req(documents):
     })
     assert res.status_code == 400
     assert "error" in res.body
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "query,doc1,doc2,n_tokens",
+    [
+        ("Machine learning is", "A machine", "Learning is", 19),
+        ("Which city?", "Machine learning is ", "Paris, capitale de la", 26),
+    ]
+)
+def test_rerank_usage(query, doc1, doc2, n_tokens):
+    global server
+    server.start()
+
+    res = server.make_request("POST", "/rerank", data={
+        "query": query,
+        "documents": [
+            doc1,
+            doc2,
+        ]
+    })
+    assert res.status_code == 200
+    assert res.body['usage']['prompt_tokens'] == res.body['usage']['total_tokens']
+    assert res.body['usage']['prompt_tokens'] == n_tokens
diff --git a/examples/server/tests/utils.py b/examples/server/tests/utils.py
index d988ccf5e..277125e88 100644
--- a/examples/server/tests/utils.py
+++ b/examples/server/tests/utils.py
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@ class ServerProcess:
     server_reranking: bool | None = False
     server_metrics: bool | None = False
     server_slots: bool | None = False
+    pooling: str | None = None
     draft: int | None = None
     api_key: str | None = None
     response_format: str | None = None
@@ -132,6 +133,8 @@ class ServerProcess:
             server_args.append("--metrics")
         if self.server_slots:
             server_args.append("--slots")
+        if self.pooling:
+            server_args.extend(["--pooling", self.pooling])
         if self.model_alias:
             server_args.extend(["--alias", self.model_alias])
         if self.n_ctx:
diff --git a/examples/server/themes/buttons-top/index.html b/examples/server/themes/buttons-top/index.html
index 2797c37c9..3fb88fcc8 100644
--- a/examples/server/themes/buttons-top/index.html
+++ b/examples/server/themes/buttons-top/index.html
@@ -222,7 +222,6 @@
       temperature: 0.7,
       repeat_last_n: 256, // 0 = disable penalty, -1 = context size
       repeat_penalty: 1.18, // 1.0 = disabled
-      penalize_nl: false,
       top_k: 40, // <= 0 to use vocab size
       top_p: 0.95, // 1.0 = disabled
       min_p: 0.05, // 0 = disabled
@@ -779,7 +778,6 @@
             ${FloatField({ label: "Temperature", max: 2.0, min: 0.0, name: "temperature", step: 0.01, value: params.value.temperature })}
             ${FloatField({ label: "Penalize repeat sequence", max: 2.0, min: 0.0, name: "repeat_penalty", step: 0.01, value: params.value.repeat_penalty })}
             ${IntField({ label: "Consider N tokens for penalize", max: 2048, min: 0, name: "repeat_last_n", value: params.value.repeat_last_n })}
-            ${BoolField({ label: "Penalize repetition of newlines", name: "penalize_nl", value: params.value.penalize_nl })}
             ${IntField({ label: "Top-K sampling", max: 100, min: -1, name: "top_k", value: params.value.top_k })}
             ${FloatField({ label: "Top-P sampling", max: 1.0, min: 0.0, name: "top_p", step: 0.01, value: params.value.top_p })}
             ${FloatField({ label: "Min-P sampling", max: 1.0, min: 0.0, name: "min_p", step: 0.01, value: params.value.min_p })}
diff --git a/examples/server/themes/wild/index.html b/examples/server/themes/wild/index.html
index dbe23c402..73f36d4b2 100644
--- a/examples/server/themes/wild/index.html
+++ b/examples/server/themes/wild/index.html
@@ -225,7 +225,6 @@
       temperature: 0.7,
       repeat_last_n: 256, // 0 = disable penalty, -1 = context size
       repeat_penalty: 1.18, // 1.0 = disabled
-      penalize_nl: false,
       top_k: 40, // <= 0 to use vocab size
       top_p: 0.95, // 1.0 = disabled
       min_p: 0.05, // 0 = disabled
@@ -782,7 +781,6 @@
             ${FloatField({ label: "Temperature", max: 2.0, min: 0.0, name: "temperature", step: 0.01, value: params.value.temperature })}
             ${FloatField({ label: "Penalize repeat sequence", max: 2.0, min: 0.0, name: "repeat_penalty", step: 0.01, value: params.value.repeat_penalty })}
             ${IntField({ label: "Consider N tokens for penalize", max: 2048, min: 0, name: "repeat_last_n", value: params.value.repeat_last_n })}
-            ${BoolField({ label: "Penalize repetition of newlines", name: "penalize_nl", value: params.value.penalize_nl })}
             ${IntField({ label: "Top-K sampling", max: 100, min: -1, name: "top_k", value: params.value.top_k })}
             ${FloatField({ label: "Top-P sampling", max: 1.0, min: 0.0, name: "top_p", step: 0.01, value: params.value.top_p })}
             ${FloatField({ label: "Min-P sampling", max: 1.0, min: 0.0, name: "min_p", step: 0.01, value: params.value.min_p })}
diff --git a/examples/server/utils.hpp b/examples/server/utils.hpp
index c6f08bf21..ffdffe904 100644
--- a/examples/server/utils.hpp
+++ b/examples/server/utils.hpp
@@ -138,6 +138,7 @@ static llama_tokens tokenize_mixed(const llama_context * ctx, const json & json_
  * and multiple prompts (multi-tasks):
  * - "prompt": ["string1", "string2"]
  * - "prompt": ["string1", [12, 34, 56]]
+ * - "prompt": [[12, 34, 56], [78, 90, 12]]
  * - "prompt": [[12, 34, "string", 56, 78], [12, 34, 56]]
  */
 static std::vector<llama_tokens> tokenize_input_prompts(llama_context * ctx, const json & json_prompt, bool add_special, bool parse_special) {
@@ -560,6 +561,7 @@ static json oaicompat_completion_params_parse(
 
 static json format_embeddings_response_oaicompat(const json & request, const json & embeddings) {
     json data = json::array();
+    int32_t n_tokens = 0;
     int i = 0;
     for (const auto & elem : embeddings) {
         data.push_back(json{
@@ -567,14 +569,16 @@ static json format_embeddings_response_oaicompat(const json & request, const jso
             {"index",     i++},
             {"object",    "embedding"}
         });
+
+        n_tokens += json_value(elem, "tokens_evaluated", 0);
     }
 
     json res = json {
         {"model", json_value(request, "model", std::string(DEFAULT_OAICOMPAT_MODEL))},
         {"object", "list"},
-        {"usage", json { // TODO: fill
-            {"prompt_tokens", 0},
-            {"total_tokens", 0}
+        {"usage", json {
+            {"prompt_tokens", n_tokens},
+            {"total_tokens", n_tokens}
         }},
         {"data", data}
     };
@@ -584,20 +588,23 @@ static json format_embeddings_response_oaicompat(const json & request, const jso
 
 static json format_response_rerank(const json & request, const json & ranks) {
     json data = json::array();
+    int32_t n_tokens = 0;
     int i = 0;
     for (const auto & rank : ranks) {
         data.push_back(json{
             {"index",    i++},
             {"relevance_score", json_value(rank, "score", 0.0)},
         });
+
+        n_tokens += json_value(rank, "tokens_evaluated", 0);
     }
 
     json res = json {
         {"model", json_value(request, "model", std::string(DEFAULT_OAICOMPAT_MODEL))},
         {"object", "list"},
-        {"usage", json { // TODO: fill
-            {"prompt_tokens", 0},
-            {"total_tokens", 0}
+        {"usage", json {
+            {"prompt_tokens", n_tokens},
+            {"total_tokens", n_tokens}
         }},
         {"results", data}
     };
diff --git a/examples/server/webui/package-lock.json b/examples/server/webui/package-lock.json
index 1d0ab0236..bbebccbf2 100644
--- a/examples/server/webui/package-lock.json
+++ b/examples/server/webui/package-lock.json
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
       "name": "webui",
       "version": "0.0.0",
       "dependencies": {
+        "@sec-ant/readable-stream": "^0.6.0",
         "@vscode/markdown-it-katex": "^1.1.1",
         "autoprefixer": "^10.4.20",
         "daisyui": "^4.12.14",
@@ -617,6 +618,12 @@
         "win32"
       ]
     },
+    "node_modules/@sec-ant/readable-stream": {
+      "version": "0.6.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@sec-ant/readable-stream/-/readable-stream-0.6.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-uiBh8DrB5FN35gP6/o8JEhEQ7/ci1jUsOZO/VMUjyvTpjtV54VstOXVj1TvTj/wsT23pfX6butxxh3qufsW3+g==",
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
     "node_modules/@vscode/markdown-it-katex": {
       "version": "1.1.1",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@vscode/markdown-it-katex/-/markdown-it-katex-1.1.1.tgz",
diff --git a/examples/server/webui/package.json b/examples/server/webui/package.json
index 48090c6de..2836cce00 100644
--- a/examples/server/webui/package.json
+++ b/examples/server/webui/package.json
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
     "vite": "^5.4.10"
   },
   "dependencies": {
+    "@sec-ant/readable-stream": "^0.6.0",
     "@vscode/markdown-it-katex": "^1.1.1",
     "autoprefixer": "^10.4.20",
     "daisyui": "^4.12.14",
diff --git a/examples/server/webui/src/main.js b/examples/server/webui/src/main.js
index a16df1ccc..997ab0ff5 100644
--- a/examples/server/webui/src/main.js
+++ b/examples/server/webui/src/main.js
@@ -5,13 +5,16 @@ import TextLineStream from 'textlinestream';
 
 // math formula rendering
 import 'katex/dist/katex.min.css';
-import markdownItKatexGpt, { renderLatexHTML } from './katex-gpt';
+import markdownItKatexGpt from './katex-gpt';
 import markdownItKatexNormal from '@vscode/markdown-it-katex';
 
 // code highlighting
 import hljs from './highlight-config';
 import daisyuiThemes from 'daisyui/src/theming/themes';
 
+// ponyfill for missing ReadableStream asyncIterator on Safari
+import { asyncIterator } from "@sec-ant/readable-stream/ponyfill/asyncIterator";
+
 const isDev = import.meta.env.MODE === 'development';
 
 // utility functions
@@ -33,7 +36,7 @@ const CONFIG_DEFAULT = {
   systemMessage: 'You are a helpful assistant.',
   showTokensPerSecond: false,
   // make sure these default values are in sync with `common.h`
-  samplers: 'dkypmxt',
+  samplers: 'edkypmxt',
   temperature: 0.8,
   dynatemp_range: 0.0,
   dynatemp_exponent: 1.0,
@@ -283,7 +286,7 @@ async function* sendSSEPostRequest(url, fetchOptions) {
   const lines = res.body
     .pipeThrough(new TextDecoderStream())
     .pipeThrough(new TextLineStream());
-  for await (const line of lines) {
+  for await (const line of asyncIterator(lines)) {
     if (isDev) console.log({line});
     if (line.startsWith('data:') && !line.endsWith('[DONE]')) {
       const data = JSON.parse(line.slice(5));
@@ -442,7 +445,7 @@ const mainApp = createApp({
           method: 'POST',
           headers: {
             'Content-Type': 'application/json',
-            'Authorization': this.config.apiKey ? `Bearer ${this.config.apiKey}` : undefined,
+            ...(this.config.apiKey ? {'Authorization': `Bearer ${this.config.apiKey}`} : {})
           },
           body: JSON.stringify(params),
           signal: abortController.signal,
diff --git a/examples/tts/CMakeLists.txt b/examples/tts/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c72bd814c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tts/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+set(TARGET llama-tts)
+add_executable(${TARGET} tts.cpp)
+install(TARGETS ${TARGET} RUNTIME)
+target_link_libraries(${TARGET} PRIVATE llama common ${CMAKE_THREAD_LIBS_INIT})
+target_compile_features(${TARGET} PRIVATE cxx_std_17)
diff --git a/examples/tts/convert_pt_to_hf.py b/examples/tts/convert_pt_to_hf.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8909a65fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tts/convert_pt_to_hf.py
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+# convert the https://huggingface.co/novateur/WavTokenizer-large-speech-75token to HF format
+# the goal is to be able to reuse the convert_hf_to_gguf.py after that to create a GGUF file with the WavTokenizer decoder
+#
+# TODO: this script is LLM-generated and probably very inefficient and should be rewritten
+
+import torch
+import json
+import os
+import sys
+import re
+
+from safetensors.torch import save_file
+
+# default
+model_path = './model.pt';
+
+# read from CLI
+if len(sys.argv) > 1:
+    model_path = sys.argv[1]
+
+# get the directory of the input model
+path_dst = os.path.dirname(model_path)
+
+print(f"Loading model from {model_path}")
+
+model = torch.load(model_path, map_location='cpu')
+
+#print(model)
+
+# print all keys
+for key in model.keys():
+    print(key)
+    if key == 'hyper_parameters':
+        #print(model[key])
+        # dump as json pretty
+        print(json.dumps(model[key], indent=4))
+    #if key != 'state_dict' and key != 'optimizer_states':
+    #    print(model[key])
+
+# Check if the loaded model is a state_dict or a model instance
+if isinstance(model, torch.nn.Module):
+    state_dict = model.state_dict()
+else:
+    state_dict = model
+
+# Print the structure of the state_dict to understand its format
+print("State dictionary keys:")
+for key in state_dict.keys():
+    print(key)
+
+# Ensure the state_dict is flat and contains only torch.Tensor objects
+def flatten_state_dict(state_dict, parent_key='', sep='.'):
+    items = []
+    items_new = []
+
+    for k, v in state_dict.items():
+        new_key = f"{parent_key}{sep}{k}" if parent_key else k
+        if isinstance(v, torch.Tensor):
+            items.append((new_key, v))
+        elif isinstance(v, dict):
+            items.extend(flatten_state_dict(v, new_key, sep=sep).items())
+            return dict(items)
+
+    size_total_mb = 0
+
+    for key, value in list(items):
+        # keep only what we need for inference
+        if not key.startswith('state_dict.feature_extractor.encodec.quantizer.') and \
+           not key.startswith('state_dict.backbone.') and \
+           not key.startswith('state_dict.head.out'):
+               print('Skipping key: ', key)
+               continue
+
+        new_key = key
+
+        new_key = new_key.replace('state_dict.', '')
+        new_key = new_key.replace('pos_net', 'posnet')
+
+        # check if matches "backbone.posnet.%d.bias" or "backbone.posnet.%d.weight"
+        if new_key.startswith("backbone.posnet."):
+            match = re.match(r"backbone\.posnet\.(\d+)\.(bias|weight)", new_key)
+            if match:
+               new_key = f"backbone.posnet.{match.group(1)}.norm.{match.group(2)}"
+
+        # "feature_extractor.encodec.quantizer.vq.layers.0._codebook.embed" -> "backbone.embedding.weight"
+        if new_key == "feature_extractor.encodec.quantizer.vq.layers.0._codebook.embed":
+            new_key = "backbone.embedding.weight"
+
+        # these are the only rows used
+        # ref: https://github.com/edwko/OuteTTS/blob/a613e79c489d8256dd657ea9168d78de75895d82/outetts/wav_tokenizer/audio_codec.py#L100
+        if new_key.endswith("norm.scale.weight"):
+            new_key = new_key.replace("norm.scale.weight", "norm.weight")
+            value = value[0]
+
+        if new_key.endswith("norm.shift.weight"):
+            new_key = new_key.replace("norm.shift.weight", "norm.bias")
+            value = value[0]
+
+        if new_key.endswith("gamma"):
+            new_key = new_key.replace("gamma", "gamma.weight")
+
+        # convert from 1D [768] to 2D [768, 1] so that ggml_add can broadcast the bias
+        if (new_key.endswith("norm.weight") or new_key.endswith("norm1.weight") or new_key.endswith("norm2.weight") or new_key.endswith(".bias")) and (new_key.startswith("backbone.posnet") or new_key.startswith("backbone.embed.bias")):
+            value = value.unsqueeze(1)
+
+        if new_key.endswith("dwconv.bias"):
+            value = value.unsqueeze(1)
+
+        size_mb = value.element_size() * value.nelement() / (1024 * 1024)
+        print(f"{size_mb:8.2f} MB - {new_key}: {value.shape}")
+
+        size_total_mb += size_mb
+
+        #print(key, '->', new_key, ': ', value)
+        #print(key, '->', new_key)
+
+        items_new.append((new_key, value))
+
+    print(f"Total size: {size_total_mb:8.2f} MB")
+
+    return dict(items_new)
+
+flattened_state_dict = flatten_state_dict(state_dict)
+
+
+# Convert the model to the safetensors format
+output_path = path_dst + '/model.safetensors'
+save_file(flattened_state_dict, output_path)
+
+print(f"Model has been successfully converted and saved to {output_path}")
+
+# Calculate the total size of the .safetensors file
+total_size = os.path.getsize(output_path)
+
+# Create the weight map
+weight_map = {
+    "model.safetensors": ["*"]  # Assuming all weights are in one file
+}
+
+# Create metadata for the index.json file
+metadata = {
+    "total_size": total_size,
+    "weight_map": weight_map
+}
+
+# Save the metadata to index.json
+index_path = path_dst + '/index.json'
+with open(index_path, 'w') as f:
+    json.dump(metadata, f, indent=4)
+
+print(f"Metadata has been saved to {index_path}")
+
+config = {
+    "architectures": [
+        "WavTokenizerDec"
+    ],
+    "hidden_size": 1282,
+    "n_embd_features": 512,
+    "n_ff": 2304,
+    "vocab_size": 4096,
+    "n_head": 1,
+    "layer_norm_epsilon": 1e-6,
+    "group_norm_epsilon": 1e-6,
+    "group_norm_groups": 32,
+    "max_position_embeddings": 8192, # ?
+    "n_layer": 12,
+    "posnet": {
+        "n_embd": 768,
+        "n_layer": 6
+    },
+    "convnext": {
+        "n_embd": 768,
+        "n_layer": 12
+    },
+}
+
+with open(path_dst + '/config.json', 'w') as f:
+    json.dump(config, f, indent=4)
+
+print(f"Config has been saved to {path_dst + 'config.json'}")
diff --git a/examples/tts/tts-outetts.py b/examples/tts/tts-outetts.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0f81192fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tts/tts-outetts.py
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+import sys
+#import json
+#import struct
+import requests
+import re
+
+def process_text(text: str):
+    text = re.sub(r'\d+(\.\d+)?', lambda x: x.group(), text.lower()) # TODO this needs to be fixed
+    text = re.sub(r'[-_/,\.\\]', ' ', text)
+    text = re.sub(r'[^a-z\s]', '', text)
+    text = re.sub(r'\s+', ' ', text).strip()
+    return text.split()
+
+# usage:
+# python tts-outetts.py http://server-llm:port http://server-dec:port "text"
+
+if len(sys.argv) <= 3:
+    print("usage: python tts-outetts.py http://server-llm:port http://server-dec:port \"text\"")
+    exit(1)
+
+host_llm = sys.argv[1]
+host_dec = sys.argv[2]
+text = sys.argv[3]
+
+prefix = """<|im_start|>
+<|text_start|>the<|text_sep|>overall<|text_sep|>package<|text_sep|>from<|text_sep|>just<|text_sep|>two<|text_sep|>people<|text_sep|>is<|text_sep|>pretty<|text_sep|>remarkable<|text_sep|>sure<|text_sep|>i<|text_sep|>have<|text_sep|>some<|text_sep|>critiques<|text_sep|>about<|text_sep|>some<|text_sep|>of<|text_sep|>the<|text_sep|>gameplay<|text_sep|>aspects<|text_sep|>but<|text_sep|>its<|text_sep|>still<|text_sep|>really<|text_sep|>enjoyable<|text_sep|>and<|text_sep|>it<|text_sep|>looks<|text_sep|>lovely<|text_sep|>"""
+
+words = process_text(text)
+words = "<|text_sep|>".join([i.strip() for i in words])
+words += "<|text_end|>\n"
+
+# voice data
+# TODO: load from json
+#suffix = """<|audio_start|>
+#the<|t_0.08|><|code_start|><|257|><|740|><|636|><|913|><|788|><|1703|><|code_end|>
+#overall<|t_0.36|><|code_start|><|127|><|201|><|191|><|774|><|700|><|532|><|1056|><|557|><|798|><|298|><|1741|><|747|><|1662|><|1617|><|1702|><|1527|><|368|><|1588|><|1049|><|1008|><|1625|><|747|><|1576|><|728|><|1019|><|1696|><|1765|><|code_end|>
+#package<|t_0.56|><|code_start|><|935|><|584|><|1319|><|627|><|1016|><|1491|><|1344|><|1117|><|1526|><|1040|><|239|><|1435|><|951|><|498|><|723|><|1180|><|535|><|789|><|1649|><|1637|><|78|><|465|><|1668|><|901|><|595|><|1675|><|117|><|1009|><|1667|><|320|><|840|><|79|><|507|><|1762|><|1508|><|1228|><|1768|><|802|><|1450|><|1457|><|232|><|639|><|code_end|>
+#from<|t_0.19|><|code_start|><|604|><|782|><|1682|><|872|><|1532|><|1600|><|1036|><|1761|><|647|><|1554|><|1371|><|653|><|1595|><|950|><|code_end|>
+#just<|t_0.25|><|code_start|><|1782|><|1670|><|317|><|786|><|1748|><|631|><|599|><|1155|><|1364|><|1524|><|36|><|1591|><|889|><|1535|><|541|><|440|><|1532|><|50|><|870|><|code_end|>
+#two<|t_0.24|><|code_start|><|1681|><|1510|><|673|><|799|><|805|><|1342|><|330|><|519|><|62|><|640|><|1138|><|565|><|1552|><|1497|><|1552|><|572|><|1715|><|1732|><|code_end|>
+#people<|t_0.39|><|code_start|><|593|><|274|><|136|><|740|><|691|><|633|><|1484|><|1061|><|1138|><|1485|><|344|><|428|><|397|><|1562|><|645|><|917|><|1035|><|1449|><|1669|><|487|><|442|><|1484|><|1329|><|1832|><|1704|><|600|><|761|><|653|><|269|><|code_end|>
+#is<|t_0.16|><|code_start|><|566|><|583|><|1755|><|646|><|1337|><|709|><|802|><|1008|><|485|><|1583|><|652|><|10|><|code_end|>
+#pretty<|t_0.32|><|code_start|><|1818|><|1747|><|692|><|733|><|1010|><|534|><|406|><|1697|><|1053|><|1521|><|1355|><|1274|><|816|><|1398|><|211|><|1218|><|817|><|1472|><|1703|><|686|><|13|><|822|><|445|><|1068|><|code_end|>
+#remarkable<|t_0.68|><|code_start|><|230|><|1048|><|1705|><|355|><|706|><|1149|><|1535|><|1787|><|1356|><|1396|><|835|><|1583|><|486|><|1249|><|286|><|937|><|1076|><|1150|><|614|><|42|><|1058|><|705|><|681|><|798|><|934|><|490|><|514|><|1399|><|572|><|1446|><|1703|><|1346|><|1040|><|1426|><|1304|><|664|><|171|><|1530|><|625|><|64|><|1708|><|1830|><|1030|><|443|><|1509|><|1063|><|1605|><|1785|><|721|><|1440|><|923|><|code_end|>
+#sure<|t_0.36|><|code_start|><|792|><|1780|><|923|><|1640|><|265|><|261|><|1525|><|567|><|1491|><|1250|><|1730|><|362|><|919|><|1766|><|543|><|1|><|333|><|113|><|970|><|252|><|1606|><|133|><|302|><|1810|><|1046|><|1190|><|1675|><|code_end|>
+#i<|t_0.08|><|code_start|><|123|><|439|><|1074|><|705|><|1799|><|637|><|code_end|>
+#have<|t_0.16|><|code_start|><|1509|><|599|><|518|><|1170|><|552|><|1029|><|1267|><|864|><|419|><|143|><|1061|><|0|><|code_end|>
+#some<|t_0.16|><|code_start|><|619|><|400|><|1270|><|62|><|1370|><|1832|><|917|><|1661|><|167|><|269|><|1366|><|1508|><|code_end|>
+#critiques<|t_0.60|><|code_start|><|559|><|584|><|1163|><|1129|><|1313|><|1728|><|721|><|1146|><|1093|><|577|><|928|><|27|><|630|><|1080|><|1346|><|1337|><|320|><|1382|><|1175|><|1682|><|1556|><|990|><|1683|><|860|><|1721|><|110|><|786|><|376|><|1085|><|756|><|1523|><|234|><|1334|><|1506|><|1578|><|659|><|612|><|1108|><|1466|><|1647|><|308|><|1470|><|746|><|556|><|1061|><|code_end|>
+#about<|t_0.29|><|code_start|><|26|><|1649|><|545|><|1367|><|1263|><|1728|><|450|><|859|><|1434|><|497|><|1220|><|1285|><|179|><|755|><|1154|><|779|><|179|><|1229|><|1213|><|922|><|1774|><|1408|><|code_end|>
+#some<|t_0.23|><|code_start|><|986|><|28|><|1649|><|778|><|858|><|1519|><|1|><|18|><|26|><|1042|><|1174|><|1309|><|1499|><|1712|><|1692|><|1516|><|1574|><|code_end|>
+#of<|t_0.07|><|code_start|><|197|><|716|><|1039|><|1662|><|64|><|code_end|>
+#the<|t_0.08|><|code_start|><|1811|><|1568|><|569|><|886|><|1025|><|1374|><|code_end|>
+#gameplay<|t_0.48|><|code_start|><|1269|><|1092|><|933|><|1362|><|1762|><|1700|><|1675|><|215|><|781|><|1086|><|461|><|838|><|1022|><|759|><|649|><|1416|><|1004|><|551|><|909|><|787|><|343|><|830|><|1391|><|1040|><|1622|><|1779|><|1360|><|1231|><|1187|><|1317|><|76|><|997|><|989|><|978|><|737|><|189|><|code_end|>
+#aspects<|t_0.56|><|code_start|><|1423|><|797|><|1316|><|1222|><|147|><|719|><|1347|><|386|><|1390|><|1558|><|154|><|440|><|634|><|592|><|1097|><|1718|><|712|><|763|><|1118|><|1721|><|1311|><|868|><|580|><|362|><|1435|><|868|><|247|><|221|><|886|><|1145|><|1274|><|1284|><|457|><|1043|><|1459|><|1818|><|62|><|599|><|1035|><|62|><|1649|><|778|><|code_end|>
+#but<|t_0.20|><|code_start|><|780|><|1825|><|1681|><|1007|><|861|><|710|><|702|><|939|><|1669|><|1491|><|613|><|1739|><|823|><|1469|><|648|><|code_end|>
+#its<|t_0.09|><|code_start|><|92|><|688|><|1623|><|962|><|1670|><|527|><|599|><|code_end|>
+#still<|t_0.27|><|code_start|><|636|><|10|><|1217|><|344|><|713|><|957|><|823|><|154|><|1649|><|1286|><|508|><|214|><|1760|><|1250|><|456|><|1352|><|1368|><|921|><|615|><|5|><|code_end|>
+#really<|t_0.36|><|code_start|><|55|><|420|><|1008|><|1659|><|27|><|644|><|1266|><|617|><|761|><|1712|><|109|><|1465|><|1587|><|503|><|1541|><|619|><|197|><|1019|><|817|><|269|><|377|><|362|><|1381|><|507|><|1488|><|4|><|1695|><|code_end|>
+#enjoyable<|t_0.49|><|code_start|><|678|><|501|><|864|><|319|><|288|><|1472|><|1341|><|686|><|562|><|1463|><|619|><|1563|><|471|><|911|><|730|><|1811|><|1006|><|520|><|861|><|1274|><|125|><|1431|><|638|><|621|><|153|><|876|><|1770|><|437|><|987|><|1653|><|1109|><|898|><|1285|><|80|><|593|><|1709|><|843|><|code_end|>
+#and<|t_0.15|><|code_start|><|1285|><|987|><|303|><|1037|><|730|><|1164|><|502|><|120|><|1737|><|1655|><|1318|><|code_end|>
+#it<|t_0.09|><|code_start|><|848|><|1366|><|395|><|1601|><|1513|><|593|><|1302|><|code_end|>
+#looks<|t_0.27|><|code_start|><|1281|><|1266|><|1755|><|572|><|248|><|1751|><|1257|><|695|><|1380|><|457|><|659|><|585|><|1315|><|1105|><|1776|><|736|><|24|><|736|><|654|><|1027|><|code_end|>
+#lovely<|t_0.56|><|code_start|><|634|><|596|><|1766|><|1556|><|1306|><|1285|><|1481|><|1721|><|1123|><|438|><|1246|><|1251|><|795|><|659|><|1381|><|1658|><|217|><|1772|><|562|><|952|><|107|><|1129|><|1112|><|467|><|550|><|1079|><|840|><|1615|><|1469|><|1380|><|168|><|917|><|836|><|1827|><|437|><|583|><|67|><|595|><|1087|><|1646|><|1493|><|1677|><|code_end|>"""
+
+# TODO: tokenization is slow for some reason - here is pre-tokenized input
+suffix = [ 151667, 198, 1782, 155780, 151669, 151929, 152412, 152308, 152585, 152460, 153375, 151670, 198, 74455,
+          155808, 151669, 151799, 151873, 151863, 152446, 152372, 152204, 152728, 152229, 152470, 151970, 153413,
+          152419, 153334, 153289, 153374, 153199, 152040, 153260, 152721, 152680, 153297, 152419, 153248, 152400,
+          152691, 153368, 153437, 151670, 198, 1722, 155828, 151669, 152607, 152256, 152991, 152299, 152688, 153163,
+          153016, 152789, 153198, 152712, 151911, 153107, 152623, 152170, 152395, 152852, 152207, 152461, 153321,
+          153309, 151750, 152137, 153340, 152573, 152267, 153347, 151789, 152681, 153339, 151992, 152512, 151751,
+          152179, 153434, 153180, 152900, 153440, 152474, 153122, 153129, 151904, 152311, 151670, 198, 1499, 155791,
+          151669, 152276, 152454, 153354, 152544, 153204, 153272, 152708, 153433, 152319, 153226, 153043, 152325,
+          153267, 152622, 151670, 198, 4250, 155797, 151669, 153454, 153342, 151989, 152458, 153420, 152303, 152271,
+          152827, 153036, 153196, 151708, 153263, 152561, 153207, 152213, 152112, 153204, 151722, 152542, 151670, 198,
+          19789, 155796, 151669, 153353, 153182, 152345, 152471, 152477, 153014, 152002, 152191, 151734, 152312, 152810,
+          152237, 153224, 153169, 153224, 152244, 153387, 153404, 151670, 198, 16069, 155811, 151669, 152265, 151946,
+          151808, 152412, 152363, 152305, 153156, 152733, 152810, 153157, 152016, 152100, 152069, 153234, 152317,
+          152589, 152707, 153121, 153341, 152159, 152114, 153156, 153001, 153504, 153376, 152272, 152433, 152325,
+          151941, 151670, 198, 285, 155788, 151669, 152238, 152255, 153427, 152318, 153009, 152381, 152474, 152680,
+          152157, 153255, 152324, 151682, 151670, 198, 32955, 155804, 151669, 153490, 153419, 152364, 152405, 152682,
+          152206, 152078, 153369, 152725, 153193, 153027, 152946, 152488, 153070, 151883, 152890, 152489, 153144,
+          153375, 152358, 151685, 152494, 152117, 152740, 151670, 198, 37448, 480, 155840, 151669, 151902, 152720,
+          153377, 152027, 152378, 152821, 153207, 153459, 153028, 153068, 152507, 153255, 152158, 152921, 151958,
+          152609, 152748, 152822, 152286, 151714, 152730, 152377, 152353, 152470, 152606, 152162, 152186, 153071,
+          152244, 153118, 153375, 153018, 152712, 153098, 152976, 152336, 151843, 153202, 152297, 151736, 153380,
+          153502, 152702, 152115, 153181, 152735, 153277, 153457, 152393, 153112, 152595, 151670, 198, 19098, 155808,
+          151669, 152464, 153452, 152595, 153312, 151937, 151933, 153197, 152239, 153163, 152922, 153402, 152034,
+          152591, 153438, 152215, 151673, 152005, 151785, 152642, 151924, 153278, 151805, 151974, 153482, 152718,
+          152862, 153347, 151670, 198, 72, 155780, 151669, 151795, 152111, 152746, 152377, 153471, 152309, 151670, 198,
+          19016, 155788, 151669, 153181, 152271, 152190, 152842, 152224, 152701, 152939, 152536, 152091, 151815, 152733,
+          151672, 151670, 198, 14689, 155788, 151669, 152291, 152072, 152942, 151734, 153042, 153504, 152589, 153333,
+          151839, 151941, 153038, 153180, 151670, 198, 36996, 8303, 155832, 151669, 152231, 152256, 152835, 152801,
+          152985, 153400, 152393, 152818, 152765, 152249, 152600, 151699, 152302, 152752, 153018, 153009, 151992,
+          153054, 152847, 153354, 153228, 152662, 153355, 152532, 153393, 151782, 152458, 152048, 152757, 152428,
+          153195, 151906, 153006, 153178, 153250, 152331, 152284, 152780, 153138, 153319, 151980, 153142, 152418,
+          152228, 152733, 151670, 198, 9096, 155801, 151669, 151698, 153321, 152217, 153039, 152935, 153400, 152122,
+          152531, 153106, 152169, 152892, 152957, 151851, 152427, 152826, 152451, 151851, 152901, 152885, 152594,
+          153446, 153080, 151670, 198, 14689, 155795, 151669, 152658, 151700, 153321, 152450, 152530, 153191, 151673,
+          151690, 151698, 152714, 152846, 152981, 153171, 153384, 153364, 153188, 153246, 151670, 198, 1055, 155779,
+          151669, 151869, 152388, 152711, 153334, 151736, 151670, 198, 1782, 155780, 151669, 153483, 153240, 152241,
+          152558, 152697, 153046, 151670, 198, 5804, 1363, 155820, 151669, 152941, 152764, 152605, 153034, 153434,
+          153372, 153347, 151887, 152453, 152758, 152133, 152510, 152694, 152431, 152321, 153088, 152676, 152223,
+          152581, 152459, 152015, 152502, 153063, 152712, 153294, 153451, 153032, 152903, 152859, 152989, 151748,
+          152669, 152661, 152650, 152409, 151861, 151670, 198, 300, 7973, 155828, 151669, 153095, 152469, 152988,
+          152894, 151819, 152391, 153019, 152058, 153062, 153230, 151826, 152112, 152306, 152264, 152769, 153390,
+          152384, 152435, 152790, 153393, 152983, 152540, 152252, 152034, 153107, 152540, 151919, 151893, 152558,
+          152817, 152946, 152956, 152129, 152715, 153131, 153490, 151734, 152271, 152707, 151734, 153321, 152450,
+          151670, 198, 8088, 155792, 151669, 152452, 153497, 153353, 152679, 152533, 152382, 152374, 152611, 153341,
+          153163, 152285, 153411, 152495, 153141, 152320, 151670, 198, 1199, 155781, 151669, 151764, 152360, 153295,
+          152634, 153342, 152199, 152271, 151670, 198, 43366, 155799, 151669, 152308, 151682, 152889, 152016, 152385,
+          152629, 152495, 151826, 153321, 152958, 152180, 151886, 153432, 152922, 152128, 153024, 153040, 152593,
+          152287, 151677, 151670, 198, 53660, 155808, 151669, 151727, 152092, 152680, 153331, 151699, 152316, 152938,
+          152289, 152433, 153384, 151781, 153137, 153259, 152175, 153213, 152291, 151869, 152691, 152489, 151941,
+          152049, 152034, 153053, 152179, 153160, 151676, 153367, 151670, 198, 268, 4123, 480, 155821, 151669, 152350,
+          152173, 152536, 151991, 151960, 153144, 153013, 152358, 152234, 153135, 152291, 153235, 152143, 152583,
+          152402, 153483, 152678, 152192, 152533, 152946, 151797, 153103, 152310, 152293, 151825, 152548, 153442,
+          152109, 152659, 153325, 152781, 152570, 152957, 151752, 152265, 153381, 152515, 151670, 198, 437, 155787,
+          151669, 152957, 152659, 151975, 152709, 152402, 152836, 152174, 151792, 153409, 153327, 152990, 151670, 198,
+          275, 155781, 151669, 152520, 153038, 152067, 153273, 153185, 152265, 152974, 151670, 198, 94273, 155799,
+          151669, 152953, 152938, 153427, 152244, 151920, 153423, 152929, 152367, 153052, 152129, 152331, 152257,
+          152987, 152777, 153448, 152408, 151696, 152408, 152326, 152699, 151670, 198, 385, 16239, 155828, 151669,
+          152306, 152268, 153438, 153228, 152978, 152957, 153153, 153393, 152795, 152110, 152918, 152923, 152467,
+          152331, 153053, 153330, 151889, 153444, 152234, 152624, 151779, 152801, 152784, 152139, 152222, 152751,
+          152512, 153287, 153141, 153052, 151840, 152589, 152508, 153499, 152109, 152255, 151739, 152267, 152759,
+          153318, 153165, 153349, 151670, ]
+
+response = requests.post(
+    host_llm + "/completion",
+    json={
+        "prompt": [prefix + words, *suffix],
+        "n_predict": 1024,
+        "cache_prompt": True,
+        "return_tokens": True,
+        "samplers": ["top_k"],
+        "top_k": 16,
+        "seed": 1003,
+    }
+)
+
+response_json = response.json()
+
+#print(json.dumps(response_json, indent=4))
+#print(json.dumps(response_json["prompt"], indent=4).replace("\\n", "\n"))
+#print(json.dumps(response_json["timings"], indent=4))
+#print(json.dumps(response_json["tokens"], indent=4))
+
+codes = response_json["tokens"]
+
+codes = [t - 151672 for t in codes if t >= 151672 and t <= 155772]
+
+response = requests.post(
+    host_dec + "/embeddings",
+    json={
+        "input": [*codes],
+    }
+)
+
+response_json = response.json()
+
+#print(json.dumps(response_json, indent=4))
+
+# spectrogram
+embd = response_json[0]["embedding"]
+
+n_codes = len(embd)
+n_embd = len(embd[0])
+
+print('spectrogram generated: n_codes: %d, n_embd: %d' % (n_codes, n_embd))
+
+# post-process the spectrogram to convert to audio
+# TODO: see the tts.cpp:embd_to_audio() and implement it in Python
+print('converting to audio ...')
+print('TODO: see the tts.cpp:embd_to_audio() and implement it in Python')
diff --git a/examples/tts/tts.cpp b/examples/tts/tts.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7f36b80f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/tts/tts.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,932 @@
+#include "arg.h"
+#include "common.h"
+#include "sampling.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "llama.h"
+
+#define _USE_MATH_DEFINES // For M_PI on MSVC
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <map>
+#include <regex>
+#include <string>
+#include <thread>
+#include <vector>
+
+//
+// Terminal utils
+//
+
+#define SQR(X)    ((X) * (X))
+#define UNCUBE(x) x < 48 ? 0 : x < 115 ? 1 : (x - 35) / 40
+
+/**
+ * Quantizes 24-bit RGB to xterm256 code range [16,256).
+ */
+static int rgb2xterm256(int r, int g, int b) {
+    unsigned char cube[] = {0, 0137, 0207, 0257, 0327, 0377};
+    int av, ir, ig, ib, il, qr, qg, qb, ql;
+    av = r * .299 + g * .587 + b * .114 + .5;
+    ql = (il = av > 238 ? 23 : (av - 3) / 10) * 10 + 8;
+    qr = cube[(ir = UNCUBE(r))];
+    qg = cube[(ig = UNCUBE(g))];
+    qb = cube[(ib = UNCUBE(b))];
+    if (SQR(qr - r) + SQR(qg - g) + SQR(qb - b) <=
+        SQR(ql - r) + SQR(ql - g) + SQR(ql - b))
+        return ir * 36 + ig * 6 + ib + 020;
+    return il + 0350;
+}
+
+static std::string set_xterm256_foreground(int r, int g, int b) {
+    int x = rgb2xterm256(r, g, b);
+    std::ostringstream oss;
+    oss << "\033[38;5;" << x << "m";
+    return oss.str();
+}
+
+const std::vector<std::string> k_colors = {
+    set_xterm256_foreground(220,   5,  12),
+    set_xterm256_foreground(232,  96,  28),
+    set_xterm256_foreground(241, 147,  45),
+    set_xterm256_foreground(246, 193,  65),
+    set_xterm256_foreground(247, 240,  86),
+    set_xterm256_foreground(144, 201, 135),
+    set_xterm256_foreground( 78, 178, 101),
+};
+
+static void print_usage(int, char ** argv) {
+    LOG("\nexample usage:\n");
+    LOG("\n    %s -m model.gguf -p \"Hello!\"\n", argv[0]);
+    LOG("\n");
+}
+
+struct wav_header {
+    char riff[4] = {'R', 'I', 'F', 'F'};
+    uint32_t chunk_size;
+    char wave[4] = {'W', 'A', 'V', 'E'};
+    char fmt[4] = {'f', 'm', 't', ' '};
+    uint32_t fmt_chunk_size = 16;
+    uint16_t audio_format = 1; // PCM
+    uint16_t num_channels = 1; // Mono
+    uint32_t sample_rate;
+    uint32_t byte_rate;
+    uint16_t block_align;
+    uint16_t bits_per_sample = 16;
+    char data[4] = {'d', 'a', 't', 'a'};
+    uint32_t data_size;
+};
+
+static void save_wav16(const std::string & fname, const std::vector<float> & data, int sample_rate) {
+    std::ofstream file(fname, std::ios::binary);
+    if (!file) {
+        LOG_ERR("%s: Failed to open file '%s' for writing", __func__, fname.c_str());
+        return;
+    }
+
+    wav_header header;
+    header.sample_rate = sample_rate;
+    header.byte_rate = header.sample_rate * header.num_channels * (header.bits_per_sample / 8);
+    header.block_align = header.num_channels * (header.bits_per_sample / 8);
+    header.data_size = data.size() * (header.bits_per_sample / 8);
+    header.chunk_size = 36 + header.data_size;
+
+    file.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&header), sizeof(header));
+
+    for (const auto & sample : data) {
+        int16_t pcm_sample = static_cast<int16_t>(std::clamp(sample * 32767.0, -32768.0, 32767.0));
+        file.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&pcm_sample), sizeof(pcm_sample));
+    }
+
+    file.close();
+}
+
+static void fill_hann_window(int length, bool periodic, float * output) {
+    int offset = -1;
+    if (periodic) {
+        offset = 0;
+    }
+    for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+        output[i] = 0.5 * (1.0 - cosf((2.0 * M_PI * i) / (length + offset)));
+    }
+}
+
+// very poor-man fft
+static void twiddle(float * real, float * imag, int k, int N) {
+    float angle = 2 * M_PI * k / N;
+    *real = cos(angle);
+    *imag = sin(angle);
+}
+
+static void irfft(int n, const float * inp_cplx, float * out_real) {
+    int N = n / 2 + 1;
+
+    std::vector<float> real_input(N);
+    std::vector<float> imag_input(N);
+    for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
+        real_input[i] = inp_cplx[2 * i];
+        imag_input[i] = inp_cplx[2 * i + 1];
+    }
+
+    std::vector<float> real_output(n);
+    std::vector<float> imag_output(n);
+
+    for (int k = 0; k < n; ++k) {
+        real_output[k] = 0.0f;
+        imag_output[k] = 0.0f;
+        for (int m = 0; m < N; ++m) {
+            float twiddle_real;
+            float twiddle_imag;
+
+            twiddle(&twiddle_real, &twiddle_imag, k * m, n);
+
+            real_output[k] += real_input[m] * twiddle_real - imag_input[m] * twiddle_imag;
+            imag_output[k] += real_input[m] * twiddle_imag + imag_input[m] * twiddle_real;
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+        out_real[i] = real_output[i] / N;
+    }
+}
+
+//
+//  y = torch.nn.functional.fold(
+//       data, output_size=(1, output_size), kernel_size=(1, self.win_length), stride=(1, self.hop_length),
+//  )[:, 0, 0, pad:-pad]
+//
+// data.shape =  torch.Size([1, 1280, 261])
+// output_size =  84480
+// win_length =  1280
+// hop_length =  320
+// pad =  480
+//
+static void fold(const std::vector<float> & data, int64_t n_out, int64_t n_win, int64_t n_hop, int64_t n_pad, std::vector<float> & output) {
+    int64_t output_height = n_out;
+    int64_t kernel_w = n_win;
+    int64_t stride_w = n_hop;
+    int64_t width    = n_out;
+
+    output.resize(width, 0.0f);
+
+    int64_t col_idx = 0;
+    for (int64_t w_col = 0; w_col < width; ++w_col) {
+        int64_t start = w_col * stride_w - n_pad;
+        int64_t end   = start + kernel_w;
+
+        for (int64_t w_im = start; w_im < end; ++w_im) {
+            if (w_im >= 0 && w_im < output_height && col_idx < (int64_t) data.size()) {
+                output[w_im] += data[col_idx];
+            }
+            col_idx++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    output.resize(n_out - 2 * n_pad);
+}
+
+// TODO: not optimized at all
+static std::vector<float> embd_to_audio(
+        const float * embd,
+        const int n_codes,
+        const int n_embd,
+        const int n_thread) {
+    const int n_fft = 1280;
+    const int n_hop = 320;
+    const int n_win = 1280;
+    const int n_pad = (n_win - n_hop)/2;
+    const int n_out = (n_codes - 1)*n_hop + n_win;
+
+    std::vector<float> hann(n_fft);
+
+    fill_hann_window(hann.size(), true, hann.data());
+
+    int n_spec = n_embd*n_codes;
+
+    std::vector<float> E (n_spec);
+    std::vector<float> S (n_spec);
+    std::vector<float> ST(n_spec);
+
+    for (int l = 0; l < n_codes; ++l) {
+        for (int k = 0; k < n_embd; ++k) {
+            E[k*n_codes + l] = embd[l*n_embd + k];
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (int k = 0; k < n_embd/2; ++k) {
+        for (int l = 0; l < n_codes; ++l) {
+            float mag = E[(k           )*n_codes + l];
+            float phi = E[(k + n_embd/2)*n_codes + l];
+
+            mag = exp(mag);
+
+            if (mag > 1e2) {
+                mag = 1e2;
+            }
+            S[2*(k*n_codes + l) + 0] = mag*cosf(phi);
+            S[2*(k*n_codes + l) + 1] = mag*sinf(phi);
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (int l = 0; l < n_codes; ++l) {
+        for (int k = 0; k < n_embd/2; ++k) {
+            ST[l*n_embd + 2*k + 0] = S[2*(k*n_codes + l) + 0];
+            ST[l*n_embd + 2*k + 1] = S[2*(k*n_codes + l) + 1];
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::vector<float> res  (n_codes*n_fft);
+    std::vector<float> hann2(n_codes*n_fft);
+
+    std::vector<std::thread> workers(n_thread);
+    for (int i = 0; i < n_thread; ++i) {
+        workers[i] = std::thread([&, i]() {
+            for (int l = i; l < n_codes; l += n_thread) {
+                irfft(n_fft, ST.data() + l*n_embd, res.data() + l*n_fft);
+                for (int j = 0; j < n_fft; ++j) {
+                    res  [l*n_fft + j] *= hann[j];
+                    hann2[l*n_fft + j]  = hann[j] * hann[j];
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+    for (int i = 0; i < n_thread; ++i) {
+        workers[i].join();
+    }
+
+    std::vector<float> audio;
+    std::vector<float> env;
+
+    fold(res,   n_out, n_win, n_hop, n_pad, audio);
+    fold(hann2, n_out, n_win, n_hop, n_pad, env); // TODO: can be done once
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < audio.size(); ++i) {
+        audio[i] /= env[i];
+    }
+
+    return audio;
+}
+
+static const std::map<int, std::string> ones = {
+    {0, "zero"}, {1, "one"}, {2, "two"}, {3, "three"}, {4, "four"},
+    {5, "five"}, {6, "six"}, {7, "seven"}, {8, "eight"}, {9, "nine"},
+    {10, "ten"}, {11, "eleven"}, {12, "twelve"}, {13, "thirteen"}, {14, "fourteen"},
+    {15, "fifteen"}, {16, "sixteen"}, {17, "seventeen"}, {18, "eighteen"}, {19, "nineteen"}
+};
+
+static const std::map<int, std::string> tens = {
+    {2, "twenty"}, {3, "thirty"}, {4, "forty"}, {5, "fifty"},
+    {6, "sixty"}, {7, "seventy"}, {8, "eighty"}, {9, "ninety"}
+};
+
+// Convert a number less than 1000 to words
+static std::string convert_less_than_thousand(int num) {
+    std::string result;
+
+    if (num >= 100) {
+        result += ones.at(num / 100) + " hundred ";
+        num %= 100;
+    }
+
+    if (num >= 20) {
+        result += tens.at(num / 10);
+        if (num % 10 > 0) {
+            result += "-" + ones.at(num % 10);
+        }
+    } else if (num > 0) {
+        result += ones.at(num);
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+static std::string number_to_words(const std::string & number_str) {
+    try {
+        size_t decimal_pos = number_str.find('.');
+        std::string integer_part = number_str.substr(0, decimal_pos);
+
+        int int_number = std::stoi(integer_part);
+        std::string result;
+
+        if (int_number == 0) {
+            result = "zero";
+        } else {
+            if (int_number >= 1000000000) {
+                int billions = int_number / 1000000000;
+                result += convert_less_than_thousand(billions) + " billion ";
+                int_number %= 1000000000;
+            }
+
+            if (int_number >= 1000000) {
+                int millions = int_number / 1000000;
+                result += convert_less_than_thousand(millions) + " million ";
+                int_number %= 1000000;
+            }
+
+            if (int_number >= 1000) {
+                int thousands = int_number / 1000;
+                result += convert_less_than_thousand(thousands) + " thousand ";
+                int_number %= 1000;
+            }
+
+            if (int_number > 0) {
+                result += convert_less_than_thousand(int_number);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Handle decimal part
+        if (decimal_pos != std::string::npos) {
+            result += " point";
+            std::string decimal_part = number_str.substr(decimal_pos + 1);
+            for (char digit : decimal_part) {
+                result += " " + ones.at(digit - '0');
+            }
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    } catch (const std::exception& e) {
+        // Skip if fails
+        return " ";
+    }
+}
+
+static std::string replace_numbers_with_words(const std::string & input_text) {
+    std::regex number_pattern(R"(\d+(\.\d+)?)");
+    std::string result;
+    auto it = std::sregex_iterator(input_text.begin(), input_text.end(), number_pattern);
+    auto end = std::sregex_iterator();
+
+    size_t last_pos = 0;
+    for (std::sregex_iterator i = it; i != end; ++i) {
+        const std::smatch& match = *i;
+        result.append(input_text, last_pos, match.position() - last_pos);
+        result.append(number_to_words(match.str()));
+        last_pos = match.position() + match.length();
+    }
+    result.append(input_text, last_pos);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+// Based on: https://github.com/edwko/OuteTTS/blob/a613e79c489d8256dd657ea9168d78de75895d82/outetts/version/v1/prompt_processor.py#L39
+static std::string process_text(const std::string & text) {
+
+    // For now I skipped text romanization as I am unsure how to handle
+    // uroman and MeCab implementations in C++
+    // maybe something like https://github.com/anyascii/anyascii/ could work.
+    // currently only English would be supported in this function
+
+    std::string processed_text = replace_numbers_with_words(text);
+
+    std::transform(processed_text.begin(), processed_text.end(),
+                  processed_text.begin(), ::tolower);
+
+    std::regex special_chars(R"([-_/,\.\\])");
+    processed_text = std::regex_replace(processed_text, special_chars, " ");
+
+    std::regex non_alpha(R"([^a-z\s])");
+    processed_text = std::regex_replace(processed_text, non_alpha, "");
+
+    std::regex multiple_spaces(R"(\s+)");
+    processed_text = std::regex_replace(processed_text, multiple_spaces, " ");
+
+    processed_text = std::regex_replace(processed_text, std::regex(R"(^\s+|\s+$)"), "");
+
+    /*
+        Replace spaces with the separator token same as in line 365
+
+        for (auto & c : prompt_user) {
+        if (c == ' ') {
+            prompt_clean += "<|text_sep|>";
+    */
+    processed_text = std::regex_replace(processed_text, std::regex(R"(\s)"), "<|text_sep|>");
+
+    return processed_text;
+}
+
+static void prompt_add(llama_tokens & prompt, llama_token token) {
+    prompt.push_back(token);
+}
+
+static void prompt_add(llama_tokens & prompt, const llama_tokens & tokens) {
+    prompt.insert(prompt.end(), tokens.begin(), tokens.end());
+}
+
+static void prompt_add(llama_tokens & prompt, const llama_model * model, const std::string & txt, bool add_special, bool parse_special) {
+    auto tmp = common_tokenize(model, txt, add_special, parse_special);
+    prompt_add(prompt, tmp);
+}
+
+static void prompt_init(llama_tokens & prompt, const llama_model * model) {
+    prompt.clear();
+
+    prompt_add(prompt, model, "<|im_start|>\n", true, true);
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
+    common_params params;
+
+    params.prompt = "";
+
+    params.n_predict = 4096;
+    params.n_batch   = 8192;
+    params.n_ctx     = 8192;
+
+    params.sampling.top_k = 4;
+    params.sampling.samplers = { COMMON_SAMPLER_TYPE_TOP_K, };
+
+    if (!common_params_parse(argc, argv, params, LLAMA_EXAMPLE_TTS, print_usage)) {
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    const int n_parallel = params.n_parallel;
+    const int n_predict  = params.n_predict;
+
+    common_init();
+
+    // init LLM
+
+    llama_backend_init();
+    llama_numa_init(params.numa);
+
+    llama_model * model_ttc = NULL; // text-to-codes
+    llama_model * model_cts = NULL; // codes-to-speech
+
+    llama_context * ctx_ttc = NULL;
+    llama_context * ctx_cts = NULL;
+
+    common_init_result llama_init_ttc = common_init_from_params(params);
+    model_ttc = llama_init_ttc.model;
+    ctx_ttc = llama_init_ttc.context;
+
+    // TODO: refactor in a common struct
+    params.model     = params.vocoder.model;
+    params.model_url = params.vocoder.model_url;
+    params.hf_repo   = params.vocoder.hf_repo;
+    params.hf_file   = params.vocoder.hf_file;
+
+    params.embedding = true;
+
+    common_init_result llama_init_cts = common_init_from_params(params);
+    model_cts = llama_init_cts.model;
+    ctx_cts = llama_init_cts.context;
+
+    std::vector<common_sampler *> smpl(n_parallel);
+    for (int i = 0; i < n_parallel; ++i) {
+        params.sampling.no_perf = (i != 0);
+        params.sampling.seed = params.sampling.seed + 1;
+
+        smpl[i] = common_sampler_init(model_ttc, params.sampling);
+    }
+
+    LOG_INF("sampler seed: %u\n",     common_sampler_get_seed(smpl[0]));
+    LOG_INF("sampler params: \n%s\n", params.sampling.print().c_str());
+    LOG_INF("sampler chain: %s\n",    common_sampler_print(smpl[0]).c_str());
+
+    LOG_INF("%s: loading done\n", __func__);
+
+    const auto t_main_start = ggml_time_us();
+
+    std::vector<llama_token> codes;
+
+    // process prompt and generate voice codes
+    {
+        LOG_INF("%s: constructing prompt ..\n", __func__);
+
+        std::vector<llama_token> prompt_inp;
+
+        prompt_init(prompt_inp, model_ttc);
+
+        prompt_add(prompt_inp, model_ttc, "<|text_start|>the<|text_sep|>overall<|text_sep|>package<|text_sep|>from<|text_sep|>just<|text_sep|>two<|text_sep|>people<|text_sep|>is<|text_sep|>pretty<|text_sep|>remarkable<|text_sep|>sure<|text_sep|>i<|text_sep|>have<|text_sep|>some<|text_sep|>critiques<|text_sep|>about<|text_sep|>some<|text_sep|>of<|text_sep|>the<|text_sep|>gameplay<|text_sep|>aspects<|text_sep|>but<|text_sep|>its<|text_sep|>still<|text_sep|>really<|text_sep|>enjoyable<|text_sep|>and<|text_sep|>it<|text_sep|>looks<|text_sep|>lovely<|text_sep|>", false, true);
+
+        // convert the input text into the necessary format expected by OuteTTS
+        {
+            std::string prompt_clean = process_text(params.prompt);
+
+            LOG_INF("%s: prompt: '%s'\n", __func__, prompt_clean.c_str());
+
+            prompt_add(prompt_inp, model_ttc, prompt_clean, false, true);
+        }
+
+        prompt_add(prompt_inp, model_ttc, "<|text_end|>\n", false, true);
+
+        // disabled to save time on tokenizing each time
+        // TODO: load voices from the json files
+#if 0
+        const std::string voice_data = R"(<|audio_start|>
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+still<|t_0.27|><|code_start|><|636|><|10|><|1217|><|344|><|713|><|957|><|823|><|154|><|1649|><|1286|><|508|><|214|><|1760|><|1250|><|456|><|1352|><|1368|><|921|><|615|><|5|><|code_end|>
+really<|t_0.36|><|code_start|><|55|><|420|><|1008|><|1659|><|27|><|644|><|1266|><|617|><|761|><|1712|><|109|><|1465|><|1587|><|503|><|1541|><|619|><|197|><|1019|><|817|><|269|><|377|><|362|><|1381|><|507|><|1488|><|4|><|1695|><|code_end|>
+enjoyable<|t_0.49|><|code_start|><|678|><|501|><|864|><|319|><|288|><|1472|><|1341|><|686|><|562|><|1463|><|619|><|1563|><|471|><|911|><|730|><|1811|><|1006|><|520|><|861|><|1274|><|125|><|1431|><|638|><|621|><|153|><|876|><|1770|><|437|><|987|><|1653|><|1109|><|898|><|1285|><|80|><|593|><|1709|><|843|><|code_end|>
+and<|t_0.15|><|code_start|><|1285|><|987|><|303|><|1037|><|730|><|1164|><|502|><|120|><|1737|><|1655|><|1318|><|code_end|>
+it<|t_0.09|><|code_start|><|848|><|1366|><|395|><|1601|><|1513|><|593|><|1302|><|code_end|>
+looks<|t_0.27|><|code_start|><|1281|><|1266|><|1755|><|572|><|248|><|1751|><|1257|><|695|><|1380|><|457|><|659|><|585|><|1315|><|1105|><|1776|><|736|><|24|><|736|><|654|><|1027|><|code_end|>
+lovely<|t_0.56|><|code_start|><|634|><|596|><|1766|><|1556|><|1306|><|1285|><|1481|><|1721|><|1123|><|438|><|1246|><|1251|><|795|><|659|><|1381|><|1658|><|217|><|1772|><|562|><|952|><|107|><|1129|><|1112|><|467|><|550|><|1079|><|840|><|1615|><|1469|><|1380|><|168|><|917|><|836|><|1827|><|437|><|583|><|67|><|595|><|1087|><|1646|><|1493|><|1677|><|code_end|>)";
+
+        auto tmp = common_tokenize(model_ttc, voice_data, false, true);
+        printf("\n\n");
+        for (int i = 0; i < tmp.size(); ++i) {
+            printf("%d, ", tmp[i]);
+        }
+        printf("\n\n");
+#else
+        prompt_add(prompt_inp, llama_tokens {
+            151667, 198, 1782, 155780, 151669, 151929, 152412, 152308, 152585,
+            152460, 153375, 151670, 198, 74455, 155808, 151669, 151799,
+            151873, 151863, 152446, 152372, 152204, 152728, 152229, 152470,
+            151970, 153413, 152419, 153334, 153289, 153374, 153199, 152040,
+            153260, 152721, 152680, 153297, 152419, 153248, 152400, 152691,
+            153368, 153437, 151670, 198, 1722, 155828, 151669, 152607,
+            152256, 152991, 152299, 152688, 153163, 153016, 152789, 153198,
+            152712, 151911, 153107, 152623, 152170, 152395, 152852, 152207,
+            152461, 153321, 153309, 151750, 152137, 153340, 152573, 152267,
+            153347, 151789, 152681, 153339, 151992, 152512, 151751, 152179,
+            153434, 153180, 152900, 153440, 152474, 153122, 153129, 151904,
+            152311, 151670, 198, 1499, 155791, 151669, 152276, 152454,
+            153354, 152544, 153204, 153272, 152708, 153433, 152319, 153226,
+            153043, 152325, 153267, 152622, 151670, 198, 4250, 155797,
+            151669, 153454, 153342, 151989, 152458, 153420, 152303, 152271,
+            152827, 153036, 153196, 151708, 153263, 152561, 153207, 152213,
+            152112, 153204, 151722, 152542, 151670, 198, 19789, 155796,
+            151669, 153353, 153182, 152345, 152471, 152477, 153014, 152002,
+            152191, 151734, 152312, 152810, 152237, 153224, 153169, 153224,
+            152244, 153387, 153404, 151670, 198, 16069, 155811, 151669,
+            152265, 151946, 151808, 152412, 152363, 152305, 153156, 152733,
+            152810, 153157, 152016, 152100, 152069, 153234, 152317, 152589,
+            152707, 153121, 153341, 152159, 152114, 153156, 153001, 153504,
+            153376, 152272, 152433, 152325, 151941, 151670, 198, 285,
+            155788, 151669, 152238, 152255, 153427, 152318, 153009, 152381,
+            152474, 152680, 152157, 153255, 152324, 151682, 151670, 198,
+            32955, 155804, 151669, 153490, 153419, 152364, 152405, 152682,
+            152206, 152078, 153369, 152725, 153193, 153027, 152946, 152488,
+            153070, 151883, 152890, 152489, 153144, 153375, 152358, 151685,
+            152494, 152117, 152740, 151670, 198, 37448, 480, 155840, 151669,
+            151902, 152720, 153377, 152027, 152378, 152821, 153207, 153459,
+            153028, 153068, 152507, 153255, 152158, 152921, 151958, 152609,
+            152748, 152822, 152286, 151714, 152730, 152377, 152353, 152470,
+            152606, 152162, 152186, 153071, 152244, 153118, 153375, 153018,
+            152712, 153098, 152976, 152336, 151843, 153202, 152297, 151736,
+            153380, 153502, 152702, 152115, 153181, 152735, 153277, 153457,
+            152393, 153112, 152595, 151670, 198, 19098, 155808, 151669,
+            152464, 153452, 152595, 153312, 151937, 151933, 153197, 152239,
+            153163, 152922, 153402, 152034, 152591, 153438, 152215, 151673,
+            152005, 151785, 152642, 151924, 153278, 151805, 151974, 153482,
+            152718, 152862, 153347, 151670, 198, 72, 155780, 151669, 151795,
+            152111, 152746, 152377, 153471, 152309, 151670, 198, 19016,
+            155788, 151669, 153181, 152271, 152190, 152842, 152224, 152701,
+            152939, 152536, 152091, 151815, 152733, 151672, 151670, 198,
+            14689, 155788, 151669, 152291, 152072, 152942, 151734, 153042,
+            153504, 152589, 153333, 151839, 151941, 153038, 153180, 151670,
+            198, 36996, 8303, 155832, 151669, 152231, 152256, 152835,
+            152801, 152985, 153400, 152393, 152818, 152765, 152249, 152600,
+            151699, 152302, 152752, 153018, 153009, 151992, 153054, 152847,
+            153354, 153228, 152662, 153355, 152532, 153393, 151782, 152458,
+            152048, 152757, 152428, 153195, 151906, 153006, 153178, 153250,
+            152331, 152284, 152780, 153138, 153319, 151980, 153142, 152418,
+            152228, 152733, 151670, 198, 9096, 155801, 151669, 151698,
+            153321, 152217, 153039, 152935, 153400, 152122, 152531, 153106,
+            152169, 152892, 152957, 151851, 152427, 152826, 152451, 151851,
+            152901, 152885, 152594, 153446, 153080, 151670, 198, 14689,
+            155795, 151669, 152658, 151700, 153321, 152450, 152530, 153191,
+            151673, 151690, 151698, 152714, 152846, 152981, 153171, 153384,
+            153364, 153188, 153246, 151670, 198, 1055, 155779, 151669,
+            151869, 152388, 152711, 153334, 151736, 151670, 198, 1782,
+            155780, 151669, 153483, 153240, 152241, 152558, 152697, 153046,
+            151670, 198, 5804, 1363, 155820, 151669, 152941, 152764, 152605,
+            153034, 153434, 153372, 153347, 151887, 152453, 152758, 152133,
+            152510, 152694, 152431, 152321, 153088, 152676, 152223, 152581,
+            152459, 152015, 152502, 153063, 152712, 153294, 153451, 153032,
+            152903, 152859, 152989, 151748, 152669, 152661, 152650, 152409,
+            151861, 151670, 198, 300, 7973, 155828, 151669, 153095, 152469,
+            152988, 152894, 151819, 152391, 153019, 152058, 153062, 153230,
+            151826, 152112, 152306, 152264, 152769, 153390, 152384, 152435,
+            152790, 153393, 152983, 152540, 152252, 152034, 153107, 152540,
+            151919, 151893, 152558, 152817, 152946, 152956, 152129, 152715,
+            153131, 153490, 151734, 152271, 152707, 151734, 153321, 152450,
+            151670, 198, 8088, 155792, 151669, 152452, 153497, 153353,
+            152679, 152533, 152382, 152374, 152611, 153341, 153163, 152285,
+            153411, 152495, 153141, 152320, 151670, 198, 1199, 155781,
+            151669, 151764, 152360, 153295, 152634, 153342, 152199, 152271,
+            151670, 198, 43366, 155799, 151669, 152308, 151682, 152889,
+            152016, 152385, 152629, 152495, 151826, 153321, 152958, 152180,
+            151886, 153432, 152922, 152128, 153024, 153040, 152593, 152287,
+            151677, 151670, 198, 53660, 155808, 151669, 151727, 152092,
+            152680, 153331, 151699, 152316, 152938, 152289, 152433, 153384,
+            151781, 153137, 153259, 152175, 153213, 152291, 151869, 152691,
+            152489, 151941, 152049, 152034, 153053, 152179, 153160, 151676,
+            153367, 151670, 198, 268, 4123, 480, 155821, 151669, 152350,
+            152173, 152536, 151991, 151960, 153144, 153013, 152358, 152234,
+            153135, 152291, 153235, 152143, 152583, 152402, 153483, 152678,
+            152192, 152533, 152946, 151797, 153103, 152310, 152293, 151825,
+            152548, 153442, 152109, 152659, 153325, 152781, 152570, 152957,
+            151752, 152265, 153381, 152515, 151670, 198, 437, 155787,
+            151669, 152957, 152659, 151975, 152709, 152402, 152836, 152174,
+            151792, 153409, 153327, 152990, 151670, 198, 275, 155781,
+            151669, 152520, 153038, 152067, 153273, 153185, 152265, 152974,
+            151670, 198, 94273, 155799, 151669, 152953, 152938, 153427,
+            152244, 151920, 153423, 152929, 152367, 153052, 152129, 152331,
+            152257, 152987, 152777, 153448, 152408, 151696, 152408, 152326,
+            152699, 151670, 198, 385, 16239, 155828, 151669, 152306, 152268,
+            153438, 153228, 152978, 152957, 153153, 153393, 152795, 152110,
+            152918, 152923, 152467, 152331, 153053, 153330, 151889, 153444,
+            152234, 152624, 151779, 152801, 152784, 152139, 152222, 152751,
+            152512, 153287, 153141, 153052, 151840, 152589, 152508, 153499,
+            152109, 152255, 151739, 152267, 152759, 153318, 153165, 153349,
+            151670,});
+#endif
+
+        // print the prompt token-by-token
+
+        LOG("\n");
+
+        for (auto id : prompt_inp) {
+            LOG("%s", common_token_to_piece(ctx_ttc, id).c_str());
+        }
+
+        LOG_INF("%s: prompt size: %d\n", __func__, (int) prompt_inp.size());
+
+        LOG("\n");
+
+        // create a llama_batch
+        // we use this object to submit token data for decoding
+        llama_batch batch = llama_batch_init(std::max(prompt_inp.size(), (size_t) n_parallel), 0, n_parallel);
+
+        std::vector<llama_seq_id> seq_ids(n_parallel, 0);
+        for (int32_t i = 0; i < n_parallel; ++i) {
+            seq_ids[i] = i;
+        }
+
+        // evaluate the initial prompt
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < prompt_inp.size(); ++i) {
+            common_batch_add(batch, prompt_inp[i], i, seq_ids, false);
+        }
+        GGML_ASSERT(batch.n_tokens == (int) prompt_inp.size());
+
+        // llama_decode will output logits only for the last token of the prompt
+        batch.logits[batch.n_tokens - 1] = true;
+
+        if (llama_decode(ctx_ttc, batch) != 0) {
+            LOG_ERR("%s: llama_decode() failed\n", __func__);
+            return 1;
+        }
+
+        if (n_parallel > 1) {
+            LOG_INF("\n\n%s: generating %d sequences ...\n", __func__, n_parallel);
+        }
+
+        llama_synchronize(ctx_ttc);
+
+        LOG_INF("%s: time for prompt: %.3f ms\n\n", __func__, (ggml_time_us() - t_main_start) / 1000.0f);
+
+        const auto t_dec_start = ggml_time_us();
+
+        // main loop
+
+        // remember the batch index of the last token for each parallel sequence
+        // we need this to determine which logits to sample from
+        std::vector<int32_t> i_batch(n_parallel, batch.n_tokens - 1);
+
+        int n_past   = batch.n_tokens;
+        int n_decode = 0;
+
+        while (n_decode <= n_predict) {
+            // prepare the next batch
+            common_batch_clear(batch);
+
+            // sample the next token for each parallel sequence / stream
+            for (int32_t i = 0; i < n_parallel; ++i) {
+                if (i_batch[i] < 0) {
+                    // the stream has already finished
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                const llama_token new_token_id = common_sampler_sample(smpl[i], ctx_ttc, i_batch[i]);
+
+                common_sampler_accept(smpl[i], new_token_id, true);
+
+                codes.push_back(new_token_id);
+
+                const auto * cands = common_sampler_get_candidates(smpl[i]);
+
+                // is it an end of generation? -> mark the stream as finished
+                if (llama_token_is_eog(model_ttc, new_token_id) || n_decode == n_predict) {
+                    std::string reason;
+                    if (llama_token_is_eog(model_ttc, new_token_id)) {
+                        reason = "eos";
+                    } else {
+                        reason = "n_predict";
+                    }
+
+                    i_batch[i] = -1;
+
+                    LOG("\n");
+                    if (n_parallel > 1) {
+                        LOG_CNT("\n");
+                        LOG_INF("%s: stream %d finished at n_past = %d, reason = '%s'\n", __func__, i, n_past, reason.c_str());
+                    }
+
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                {
+                    const float p = cands->data[cands->selected].p;
+
+                    const int col = std::max(0, std::min((int) k_colors.size() - 1, (int) ((3*p)*float(k_colors.size()))));
+
+                    LOG_CNT("%s%d%s", k_colors[col].c_str(), i, "\033[0m");
+                    //LOG_CNT("%d", i);
+                }
+
+                i_batch[i] = batch.n_tokens;
+
+                // push this new token for next evaluation
+                common_batch_add(batch, new_token_id, n_past, { i }, true);
+            }
+
+            // all streams are finished
+            if (batch.n_tokens == 0) {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            n_decode += 1;
+            n_past += 1;
+
+            // evaluate the current batch with the transformer model
+            if (llama_decode(ctx_ttc, batch)) {
+                LOG_ERR("%s : failed to eval, return code %d\n", __func__, 1);
+                return 1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        llama_batch_free(batch);
+
+        LOG("\n");
+        LOG_INF("%s: time for decoder:       %.3f ms\n", __func__, (ggml_time_us() - t_dec_start) / 1000.0f);
+    }
+
+    common_perf_print(ctx_ttc, smpl[0]);
+
+    //std::vector<llama_token> codes = {198, 88225, 155856, 151669, 152205,
+    //    153064, 152537, 153421, 153209, 152524, 151689, 152993, 152438, 152695,
+    //    153091, 152945, 152829, 152534, 152934, 153020, 151997, 152263, 153010,
+    //    153146, 152399, 153208, 152496, 151793, 152848, 152263, 152571, 153286,
+    //    152227, 153300, 152934, 152263, 153208, 152263, 152965, 152430, 152296,
+    //    153146, 152920, 152376, 152556, 153363, 151775, 152044, 152972, 152690,
+    //    153379, 152368, 152233, 153422, 152490, 151996, 152022, 151694, 152061,
+    //    153238, 152539, 153356, 152640, 153021, 153123, 151962, 153094, 151670,
+    //    198, 20339, 13189, 155824, 151669, 152070, 152007, 152910, 151683,
+    //    152000, 152373, 152760, 152046, 151735, 152334, 152394, 153073, 152908,
+    //    151856, 151953, 153247, 153293, 151903, 153480, 153168, 152478, 153359,
+    //    153429, 151905, 151678, 152567, 152411, 152165, 152556, 153075, 153424,
+    //    151993, 152999, 153078, 152151, 152088, 153389, 152484, 151874, 151670,
+    //    198, 285, 155784, 151669, 152226, 152126, 152638, 153215, 151729,
+    //    152959, 153479, 153059, 151838, 151670, 198, 1782, 155783, 151669,
+    //    153288, 153055, 153314, 152497, 152962, 152741, 152076, 153253, 151670,
+    //    198, 471, 16488, 155825, 151669, 152060, 152916, 151893, 153469, 152501,
+    //    152080, 152743, 151932, 153161, 152096, 152761, 152698, 153401, 153242,
+    //    153336, 152441, 152838, 153467, 152706, 153496, 153310, 152422, 153360,
+    //    153115, 152763, 151998, 152373, 153450, 152554, 151968, 153323, 152055,
+    //    152468, 153111, 153358, 152813, 152010, 151770, 152823, 152960, 151670,
+    //    198, 22627, 155823, 151669, 152814, 152366, 153484, 152931, 153441,
+    //    152164, 152877, 152915, 153463, 151692, 152911, 152747, 152776, 151831,
+    //    153449, 151882, 152975, 152031, 152513, 153150, 152448, 152667, 153133,
+    //    153189, 152619, 153466, 152054, 152106, 153119, 152277, 152439, 153109,
+    //    152997, 152141, 153154, 153256, 153311, 151922, 151670, 198, 1055,
+    //    155781, 151669, 152633, 151850, 153060, 153270, 152560, 153348, 152729,
+    //    151670, 198, 25312, 155803, 151669, 152521, 153403, 152561, 153337,
+    //    153383, 152199, 153493, 153326, 151830, 152254, 152248, 152349, 152153,
+    //    153007, 151823, 153037, 152575, 152457, 152406, 152592, 153116, 153365,
+    //    153456, 151670, 198, 88225, 155817, 151669, 153271, 151925, 152218,
+    //    152418, 152253, 153140, 151903, 153151, 152626, 152338, 152647, 153464,
+    //    152785, 152768, 151711, 152037, 152033, 151804, 152216, 151701, 151855,
+    //    152348, 152995, 152955, 152905, 152342, 152340, 153391, 153453, 152418,
+    //    153415, 151990, 153083, 152884, 151670, 198, 151668, 198, 151645};
+
+    {
+        const std::string inp_txt = common_detokenize(ctx_ttc, codes, true);
+
+        LOG("\n");
+        LOG_INF("codes: '%s'\n", inp_txt.c_str());
+        LOG_INF("%s: codes size: %d\n", __func__, (int) codes.size());
+    }
+
+    // remove all non-audio tokens (i.e. < 151672 || > 155772)
+    codes.erase(std::remove_if(codes.begin(), codes.end(), [](llama_token t) { return t < 151672 || t > 155772; }), codes.end());
+
+    {
+        const std::string inp_txt = common_detokenize(ctx_ttc, codes, true);
+        LOG_INF("codes audio: '%s'\n", inp_txt.c_str());
+        LOG_INF("%s: codes audio size: %d\n", __func__, (int) codes.size());
+    }
+
+    for (auto & token : codes) {
+        token -= 151672;
+    }
+
+    const auto t_voc_start = ggml_time_us();
+
+    const int n_codes = codes.size();
+
+    llama_batch batch = llama_batch_init(n_codes, 0, 1);
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < codes.size(); ++i) {
+        common_batch_add(batch, codes[i], i, { 0 }, true); // TODO: all logits?
+    }
+    GGML_ASSERT(batch.n_tokens == n_codes);
+
+    if (llama_decode(ctx_cts, batch) != 0) {
+        LOG_ERR("%s: llama_decode() failed\n", __func__);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    llama_synchronize(ctx_cts);
+
+    LOG_INF("%s: time for vocoder:      %.3f ms\n", __func__, (ggml_time_us() - t_voc_start) / 1000.0f);
+
+    const auto t_spec_start = ggml_time_us();
+
+#if 1
+    // spectral operations
+    const int n_embd = llama_n_embd(model_cts);
+    const float * embd = llama_get_embeddings(ctx_cts);
+
+    auto audio = embd_to_audio(embd, n_codes, n_embd, params.cpuparams.n_threads);
+
+#else
+    // read the spectrogram from a file for debugging purposes
+    std::vector<float> audio;
+    {
+        std::ifstream fin("out.bin", std::ios::binary);
+        if (!fin) {
+            LOG_ERR("%s: failed to open file '%s'\n", __func__, "out.bin");
+            return 1;
+        }
+
+        std::vector<float> embd;
+
+        int n_codes;
+        int n_embd;
+
+        fin.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&n_codes), sizeof(int));
+        fin.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(&n_embd), sizeof(int));
+
+        embd.resize(n_codes * n_embd);
+        fin.read(reinterpret_cast<char *>(embd.data()), n_codes * n_embd * sizeof(float));
+        fin.close();
+
+        LOG_INF("%s: n_codes: %d, n_embd: %d\n", __func__, n_codes, n_embd);
+
+        audio = embd_to_audio(embd.data(), n_codes, n_embd, params.cpuparams.n_threads);
+    }
+#endif
+
+    const std::string fname = "output.wav";
+
+    const int n_sr = 24000; // sampling rate
+
+    // zero out first 0.25 seconds
+    for (int i = 0; i < 24000/4; ++i) {
+        audio[i] = 0.0f;
+    }
+
+    LOG_INF("%s: time for spectral ops: %.3f ms\n", __func__, (ggml_time_us() - t_spec_start) / 1000.0f);
+    LOG_INF("%s: total time:            %.3f ms\n", __func__, (ggml_time_us() - t_main_start) / 1000.0f);
+
+    save_wav16(fname, audio, n_sr);
+
+    LOG_INF("%s: audio written to file '%s'\n", __func__, fname.c_str());
+
+    llama_free(ctx_ttc);
+    llama_free_model(model_ttc);
+
+    llama_free(ctx_cts);
+    llama_free_model(model_cts);
+
+    llama_backend_free();
+
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/ggml/CMakeLists.txt b/ggml/CMakeLists.txt
index 3442142ad..e33d97482 100644
--- a/ggml/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/ggml/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -74,10 +74,10 @@ if (NOT GGML_CUDA_GRAPHS_DEFAULT)
 endif()
 
 # general
-option(GGML_STATIC "ggml: static link libraries"         OFF)
-option(GGML_NATIVE "ggml: enable -march=native flag"     ${GGML_NATIVE_DEFAULT})
-option(GGML_LTO    "ggml: enable link time optimization" OFF)
-option(GGML_CCACHE "ggml: use ccache if available"       ON)
+option(GGML_STATIC "ggml: static link libraries"                     OFF)
+option(GGML_NATIVE "ggml: optimize the build for the current system" ${GGML_NATIVE_DEFAULT})
+option(GGML_LTO    "ggml: enable link time optimization"             OFF)
+option(GGML_CCACHE "ggml: use ccache if available"                   ON)
 
 # debug
 option(GGML_ALL_WARNINGS           "ggml: enable all compiler warnings"                   ON)
@@ -120,8 +120,9 @@ endif()
 option(GGML_LASX             "ggml: enable lasx"             ON)
 option(GGML_LSX              "ggml: enable lsx"              ON)
 option(GGML_RVV              "ggml: enable rvv"              ON)
-option(GGML_SVE              "ggml: enable SVE"              OFF)
+
 option(GGML_CPU_ALL_VARIANTS "ggml: build all variants of the CPU backend (requires GGML_BACKEND_DL)" OFF)
+set(GGML_CPU_ARM_ARCH "" CACHE STRING "ggml: CPU architecture for ARM")
 
 
 if (WIN32)
diff --git a/ggml/include/ggml.h b/ggml/include/ggml.h
index b0c1ac9ce..c714fc8c8 100644
--- a/ggml/include/ggml.h
+++ b/ggml/include/ggml.h
@@ -1564,17 +1564,6 @@ extern "C" {
         int                   d1, // dilation dimension 1
         bool                  is_2D);
 
-    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_conv_depthwise_2d(
-            struct ggml_context * ctx,
-            struct ggml_tensor  * a,  // convolution kernel
-            struct ggml_tensor  * b,  // data
-            int                  s0,  // stride dimension 0
-            int                  s1,  // stride dimension 1
-            int                  p0,  // padding dimension 0
-            int                  p1,  // padding dimension 1
-            int                  d0,  // dilation dimension 0
-            int                  d1); // dilation dimension 1
-
     GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_conv_1d(
             struct ggml_context * ctx,
             struct ggml_tensor  * a,   // convolution kernel
@@ -1592,6 +1581,23 @@ extern "C" {
             int                   s,  // stride
             int                   d); // dilation
 
+    // depthwise
+    // TODO: this is very likely wrong for some cases! - needs more testing
+    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_conv_1d_dw(
+            struct ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct ggml_tensor  * a,   // convolution kernel
+            struct ggml_tensor  * b,   // data
+            int                   s0,  // stride
+            int                   p0,  // padding
+            int                   d0); // dilation
+
+    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_conv_1d_dw_ph(
+            struct ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct ggml_tensor  * a,   // convolution kernel
+            struct ggml_tensor  * b,   // data
+            int                   s0,  // stride
+            int                   d0); // dilation
+
     GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_conv_transpose_1d(
             struct ggml_context * ctx,
             struct ggml_tensor  * a,   // convolution kernel
@@ -1611,7 +1617,6 @@ extern "C" {
             int                   d0,  // dilation dimension 0
             int                   d1); // dilation dimension 1
 
-
     // kernel size is a->ne[0] x a->ne[1]
     // stride is equal to kernel size
     // padding is zero
@@ -1638,6 +1643,18 @@ extern "C" {
             struct ggml_tensor  * a,
             struct ggml_tensor  * b);
 
+    // depthwise
+    GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_conv_2d_dw(
+            struct ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct ggml_tensor  * a,  // convolution kernel
+            struct ggml_tensor  * b,  // data
+            int                  s0,  // stride dimension 0
+            int                  s1,  // stride dimension 1
+            int                  p0,  // padding dimension 0
+            int                  p1,  // padding dimension 1
+            int                  d0,  // dilation dimension 0
+            int                  d1); // dilation dimension 1
+
     GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_conv_transpose_2d_p0(
             struct ggml_context * ctx,
             struct ggml_tensor  * a,
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-alloc.c b/ggml/src/ggml-alloc.c
index 2b2240be8..8dc8226ac 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-alloc.c
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-alloc.c
@@ -534,7 +534,6 @@ static void ggml_gallocr_allocate_node(ggml_gallocr_t galloc, struct ggml_tensor
         size_t offset = ggml_dyn_tallocr_alloc(alloc, size, node);
         hn->buffer_id = buffer_id;
         hn->offset = offset;
-        return;
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-cpu/CMakeLists.txt b/ggml/src/ggml-cpu/CMakeLists.txt
index 0e0556703..ea4ef5a00 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-cpu/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-cpu/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -74,112 +74,77 @@ function(ggml_add_cpu_backend_variant_impl tag_name)
 
     if (CMAKE_OSX_ARCHITECTURES      STREQUAL "arm64" OR
         CMAKE_GENERATOR_PLATFORM_LWR STREQUAL "arm64" OR
-        (NOT CMAKE_OSX_ARCHITECTURES      AND
-        NOT CMAKE_GENERATOR_PLATFORM_LWR AND
+        (NOT CMAKE_OSX_ARCHITECTURES AND NOT CMAKE_GENERATOR_PLATFORM_LWR AND
             CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR MATCHES "^(aarch64|arm.*|ARM64)$"))
 
         message(STATUS "ARM detected")
 
-        if (MSVC)
-            list(APPEND ARCH_DEFINITIONS __aarch64__) # MSVC defines _M_ARM64 instead
-            list(APPEND ARCH_DEFINITIONS __ARM_NEON)
-            list(APPEND ARCH_DEFINITIONS __ARM_FEATURE_FMA)
-
-            set(CMAKE_REQUIRED_FLAGS_PREV ${CMAKE_REQUIRED_FLAGS})
-            string(JOIN " " CMAKE_REQUIRED_FLAGS ${CMAKE_REQUIRED_FLAGS} "/arch:armv8.2")
-
-            check_cxx_source_compiles("#include <arm_neon.h>\nint main() { int8x16_t _a, _b; int32x4_t _s = vdotq_s32(_s, _a, _b); return 0; }" GGML_COMPILER_SUPPORT_DOTPROD)
-            if (GGML_COMPILER_SUPPORT_DOTPROD)
-                list(APPEND ARCH_DEFINITIONS __ARM_FEATURE_DOTPROD)
-
-                message(STATUS "ARM feature DOTPROD enabled")
-            endif ()
-
-            check_cxx_source_compiles("#include <arm_neon.h>\nint main() { int8x16_t _a, _b; int32x4_t _s = vmmlaq_f32(_s, _a, _b); return 0; }" GGML_COMPILER_SUPPORT_MATMUL_INT8)
-
-            if (GGML_COMPILER_SUPPORT_MATMUL_INT8)
-                list(APPEND ARCH_DEFINITIONS __ARM_FEATURE_MATMUL_INT8)
-
-                message(STATUS "ARM feature MATMUL_INT8 enabled")
-            endif ()
-
-            check_cxx_source_compiles("#include <arm_neon.h>\nint main() { float16_t _a; float16x8_t _s = vdupq_n_f16(_a); return 0; }" GGML_COMPILER_SUPPORT_FP16_VECTOR_ARITHMETIC)
-            if (GGML_COMPILER_SUPPORT_FP16_VECTOR_ARITHMETIC)
-                list(APPEND ARCH_DEFINITIONS __ARM_FEATURE_FP16_VECTOR_ARITHMETIC)
-
-                message(STATUS "ARM feature FP16_VECTOR_ARITHMETIC enabled")
-            endif ()
-
-            set(CMAKE_REQUIRED_FLAGS ${CMAKE_REQUIRED_FLAGS_PREV})
-        elseif (APPLE)
-            if (GGML_NATIVE)
-                set(USER_PROVIDED_MARCH FALSE)
-                foreach(flag_var IN ITEMS CMAKE_C_FLAGS CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS CMAKE_REQUIRED_FLAGS)
-                    if ("${${flag_var}}" MATCHES "-march=[a-zA-Z0-9+._-]+")
-                        set(USER_PROVIDED_MARCH TRUE)
-                        break()
-                    endif()
-                endforeach()
-
-                if (NOT USER_PROVIDED_MARCH)
-                    set(MARCH_FLAGS "-march=armv8.2a")
-
-                    check_cxx_source_compiles("#include <arm_neon.h>\nint main() { int8x16_t _a, _b; int32x4_t _s = vdotq_s32(_s, _a, _b); return 0; }" GGML_COMPILER_SUPPORT_DOTPROD)
-                    if (GGML_COMPILER_SUPPORT_DOTPROD)
-                        set(MARCH_FLAGS "${MARCH_FLAGS}+dotprod")
-                        list(APPEND ARCH_DEFINITIONS __ARM_FEATURE_DOTPROD)
-
-                        message(STATUS "ARM feature DOTPROD enabled")
-                    endif ()
-
-                    set(TEST_I8MM_FLAGS "-march=armv8.2a+i8mm")
-
-                    set(CMAKE_REQUIRED_FLAGS_SAVE ${CMAKE_REQUIRED_FLAGS})
-                    set(CMAKE_REQUIRED_FLAGS     "${CMAKE_REQUIRED_FLAGS} ${TEST_I8MM_FLAGS}")
-
-                    check_cxx_source_compiles("#include <arm_neon.h>\nint main() { int8x16_t _a, _b; int32x4_t _s = vmmlaq_s32(_s, _a, _b); return 0; }" GGML_COMPILER_SUPPORT_MATMUL_INT8)
-                    if (GGML_COMPILER_SUPPORT_MATMUL_INT8)
-                        set(MARCH_FLAGS "${MARCH_FLAGS}+i8mm")
-                        list(APPEND ARCH_DEFINITIONS __ARM_FEATURE_MATMUL_INT8)
-
-                        message(STATUS "ARM feature MATMUL_INT8 enabled")
-                    endif ()
-
-                    set(CMAKE_REQUIRED_FLAGS ${CMAKE_REQUIRED_FLAGS_SAVE})
-
-                    list(APPEND ARCH_FLAGS "${MARCH_FLAGS}")
-                endif ()
-            endif ()
+        if (MSVC AND NOT CMAKE_C_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "Clang")
+            message(FATAL_ERROR "MSVC is not supported for ARM, use clang")
         else()
             check_cxx_compiler_flag(-mfp16-format=ieee COMPILER_SUPPORTS_FP16_FORMAT_I3E)
             if (NOT "${COMPILER_SUPPORTS_FP16_FORMAT_I3E}" STREQUAL "")
                 list(APPEND ARCH_FLAGS -mfp16-format=ieee)
             endif()
-            if (${CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR} MATCHES "armv6")
-                # Raspberry Pi 1, Zero
-                list(APPEND ARCH_FLAGS -mfpu=neon-fp-armv8 -mno-unaligned-access)
-            endif()
-            if (${CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR} MATCHES "armv7")
-                if ("${CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME}" STREQUAL "Android")
-                    # Android armeabi-v7a
-                    list(APPEND ARCH_FLAGS -mfpu=neon-vfpv4 -mno-unaligned-access -funsafe-math-optimizations)
-                else()
-                    # Raspberry Pi 2
-                    list(APPEND ARCH_FLAGS -mfpu=neon-fp-armv8 -mno-unaligned-access -funsafe-math-optimizations)
+
+            if (GGML_NATIVE)
+                list(APPEND ARCH_FLAGS -mcpu=native)
+
+                set(CMAKE_REQUIRED_FLAGS_SAVE ${CMAKE_REQUIRED_FLAGS})
+
+                # -mcpu=native does not always enable all the features in some compilers,
+                # so we check for them manually and enable them if available
+
+                include(CheckCXXSourceRuns)
+
+                set(CMAKE_REQUIRED_FLAGS "${ARCH_FLAGS}+dotprod")
+                check_cxx_source_runs(
+                    "#include <arm_neon.h>\nint main() { int8x16_t _a, _b; int32x4_t _s = vdotq_s32(_s, _a, _b); return 0; }"
+                    GGML_COMPILER_SUPPORT_DOTPROD)
+                if (GGML_COMPILER_SUPPORT_DOTPROD)
+                    set(ARCH_FLAGS "${ARCH_FLAGS}+dotprod")
+                endif()
+
+                set(CMAKE_REQUIRED_FLAGS "${ARCH_FLAGS}+i8mm")
+                check_cxx_source_runs(
+                    "#include <arm_neon.h>\nint main() { int8x16_t _a, _b; int32x4_t _s = vmmlaq_s32(_s, _a, _b); return 0; }"
+                    GGML_COMPILER_SUPPORT_I8MM)
+                if (GGML_COMPILER_SUPPORT_I8MM)
+                    set(ARCH_FLAGS "${ARCH_FLAGS}+i8mm")
+                endif()
+
+                set(CMAKE_REQUIRED_FLAGS ${CMAKE_REQUIRED_FLAGS_SAVE})
+
+            else()
+                if (GGML_CPU_ARM_ARCH)
+                    list(APPEND ARCH_FLAGS -march=${GGML_CPU_ARM_ARCH})
                 endif()
             endif()
-            if (${CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR} MATCHES "armv8")
-                # Android arm64-v8a
-                # Raspberry Pi 3, 4, Zero 2 (32-bit)
-                list(APPEND ARCH_FLAGS -mno-unaligned-access)
-            endif()
-            if (GGML_SVE)
-                list(APPEND ARCH_FLAGS -march=armv8.6-a+sve)
+
+            # show enabled features
+            execute_process(
+                COMMAND ${CMAKE_C_COMPILER} ${ARCH_FLAGS} -dM -E -
+                INPUT_FILE "/dev/null"
+                OUTPUT_VARIABLE ARM_FEATURE
+                RESULT_VARIABLE ARM_FEATURE_RESULT
+            )
+            if (ARM_FEATURE_RESULT)
+                message(FATAL_ERROR "Failed to get ARM features")
+            else()
+                foreach(feature DOTPROD SVE MATMUL_INT8 FMA FP16_VECTOR_ARITHMETIC)
+                    string(FIND "${ARM_FEATURE}" "__ARM_FEATURE_${feature} 1" feature_pos)
+                    if (NOT ${feature_pos} EQUAL -1)
+                        message(STATUS "ARM feature ${feature} enabled")
+                    endif()
+                endforeach()
             endif()
         endif()
     elseif (CMAKE_OSX_ARCHITECTURES STREQUAL "x86_64" OR CMAKE_GENERATOR_PLATFORM_LWR MATCHES "^(x86_64|i686|amd64|x64|win32)$" OR
             (NOT CMAKE_OSX_ARCHITECTURES AND NOT CMAKE_GENERATOR_PLATFORM_LWR AND
-            CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR MATCHES "^(x86_64|i686|AMD64)$"))
+            CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR MATCHES "^(x86_64|i686|AMD64|amd64)$"))
+
+        message(STATUS "x86 detected")
+
         if (MSVC)
             # instruction set detection for MSVC only
             if (GGML_NATIVE)
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-cpu/ggml-cpu.cpp b/ggml/src/ggml-cpu/ggml-cpu.cpp
index c390957af..f11399cc6 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-cpu/ggml-cpu.cpp
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-cpu/ggml-cpu.cpp
@@ -394,8 +394,11 @@ static bool ggml_backend_cpu_device_supports_op(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, const st
     switch (op->op) {
         case GGML_OP_CPY:
             return
+                op->type != GGML_TYPE_IQ3_XXS &&
+                op->type != GGML_TYPE_IQ3_S   &&
                 op->type != GGML_TYPE_IQ2_XXS &&
                 op->type != GGML_TYPE_IQ2_XS  &&
+                op->type != GGML_TYPE_IQ2_S   &&
                 op->type != GGML_TYPE_IQ1_S   &&
                 op->type != GGML_TYPE_IQ1_M; // missing type_traits.from_float
         case GGML_OP_MUL_MAT:
@@ -519,6 +522,12 @@ static ggml_backend_feature * ggml_backend_cpu_get_features(ggml_backend_reg_t r
         if (ggml_cpu_has_sve()) {
             features.push_back({ "SVE", "1" });
         }
+        if (ggml_cpu_has_dotprod()) {
+            features.push_back({ "DOTPROD", "1" });
+        }
+        if (ggml_cpu_has_matmul_int8()) {
+            features.push_back({ "MATMUL_INT8", "1" });
+        }
         if (ggml_cpu_get_sve_cnt() > 0) {
             static std::string sve_cnt = std::to_string(ggml_cpu_get_sve_cnt());
             features.push_back({ "SVE_CNT", sve_cnt.c_str() });
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-cpu/llamafile/sgemm.cpp b/ggml/src/ggml-cpu/llamafile/sgemm.cpp
index da4146ec4..f80a72781 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-cpu/llamafile/sgemm.cpp
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-cpu/llamafile/sgemm.cpp
@@ -204,6 +204,7 @@ template <> inline float32x4_t load(const float *p) {
     return vld1q_f32(p);
 }
 #if !defined(_MSC_VER)
+// FIXME: this should check for __ARM_FEATURE_FP16_VECTOR_ARITHMETIC
 template <> inline float16x8_t load(const ggml_fp16_t *p) {
     return vld1q_f16((const float16_t *)p);
 }
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-impl.h b/ggml/src/ggml-impl.h
index f961134ed..549772c57 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-impl.h
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-impl.h
@@ -551,6 +551,22 @@ static inline ggml_bf16_t ggml_compute_fp32_to_bf16(float s) {
 #define GGML_FP32_TO_BF16(x) ggml_compute_fp32_to_bf16(x)
 #define GGML_BF16_TO_FP32(x) ggml_compute_bf16_to_fp32(x)
 
+// expose GGUF internals for test code
+
+GGML_API size_t gguf_type_size(enum gguf_type type);
+
+GGML_API struct gguf_context * gguf_init_from_file_impl(FILE * file, struct gguf_init_params params);
+
+struct gguf_buf {
+    void * data;
+    size_t size;
+    size_t offset;
+};
+GGML_API struct gguf_buf gguf_buf_init(size_t size);
+GGML_API void gguf_buf_free(struct gguf_buf buf);
+
+GGML_API void gguf_write_to_buf(const struct gguf_context * ctx, struct gguf_buf * buf, bool only_meta);
+
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
 #endif
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-vulkan/ggml-vulkan.cpp b/ggml/src/ggml-vulkan/ggml-vulkan.cpp
index a48cd82f2..8c737ca28 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-vulkan/ggml-vulkan.cpp
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-vulkan/ggml-vulkan.cpp
@@ -245,6 +245,7 @@ struct vk_device_struct {
     vk_pipeline pipeline_im2col_f32, pipeline_im2col_f32_f16;
     vk_pipeline pipeline_timestep_embedding_f32;
     vk_pipeline pipeline_pool2d_f32;
+    vk_pipeline pipeline_rwkv_wkv6_f32;
 
     // [2][2][2] is for {f16acc,f32acc}x{large,small_rows}x{unaligned, aligned}
     vk_pipeline pipeline_flash_attn_f32_f16_D64[GGML_TYPE_COUNT][2][2][2];
@@ -528,6 +529,13 @@ struct vk_op_pool2d_push_constants {
     int32_t p0; int32_t p1;
 };
 
+struct vk_op_rwkv_wkv6_push_constants {
+    uint32_t B;
+    uint32_t T;
+    uint32_t C;
+    uint32_t H;
+};
+
 // Allow pre-recording command buffers
 struct vk_staging_memcpy {
     vk_staging_memcpy(void * _dst, const void * _src, size_t _n) : dst(_dst), src(_src), n(_n) {}
@@ -1363,7 +1371,7 @@ static bool ggml_vk_matmul_shmem_support(const vk_device& device, const std::vec
     // Needs to be kept up to date on shader changes
     const uint32_t bank_conflict_offset = device->coopmat_support ? 8 : 1;
     const uint32_t type_size = device->fp16 ? sizeof(ggml_fp16_t) : sizeof(float);
-    const uint32_t warps = warptile[0] / device->subgroup_size;
+    const uint32_t warps = warptile[0] / warptile[10];
 
     const uint32_t load_bufs = (warptile[1] + warptile[2]) * (warptile[3] + bank_conflict_offset) * type_size;
     const uint32_t mmid_row_ids = mul_mat_id ? 3072 * sizeof(uint32_t) : 0;
@@ -1377,8 +1385,9 @@ static void ggml_vk_load_shaders(vk_device& device) {
 
     std::cerr << "ggml_vulkan: Compiling shaders";
 
-    // some shaders require the subgroup size to be 16 or larger
+    // some shaders have a minimum subgroup size
     const uint32_t subgroup_size_16 = std::max(device->subgroup_size, 16u);
+    const uint32_t subgroup_size_32 = std::max(device->subgroup_size, 32u);
 
     // mulmat
     std::vector<uint32_t> l_warptile, m_warptile, s_warptile,
@@ -1445,7 +1454,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_load_shaders(vk_device& device) {
 
         l_warptile_mmq = { 128, 128, 128, 32, device->subgroup_size * 2, 64, 2, tm_l, tn_l, tk_l, device->subgroup_size };
         m_warptile_mmq = { 128,  64,  64, 32, device->subgroup_size, 32, 2, tm_m, tn_m, tk_m, device->subgroup_size };
-        s_warptile_mmq = { subgroup_size_16, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 2, tm_s, tn_s, tk_s, device->subgroup_size };
+        s_warptile_mmq = { subgroup_size_32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 2, tm_s, tn_s, tk_s, device->subgroup_size };
 
         l_mmq_wg_denoms = l_wg_denoms = {128, 128, 1 };
         m_mmq_wg_denoms = m_wg_denoms = { 64,  64, 1 };
@@ -1864,7 +1873,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_load_shaders(vk_device& device) {
     ggml_vk_create_pipeline(device, device->pipeline_dequant_mul_mat_vec_f32_f32[GGML_TYPE_Q4_K], "mul_mat_vec_q4_k_f32_f32", mul_mat_vec_q4_k_f32_f32_len, mul_mat_vec_q4_k_f32_f32_data, "main", 3, sizeof(vk_mat_vec_push_constants), {2*rm, 1, 1}, {subgroup_size_16, 2*rm}, 1, true);
     ggml_vk_create_pipeline(device, device->pipeline_dequant_mul_mat_vec_f32_f32[GGML_TYPE_Q5_K], "mul_mat_vec_q5_k_f32_f32", mul_mat_vec_q5_k_f32_f32_len, mul_mat_vec_q5_k_f32_f32_data, "main", 3, sizeof(vk_mat_vec_push_constants), {2*rm, 1, 1}, {subgroup_size_16, 2*rm}, 1, true);
     ggml_vk_create_pipeline(device, device->pipeline_dequant_mul_mat_vec_f32_f32[GGML_TYPE_Q6_K], "mul_mat_vec_q6_k_f32_f32", mul_mat_vec_q6_k_f32_f32_len, mul_mat_vec_q6_k_f32_f32_data, "main", 3, sizeof(vk_mat_vec_push_constants), {2*rm, 1, 1}, {subgroup_size_16, 2*rm}, 1, true);
-    ggml_vk_create_pipeline(device, device->pipeline_dequant_mul_mat_vec_f32_f32[GGML_TYPE_IQ4_NL], "mul_mat_vec_iq4_nl_f32_f32", mul_mat_vec_iq4_nl_f32_f32_len, mul_mat_vec_iq4_nl_f32_f32_data, "main", 3, sizeof(vk_mat_vec_push_constants), {2*rm, 1, 1}, {device->subgroup_size, 2*rm}, 1, true);
+    ggml_vk_create_pipeline(device, device->pipeline_dequant_mul_mat_vec_f32_f32[GGML_TYPE_IQ4_NL], "mul_mat_vec_iq4_nl_f32_f32", mul_mat_vec_iq4_nl_f32_f32_len, mul_mat_vec_iq4_nl_f32_f32_data, "main", 3, sizeof(vk_mat_vec_push_constants), {2*rm, 1, 1}, {subgroup_size_16, 2*rm}, 1, true);
 
     ggml_vk_create_pipeline(device, device->pipeline_dequant_mul_mat_vec_f16_f32[GGML_TYPE_F32 ], "mul_mat_vec_f32_f16_f32",  mul_mat_vec_f32_f16_f32_len,  mul_mat_vec_f32_f16_f32_data,  "main", 3, sizeof(vk_mat_vec_push_constants), {2, 1, 1}, {device->subgroup_size, 2}, 1);
     ggml_vk_create_pipeline(device, device->pipeline_dequant_mul_mat_vec_f16_f32[GGML_TYPE_F16 ], "mul_mat_vec_f16_f16_f32",  mul_mat_vec_f16_f16_f32_len,  mul_mat_vec_f16_f16_f32_data,  "main", 3, sizeof(vk_mat_vec_push_constants), {2, 1, 1}, {device->subgroup_size, 2}, 1);
@@ -1878,7 +1887,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_load_shaders(vk_device& device) {
     ggml_vk_create_pipeline(device, device->pipeline_dequant_mul_mat_vec_f16_f32[GGML_TYPE_Q4_K], "mul_mat_vec_q4_k_f16_f32", mul_mat_vec_q4_k_f16_f32_len, mul_mat_vec_q4_k_f16_f32_data, "main", 3, sizeof(vk_mat_vec_push_constants), {2*rm, 1, 1}, {subgroup_size_16, 2*rm}, 1, true);
     ggml_vk_create_pipeline(device, device->pipeline_dequant_mul_mat_vec_f16_f32[GGML_TYPE_Q5_K], "mul_mat_vec_q5_k_f16_f32", mul_mat_vec_q5_k_f16_f32_len, mul_mat_vec_q5_k_f16_f32_data, "main", 3, sizeof(vk_mat_vec_push_constants), {2*rm, 1, 1}, {subgroup_size_16, 2*rm}, 1, true);
     ggml_vk_create_pipeline(device, device->pipeline_dequant_mul_mat_vec_f16_f32[GGML_TYPE_Q6_K], "mul_mat_vec_q6_k_f16_f32", mul_mat_vec_q6_k_f16_f32_len, mul_mat_vec_q6_k_f16_f32_data, "main", 3, sizeof(vk_mat_vec_push_constants), {2*rm, 1, 1}, {subgroup_size_16, 2*rm}, 1, true);
-    ggml_vk_create_pipeline(device, device->pipeline_dequant_mul_mat_vec_f16_f32[GGML_TYPE_IQ4_NL], "mul_mat_vec_iq4_nl_f16_f32", mul_mat_vec_iq4_nl_f16_f32_len, mul_mat_vec_iq4_nl_f16_f32_data, "main", 3, sizeof(vk_mat_vec_push_constants), {2*rm, 1, 1}, {device->subgroup_size, 2*rm}, 1, true);
+    ggml_vk_create_pipeline(device, device->pipeline_dequant_mul_mat_vec_f16_f32[GGML_TYPE_IQ4_NL], "mul_mat_vec_iq4_nl_f16_f32", mul_mat_vec_iq4_nl_f16_f32_len, mul_mat_vec_iq4_nl_f16_f32_data, "main", 3, sizeof(vk_mat_vec_push_constants), {2*rm, 1, 1}, {subgroup_size_16, 2*rm}, 1, true);
 
     ggml_vk_create_pipeline(device, device->pipeline_dequant_mul_mat_vec_id_f32[GGML_TYPE_F32 ], "mul_mat_vec_id_f32_f32",  mul_mat_vec_id_f32_f32_len,  mul_mat_vec_id_f32_f32_data,  "main", 4, sizeof(vk_mat_vec_id_push_constants), {2, 1, 1}, {device->subgroup_size, 2}, 1);
     ggml_vk_create_pipeline(device, device->pipeline_dequant_mul_mat_vec_id_f32[GGML_TYPE_F16 ], "mul_mat_vec_id_f16_f32",  mul_mat_vec_id_f16_f32_len,  mul_mat_vec_id_f16_f32_data,  "main", 4, sizeof(vk_mat_vec_id_push_constants), {2, 1, 1}, {device->subgroup_size, 2}, 1);
@@ -1892,7 +1901,7 @@ static void ggml_vk_load_shaders(vk_device& device) {
     ggml_vk_create_pipeline(device, device->pipeline_dequant_mul_mat_vec_id_f32[GGML_TYPE_Q4_K], "mul_mat_vec_id_q4_k_f32", mul_mat_vec_id_q4_k_f32_len, mul_mat_vec_id_q4_k_f32_data, "main", 4, sizeof(vk_mat_vec_id_push_constants), {2*rm, 1, 1}, {subgroup_size_16, 2*rm}, 1, true);
     ggml_vk_create_pipeline(device, device->pipeline_dequant_mul_mat_vec_id_f32[GGML_TYPE_Q5_K], "mul_mat_vec_id_q5_k_f32", mul_mat_vec_id_q5_k_f32_len, mul_mat_vec_id_q5_k_f32_data, "main", 4, sizeof(vk_mat_vec_id_push_constants), {2*rm, 1, 1}, {subgroup_size_16, 2*rm}, 1, true);
     ggml_vk_create_pipeline(device, device->pipeline_dequant_mul_mat_vec_id_f32[GGML_TYPE_Q6_K], "mul_mat_vec_id_q6_k_f32", mul_mat_vec_id_q6_k_f32_len, mul_mat_vec_id_q6_k_f32_data, "main", 4, sizeof(vk_mat_vec_id_push_constants), {2*rm, 1, 1}, {subgroup_size_16, 2*rm}, 1, true);
-    ggml_vk_create_pipeline(device, device->pipeline_dequant_mul_mat_vec_id_f32[GGML_TYPE_IQ4_NL], "mul_mat_vec_id_iq4_nl_f32", mul_mat_vec_id_iq4_nl_f32_len, mul_mat_vec_id_iq4_nl_f32_data, "main", 4, sizeof(vk_mat_vec_id_push_constants), {2*rm, 1, 1}, {device->subgroup_size, 2*rm}, 1, true);
+    ggml_vk_create_pipeline(device, device->pipeline_dequant_mul_mat_vec_id_f32[GGML_TYPE_IQ4_NL], "mul_mat_vec_id_iq4_nl_f32", mul_mat_vec_id_iq4_nl_f32_len, mul_mat_vec_id_iq4_nl_f32_data, "main", 4, sizeof(vk_mat_vec_id_push_constants), {2*rm, 1, 1}, {subgroup_size_16, 2*rm}, 1, true);
 
     // dequant shaders
     ggml_vk_create_pipeline(device, device->pipeline_dequant[GGML_TYPE_F32 ], "f32_to_f16",   dequant_f32_len,  dequant_f32_data,  "main", 2, 5 * sizeof(uint32_t), {256 * 16, 1, 1}, {}, 1);
@@ -2014,6 +2023,8 @@ static void ggml_vk_load_shaders(vk_device& device) {
 
     ggml_vk_create_pipeline(device, device->pipeline_pool2d_f32, "pool2d_f32", pool2d_f32_len, pool2d_f32_data, "main", 2, sizeof(vk_op_pool2d_push_constants), {512, 1, 1}, {}, 1);
 
+    ggml_vk_create_pipeline(device, device->pipeline_rwkv_wkv6_f32, "rwkv_wkv6_f32", rwkv_wkv6_f32_len, rwkv_wkv6_f32_data, "main", 7, sizeof(vk_op_rwkv_wkv6_push_constants), {1, 1, 1}, {device->subgroup_size}, 1);
+
     for (auto &c : compiles) {
         c.wait();
     }
@@ -5022,6 +5033,11 @@ static vk_pipeline ggml_vk_op_get_pipeline(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, const
             return ctx->device->pipeline_pool2d_f32;
         }
         return nullptr;
+    case GGML_OP_RWKV_WKV6:
+        if (src0->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 && dst->type == GGML_TYPE_F32) {
+            return ctx->device->pipeline_rwkv_wkv6_f32;
+        }
+        return nullptr;
     case GGML_OP_LEAKY_RELU:
         if (src0->type == GGML_TYPE_F32 && dst->type == GGML_TYPE_F32) {
             return ctx->device->pipeline_leaky_relu_f32;
@@ -5424,6 +5440,134 @@ static void ggml_vk_div(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx, const
     }, dryrun);
 }
 
+static void ggml_vk_op_f32_rwkv6(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx, ggml_tensor * dst, const vk_op_rwkv_wkv6_push_constants&& pc, bool dryrun = false) {
+    const ggml_tensor * k = dst->src[0];
+    const ggml_tensor * v = dst->src[1];
+    const ggml_tensor * r = dst->src[2];
+    const ggml_tensor * tf = dst->src[3];
+    const ggml_tensor * td = dst->src[4];
+    const ggml_tensor * state = dst->src[5];
+
+    GGML_ASSERT(!ggml_is_quantized(k->type));
+    GGML_ASSERT(!ggml_is_quantized(v->type));
+    GGML_ASSERT(!ggml_is_quantized(r->type));
+    GGML_ASSERT(!ggml_is_quantized(tf->type));
+    GGML_ASSERT(!ggml_is_quantized(td->type));
+    GGML_ASSERT(!ggml_is_quantized(state->type));
+    GGML_ASSERT(dst->buffer != nullptr);
+
+    vk_pipeline pipeline = ggml_vk_op_get_pipeline(ctx, k, v, r, dst, GGML_OP_RWKV_WKV6);
+    GGML_ASSERT(pipeline != nullptr);
+
+    if (dryrun) {
+        ggml_pipeline_request_descriptor_sets(ctx->device, pipeline, 1);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    ggml_backend_vk_buffer_context * dst_buf_ctx = (ggml_backend_vk_buffer_context *)dst->buffer->context;
+    ggml_backend_vk_buffer_context * k_buf_ctx = (ggml_backend_vk_buffer_context *)k->buffer->context;
+    ggml_backend_vk_buffer_context * v_buf_ctx = (ggml_backend_vk_buffer_context *)v->buffer->context;
+    ggml_backend_vk_buffer_context * r_buf_ctx = (ggml_backend_vk_buffer_context *)r->buffer->context;
+    ggml_backend_vk_buffer_context * tf_buf_ctx = (ggml_backend_vk_buffer_context *)tf->buffer->context;
+    ggml_backend_vk_buffer_context * td_buf_ctx = (ggml_backend_vk_buffer_context *)td->buffer->context;
+    ggml_backend_vk_buffer_context * state_buf_ctx = (ggml_backend_vk_buffer_context *)state->buffer->context;
+
+    ggml_vk_sync_buffers(subctx);
+
+    vk_buffer d_D, d_K, d_V, d_R, d_TF, d_TD, d_State;
+    uint64_t k_offset, v_offset, r_offset, tf_offset, td_offset, state_offset, dst_offset;
+    bool K_uma = false, V_uma = false, R_uma = false, TF_uma = false, TD_uma = false, STATE_uma = false, DST_uma = false;
+
+    if (ctx->device->uma) {
+        ggml_vk_host_get(ctx->device, k->data, d_K, k_offset);
+        ggml_vk_host_get(ctx->device, v->data, d_V, v_offset);
+        ggml_vk_host_get(ctx->device, r->data, d_R, r_offset);
+        ggml_vk_host_get(ctx->device, tf->data, d_TF, tf_offset);
+        ggml_vk_host_get(ctx->device, td->data, d_TD, td_offset);
+        ggml_vk_host_get(ctx->device, state->data, d_State, state_offset);
+        ggml_vk_host_get(ctx->device, dst->data, d_D, dst_offset);
+
+        K_uma = d_K != nullptr;
+        V_uma = d_V != nullptr;
+        R_uma = d_R != nullptr;
+        TF_uma = d_TF != nullptr;
+        TD_uma = d_TD != nullptr;
+        STATE_uma = d_State != nullptr;
+        DST_uma = d_D != nullptr;
+    }
+
+    if (!K_uma) {
+        d_K = k_buf_ctx->dev_buffer;
+        k_offset = vk_tensor_offset(k) + k->view_offs;
+    }
+    if (!V_uma) {
+        d_V = v_buf_ctx->dev_buffer;
+        v_offset = vk_tensor_offset(v) + v->view_offs;
+    }
+    if (!R_uma) {
+        d_R = r_buf_ctx->dev_buffer;
+        r_offset = vk_tensor_offset(r) + r->view_offs;
+    }
+    if (!TF_uma) {
+        d_TF = tf_buf_ctx->dev_buffer;
+        tf_offset = vk_tensor_offset(tf) + tf->view_offs;
+    }
+    if (!TD_uma) {
+        d_TD = td_buf_ctx->dev_buffer;
+        td_offset = vk_tensor_offset(td) + td->view_offs;
+    }
+    if (!STATE_uma) {
+        d_State = state_buf_ctx->dev_buffer;
+        state_offset = vk_tensor_offset(state) + state->view_offs;
+    }
+    if (!DST_uma) {
+        d_D = dst_buf_ctx->dev_buffer;
+        dst_offset = vk_tensor_offset(dst) + dst->view_offs;
+    }
+
+    const uint64_t k_size = ggml_nbytes(k);
+    const uint64_t v_size = ggml_nbytes(v);
+    const uint64_t r_size = ggml_nbytes(r);
+    const uint64_t tf_size = ggml_nbytes(tf);
+    const uint64_t td_size = ggml_nbytes(td);
+    const uint64_t state_size = ggml_nbytes(state);
+    const uint64_t dst_size = ggml_nbytes(dst);
+
+    std::array<uint32_t, 3> elements = {
+        (uint32_t)(pc.B * pc.H),
+        1,
+        1
+    };
+
+    ggml_vk_dispatch_pipeline(ctx, subctx, pipeline, {
+        vk_subbuffer{ d_K, k_offset, k_size },
+        vk_subbuffer{ d_V, v_offset, v_size },
+        vk_subbuffer{ d_R, r_offset, r_size },
+        vk_subbuffer{ d_TF, tf_offset, tf_size },
+        vk_subbuffer{ d_TD, td_offset, td_size },
+        vk_subbuffer{ d_State, state_offset, state_size },
+        vk_subbuffer{ d_D, dst_offset, dst_size }
+    }, sizeof(vk_op_rwkv_wkv6_push_constants), &pc, elements);
+}
+
+static void ggml_vk_rwkv_wkv6(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx, ggml_tensor * dst, bool dryrun = false) {
+    const size_t seq_length = dst->src[0]->ne[3];
+    const size_t n_embed = dst->ne[0];
+    const size_t n_heads = dst->src[0]->ne[2];
+    const size_t n_seqs = dst->src[5]->ne[1];
+
+    ggml_vk_op_f32_rwkv6(
+        ctx, subctx, dst,
+        {
+            (uint32_t)n_seqs,
+            (uint32_t)seq_length,
+            (uint32_t)n_embed,
+            (uint32_t)n_heads,
+        },
+        dryrun
+    );
+}
+
 static void ggml_vk_concat(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, vk_context& subctx, const ggml_tensor * src0, const ggml_tensor * src1, ggml_tensor * dst, bool dryrun = false) {
     int * op_params = (int *)dst->op_params;
 
@@ -6569,6 +6713,7 @@ static bool ggml_vk_build_graph(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, ggml_tensor * nod
     case GGML_OP_IM2COL:
     case GGML_OP_TIMESTEP_EMBEDDING:
     case GGML_OP_POOL_2D:
+    case GGML_OP_RWKV_WKV6:
     case GGML_OP_LEAKY_RELU:
     case GGML_OP_FLASH_ATTN_EXT:
         break;
@@ -6768,6 +6913,11 @@ static bool ggml_vk_build_graph(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, ggml_tensor * nod
     case GGML_OP_FLASH_ATTN_EXT:
         ggml_vk_flash_attn(ctx, compute_ctx, src0, src1, src2, src3, node, dryrun);
 
+        break;
+
+    case GGML_OP_RWKV_WKV6:
+        ggml_vk_rwkv_wkv6(ctx, compute_ctx, node, dryrun);
+
         break;
     default:
         return false;
@@ -6848,6 +6998,7 @@ static bool ggml_vk_compute_forward(ggml_backend_vk_context * ctx, ggml_tensor *
     case GGML_OP_IM2COL:
     case GGML_OP_TIMESTEP_EMBEDDING:
     case GGML_OP_POOL_2D:
+    case GGML_OP_RWKV_WKV6:
     case GGML_OP_LEAKY_RELU:
     case GGML_OP_REPEAT:
         buf = tensor->buffer;
@@ -7724,6 +7875,7 @@ static bool ggml_backend_vk_device_supports_op(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, const ggm
         case GGML_OP_IM2COL:
         case GGML_OP_TIMESTEP_EMBEDDING:
         case GGML_OP_POOL_2D:
+        case GGML_OP_RWKV_WKV6:
         case GGML_OP_LEAKY_RELU:
             return true;
         default:
@@ -8300,7 +8452,11 @@ static void ggml_vk_check_results_0(ggml_tensor * tensor) {
     } else if (tensor->op == GGML_OP_LEAKY_RELU) {
         const float * op_params = (const float *)tensor->op_params;
         tensor_clone = ggml_leaky_relu(ggml_ctx, src0_clone, op_params[0], false);
-    } else {
+    } else if (tensor->op == GGML_OP_RWKV_WKV6) {
+        tensor_clone = ggml_rwkv_wkv6(ggml_ctx, tensor->src[0], tensor->src[1], tensor->src[2], tensor->src[3],
+        tensor->src[4], tensor->src[5]);
+    }
+    else {
         std::cerr << "Missing vk_check_results OP: " << ggml_op_name(tensor->op) << std::endl;
         GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-vulkan/vulkan-shaders/soft_max.comp b/ggml/src/ggml-vulkan/vulkan-shaders/soft_max.comp
index 6e20b6411..a25808e16 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-vulkan/vulkan-shaders/soft_max.comp
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-vulkan/vulkan-shaders/soft_max.comp
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ shared FLOAT_TYPE vals[BLOCK_SIZE];
 void soft_max(uint num_iters) {
     const uint tid = gl_LocalInvocationID.x;
     const uint rowx = gl_WorkGroupID.z * 262144 + gl_WorkGroupID.y * 512 + gl_WorkGroupID.x;
-    const uint rowy = rowx % p.KY;
+    const uint rowy = (p.KY > 0) ? (rowx % p.KY) : 0;
 
     if (rowx >= p.nrows_x) {
         return;
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-vulkan/vulkan-shaders/vulkan-shaders-gen.cpp b/ggml/src/ggml-vulkan/vulkan-shaders/vulkan-shaders-gen.cpp
index c48a228ae..7a0d7285d 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml-vulkan/vulkan-shaders/vulkan-shaders-gen.cpp
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-vulkan/vulkan-shaders/vulkan-shaders-gen.cpp
@@ -479,6 +479,8 @@ void process_shaders() {
 
     string_to_spv("pool2d_f32", "pool2d.comp", merge_maps(base_dict, {{"A_TYPE", "float"}, {"D_TYPE", "float"}}));
 
+    string_to_spv("rwkv_wkv6_f32", "wkv6.comp", merge_maps(base_dict, {{"A_TYPE", "float"}}));
+
     for (auto &c : compiles) {
         c.wait();
     }
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml-vulkan/vulkan-shaders/wkv6.comp b/ggml/src/ggml-vulkan/vulkan-shaders/wkv6.comp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..35cc6c45f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml-vulkan/vulkan-shaders/wkv6.comp
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+#version 450
+
+#extension GL_EXT_control_flow_attributes : require
+
+#define BLOCK_SIZE 64
+layout(local_size_x = BLOCK_SIZE, local_size_y = 1, local_size_z = 1) in;
+
+layout(push_constant) uniform Parameters {
+    uint B;
+    uint T;
+    uint C;
+    uint H;
+};
+
+layout(binding = 0) readonly buffer KBuf { A_TYPE k[]; };
+layout(binding = 1) readonly buffer VBuf { A_TYPE v[]; };
+layout(binding = 2) readonly buffer RBuf { A_TYPE r[]; };
+layout(binding = 3) readonly buffer TimeFBuf { A_TYPE tf[]; };
+layout(binding = 4) readonly buffer TimeDBuf { A_TYPE td[]; };
+layout(binding = 5) readonly buffer StateBuf { A_TYPE state_in[]; };
+layout(binding = 6) buffer DstBuf { A_TYPE dst[]; };
+
+shared A_TYPE _k[BLOCK_SIZE], _r[BLOCK_SIZE], _tf[BLOCK_SIZE], _td[BLOCK_SIZE];
+
+void main() {
+    const uint head_size = BLOCK_SIZE;
+    const uint batch_id = gl_WorkGroupID.x / H;
+    const uint head_id = gl_WorkGroupID.x % H;
+    const uint tid = gl_LocalInvocationID.x;
+
+    const uint state_size = C * head_size;
+    const uint n_seq_tokens = T / B;
+
+    if (batch_id >= B || head_id >= H) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    A_TYPE state[BLOCK_SIZE];
+    [[unroll]] for (uint i = 0; i < head_size; i++) {
+        state[i] = state_in[batch_id * state_size + head_id * head_size * head_size
+                          + i * head_size + tid];
+    }
+
+    barrier();
+    _tf[tid] = tf[head_id * head_size + tid];
+    barrier();
+
+    const uint start_t = batch_id * n_seq_tokens * C + head_id * head_size + tid;
+    const uint end_t = (batch_id + 1) * n_seq_tokens * C + head_id * head_size + tid;
+
+    for (uint t = start_t; t < end_t; t += C) {
+        barrier();
+        _k[tid] = k[t];
+        _r[tid] = r[t];
+        _td[tid] = td[t];
+        barrier();
+
+        const A_TYPE v_val = v[t];
+        A_TYPE y = 0.0;
+
+        [[unroll]] for (uint j = 0; j < head_size; j += 4) {
+            vec4 k_vec = vec4(_k[j], _k[j+1], _k[j+2], _k[j+3]);
+            vec4 r_vec = vec4(_r[j], _r[j+1], _r[j+2], _r[j+3]);
+            vec4 tf_vec = vec4(_tf[j], _tf[j+1], _tf[j+2], _tf[j+3]);
+            vec4 td_vec = vec4(_td[j], _td[j+1], _td[j+2], _td[j+3]);
+            vec4 s_vec = vec4(state[j], state[j+1], state[j+2], state[j+3]);
+
+            vec4 kv = k_vec * v_val;
+
+            vec4 temp = tf_vec * kv + s_vec;
+            y += dot(r_vec, temp);
+
+            s_vec = s_vec * td_vec + kv;
+            state[j] = s_vec.x;
+            state[j+1] = s_vec.y;
+            state[j+2] = s_vec.z;
+            state[j+3] = s_vec.w;
+        }
+
+        dst[t] = y;
+    }
+
+    [[unroll]] for (uint i = 0; i < head_size; i++) {
+        dst[T * C + batch_id * state_size + head_id * head_size * head_size
+            + i * head_size + tid] = state[i];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/ggml/src/ggml.c b/ggml/src/ggml.c
index 51cc85662..2bbe5f482 100644
--- a/ggml/src/ggml.c
+++ b/ggml/src/ggml.c
@@ -3760,104 +3760,10 @@ struct ggml_tensor * ggml_clamp(
     return result;
 }
 
-// ggml_conv_1d
-
 static int64_t ggml_calc_conv_output_size(int64_t ins, int64_t ks, int s, int p, int d) {
     return (ins + 2 * p - d * (ks - 1) - 1) / s + 1;
 }
 
-GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_conv_1d(
-        struct ggml_context * ctx,
-        struct ggml_tensor  * a,
-        struct ggml_tensor  * b,
-        int                   s0,
-        int                   p0,
-        int                   d0) {
-    struct ggml_tensor * im2col = ggml_im2col(ctx, a, b, s0, 0, p0, 0, d0, 0, false, GGML_TYPE_F16); // [N, OL, IC * K]
-
-    struct ggml_tensor * result =
-        ggml_mul_mat(ctx,
-                ggml_reshape_2d(ctx, im2col, im2col->ne[0], (im2col->ne[2] * im2col->ne[1])), // [N, OL, IC * K] => [N*OL, IC * K]
-                ggml_reshape_2d(ctx, a, (a->ne[0] * a->ne[1]), a->ne[2]));                    // [OC，IC, K] => [OC, IC * K]
-
-    result = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx, result, im2col->ne[1], a->ne[2], im2col->ne[2]); // [N, OC, OL]
-
-    return result;
-}
-
-// ggml_conv_1d_ph
-
-struct ggml_tensor* ggml_conv_1d_ph(
-        struct ggml_context * ctx,
-        struct ggml_tensor  * a,
-        struct ggml_tensor  * b,
-        int                   s,
-        int                   d) {
-    return ggml_conv_1d(ctx, a, b, s, a->ne[0] / 2, d);
-}
-
-// ggml_conv_transpose_1d
-
-static int64_t ggml_calc_conv_transpose_1d_output_size(int64_t ins, int64_t ks, int s, int p, int d) {
-    return (ins - 1) * s - 2 * p + d * (ks - 1) + 1;
-}
-
-GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_conv_transpose_1d(
-        struct ggml_context * ctx,
-        struct ggml_tensor  * a,
-        struct ggml_tensor  * b,
-        int                   s0,
-        int                   p0,
-        int                   d0) {
-    GGML_ASSERT(ggml_is_matrix(b));
-    GGML_ASSERT(a->ne[2] == b->ne[1]);
-    GGML_ASSERT(a->ne[3] == 1);
-
-    GGML_ASSERT(p0 == 0);
-    GGML_ASSERT(d0 == 1);
-
-    const int64_t ne[4] = {
-        ggml_calc_conv_transpose_1d_output_size(b->ne[0], a->ne[0], s0, 0 /*p0*/, 1 /*d0*/),
-        a->ne[1], b->ne[2], 1,
-    };
-    struct ggml_tensor * result = ggml_new_tensor(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, 4, ne);
-
-    int32_t params[] = { s0, p0, d0 };
-    ggml_set_op_params(result, params, sizeof(params));
-
-    result->op     = GGML_OP_CONV_TRANSPOSE_1D;
-    result->src[0] = a;
-    result->src[1] = b;
-
-    return result;
-}
-
-// ggml_conv_depthwise
-
-struct ggml_tensor * ggml_conv_depthwise_2d(
-        struct ggml_context * ctx,
-        struct ggml_tensor  * a,
-        struct ggml_tensor  * b,
-        int                   s0,
-        int                   s1,
-        int                   p0,
-        int                   p1,
-        int                   d0,
-        int                   d1) {
-    struct ggml_tensor * new_a = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx, a, a->ne[0], a->ne[1], 1, a->ne[2] * a->ne[3]);
-    struct ggml_tensor * im2col = ggml_im2col(ctx, new_a,
-                                        ggml_reshape_4d(ctx, b, b->ne[0], b->ne[1], 1, b->ne[2] * b->ne[3]),
-                                        s0, s1, p0, p1, d0, d1, true, GGML_TYPE_F16); // [N * IC, OH, OW, KH * KW]
-    struct ggml_tensor * new_b = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx, im2col, im2col->ne[0], im2col->ne[2] * im2col->ne[1], b->ne[2], b->ne[3]); // [N * IC, OH, OW, KH * KW] => [N, IC, OH * OW, KH * KW]
-
-    new_a = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx, new_a, (new_a->ne[0] * new_a->ne[1]), new_a->ne[2],  new_a->ne[3], 1);                       // [OC，1, KH, KW] => [1, OC, 1, KH * KW]
-    struct ggml_tensor * result = ggml_mul_mat(ctx, new_a, new_b);
-    result = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx, result, im2col->ne[1], im2col->ne[2], b->ne[2], b->ne[3]); // [N, OC, OH, OW]
-
-    return result;
-}
-// ggml_conv_2d
-
 // im2col: [N, IC, IH, IW] => [N, OH, OW, IC*KH*KW]
 // a: [OC，IC, KH, KW]
 // b: [N, IC, IH, IW]
@@ -3874,10 +3780,11 @@ struct ggml_tensor * ggml_im2col(
         int                   d1,
         bool                  is_2D,
         enum ggml_type        dst_type) {
-    if(is_2D) {
+    if (is_2D) {
         GGML_ASSERT(a->ne[2] == b->ne[2]);
     } else {
-        GGML_ASSERT(a->ne[1] == b->ne[1]);
+        //GGML_ASSERT(b->ne[1] % a->ne[1] == 0);
+        GGML_ASSERT(b->ne[1] == a->ne[1]);
         GGML_ASSERT(b->ne[3] == 1);
     }
 
@@ -3928,6 +3835,108 @@ struct ggml_tensor * ggml_im2col_back(
     return result;
 }
 
+// ggml_conv_1d
+
+struct ggml_tensor * ggml_conv_1d(
+        struct ggml_context * ctx,
+        struct ggml_tensor  * a,
+        struct ggml_tensor  * b,
+        int                   s0,
+        int                   p0,
+        int                   d0) {
+    struct ggml_tensor * im2col = ggml_im2col(ctx, a, b, s0, 0, p0, 0, d0, 0, false, GGML_TYPE_F16); // [N, OL, IC * K]
+
+    struct ggml_tensor * result =
+        ggml_mul_mat(ctx,
+                ggml_reshape_2d(ctx, im2col, im2col->ne[0], (im2col->ne[2] * im2col->ne[1])), // [N, OL, IC * K] => [N*OL, IC * K]
+                ggml_reshape_2d(ctx, a, (a->ne[0] * a->ne[1]), a->ne[2]));                    // [OC，IC, K] => [OC, IC * K]
+
+    result = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx, result, im2col->ne[1], a->ne[2], im2col->ne[2]); // [N, OC, OL]
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+// ggml_conv_1d_ph
+
+struct ggml_tensor* ggml_conv_1d_ph(
+        struct ggml_context * ctx,
+        struct ggml_tensor  * a,
+        struct ggml_tensor  * b,
+        int                   s,
+        int                   d) {
+    return ggml_conv_1d(ctx, a, b, s, a->ne[0] / 2, d);
+}
+
+// ggml_conv_1d_dw
+
+struct ggml_tensor * ggml_conv_1d_dw(
+        struct ggml_context * ctx,
+        struct ggml_tensor  * a,
+        struct ggml_tensor  * b,
+        int                   s0,
+        int                   p0,
+        int                   d0) {
+    struct ggml_tensor * new_a = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx, a, a->ne[0], 1, a->ne[1], a->ne[2]);
+    struct ggml_tensor * new_b = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx, b, b->ne[0], 1, b->ne[1], b->ne[2]);
+
+    struct ggml_tensor * im2col = ggml_im2col(ctx, new_a, new_b, s0, 0, p0, 0, d0, 0, false, GGML_TYPE_F16);
+
+    struct ggml_tensor * result = ggml_mul_mat(ctx, im2col, a);
+
+    result = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx, result, b->ne[0], b->ne[1], 1);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+// ggml_conv_1d_dw_ph
+
+struct ggml_tensor * ggml_conv_1d_dw_ph(
+        struct ggml_context * ctx,
+        struct ggml_tensor  * a,
+        struct ggml_tensor  * b,
+        int                   s0,
+        int                   d0) {
+    return ggml_conv_1d_dw(ctx, a, b, s0, a->ne[0] / 2, d0);
+}
+
+// ggml_conv_transpose_1d
+
+static int64_t ggml_calc_conv_transpose_1d_output_size(int64_t ins, int64_t ks, int s, int p, int d) {
+    return (ins - 1) * s - 2 * p + d * (ks - 1) + 1;
+}
+
+GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_conv_transpose_1d(
+        struct ggml_context * ctx,
+        struct ggml_tensor  * a,
+        struct ggml_tensor  * b,
+        int                   s0,
+        int                   p0,
+        int                   d0) {
+    GGML_ASSERT(ggml_is_matrix(b));
+    GGML_ASSERT(a->ne[2] == b->ne[1]);
+    GGML_ASSERT(a->ne[3] == 1);
+
+    GGML_ASSERT(p0 == 0);
+    GGML_ASSERT(d0 == 1);
+
+    const int64_t ne[4] = {
+        ggml_calc_conv_transpose_1d_output_size(b->ne[0], a->ne[0], s0, 0 /*p0*/, 1 /*d0*/),
+        a->ne[1], b->ne[2], 1,
+    };
+    struct ggml_tensor * result = ggml_new_tensor(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, 4, ne);
+
+    int32_t params[] = { s0, p0, d0 };
+    ggml_set_op_params(result, params, sizeof(params));
+
+    result->op     = GGML_OP_CONV_TRANSPOSE_1D;
+    result->src[0] = a;
+    result->src[1] = b;
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+// ggml_conv_2d
+
 // a: [OC，IC, KH, KW]
 // b: [N, IC, IH, IW]
 // result: [N, OC, OH, OW]
@@ -3973,6 +3982,31 @@ struct ggml_tensor * ggml_conv_2d_s1_ph(
     return ggml_conv_2d(ctx, a, b, 1, 1, a->ne[0] / 2, a->ne[1] / 2, 1, 1);
 }
 
+// ggml_conv_2d_dw
+
+struct ggml_tensor * ggml_conv_2d_dw(
+        struct ggml_context * ctx,
+        struct ggml_tensor  * a,
+        struct ggml_tensor  * b,
+        int                   s0,
+        int                   s1,
+        int                   p0,
+        int                   p1,
+        int                   d0,
+        int                   d1) {
+    struct ggml_tensor * new_a = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx, a, a->ne[0], a->ne[1], 1, a->ne[2] * a->ne[3]);
+    struct ggml_tensor * im2col = ggml_im2col(ctx, new_a,
+                                        ggml_reshape_4d(ctx, b, b->ne[0], b->ne[1], 1, b->ne[2] * b->ne[3]),
+                                        s0, s1, p0, p1, d0, d1, true, GGML_TYPE_F16); // [N * IC, OH, OW, KH * KW]
+    struct ggml_tensor * new_b = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx, im2col, im2col->ne[0], im2col->ne[2] * im2col->ne[1], b->ne[2], b->ne[3]); // [N * IC, OH, OW, KH * KW] => [N, IC, OH * OW, KH * KW]
+
+    new_a = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx, new_a, (new_a->ne[0] * new_a->ne[1]), new_a->ne[2],  new_a->ne[3], 1);                       // [OC，1, KH, KW] => [1, OC, 1, KH * KW]
+    struct ggml_tensor * result = ggml_mul_mat(ctx, new_a, new_b);
+    result = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx, result, im2col->ne[1], im2col->ne[2], b->ne[2], b->ne[3]); // [N, OC, OH, OW]
+
+    return result;
+}
+
 // ggml_conv_transpose_2d_p0
 
 static int64_t ggml_calc_conv_transpose_output_size(int64_t ins, int64_t ks, int s, int p) {
@@ -6037,12 +6071,12 @@ struct ggml_tensor * ggml_graph_get_tensor(const struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph, co
 
 struct ggml_tensor * ggml_graph_get_grad(const struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph, const struct ggml_tensor * node) {
     const size_t igrad = ggml_hash_find(&cgraph->visited_hash_set, node);
-    return igrad != GGML_HASHSET_FULL && ggml_bitset_get(cgraph->visited_hash_set.used, igrad) ? cgraph->grads[igrad] : NULL;
+    return igrad != GGML_HASHSET_FULL && ggml_bitset_get(cgraph->visited_hash_set.used, igrad) && cgraph->grads ? cgraph->grads[igrad] : NULL;
 }
 
 struct ggml_tensor * ggml_graph_get_grad_acc(const struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph, const struct ggml_tensor * node) {
     const size_t igrad = ggml_hash_find(&cgraph->visited_hash_set, node);
-    return igrad != GGML_HASHSET_FULL && ggml_bitset_get(cgraph->visited_hash_set.used, igrad) ? cgraph->grad_accs[igrad] : NULL;
+    return igrad != GGML_HASHSET_FULL && ggml_bitset_get(cgraph->visited_hash_set.used, igrad) && cgraph->grad_accs ? cgraph->grad_accs[igrad] : NULL;
 }
 
 void ggml_graph_print(const struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph) {
@@ -6489,7 +6523,7 @@ struct gguf_context {
     void * data;
 };
 
-static size_t gguf_type_size(enum gguf_type type) {
+size_t gguf_type_size(enum gguf_type type) {
     GGML_ASSERT(0 <= type && type < GGUF_TYPE_COUNT);
     return GGUF_TYPE_SIZE[type];
 }
@@ -6617,13 +6651,7 @@ struct gguf_context * gguf_init_empty(void) {
     return ctx;
 }
 
-struct gguf_context * gguf_init_from_file(const char * fname, struct gguf_init_params params) {
-    FILE * file = ggml_fopen(fname, "rb");
-    if (!file) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "%s: failed to open '%s': '%s'\n", __func__, fname, strerror(errno));
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
+struct gguf_context * gguf_init_from_file_impl(FILE * file, struct gguf_init_params params) {
     // offset from start of file
     size_t offset = 0;
 
@@ -6636,7 +6664,6 @@ struct gguf_context * gguf_init_from_file(const char * fname, struct gguf_init_p
         for (uint32_t i = 0; i < sizeof(magic); i++) {
             if (magic[i] != GGUF_MAGIC[i]) {
                 fprintf(stderr, "%s: invalid magic characters '%c%c%c%c'\n", __func__, magic[0], magic[1], magic[2], magic[3]);
-                fclose(file);
                 return NULL;
             }
         }
@@ -6647,7 +6674,6 @@ struct gguf_context * gguf_init_from_file(const char * fname, struct gguf_init_p
     struct gguf_context * ctx = calloc(1, sizeof(struct gguf_context));
     if (!ctx) {
         fprintf(stderr, "%s: failed to allocate memory for context\n", __func__);
-        fclose(file);
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -6665,7 +6691,6 @@ struct gguf_context * gguf_init_from_file(const char * fname, struct gguf_init_p
 
         if (ctx->header.version == 1) {
             fprintf(stderr, "%s: GGUFv1 is no longer supported. please use a more up-to-date version\n", __func__);
-            fclose(file);
             gguf_free(ctx);
             return NULL;
         }
@@ -6678,7 +6703,6 @@ struct gguf_context * gguf_init_from_file(const char * fname, struct gguf_init_p
 
         if (!ok) {
             fprintf(stderr, "%s: failed to read header\n", __func__);
-            fclose(file);
             gguf_free(ctx);
             return NULL;
         }
@@ -6688,12 +6712,13 @@ struct gguf_context * gguf_init_from_file(const char * fname, struct gguf_init_p
     {
         const uint64_t n_kv = ctx->header.n_kv;
 
-        ctx->kv = calloc(n_kv, sizeof(struct gguf_kv));
-        if (!ctx->kv) {
-            fprintf(stderr, "%s: failed to allocate memory for kv pairs\n", __func__);
-            fclose(file);
-            gguf_free(ctx);
-            return NULL;
+        if (n_kv > 0) {
+            ctx->kv = calloc(n_kv, sizeof(struct gguf_kv));
+            if (!ctx->kv) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "%s: failed to allocate memory for kv pairs\n", __func__);
+                gguf_free(ctx);
+                return NULL;
+            }
         }
 
         for (uint64_t i = 0; i < n_kv; ++i) {
@@ -6740,7 +6765,6 @@ struct gguf_context * gguf_init_from_file(const char * fname, struct gguf_init_p
                                     // prevent from integer overflow in the malloc below
                                     if (kv->value.arr.n >= SIZE_MAX/gguf_type_size(kv->value.arr.type)) {
                                         fprintf(stderr, "%s: array size is too large (%" PRIu64 ")\n", __func__, kv->value.arr.n);
-                                        fclose(file);
                                         gguf_free(ctx);
                                         return NULL;
                                     }
@@ -6748,7 +6772,6 @@ struct gguf_context * gguf_init_from_file(const char * fname, struct gguf_init_p
                                     kv->value.arr.data = calloc(kv->value.arr.n, gguf_type_size(kv->value.arr.type));
                                     if (!kv->value.arr.data) {
                                         fprintf(stderr, "%s: failed to allocate memory for array\n", __func__);
-                                        fclose(file);
                                         gguf_free(ctx);
                                         return NULL;
                                     }
@@ -6760,7 +6783,6 @@ struct gguf_context * gguf_init_from_file(const char * fname, struct gguf_init_p
                                     // prevent from integer overflow in the malloc below
                                     if (kv->value.arr.n >= SIZE_MAX/sizeof(struct gguf_str)) {
                                         fprintf(stderr, "%s: array size is too large (%" PRIu64 ")\n", __func__, kv->value.arr.n);
-                                        fclose(file);
                                         gguf_free(ctx);
                                         return NULL;
                                     }
@@ -6768,7 +6790,6 @@ struct gguf_context * gguf_init_from_file(const char * fname, struct gguf_init_p
                                     kv->value.arr.data = calloc(kv->value.arr.n, sizeof(struct gguf_str));
                                     if (!kv->value.arr.data) {
                                         fprintf(stderr, "%s: failed to allocate memory for array\n", __func__);
-                                        fclose(file);
                                         gguf_free(ctx);
                                         return NULL;
                                     }
@@ -6799,7 +6820,6 @@ struct gguf_context * gguf_init_from_file(const char * fname, struct gguf_init_p
 
         if (!ok) {
             fprintf(stderr, "%s: failed to read key-value pairs\n", __func__);
-            fclose(file);
             gguf_free(ctx);
             return NULL;
         }
@@ -6810,7 +6830,6 @@ struct gguf_context * gguf_init_from_file(const char * fname, struct gguf_init_p
         ctx->infos = calloc(ctx->header.n_tensors, sizeof(struct gguf_tensor_info));
         if (!ctx->infos) {
             fprintf(stderr, "%s: failed to allocate memory for tensor infos\n", __func__);
-            fclose(file);
             gguf_free(ctx);
             return NULL;
         }
@@ -6846,7 +6865,6 @@ struct gguf_context * gguf_init_from_file(const char * fname, struct gguf_init_p
 
             if (!ok) {
                 fprintf(stderr, "%s: failed to read tensor info\n", __func__);
-                fclose(file);
                 gguf_free(ctx);
                 return NULL;
             }
@@ -6889,7 +6907,6 @@ struct gguf_context * gguf_init_from_file(const char * fname, struct gguf_init_p
                 // this tensor type support have been removed:
                 fprintf(stderr, "%s: tensor '%s' of type %d: %s\n",
                         __func__, info->name.data, (int) info->type, ggml_type_name(info->type));
-                fclose(file);
                 gguf_free(ctx);
                 return NULL;
             }
@@ -6897,7 +6914,6 @@ struct gguf_context * gguf_init_from_file(const char * fname, struct gguf_init_p
             if (ne % ggml_blck_size(info->type) != 0) {
                 fprintf(stderr, "%s: tensor '%s' of type %d (%s) number of elements (%" PRId64 ") is not a multiple of block size (%" PRId64 ")\n",
                         __func__, info->name.data, (int) info->type, ggml_type_name(info->type), ne, ggml_blck_size(info->type));
-                fclose(file);
                 gguf_free(ctx);
                 return NULL;
             }
@@ -6929,7 +6945,6 @@ struct gguf_context * gguf_init_from_file(const char * fname, struct gguf_init_p
         *params.ctx = ggml_init(pdata);
         if (*params.ctx == NULL) {
             fprintf(stderr, "%s: failed to initialize context\n", __func__);
-            fclose(file);
             gguf_free(ctx);
             return NULL;
         }
@@ -6948,7 +6963,6 @@ struct gguf_context * gguf_init_from_file(const char * fname, struct gguf_init_p
 
             if (!ok) {
                 fprintf(stderr, "%s: failed to read tensor data\n", __func__);
-                fclose(file);
                 ggml_free(ctx_data);
                 gguf_free(ctx);
                 return NULL;
@@ -6987,7 +7001,6 @@ struct gguf_context * gguf_init_from_file(const char * fname, struct gguf_init_p
 
         if (!ok) {
             fprintf(stderr, "%s: failed to read the tensor data\n", __func__);
-            fclose(file);
             ggml_free(ctx_data);
             gguf_free(ctx);
             return NULL;
@@ -6996,11 +7009,21 @@ struct gguf_context * gguf_init_from_file(const char * fname, struct gguf_init_p
         ggml_set_no_alloc(ctx_data, params.no_alloc);
     }
 
-    fclose(file);
-
     return ctx;
 }
 
+struct gguf_context * gguf_init_from_file(const char * fname, struct gguf_init_params params) {
+    FILE * file = ggml_fopen(fname, "rb");
+    if (!file) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s: failed to open '%s': '%s'\n", __func__, fname, strerror(errno));
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    struct gguf_context * result = gguf_init_from_file_impl(file, params);
+    fclose(file);
+    return result;
+}
+
 void gguf_free(struct gguf_context * ctx) {
     if (ctx == NULL) {
         return;
@@ -7460,13 +7483,7 @@ void gguf_set_tensor_data(struct gguf_context * ctx, const char * name, const vo
 //    fwrite(val, sizeof(char), size, file);
 //}
 
-struct gguf_buf {
-    void * data;
-    size_t size;
-    size_t offset;
-};
-
-static struct gguf_buf gguf_buf_init(size_t size) {
+struct gguf_buf gguf_buf_init(size_t size) {
     struct gguf_buf buf = {
         /*buf.data   =*/ size == 0 ? NULL : GGML_CALLOC(1, size),
         /*buf.size   =*/ size,
@@ -7476,7 +7493,7 @@ static struct gguf_buf gguf_buf_init(size_t size) {
     return buf;
 }
 
-static void gguf_buf_free(struct gguf_buf buf) {
+void gguf_buf_free(struct gguf_buf buf) {
     if (buf.data) {
         GGML_FREE(buf.data);
     }
@@ -7514,7 +7531,7 @@ static void gguf_bwrite_el(struct gguf_buf * buf, const void * val, size_t el_si
     buf->offset += el_size;
 }
 
-static void gguf_write_to_buf(const struct gguf_context * ctx, struct gguf_buf * buf, bool only_meta) {
+void gguf_write_to_buf(const struct gguf_context * ctx, struct gguf_buf * buf, bool only_meta) {
     // write header
     gguf_bwrite_el(buf, &ctx->header.magic,     sizeof(ctx->header.magic));
     gguf_bwrite_el(buf, &ctx->header.version,   sizeof(ctx->header.version));
diff --git a/gguf-py/gguf/constants.py b/gguf-py/gguf/constants.py
index c2c7cad14..a40df974d 100644
--- a/gguf-py/gguf/constants.py
+++ b/gguf-py/gguf/constants.py
@@ -90,6 +90,7 @@ class Keys:
         VOCAB_SIZE                        = "{arch}.vocab_size"
         CONTEXT_LENGTH                    = "{arch}.context_length"
         EMBEDDING_LENGTH                  = "{arch}.embedding_length"
+        FEATURES_LENGTH                   = "{arch}.features_length"
         BLOCK_COUNT                       = "{arch}.block_count"
         LEADING_DENSE_BLOCK_COUNT         = "{arch}.leading_dense_block_count"
         FEED_FORWARD_LENGTH               = "{arch}.feed_forward_length"
@@ -122,6 +123,8 @@ class Keys:
         VALUE_LENGTH      = "{arch}.attention.value_length"
         LAYERNORM_EPS     = "{arch}.attention.layer_norm_epsilon"
         LAYERNORM_RMS_EPS = "{arch}.attention.layer_norm_rms_epsilon"
+        GROUPNORM_EPS     = "{arch}.attention.group_norm_epsilon"
+        GROUPNORM_GROUPS  = "{arch}.attention.group_norm_groups"
         CAUSAL            = "{arch}.attention.causal"
         Q_LORA_RANK       = "{arch}.attention.q_lora_rank"
         KV_LORA_RANK      = "{arch}.attention.kv_lora_rank"
@@ -155,6 +158,14 @@ class Keys:
     class WKV:
         HEAD_SIZE = "{arch}.wkv.head_size"
 
+    class PosNet:
+        EMBEDDING_LENGTH = "{arch}.posnet.embedding_length"
+        BLOCK_COUNT      = "{arch}.posnet.block_count"
+
+    class ConvNext:
+        EMBEDDING_LENGTH = "{arch}.convnext.embedding_length"
+        BLOCK_COUNT      = "{arch}.convnext.block_count"
+
     class Tokenizer:
         MODEL                = "tokenizer.ggml.model"
         PRE                  = "tokenizer.ggml.pre"
@@ -209,58 +220,59 @@ class GGUFType:
 
 
 class MODEL_ARCH(IntEnum):
-    LLAMA        = auto()
-    FALCON       = auto()
-    BAICHUAN     = auto()
-    GROK         = auto()
-    GPT2         = auto()
-    GPTJ         = auto()
-    GPTNEOX      = auto()
-    MPT          = auto()
-    STARCODER    = auto()
-    REFACT       = auto()
-    BERT         = auto()
-    NOMIC_BERT   = auto()
-    JINA_BERT_V2 = auto()
-    BLOOM        = auto()
-    STABLELM     = auto()
-    QWEN         = auto()
-    QWEN2        = auto()
-    QWEN2MOE     = auto()
-    QWEN2VL      = auto()
-    PHI2         = auto()
-    PHI3         = auto()
-    PLAMO        = auto()
-    CODESHELL    = auto()
-    ORION        = auto()
-    INTERNLM2    = auto()
-    MINICPM      = auto()
-    MINICPM3     = auto()
-    GEMMA        = auto()
-    GEMMA2       = auto()
-    STARCODER2   = auto()
-    RWKV6        = auto()
-    MAMBA        = auto()
-    XVERSE       = auto()
-    COMMAND_R    = auto()
-    DBRX         = auto()
-    OLMO         = auto()
-    OLMO2        = auto()
-    OLMOE        = auto()
-    OPENELM      = auto()
-    ARCTIC       = auto()
-    DEEPSEEK     = auto()
-    DEEPSEEK2    = auto()
-    CHATGLM      = auto()
-    BITNET       = auto()
-    T5           = auto()
-    T5ENCODER    = auto()
-    JAIS         = auto()
-    NEMOTRON     = auto()
-    EXAONE       = auto()
-    GRANITE      = auto()
-    GRANITE_MOE  = auto()
-    CHAMELEON    = auto()
+    LLAMA            = auto()
+    FALCON           = auto()
+    BAICHUAN         = auto()
+    GROK             = auto()
+    GPT2             = auto()
+    GPTJ             = auto()
+    GPTNEOX          = auto()
+    MPT              = auto()
+    STARCODER        = auto()
+    REFACT           = auto()
+    BERT             = auto()
+    NOMIC_BERT       = auto()
+    JINA_BERT_V2     = auto()
+    BLOOM            = auto()
+    STABLELM         = auto()
+    QWEN             = auto()
+    QWEN2            = auto()
+    QWEN2MOE         = auto()
+    QWEN2VL          = auto()
+    PHI2             = auto()
+    PHI3             = auto()
+    PLAMO            = auto()
+    CODESHELL        = auto()
+    ORION            = auto()
+    INTERNLM2        = auto()
+    MINICPM          = auto()
+    MINICPM3         = auto()
+    GEMMA            = auto()
+    GEMMA2           = auto()
+    STARCODER2       = auto()
+    RWKV6            = auto()
+    MAMBA            = auto()
+    XVERSE           = auto()
+    COMMAND_R        = auto()
+    DBRX             = auto()
+    OLMO             = auto()
+    OLMO2            = auto()
+    OLMOE            = auto()
+    OPENELM          = auto()
+    ARCTIC           = auto()
+    DEEPSEEK         = auto()
+    DEEPSEEK2        = auto()
+    CHATGLM          = auto()
+    BITNET           = auto()
+    T5               = auto()
+    T5ENCODER        = auto()
+    JAIS             = auto()
+    NEMOTRON         = auto()
+    EXAONE           = auto()
+    GRANITE          = auto()
+    GRANITE_MOE      = auto()
+    CHAMELEON        = auto()
+    WAVTOKENIZER_DEC = auto()
 
 
 class MODEL_TENSOR(IntEnum):
@@ -370,61 +382,78 @@ class MODEL_TENSOR(IntEnum):
     ENC_OUTPUT_NORM      = auto()
     CLS                  = auto() # classifier
     CLS_OUT              = auto() # classifier output projection
+    CONV1D               = auto()
+    CONVNEXT_DW          = auto()
+    CONVNEXT_NORM        = auto()
+    CONVNEXT_PW1         = auto()
+    CONVNEXT_PW2         = auto()
+    CONVNEXT_GAMMA       = auto()
+    POSNET_CONV1         = auto()
+    POSNET_CONV2         = auto()
+    POSNET_NORM          = auto()
+    POSNET_NORM1         = auto()
+    POSNET_NORM2         = auto()
+    POSNET_ATTN_NORM     = auto()
+    POSNET_ATTN_Q        = auto()
+    POSNET_ATTN_K        = auto()
+    POSNET_ATTN_V        = auto()
+    POSNET_ATTN_OUT      = auto()
 
 
 MODEL_ARCH_NAMES: dict[MODEL_ARCH, str] = {
-    MODEL_ARCH.LLAMA:          "llama",
-    MODEL_ARCH.FALCON:         "falcon",
-    MODEL_ARCH.BAICHUAN:       "baichuan",
-    MODEL_ARCH.GROK:           "grok",
-    MODEL_ARCH.GPT2:           "gpt2",
-    MODEL_ARCH.GPTJ:           "gptj",
-    MODEL_ARCH.GPTNEOX:        "gptneox",
-    MODEL_ARCH.MPT:            "mpt",
-    MODEL_ARCH.STARCODER:      "starcoder",
-    MODEL_ARCH.REFACT:         "refact",
-    MODEL_ARCH.BERT:           "bert",
-    MODEL_ARCH.NOMIC_BERT:     "nomic-bert",
-    MODEL_ARCH.JINA_BERT_V2:   "jina-bert-v2",
-    MODEL_ARCH.BLOOM:          "bloom",
-    MODEL_ARCH.STABLELM:       "stablelm",
-    MODEL_ARCH.QWEN:           "qwen",
-    MODEL_ARCH.QWEN2:          "qwen2",
-    MODEL_ARCH.QWEN2MOE:       "qwen2moe",
-    MODEL_ARCH.QWEN2VL:        "qwen2vl",
-    MODEL_ARCH.PHI2:           "phi2",
-    MODEL_ARCH.PHI3:           "phi3",
-    MODEL_ARCH.PLAMO:          "plamo",
-    MODEL_ARCH.CODESHELL:      "codeshell",
-    MODEL_ARCH.ORION:          "orion",
-    MODEL_ARCH.INTERNLM2:      "internlm2",
-    MODEL_ARCH.MINICPM:        "minicpm",
-    MODEL_ARCH.MINICPM3:       "minicpm3",
-    MODEL_ARCH.GEMMA:          "gemma",
-    MODEL_ARCH.GEMMA2:         "gemma2",
-    MODEL_ARCH.STARCODER2:     "starcoder2",
-    MODEL_ARCH.RWKV6:          "rwkv6",
-    MODEL_ARCH.MAMBA:          "mamba",
-    MODEL_ARCH.XVERSE:         "xverse",
-    MODEL_ARCH.COMMAND_R:      "command-r",
-    MODEL_ARCH.DBRX:           "dbrx",
-    MODEL_ARCH.OLMO:           "olmo",
-    MODEL_ARCH.OLMO2:          "olmo2",
-    MODEL_ARCH.OLMOE:          "olmoe",
-    MODEL_ARCH.OPENELM:        "openelm",
-    MODEL_ARCH.ARCTIC:         "arctic",
-    MODEL_ARCH.DEEPSEEK:       "deepseek",
-    MODEL_ARCH.DEEPSEEK2:      "deepseek2",
-    MODEL_ARCH.CHATGLM:        "chatglm",
-    MODEL_ARCH.BITNET:         "bitnet",
-    MODEL_ARCH.T5:             "t5",
-    MODEL_ARCH.T5ENCODER:      "t5encoder",
-    MODEL_ARCH.JAIS:           "jais",
-    MODEL_ARCH.NEMOTRON:       "nemotron",
-    MODEL_ARCH.EXAONE:         "exaone",
-    MODEL_ARCH.GRANITE:        "granite",
-    MODEL_ARCH.GRANITE_MOE:    "granitemoe",
-    MODEL_ARCH.CHAMELEON:      "chameleon",
+    MODEL_ARCH.LLAMA:            "llama",
+    MODEL_ARCH.FALCON:           "falcon",
+    MODEL_ARCH.BAICHUAN:         "baichuan",
+    MODEL_ARCH.GROK:             "grok",
+    MODEL_ARCH.GPT2:             "gpt2",
+    MODEL_ARCH.GPTJ:             "gptj",
+    MODEL_ARCH.GPTNEOX:          "gptneox",
+    MODEL_ARCH.MPT:              "mpt",
+    MODEL_ARCH.STARCODER:        "starcoder",
+    MODEL_ARCH.REFACT:           "refact",
+    MODEL_ARCH.BERT:             "bert",
+    MODEL_ARCH.NOMIC_BERT:       "nomic-bert",
+    MODEL_ARCH.JINA_BERT_V2:     "jina-bert-v2",
+    MODEL_ARCH.BLOOM:            "bloom",
+    MODEL_ARCH.STABLELM:         "stablelm",
+    MODEL_ARCH.QWEN:             "qwen",
+    MODEL_ARCH.QWEN2:            "qwen2",
+    MODEL_ARCH.QWEN2MOE:         "qwen2moe",
+    MODEL_ARCH.QWEN2VL:          "qwen2vl",
+    MODEL_ARCH.PHI2:             "phi2",
+    MODEL_ARCH.PHI3:             "phi3",
+    MODEL_ARCH.PLAMO:            "plamo",
+    MODEL_ARCH.CODESHELL:        "codeshell",
+    MODEL_ARCH.ORION:            "orion",
+    MODEL_ARCH.INTERNLM2:        "internlm2",
+    MODEL_ARCH.MINICPM:          "minicpm",
+    MODEL_ARCH.MINICPM3:         "minicpm3",
+    MODEL_ARCH.GEMMA:            "gemma",
+    MODEL_ARCH.GEMMA2:           "gemma2",
+    MODEL_ARCH.STARCODER2:       "starcoder2",
+    MODEL_ARCH.RWKV6:            "rwkv6",
+    MODEL_ARCH.MAMBA:            "mamba",
+    MODEL_ARCH.XVERSE:           "xverse",
+    MODEL_ARCH.COMMAND_R:        "command-r",
+    MODEL_ARCH.DBRX:             "dbrx",
+    MODEL_ARCH.OLMO:             "olmo",
+    MODEL_ARCH.OLMO2:            "olmo2",
+    MODEL_ARCH.OLMOE:            "olmoe",
+    MODEL_ARCH.OPENELM:          "openelm",
+    MODEL_ARCH.ARCTIC:           "arctic",
+    MODEL_ARCH.DEEPSEEK:         "deepseek",
+    MODEL_ARCH.DEEPSEEK2:        "deepseek2",
+    MODEL_ARCH.CHATGLM:          "chatglm",
+    MODEL_ARCH.BITNET:           "bitnet",
+    MODEL_ARCH.T5:               "t5",
+    MODEL_ARCH.T5ENCODER:        "t5encoder",
+    MODEL_ARCH.JAIS:             "jais",
+    MODEL_ARCH.NEMOTRON:         "nemotron",
+    MODEL_ARCH.EXAONE:           "exaone",
+    MODEL_ARCH.GRANITE:          "granite",
+    MODEL_ARCH.GRANITE_MOE:      "granitemoe",
+    MODEL_ARCH.CHAMELEON:        "chameleon",
+    MODEL_ARCH.WAVTOKENIZER_DEC: "wavtokenizer-dec",
 }
 
 TENSOR_NAMES: dict[MODEL_TENSOR, str] = {
@@ -534,6 +563,22 @@ TENSOR_NAMES: dict[MODEL_TENSOR, str] = {
     MODEL_TENSOR.ENC_OUTPUT_NORM:           "enc.output_norm",
     MODEL_TENSOR.CLS:                       "cls",
     MODEL_TENSOR.CLS_OUT:                   "cls.output",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.CONV1D:                    "conv1d",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.CONVNEXT_DW:               "convnext.{bid}.dw",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.CONVNEXT_NORM:             "convnext.{bid}.norm",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.CONVNEXT_PW1:              "convnext.{bid}.pw1",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.CONVNEXT_PW2:              "convnext.{bid}.pw2",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.CONVNEXT_GAMMA:            "convnext.{bid}.gamma",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.POSNET_CONV1:              "posnet.{bid}.conv1",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.POSNET_CONV2:              "posnet.{bid}.conv2",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.POSNET_NORM:               "posnet.{bid}.norm",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.POSNET_NORM1:              "posnet.{bid}.norm1",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.POSNET_NORM2:              "posnet.{bid}.norm2",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.POSNET_ATTN_NORM:          "posnet.{bid}.attn_norm",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.POSNET_ATTN_Q:             "posnet.{bid}.attn_q",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.POSNET_ATTN_K:             "posnet.{bid}.attn_k",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.POSNET_ATTN_V:             "posnet.{bid}.attn_v",
+    MODEL_TENSOR.POSNET_ATTN_OUT:           "posnet.{bid}.attn_output",
 }
 
 MODEL_TENSORS: dict[MODEL_ARCH, list[MODEL_TENSOR]] = {
@@ -1372,6 +1417,28 @@ MODEL_TENSORS: dict[MODEL_ARCH, list[MODEL_TENSOR]] = {
         MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_DOWN,
         MODEL_TENSOR.FFN_UP,
     ],
+    MODEL_ARCH.WAVTOKENIZER_DEC: [
+        MODEL_TENSOR.TOKEN_EMBD,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.TOKEN_EMBD_NORM,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.CONV1D,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.CONVNEXT_DW,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.CONVNEXT_NORM,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.CONVNEXT_PW1,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.CONVNEXT_PW2,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.CONVNEXT_GAMMA,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.OUTPUT,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.OUTPUT_NORM,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.POSNET_CONV1,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.POSNET_CONV2,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.POSNET_NORM,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.POSNET_NORM1,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.POSNET_NORM2,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.POSNET_ATTN_NORM,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.POSNET_ATTN_Q,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.POSNET_ATTN_K,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.POSNET_ATTN_V,
+        MODEL_TENSOR.POSNET_ATTN_OUT,
+    ],
     # TODO
 }
 
diff --git a/gguf-py/gguf/gguf_writer.py b/gguf-py/gguf/gguf_writer.py
index 65a64e10d..3023b539a 100644
--- a/gguf-py/gguf/gguf_writer.py
+++ b/gguf-py/gguf/gguf_writer.py
@@ -631,6 +631,21 @@ class GGUFWriter:
     def add_embedding_length(self, length: int) -> None:
         self.add_uint32(Keys.LLM.EMBEDDING_LENGTH.format(arch=self.arch), length)
 
+    def add_features_length(self, length: int) -> None:
+        self.add_uint32(Keys.LLM.FEATURES_LENGTH.format(arch=self.arch), length)
+
+    def add_posnet_embedding_length(self, length: int) -> None:
+        self.add_uint32(Keys.PosNet.EMBEDDING_LENGTH.format(arch=self.arch), length)
+
+    def add_posnet_block_count(self, length: int) -> None:
+        self.add_uint32(Keys.PosNet.BLOCK_COUNT.format(arch=self.arch), length)
+
+    def add_convnext_embedding_length(self, length: int) -> None:
+        self.add_uint32(Keys.ConvNext.EMBEDDING_LENGTH.format(arch=self.arch), length)
+
+    def add_convnext_block_count(self, length: int) -> None:
+        self.add_uint32(Keys.ConvNext.BLOCK_COUNT.format(arch=self.arch), length)
+
     def add_block_count(self, length: int) -> None:
         self.add_uint32(Keys.LLM.BLOCK_COUNT.format(arch=self.arch), length)
 
@@ -727,6 +742,12 @@ class GGUFWriter:
     def add_layer_norm_rms_eps(self, value: float) -> None:
         self.add_float32(Keys.Attention.LAYERNORM_RMS_EPS.format(arch=self.arch), value)
 
+    def add_group_norm_eps(self, value: float) -> None:
+        self.add_float32(Keys.Attention.GROUPNORM_EPS.format(arch=self.arch), value)
+
+    def add_group_norm_groups(self, value: int) -> None:
+        self.add_uint32(Keys.Attention.GROUPNORM_GROUPS.format(arch=self.arch), value)
+
     def add_causal_attention(self, value: bool) -> None:
         self.add_bool(Keys.Attention.CAUSAL.format(arch=self.arch), value)
 
diff --git a/gguf-py/gguf/tensor_mapping.py b/gguf-py/gguf/tensor_mapping.py
index 573d0282e..82cdb121a 100644
--- a/gguf-py/gguf/tensor_mapping.py
+++ b/gguf-py/gguf/tensor_mapping.py
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ class TensorNameMap:
             "emb_ln",                     # nomic-bert
             "transformer.norm",           # openelm
             "rwkv.blocks.0.pre_ln",       # rwkv
+            "backbone.norm",              # wavtokenizer
         ),
 
         # Position embeddings
@@ -60,6 +61,7 @@ class TensorNameMap:
             "lm_head.linear",            # phi2
             "output_layer",              # chatglm
             "head",                      # rwkv
+            "head.out",                  # wavtokenizer
         ),
 
         # Output norm
@@ -80,6 +82,7 @@ class TensorNameMap:
             "transformer.norm",                        # openelm
             "model.norm",                              # nemotron
             "rwkv.ln_out",                             # rwkv
+            "backbone.final_layer_norm",               # wavtokenizer
         ),
 
         # Rope frequencies
@@ -90,6 +93,10 @@ class TensorNameMap:
 
         MODEL_TENSOR.ROPE_FACTORS_LONG: (),
         MODEL_TENSOR.ROPE_FACTORS_SHORT: (),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.CONV1D: (
+            "backbone.embed", # roberta
+        ),
     }
 
     block_mappings_cfg: dict[MODEL_TENSOR, tuple[str, ...]] = {
@@ -681,6 +688,8 @@ class TensorNameMap:
             "encoder.block.{bid}.layer.1.DenseReluDense.wo", # t5
         ),
 
+        ############################################################################
+        # TODO: these do not belong to block_mappings_cfg - move them to mappings_cfg
         MODEL_TENSOR.ENC_OUTPUT_NORM: (
             "encoder.final_layer_norm", # t5
         ),
@@ -693,6 +702,67 @@ class TensorNameMap:
         MODEL_TENSOR.CLS_OUT: (
             "classifier.out_proj", # roberta
         ),
+        #############################################################################
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.CONVNEXT_DW: (
+            "backbone.convnext.{bid}.dwconv", # wavtokenizer
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.CONVNEXT_NORM: (
+            "backbone.convnext.{bid}.norm", # wavtokenizer
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.CONVNEXT_PW1: (
+            "backbone.convnext.{bid}.pwconv1", # wavtokenizer
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.CONVNEXT_PW2: (
+            "backbone.convnext.{bid}.pwconv2", # wavtokenizer
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.CONVNEXT_GAMMA: (
+            "backbone.convnext.{bid}.gamma", # wavtokenizer
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.POSNET_CONV1: (
+            "backbone.posnet.{bid}.conv1", # wavtokenizer
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.POSNET_CONV2: (
+            "backbone.posnet.{bid}.conv2", # wavtokenizer
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.POSNET_NORM: (
+            "backbone.posnet.{bid}.norm", # wavtokenizer
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.POSNET_NORM1: (
+            "backbone.posnet.{bid}.norm1", # wavtokenizer
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.POSNET_NORM2: (
+            "backbone.posnet.{bid}.norm2", # wavtokenizer
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.POSNET_ATTN_NORM: (
+            "backbone.posnet.{bid}.norm", # wavtokenizer
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.POSNET_ATTN_Q: (
+            "backbone.posnet.{bid}.q", # wavtokenizer
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.POSNET_ATTN_K: (
+            "backbone.posnet.{bid}.k", # wavtokenizer
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.POSNET_ATTN_V: (
+            "backbone.posnet.{bid}.v", # wavtokenizer
+        ),
+
+        MODEL_TENSOR.POSNET_ATTN_OUT: (
+            "backbone.posnet.{bid}.proj_out", # wavtokenizer
+        ),
     }
 
     # architecture-specific block mappings
diff --git a/gguf-py/tests/test_quants.py b/gguf-py/tests/test_quants.py
index 762067814..f04d5acce 100755
--- a/gguf-py/tests/test_quants.py
+++ b/gguf-py/tests/test_quants.py
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ def compare_tensors(t1: np.ndarray, t2: np.ndarray, qtype: GGMLQuantizationType)
         logger.debug(f"Sample bad block ({diff_bits[bad_block_id]} differing bits):\n{t1[bad_block_id]}\nReference:\n{t2[bad_block_id]}")
 
         sum_diff_bits = np.sum(diff_bits)
-        logger.debug(f"{sum_diff_bits} bits differ ({100 * sum_diff_bits/(x.size * 8):.6f}%)")
+        logger.debug(f"{sum_diff_bits} bits differ ({100 * sum_diff_bits / (x.size * 8):.6f}%)")
         return False
 
 
diff --git a/include/llama.h b/include/llama.h
index c67988a33..a4abf395b 100644
--- a/include/llama.h
+++ b/include/llama.h
@@ -482,9 +482,6 @@ extern "C" {
     // Returns the total number of parameters in the model
     LLAMA_API uint64_t llama_model_n_params(const struct llama_model * model);
 
-    // Get a llama model tensor
-    LLAMA_API struct ggml_tensor * llama_get_model_tensor(struct llama_model * model, const char * name);
-
     // Returns true if the model contains an encoder that requires llama_encode() call
     LLAMA_API bool llama_model_has_encoder(const struct llama_model * model);
 
@@ -1139,16 +1136,12 @@ extern "C" {
                           const char * grammar_str,
                           const char * grammar_root);
 
+    /// NOTE: Avoid using on the full vocabulary as searching for repeated tokens can become slow. For example, apply top-k or top-p sampling first.
     LLAMA_API struct llama_sampler * llama_sampler_init_penalties(
-                             int32_t   n_vocab,         // llama_n_vocab()
-                         llama_token   special_eos_id,  // llama_token_eos()
-                         llama_token   linefeed_id,     // llama_token_nl()
-                             int32_t   penalty_last_n,  // last n tokens to penalize (0 = disable penalty, -1 = context size)
-                               float   penalty_repeat,  // 1.0 = disabled
-                               float   penalty_freq,    // 0.0 = disabled
-                               float   penalty_present, // 0.0 = disabled
-                                bool   penalize_nl,     // consider newlines as a repeatable token
-                                bool   ignore_eos);     // ignore the end-of-sequence token
+                             int32_t   penalty_last_n,   // last n tokens to penalize (0 = disable penalty, -1 = context size)
+                               float   penalty_repeat,   // 1.0 = disabled
+                               float   penalty_freq,     // 0.0 = disabled
+                               float   penalty_present); // 0.0 = disabled
 
     ///  @details DRY sampler, designed by p-e-w, as described in: https://github.com/oobabooga/text-generation-webui/pull/5677, porting Koboldcpp implementation authored by pi6am: https://github.com/LostRuins/koboldcpp/pull/982
     LLAMA_API struct llama_sampler *    llama_sampler_init_dry(
diff --git a/scripts/sync-ggml.last b/scripts/sync-ggml.last
index 47eae44f7..b4ac38bbf 100644
--- a/scripts/sync-ggml.last
+++ b/scripts/sync-ggml.last
@@ -1 +1 @@
-74d66b63eaf207a24f3e93bb922aba131cbf2906
+e6d93f40dffe8733d5d72f1d8fa6b3ca27ae899f
diff --git a/src/llama-sampling.cpp b/src/llama-sampling.cpp
index fd8ca8a9e..bebff77cf 100644
--- a/src/llama-sampling.cpp
+++ b/src/llama-sampling.cpp
@@ -1396,19 +1396,15 @@ struct llama_sampler * llama_sampler_init_grammar_impl(const struct llama_vocab
 // penalties
 
 struct llama_sampler_penalties {
-    const int32_t     n_vocab;
-    const llama_token special_eos_id;
-    const llama_token linefeed_id;
-
     const int32_t penalty_last_n;
     const float   penalty_repeat;
     const float   penalty_freq;
     const float   penalty_present;
 
-    const bool    penalize_nl;
-    const bool    ignore_eos;
-
     ring_buffer<llama_token> prev;
+
+    // a frequency map to count token occurrences
+    std::unordered_map<llama_token, int> token_count;
 };
 
 static const char * llama_sampler_penalties_name(const struct llama_sampler * /*smpl*/) {
@@ -1421,76 +1417,50 @@ static void llama_sampler_penalties_accept(struct llama_sampler * smpl, llama_to
         return;
     }
 
+    ctx->token_count[token]++;
+
+    // if the ring buffer is full, remove the oldest token
+    if (ctx->prev.size() >= (size_t) ctx->penalty_last_n) {
+        const auto old = ctx->prev.front();
+
+        ctx->token_count[old]--;
+        if (ctx->token_count[old] == 0) {
+            ctx->token_count.erase(old);
+        }
+    }
+
     ctx->prev.push_back(token);
+
+#if 0
+    // sanity check
+    std::unordered_map<llama_token, int> tmp;
+    for (int i = 0; i < std::min<int>(ctx->penalty_last_n, ctx->prev.size()); ++i) {
+        tmp[ctx->prev.rat(i)]++;
+    }
+
+    assert(ctx->token_count == tmp);
+#endif
 }
 
 static void llama_sampler_penalties_apply(struct llama_sampler * smpl, llama_token_data_array * cur_p) {
     auto * ctx = (llama_sampler_penalties *) smpl->ctx;
 
-    if (ctx->ignore_eos) {
-        assert(ctx->special_eos_id >= 0);
-
-        // optimistically check if the candidates are not yet sorted/shuffled/truncated
-        if (cur_p->size > (size_t) ctx->special_eos_id && cur_p->data[ctx->special_eos_id].id == ctx->special_eos_id) {
-            cur_p->data[ctx->special_eos_id].logit = -INFINITY;
-        } else {
-            // else, search for the special EOS token
-            for (size_t i = 0; i < cur_p->size; ++i) {
-                if (cur_p->data[i].id == ctx->special_eos_id) {
-                    cur_p->data[i].logit = -INFINITY;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     if ((ctx->penalty_last_n == 0) ||
         (ctx->penalty_repeat == 1.0f && ctx->penalty_freq == 0.0f && ctx->penalty_present == 0.0f)) {
         return;
     }
 
-    bool nl_found = false;
-    size_t nl_idx = 0;
-    float nl_logit = -INFINITY;
-    if (!ctx->penalize_nl) {
-        assert(ctx->linefeed_id >= 0);
-
-        // optimistically check if the candidates are not yet sorted/shuffled/truncated
-        if (cur_p->size > (size_t) ctx->linefeed_id && cur_p->data[ctx->linefeed_id].id == ctx->linefeed_id) {
-            nl_found = true;
-            nl_idx = ctx->linefeed_id;
-            nl_logit = cur_p->data[ctx->linefeed_id].logit;
-        } else {
-            // else, search for the linefeed token
-            for (size_t i = 0; i < cur_p->size; ++i) {
-                if (cur_p->data[i].id == ctx->linefeed_id) {
-                    nl_found = true;
-                    nl_idx = i;
-                    nl_logit = cur_p->data[i].logit;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Create a frequency map to count occurrences of each token in last_tokens
-    // TODO: optimize this by maintaining the token count in the sampler context
-    using llama_token_cnt = std::unordered_map<llama_token, int>;
-    llama_token_cnt token_count;
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < std::min<int>(ctx->penalty_last_n, ctx->prev.size()); ++i) {
-        token_count[ctx->prev.rat(i)]++;
-    }
-
     // Apply frequency and presence penalties to the cur_p
     for (size_t i = 0; i < cur_p->size; ++i) {
-        const auto token_iter = token_count.find(cur_p->data[i].id);
-        if (token_iter == token_count.end()) {
+        const auto token_iter = ctx->token_count.find(cur_p->data[i].id);
+        if (token_iter == ctx->token_count.end()) {
             continue;
         }
 
         const int count = token_iter->second;
 
+        assert(count > 0 && count <= ctx->penalty_last_n);
+
         // The academic publication that described this technique actually just only divided, but that would cause tokens with negative logits to become more likely, which is obviously wrong.
         // This is common fix for this problem, which is to multiply by the penalty instead of dividing.
         if (cur_p->data[i].logit <= 0) {
@@ -1503,30 +1473,21 @@ static void llama_sampler_penalties_apply(struct llama_sampler * smpl, llama_tok
     }
 
     cur_p->sorted = false;
-
-    if (!ctx->penalize_nl && nl_found) {
-        // restore the logit of the newline token if it was penalized
-        cur_p->data[nl_idx].logit = nl_logit;
-    }
 }
 
 static void llama_sampler_penalties_reset(struct llama_sampler * smpl) {
     auto * ctx = (llama_sampler_penalties *) smpl->ctx;
     ctx->prev.clear();
+    ctx->token_count.clear();
 }
 
 static struct llama_sampler * llama_sampler_penalties_clone(const struct llama_sampler * smpl) {
     const auto * ctx = (const llama_sampler_penalties *) smpl->ctx;
     auto * result = llama_sampler_init_penalties(
-            ctx->n_vocab,
-            ctx->special_eos_id,
-            ctx->linefeed_id,
             ctx->penalty_last_n,
             ctx->penalty_repeat,
             ctx->penalty_freq,
-            ctx->penalty_present,
-            ctx->penalize_nl,
-            ctx->ignore_eos);
+            ctx->penalty_present);
 
     // copy the state
     {
@@ -1552,38 +1513,21 @@ static struct llama_sampler_i llama_sampler_penalties_i = {
 };
 
 struct llama_sampler * llama_sampler_init_penalties(
-        int32_t n_vocab,
-        llama_token special_eos_id,
-        llama_token linefeed_id,
         int32_t penalty_last_n,
         float penalty_repeat,
         float penalty_freq,
-        float penalty_present,
-        bool penalize_nl,
-        bool ignore_eos) {
-    if (linefeed_id == LLAMA_TOKEN_NULL) {
-        penalize_nl = true;
-    }
-
-    if (special_eos_id == LLAMA_TOKEN_NULL) {
-        ignore_eos = false;
-    }
-
+        float penalty_present) {
     penalty_last_n = std::max(penalty_last_n, 0);
 
     return new llama_sampler {
         /* .iface = */ &llama_sampler_penalties_i,
         /* .ctx   = */ new llama_sampler_penalties {
-            /* .n_vocab         = */ n_vocab,
-            /* .special_eos_id  = */ special_eos_id,
-            /* .linefeed_id     = */ linefeed_id,
             /* .penalty_last_n  = */ penalty_last_n,
             /* .penalty_repeat  = */ penalty_repeat,
             /* .penalty_freq    = */ penalty_freq,
             /* .penalty_present = */ penalty_present,
-            /* .penalize_nl     = */ penalize_nl,
-            /* .ignore_eos      = */ ignore_eos,
             /* .prev            = */ ring_buffer<llama_token>(penalty_last_n),
+            /* .token_count     = */ {},
         },
     };
 }
@@ -1611,7 +1555,8 @@ static void get_overlapping_token_sequences(const llama_vocab & vocab, const std
         if (word.find(str) != std::string::npos) {
             token_sequences.emplace(token_id, std::vector<llama_token>());
         } else {
-            size_t word_len = word.size(), str_len = str.size();
+            size_t word_len = word.size();
+            size_t str_len = str.size();
             size_t pos = -1;
             while ((pos = word.find(str[0], pos + 1)) != std::string::npos) {
                 bool match = true;
diff --git a/src/llama-vocab.cpp b/src/llama-vocab.cpp
index 8c9aaf5a0..7f2725f94 100644
--- a/src/llama-vocab.cpp
+++ b/src/llama-vocab.cpp
@@ -738,7 +738,7 @@ struct llm_tokenizer_wpm_session {
         std::vector<std::string> words(1, "");
 
         for (const uint32_t cpt : cpts_nfd) {
-            const auto flags = unicode_cpt_flags(cpt);
+            const auto flags = unicode_cpt_flags_from_cpt(cpt);
 
             if (flags.is_whitespace) {
                 if (words.back().size()) {  // finish previous word if any
@@ -1867,6 +1867,10 @@ int32_t llama_detokenize_impl(
                          int32_t   text_len_max,
                             bool   remove_special,
                             bool   unparse_special) {
+    if (vocab.type == LLAMA_VOCAB_TYPE_NONE) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
     GGML_ASSERT(vocab.tokenizer && "Tokenizer not initialized. Call llama_vocab::init_tokenizer() first.");
 
     int32_t avail = text_len_max;
diff --git a/src/llama.cpp b/src/llama.cpp
index 8b799e0eb..94160d534 100644
--- a/src/llama.cpp
+++ b/src/llama.cpp
@@ -197,63 +197,65 @@ enum llm_arch {
     LLM_ARCH_GRANITE,
     LLM_ARCH_GRANITE_MOE,
     LLM_ARCH_CHAMELEON,
+    LLM_ARCH_WAVTOKENIZER_DEC,
     LLM_ARCH_UNKNOWN,
 };
 
 static const std::map<llm_arch, const char *> LLM_ARCH_NAMES = {
-    { LLM_ARCH_LLAMA,           "llama"        },
-    { LLM_ARCH_FALCON,          "falcon"       },
-    { LLM_ARCH_GROK,            "grok"         },
-    { LLM_ARCH_GPT2,            "gpt2"         },
-    { LLM_ARCH_GPTJ,            "gptj"         },
-    { LLM_ARCH_GPTNEOX,         "gptneox"      },
-    { LLM_ARCH_MPT,             "mpt"          },
-    { LLM_ARCH_BAICHUAN,        "baichuan"     },
-    { LLM_ARCH_STARCODER,       "starcoder"    },
-    { LLM_ARCH_REFACT,          "refact"       },
-    { LLM_ARCH_BERT,            "bert"         },
-    { LLM_ARCH_NOMIC_BERT,      "nomic-bert"   },
-    { LLM_ARCH_JINA_BERT_V2,    "jina-bert-v2" },
-    { LLM_ARCH_BLOOM,           "bloom"        },
-    { LLM_ARCH_STABLELM,        "stablelm"     },
-    { LLM_ARCH_QWEN,            "qwen"         },
-    { LLM_ARCH_QWEN2,           "qwen2"        },
-    { LLM_ARCH_QWEN2MOE,        "qwen2moe"     },
-    { LLM_ARCH_QWEN2VL,         "qwen2vl"      },
-    { LLM_ARCH_PHI2,            "phi2"         },
-    { LLM_ARCH_PHI3,            "phi3"         },
-    { LLM_ARCH_PLAMO,           "plamo"        },
-    { LLM_ARCH_CODESHELL,       "codeshell"    },
-    { LLM_ARCH_ORION,           "orion"        },
-    { LLM_ARCH_INTERNLM2,       "internlm2"    },
-    { LLM_ARCH_MINICPM,         "minicpm"      },
-    { LLM_ARCH_MINICPM3,        "minicpm3"     },
-    { LLM_ARCH_GEMMA,           "gemma"        },
-    { LLM_ARCH_GEMMA2,          "gemma2"       },
-    { LLM_ARCH_STARCODER2,      "starcoder2"   },
-    { LLM_ARCH_MAMBA,           "mamba"        },
-    { LLM_ARCH_XVERSE,          "xverse"       },
-    { LLM_ARCH_COMMAND_R,       "command-r"    },
-    { LLM_ARCH_DBRX,            "dbrx"         },
-    { LLM_ARCH_OLMO,            "olmo"         },
-    { LLM_ARCH_OLMO2,           "olmo2"        },
-    { LLM_ARCH_OLMOE,           "olmoe"        },
-    { LLM_ARCH_OPENELM,         "openelm"      },
-    { LLM_ARCH_ARCTIC,          "arctic"       },
-    { LLM_ARCH_DEEPSEEK,        "deepseek"     },
-    { LLM_ARCH_DEEPSEEK2,       "deepseek2"    },
-    { LLM_ARCH_CHATGLM,         "chatglm"      },
-    { LLM_ARCH_BITNET,          "bitnet"       },
-    { LLM_ARCH_T5,              "t5"           },
-    { LLM_ARCH_T5ENCODER,       "t5encoder"    },
-    { LLM_ARCH_JAIS,            "jais"         },
-    { LLM_ARCH_NEMOTRON,        "nemotron"     },
-    { LLM_ARCH_EXAONE,          "exaone"       },
-    { LLM_ARCH_RWKV6,           "rwkv6"        },
-    { LLM_ARCH_GRANITE,         "granite"      },
-    { LLM_ARCH_GRANITE_MOE,     "granitemoe"   },
-    { LLM_ARCH_CHAMELEON,       "chameleon"    },
-    { LLM_ARCH_UNKNOWN,         "(unknown)"    },
+    { LLM_ARCH_LLAMA,            "llama"            },
+    { LLM_ARCH_FALCON,           "falcon"           },
+    { LLM_ARCH_GROK,             "grok"             },
+    { LLM_ARCH_GPT2,             "gpt2"             },
+    { LLM_ARCH_GPTJ,             "gptj"             },
+    { LLM_ARCH_GPTNEOX,          "gptneox"          },
+    { LLM_ARCH_MPT,              "mpt"              },
+    { LLM_ARCH_BAICHUAN,         "baichuan"         },
+    { LLM_ARCH_STARCODER,        "starcoder"        },
+    { LLM_ARCH_REFACT,           "refact"           },
+    { LLM_ARCH_BERT,             "bert"             },
+    { LLM_ARCH_NOMIC_BERT,       "nomic-bert"       },
+    { LLM_ARCH_JINA_BERT_V2,     "jina-bert-v2"     },
+    { LLM_ARCH_BLOOM,            "bloom"            },
+    { LLM_ARCH_STABLELM,         "stablelm"         },
+    { LLM_ARCH_QWEN,             "qwen"             },
+    { LLM_ARCH_QWEN2,            "qwen2"            },
+    { LLM_ARCH_QWEN2MOE,         "qwen2moe"         },
+    { LLM_ARCH_QWEN2VL,          "qwen2vl"          },
+    { LLM_ARCH_PHI2,             "phi2"             },
+    { LLM_ARCH_PHI3,             "phi3"             },
+    { LLM_ARCH_PLAMO,            "plamo"            },
+    { LLM_ARCH_CODESHELL,        "codeshell"        },
+    { LLM_ARCH_ORION,            "orion"            },
+    { LLM_ARCH_INTERNLM2,        "internlm2"        },
+    { LLM_ARCH_MINICPM,          "minicpm"          },
+    { LLM_ARCH_MINICPM3,         "minicpm3"         },
+    { LLM_ARCH_GEMMA,            "gemma"            },
+    { LLM_ARCH_GEMMA2,           "gemma2"           },
+    { LLM_ARCH_STARCODER2,       "starcoder2"       },
+    { LLM_ARCH_MAMBA,            "mamba"            },
+    { LLM_ARCH_XVERSE,           "xverse"           },
+    { LLM_ARCH_COMMAND_R,        "command-r"        },
+    { LLM_ARCH_DBRX,             "dbrx"             },
+    { LLM_ARCH_OLMO,             "olmo"             },
+    { LLM_ARCH_OLMO2,            "olmo2"            },
+    { LLM_ARCH_OLMOE,            "olmoe"            },
+    { LLM_ARCH_OPENELM,          "openelm"          },
+    { LLM_ARCH_ARCTIC,           "arctic"           },
+    { LLM_ARCH_DEEPSEEK,         "deepseek"         },
+    { LLM_ARCH_DEEPSEEK2,        "deepseek2"        },
+    { LLM_ARCH_CHATGLM,          "chatglm"          },
+    { LLM_ARCH_BITNET,           "bitnet"           },
+    { LLM_ARCH_T5,               "t5"               },
+    { LLM_ARCH_T5ENCODER,        "t5encoder"        },
+    { LLM_ARCH_JAIS,             "jais"             },
+    { LLM_ARCH_NEMOTRON,         "nemotron"         },
+    { LLM_ARCH_EXAONE,           "exaone"           },
+    { LLM_ARCH_RWKV6,            "rwkv6"            },
+    { LLM_ARCH_GRANITE,          "granite"          },
+    { LLM_ARCH_GRANITE_MOE,      "granitemoe"       },
+    { LLM_ARCH_CHAMELEON,        "chameleon"        },
+    { LLM_ARCH_WAVTOKENIZER_DEC, "wavtokenizer-dec" },
+    { LLM_ARCH_UNKNOWN,          "(unknown)"        },
 };
 
 enum llm_kv {
@@ -273,6 +275,7 @@ enum llm_kv {
     LLM_KV_VOCAB_SIZE,
     LLM_KV_CONTEXT_LENGTH,
     LLM_KV_EMBEDDING_LENGTH,
+    LLM_KV_FEATURES_LENGTH,
     LLM_KV_BLOCK_COUNT,
     LLM_KV_LEADING_DENSE_BLOCK_COUNT,
     LLM_KV_FEED_FORWARD_LENGTH,
@@ -304,6 +307,8 @@ enum llm_kv {
     LLM_KV_ATTENTION_VALUE_LENGTH,
     LLM_KV_ATTENTION_LAYERNORM_EPS,
     LLM_KV_ATTENTION_LAYERNORM_RMS_EPS,
+    LLM_KV_ATTENTION_GROUPNORM_EPS,
+    LLM_KV_ATTENTION_GROUPNORM_GROUPS,
     LLM_KV_ATTENTION_CAUSAL,
     LLM_KV_ATTENTION_Q_LORA_RANK,
     LLM_KV_ATTENTION_KV_LORA_RANK,
@@ -367,6 +372,12 @@ enum llm_kv {
     LLM_KV_ADAPTER_TYPE,
     LLM_KV_ADAPTER_LORA_ALPHA,
 
+    LLM_KV_POSNET_EMBEDDING_LENGTH,
+    LLM_KV_POSNET_BLOCK_COUNT,
+
+    LLM_KV_CONVNEXT_EMBEDDING_LENGTH,
+    LLM_KV_CONVNEXT_BLOCK_COUNT,
+
     // deprecated:
     LLM_KV_TOKENIZER_PREFIX_ID,
     LLM_KV_TOKENIZER_SUFFIX_ID,
@@ -390,6 +401,7 @@ static const std::map<llm_kv, const char *> LLM_KV_NAMES = {
     { LLM_KV_VOCAB_SIZE,                        "%s.vocab_size"                        },
     { LLM_KV_CONTEXT_LENGTH,                    "%s.context_length"                    },
     { LLM_KV_EMBEDDING_LENGTH,                  "%s.embedding_length"                  },
+    { LLM_KV_FEATURES_LENGTH,                   "%s.features_length"                   },
     { LLM_KV_BLOCK_COUNT,                       "%s.block_count"                       },
     { LLM_KV_LEADING_DENSE_BLOCK_COUNT,         "%s.leading_dense_block_count"         },
     { LLM_KV_FEED_FORWARD_LENGTH,               "%s.feed_forward_length"               },
@@ -421,6 +433,8 @@ static const std::map<llm_kv, const char *> LLM_KV_NAMES = {
     { LLM_KV_ATTENTION_VALUE_LENGTH,           "%s.attention.value_length"           },
     { LLM_KV_ATTENTION_LAYERNORM_EPS,          "%s.attention.layer_norm_epsilon"     },
     { LLM_KV_ATTENTION_LAYERNORM_RMS_EPS,      "%s.attention.layer_norm_rms_epsilon" },
+    { LLM_KV_ATTENTION_GROUPNORM_EPS,          "%s.attention.group_norm_epsilon"     },
+    { LLM_KV_ATTENTION_GROUPNORM_GROUPS,       "%s.attention.group_norm_groups"      },
     { LLM_KV_ATTENTION_CAUSAL,                 "%s.attention.causal"                 },
     { LLM_KV_ATTENTION_Q_LORA_RANK,            "%s.attention.q_lora_rank"            },
     { LLM_KV_ATTENTION_KV_LORA_RANK,           "%s.attention.kv_lora_rank"           },
@@ -451,6 +465,12 @@ static const std::map<llm_kv, const char *> LLM_KV_NAMES = {
 
     { LLM_KV_WKV_HEAD_SIZE,                    "%s.wkv.head_size" },
 
+    { LLM_KV_POSNET_EMBEDDING_LENGTH,          "%s.posnet.embedding_length" },
+    { LLM_KV_POSNET_BLOCK_COUNT,               "%s.posnet.block_count"      },
+
+    { LLM_KV_CONVNEXT_EMBEDDING_LENGTH,        "%s.convnext.embedding_length" },
+    { LLM_KV_CONVNEXT_BLOCK_COUNT,             "%s.convnext.block_count"      },
+
     { LLM_KV_TOKENIZER_MODEL,                  "tokenizer.ggml.model"                    },
     { LLM_KV_TOKENIZER_PRE,                    "tokenizer.ggml.pre"                      },
     { LLM_KV_TOKENIZER_LIST,                   "tokenizer.ggml.tokens"                   },
@@ -609,6 +629,22 @@ enum llm_tensor {
     LLM_TENSOR_ENC_OUTPUT_NORM,
     LLM_TENSOR_CLS,
     LLM_TENSOR_CLS_OUT,
+    LLM_TENSOR_CONV1D,
+    LLM_TENSOR_CONVNEXT_DW,
+    LLM_TENSOR_CONVNEXT_NORM,
+    LLM_TENSOR_CONVNEXT_PW1,
+    LLM_TENSOR_CONVNEXT_PW2,
+    LLM_TENSOR_CONVNEXT_GAMMA,
+    LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_CONV1,
+    LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_CONV2,
+    LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_NORM,
+    LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_NORM1,
+    LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_NORM2,
+    LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_ATTN_NORM,
+    LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_ATTN_Q,
+    LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_ATTN_K,
+    LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_ATTN_V,
+    LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_ATTN_OUT,
 };
 
 static const std::map<llm_arch, std::map<llm_tensor, const char *>> LLM_TENSOR_NAMES = {
@@ -1593,6 +1629,31 @@ static const std::map<llm_arch, std::map<llm_tensor, const char *>> LLM_TENSOR_N
             { LLM_TENSOR_ATTN_K_NORM,     "blk.%d.attn_k_norm" },
         },
     },
+    {
+        LLM_ARCH_WAVTOKENIZER_DEC,
+        {
+            { LLM_TENSOR_TOKEN_EMBD,        "token_embd" },
+            { LLM_TENSOR_TOKEN_EMBD_NORM,   "token_embd_norm" },
+            { LLM_TENSOR_CONV1D,            "conv1d" },
+            { LLM_TENSOR_CONVNEXT_DW,       "convnext.%d.dw" },
+            { LLM_TENSOR_CONVNEXT_NORM,     "convnext.%d.norm" },
+            { LLM_TENSOR_CONVNEXT_PW1,      "convnext.%d.pw1" },
+            { LLM_TENSOR_CONVNEXT_PW2,      "convnext.%d.pw2" },
+            { LLM_TENSOR_CONVNEXT_GAMMA,    "convnext.%d.gamma" },
+            { LLM_TENSOR_OUTPUT_NORM,       "output_norm" },
+            { LLM_TENSOR_OUTPUT,            "output" },
+            { LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_CONV1,     "posnet.%d.conv1" },
+            { LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_CONV2,     "posnet.%d.conv2" },
+            { LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_NORM,      "posnet.%d.norm" },
+            { LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_NORM1,     "posnet.%d.norm1" },
+            { LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_NORM2,     "posnet.%d.norm2" },
+            { LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_ATTN_NORM, "posnet.%d.attn_norm" },
+            { LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_ATTN_Q,    "posnet.%d.attn_q" },
+            { LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_ATTN_K,    "posnet.%d.attn_k" },
+            { LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_ATTN_V,    "posnet.%d.attn_v" },
+            { LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_ATTN_OUT,  "posnet.%d.attn_output" },
+        },
+    },
     {
         LLM_ARCH_UNKNOWN,
         {
@@ -2483,15 +2544,26 @@ static const size_t kiB = 1024;
 static const size_t MiB = 1024*kiB;
 static const size_t GiB = 1024*MiB;
 
+struct llama_hparams_posnet {
+    uint32_t n_embd;
+    uint32_t n_layer;
+};
+
+struct llama_hparams_convnext {
+    uint32_t n_embd;
+    uint32_t n_layer;
+};
+
 struct llama_hparams {
     bool vocab_only;
     bool rope_finetuned;
     bool use_par_res;
     bool swin_norm;
 
-    uint32_t n_vocab;
+    uint32_t n_vocab = 0;
     uint32_t n_ctx_train; // context size the model was trained on
     uint32_t n_embd;
+    uint32_t n_embd_features = 0;
     uint32_t n_layer;
     uint32_t n_rot;
     uint32_t n_swa = 0; // sliding window attention (SWA)
@@ -2502,6 +2574,10 @@ struct llama_hparams {
     uint32_t n_vocab_type = 0; // for BERT-style token types
     uint32_t n_rel_attn_bkts = 0;
 
+    // for WavTokenizer
+    struct llama_hparams_posnet   posnet;
+    struct llama_hparams_convnext convnext;
+
     std::array<uint32_t, LLAMA_MAX_LAYERS> n_head_arr;
     std::array<uint32_t, LLAMA_MAX_LAYERS> n_head_kv_arr;
     std::array<uint32_t, LLAMA_MAX_LAYERS> n_ff_arr;
@@ -2516,6 +2592,9 @@ struct llama_hparams {
 
     float f_norm_eps;
     float f_norm_rms_eps;
+    float f_norm_group_eps;
+
+    uint32_t n_norm_groups;
 
     float f_attn_logit_softcapping = 50.0f;
     float f_final_logit_softcapping = 30.0f;
@@ -2561,66 +2640,6 @@ struct llama_hparams {
     enum llama_rope_type         rope_type               = LLAMA_ROPE_TYPE_NONE;
     enum llama_rope_scaling_type rope_scaling_type_train = LLAMA_ROPE_SCALING_TYPE_NONE;
 
-    bool operator!=(const llama_hparams & other) const {
-        if (this->vocab_only    != other.vocab_only)    return true;
-        if (this->n_vocab       != other.n_vocab)       return true;
-        if (this->n_ctx_train   != other.n_ctx_train)   return true;
-        if (this->n_embd        != other.n_embd)        return true;
-        if (this->n_layer       != other.n_layer)       return true;
-        if (this->n_rot         != other.n_rot)         return true;
-        if (this->n_swa         != other.n_swa)         return true;
-        if (this->n_embd_head_k != other.n_embd_head_k) return true;
-        if (this->n_embd_head_v != other.n_embd_head_v) return true;
-        if (this->n_expert      != other.n_expert)      return true;
-        if (this->n_expert_used != other.n_expert_used) return true;
-
-        if (this->n_head_arr    != other.n_head_arr)    return true;
-        if (this->n_head_kv_arr != other.n_head_kv_arr) return true;
-        if (this->n_ff_arr      != other.n_ff_arr)      return true;
-
-        if (this->n_rel_attn_bkts    != other.n_rel_attn_bkts)    return true;
-        if (this->n_layer_dense_lead != other.n_layer_dense_lead) return true;
-        if (this->n_lora_q           != other.n_lora_q)           return true;
-        if (this->n_lora_kv          != other.n_lora_kv)          return true;
-        if (this->n_ff_exp           != other.n_ff_exp)           return true;
-        if (this->n_ff_shexp         != other.n_ff_shexp)         return true;
-        if (this->n_expert_shared    != other.n_expert_shared)    return true;
-
-        if (this->rope_finetuned  != other.rope_finetuned)  return true;
-        if (this->n_ctx_orig_yarn != other.n_ctx_orig_yarn) return true;
-        if (std::equal(std::begin(this->rope_sections),
-                       std::end(this->rope_sections),
-                       std::begin(other.rope_sections)))    return true;
-
-        if (this->ssm_d_conv  != other.ssm_d_conv)  return true;
-        if (this->ssm_d_inner != other.ssm_d_inner) return true;
-        if (this->ssm_d_state != other.ssm_d_state) return true;
-        if (this->ssm_dt_rank != other.ssm_dt_rank) return true;
-        if (this->ssm_dt_b_c_rms != other.ssm_dt_b_c_rms) return true;
-
-        if (this->rescale_every_n_layers != other.rescale_every_n_layers) return true;
-        if (this->time_mix_extra_dim     != other.time_mix_extra_dim)     return true;
-        if (this->time_decay_extra_dim   != other.time_decay_extra_dim)   return true;
-        if (this->wkv_head_size          != other.wkv_head_size)          return true;
-
-        if (this->dec_start_token_id != other.dec_start_token_id) return true;
-
-        const float EPSILON = 1e-9f;
-
-        if (!is_float_close(this->f_norm_eps,            other.f_norm_eps,            EPSILON)) return true;
-        if (!is_float_close(this->f_norm_rms_eps,        other.f_norm_rms_eps,        EPSILON)) return true;
-        if (!is_float_close(this->rope_attn_factor,      other.rope_attn_factor,      EPSILON)) return true;
-        if (!is_float_close(this->rope_freq_base_train,  other.rope_freq_base_train,  EPSILON)) return true;
-        if (!is_float_close(this->rope_freq_scale_train, other.rope_freq_scale_train, EPSILON)) return true;
-        if (!is_float_close(this->expert_weights_scale,  other.expert_weights_scale,  EPSILON)) return true;
-        if (!is_float_close(this->rope_yarn_log_mul,     other.rope_yarn_log_mul,     EPSILON)) return true;
-        if (!is_float_close(this->f_residual_scale,      other.f_residual_scale,      EPSILON)) return true;
-        if (!is_float_close(this->f_embedding_scale,     other.f_embedding_scale,     EPSILON)) return true;
-        if (!is_float_close(this->f_attention_scale,     other.f_attention_scale,     EPSILON)) return true;
-
-        return false;
-    }
-
     uint32_t n_head(uint32_t il = 0) const {
         if (il < n_layer) {
             return n_head_arr[il];
@@ -2673,21 +2692,21 @@ struct llama_hparams {
         if (wkv_head_size != 0) {
             // for RWKV models
             return 2 * n_embd;
-        } else {
-            // TODO: maybe support other convolution strides than 1
-            // NOTE: since the first column of the conv_state is shifted out each time, it's not actually needed
-            return (ssm_d_conv > 0 ? ssm_d_conv - 1 : 0) * ssm_d_inner;
         }
+
+        // TODO: maybe support other convolution strides than 1
+        // NOTE: since the first column of the conv_state is shifted out each time, it's not actually needed
+        return (ssm_d_conv > 0 ? ssm_d_conv - 1 : 0) * ssm_d_inner;
     }
 
     uint32_t n_embd_v_s() const { // dimension of the recurrent state embeddings
         if (wkv_head_size != 0) {
             // corresponds to RWKV's wkv_states size
             return n_embd * wkv_head_size;
-        } else {
-            // corresponds to Mamba's ssm_states size
-            return ssm_d_state * ssm_d_inner;
         }
+
+        // corresponds to Mamba's ssm_states size
+        return ssm_d_state * ssm_d_inner;
     }
 };
 
@@ -2725,142 +2744,187 @@ struct llama_cparams {
     void * cb_eval_user_data;
 };
 
-// TODO: separate into "llama_layer_enc" and "llama_layer_dec"
-struct llama_layer {
-    llama_layer() {
-        // initialize all pointers to NULL
-        std::memset(this, 0, sizeof(*this));
-    }
+struct llama_layer_posnet {
+    // resnet
+    struct ggml_tensor * norm1   = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * norm1_b = nullptr;
 
-    // normalization
-    struct ggml_tensor * attn_norm;
-    struct ggml_tensor * attn_norm_b;
-    struct ggml_tensor * attn_norm_2;
-    struct ggml_tensor * attn_norm_2_b;
-    struct ggml_tensor * attn_q_norm;
-    struct ggml_tensor * attn_q_norm_b;
-    struct ggml_tensor * attn_k_norm;
-    struct ggml_tensor * attn_k_norm_b;
-    struct ggml_tensor * attn_out_norm;
-    struct ggml_tensor * attn_out_norm_b;
-    struct ggml_tensor * attn_q_a_norm;
-    struct ggml_tensor * attn_kv_a_norm;
-    struct ggml_tensor * attn_sub_norm;
-    struct ggml_tensor * attn_post_norm;
-    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_sub_norm;
-    struct ggml_tensor * attn_norm_cross;
-    struct ggml_tensor * attn_norm_enc;
+    struct ggml_tensor * conv1   = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * conv1_b = nullptr;
+
+    struct ggml_tensor * norm2   = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * norm2_b = nullptr;
+
+    struct ggml_tensor * conv2   = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * conv2_b = nullptr;
 
     // attention
-    struct ggml_tensor * wq;
-    struct ggml_tensor * wk;
-    struct ggml_tensor * wv;
-    struct ggml_tensor * wo;
-    struct ggml_tensor * wqkv;
-    struct ggml_tensor * wq_a;
-    struct ggml_tensor * wq_b;
-    struct ggml_tensor * wkv_a_mqa;
-    struct ggml_tensor * wkv_b;
-    struct ggml_tensor * wq_cross;
-    struct ggml_tensor * wk_cross;
-    struct ggml_tensor * wv_cross;
-    struct ggml_tensor * wo_cross;
-    struct ggml_tensor * wq_enc;
-    struct ggml_tensor * wk_enc;
-    struct ggml_tensor * wv_enc;
-    struct ggml_tensor * wo_enc;
+    struct ggml_tensor * attn_norm   = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * attn_norm_b = nullptr;
+
+    struct ggml_tensor * attn_q   = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * attn_q_b = nullptr;
+
+    struct ggml_tensor * attn_k   = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * attn_k_b = nullptr;
+
+    struct ggml_tensor * attn_v   = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * attn_v_b = nullptr;
+
+    struct ggml_tensor * attn_o   = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * attn_o_b = nullptr;
+
+    // normalize
+    struct ggml_tensor * norm   = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * norm_b = nullptr;
+};
+
+struct llama_layer_convnext {
+    struct ggml_tensor * dw   = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * dw_b = nullptr;
+
+    struct ggml_tensor * norm   = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * norm_b = nullptr;
+
+    struct ggml_tensor * pw1   = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * pw1_b = nullptr;
+
+    struct ggml_tensor * pw2   = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * pw2_b = nullptr;
+
+    struct ggml_tensor * gamma = nullptr;
+};
+
+struct llama_layer {
+    // normalization
+    struct ggml_tensor * attn_norm       = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * attn_norm_b     = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * attn_norm_2     = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * attn_norm_2_b   = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * attn_q_norm     = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * attn_q_norm_b   = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * attn_k_norm     = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * attn_k_norm_b   = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * attn_out_norm   = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * attn_out_norm_b = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * attn_q_a_norm   = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * attn_kv_a_norm  = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * attn_sub_norm   = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * attn_post_norm  = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_sub_norm    = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * attn_norm_cross = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * attn_norm_enc   = nullptr;
+
+    // attention
+    struct ggml_tensor * wq        = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * wk        = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * wv        = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * wo        = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * wqkv      = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * wq_a      = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * wq_b      = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * wkv_a_mqa = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * wkv_b     = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * wq_cross  = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * wk_cross  = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * wv_cross  = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * wo_cross  = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * wq_enc    = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * wk_enc    = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * wv_enc    = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * wo_enc    = nullptr;
 
     // attention bias
-    struct ggml_tensor * bq;
-    struct ggml_tensor * bk;
-    struct ggml_tensor * bv;
-    struct ggml_tensor * bo;
-    struct ggml_tensor * bqkv;
+    struct ggml_tensor * bq   = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * bk   = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * bv   = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * bo   = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * bqkv = nullptr;
 
     // relative position bias
-    struct ggml_tensor * attn_rel_b;
-    struct ggml_tensor * attn_rel_b_enc;
-    struct ggml_tensor * attn_rel_b_cross;
+    struct ggml_tensor * attn_rel_b       = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * attn_rel_b_enc   = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * attn_rel_b_cross = nullptr;
 
     // normalization
-    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_norm;
-    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_norm_b;
-    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_post_norm;
-    struct ggml_tensor * layer_out_norm;
-    struct ggml_tensor * layer_out_norm_b;
-    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_norm_exps;
-    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_norm_enc;
+    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_norm         = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_norm_b       = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_post_norm    = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * layer_out_norm   = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * layer_out_norm_b = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_norm_exps    = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_norm_enc     = nullptr;
 
     // ff
-    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_gate; // w1
-    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_down; // w2
-    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_up;   // w3
-    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_gate_enc;
-    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_down_enc;
-    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_up_enc;
+    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_gate     = nullptr; // w1
+    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_down     = nullptr; // w2
+    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_up       = nullptr; // w3
+    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_gate_enc = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_down_enc = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_up_enc   = nullptr;
 
     // ff MoE
-    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_gate_inp;
-    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_gate_exps;
-    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_down_exps;
-    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_up_exps ;
+    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_gate_inp  = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_gate_exps = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_down_exps = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_up_exps   = nullptr;
 
     // ff shared expert (shexp)
-    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_gate_inp_shexp;
-    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_gate_shexp;
-    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_down_shexp;
-    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_up_shexp;
+    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_gate_inp_shexp = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_gate_shexp     = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_down_shexp     = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_up_shexp       = nullptr;
 
     // ff bias
-    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_gate_b;
-    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_down_b; // b2
-    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_up_b; // b3
-    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_act;
+    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_gate_b = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_down_b = nullptr; // b2
+    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_up_b   = nullptr; // b3
+    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_act    = nullptr;
 
     // mamba proj
-    struct ggml_tensor * ssm_in;
-    struct ggml_tensor * ssm_x;
-    struct ggml_tensor * ssm_dt;
-    struct ggml_tensor * ssm_out;
+    struct ggml_tensor * ssm_in  = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * ssm_x   = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * ssm_dt  = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * ssm_out = nullptr;
 
     // mamba
-    struct ggml_tensor * ssm_conv1d;
-    struct ggml_tensor * ssm_a;
-    struct ggml_tensor * ssm_d;
+    struct ggml_tensor * ssm_conv1d = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * ssm_a      = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * ssm_d      = nullptr;
 
     // mamba bias
-    struct ggml_tensor * ssm_conv1d_b;
-    struct ggml_tensor * ssm_dt_b;
+    struct ggml_tensor * ssm_conv1d_b = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * ssm_dt_b     = nullptr;
 
     // rwkv
-    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_w1;
-    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_w2;
-    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_lerp_x;
-    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_lerp_w;
-    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_lerp_k;
-    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_lerp_v;
-    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_lerp_r;
-    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_lerp_g;
+    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_w1         = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_w2         = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_lerp_x     = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_lerp_w     = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_lerp_k     = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_lerp_v     = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_lerp_r     = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_lerp_g     = nullptr;
 
-    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_first;
-    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_decay;
-    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_decay_w1;
-    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_decay_w2;
-    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_key;
-    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_value;
-    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_receptance;
-    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_gate;
+    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_first      = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_decay      = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_decay_w1   = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_decay_w2   = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_key        = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_value      = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_receptance = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_gate       = nullptr;
 
-    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_ln;
-    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_ln_b;
-    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_output;
+    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_ln     = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_ln_b   = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * time_mix_output = nullptr;
 
-    struct ggml_tensor * channel_mix_lerp_k;
-    struct ggml_tensor * channel_mix_lerp_r;
+    struct ggml_tensor * channel_mix_lerp_k = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * channel_mix_lerp_r = nullptr;
 
-    struct ggml_tensor * channel_mix_key;
-    struct ggml_tensor * channel_mix_receptance;
-    struct ggml_tensor * channel_mix_value;
+    struct ggml_tensor * channel_mix_key        = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * channel_mix_receptance = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * channel_mix_value      = nullptr;
 
     // long rope factors
     struct ggml_tensor * rope_long  = nullptr;
@@ -2868,13 +2932,17 @@ struct llama_layer {
     struct ggml_tensor * rope_freqs = nullptr;
 
     // bitnet scale
-    struct ggml_tensor * wq_scale;
-    struct ggml_tensor * wk_scale;
-    struct ggml_tensor * wv_scale;
-    struct ggml_tensor * wo_scale;
-    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_gate_scale;
-    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_up_scale;
-    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_down_scale;
+    struct ggml_tensor * wq_scale       = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * wk_scale       = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * wv_scale       = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * wo_scale       = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_gate_scale = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_up_scale   = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * ffn_down_scale = nullptr;
+
+    struct llama_layer_posnet posnet;
+
+    struct llama_layer_convnext convnext;
 };
 
 // very similar to llama_batch,
@@ -3005,6 +3073,9 @@ struct llama_model {
     struct ggml_tensor * cls_out   = nullptr;
     struct ggml_tensor * cls_out_b = nullptr;
 
+    struct ggml_tensor * conv1d = nullptr;
+    struct ggml_tensor * conv1d_b = nullptr;
+
     std::vector<llama_layer> layers;
 
     // gguf metadata
@@ -3089,6 +3160,7 @@ struct llama_sbatch {
     // batch indices of the output
     std::vector<size_t> out_ids;
     std::vector<llama_sbatch_seq> seq;
+
     const llama_batch * batch = nullptr;
 
     // buffers for the ubatch
@@ -3509,6 +3581,17 @@ static int llama_get_device_count(const llama_model & model) {
     return (int) model.devices.size();
 }
 
+static struct ggml_tensor * llama_get_model_tensor(const struct llama_model * model, const char * name) {
+    auto it = std::find_if(model->tensors_by_name.begin(), model->tensors_by_name.end(),
+            [name](const std::pair<std::string, struct ggml_tensor *> & it) {
+                return it.first == name;
+            });
+    if (it == model->tensors_by_name.end()) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    return it->second;
+}
+
 template<typename F>
 static bool buft_supported(ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft, ggml_backend_dev_t dev, F & fn) {
     ggml_init_params params = {
@@ -3562,7 +3645,9 @@ static bool llama_kv_cache_init(
 
     const struct llama_hparams & hparams = model.hparams;
 
-    const int64_t  n_layer = hparams.n_layer;
+    const int32_t n_layer = hparams.n_layer;
+
+    LLAMA_LOG_INFO("%s: kv_size = %d, offload = %d, type_k = '%s', type_v = '%s', n_layer = %d\n", __func__, kv_size, offload, ggml_type_name(type_k), ggml_type_name(type_v), n_layer);
 
     cache.has_shift = false;
 
@@ -3603,10 +3688,12 @@ static bool llama_kv_cache_init(
     cache.k_l.reserve(n_layer);
     cache.v_l.reserve(n_layer);
 
-    for (int i = 0; i < (int) n_layer; i++) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < n_layer; i++) {
         const uint32_t n_embd_k_gqa = hparams.n_embd_k_gqa(i) + hparams.n_embd_k_s();
         const uint32_t n_embd_v_gqa = hparams.n_embd_v_gqa(i) + hparams.n_embd_v_s();
 
+        LLAMA_LOG_DEBUG("%s: layer %d: n_embd_k_gqa = %d, n_embd_v_gqa = %d\n", __func__, i, n_embd_k_gqa, n_embd_v_gqa);
+
         ggml_backend_buffer_type_t buft;
         if (offload) {
             auto * dev = model.dev_layer.at(i).dev;
@@ -5519,7 +5606,7 @@ static void llm_load_hparams(
     ml.get_key(LLM_KV_GENERAL_NAME, model.name, false);
 
     // get hparams kv
-    ml.get_key(LLM_KV_VOCAB_SIZE, hparams.n_vocab, false) || ml.get_arr_n(LLM_KV_TOKENIZER_LIST, hparams.n_vocab);
+    ml.get_key(LLM_KV_VOCAB_SIZE, hparams.n_vocab, false) || ml.get_arr_n(LLM_KV_TOKENIZER_LIST, hparams.n_vocab, false);
 
     // everything past this point is not vocab-related
     if (hparams.vocab_only) {
@@ -5532,6 +5619,16 @@ static void llm_load_hparams(
     ml.get_key(LLM_KV_EXPERT_COUNT,      hparams.n_expert,      false);
     ml.get_key(LLM_KV_EXPERT_USED_COUNT, hparams.n_expert_used, false);
 
+    if (model.arch == LLM_ARCH_WAVTOKENIZER_DEC) {
+        ml.get_key(LLM_KV_FEATURES_LENGTH, hparams.n_embd_features);
+
+        ml.get_key(LLM_KV_POSNET_EMBEDDING_LENGTH, hparams.posnet.n_embd);
+        ml.get_key(LLM_KV_POSNET_BLOCK_COUNT,      hparams.posnet.n_layer);
+
+        ml.get_key(LLM_KV_CONVNEXT_EMBEDDING_LENGTH, hparams.convnext.n_embd);
+        ml.get_key(LLM_KV_CONVNEXT_BLOCK_COUNT,      hparams.convnext.n_layer);
+    }
+
     GGML_ASSERT(hparams.n_expert <= LLAMA_MAX_EXPERTS);
     GGML_ASSERT(hparams.n_expert_used <= hparams.n_expert);
     if (hparams.n_expert > 0) {
@@ -5540,13 +5637,13 @@ static void llm_load_hparams(
         GGML_ASSERT(hparams.n_expert_used == 0);
     }
 
-    // zero-out the per-layer hparams
+    // zero-out the array hparams
     std::fill(hparams.n_head_arr.begin(),    hparams.n_head_arr.end(),    0);
     std::fill(hparams.n_head_kv_arr.begin(), hparams.n_head_kv_arr.end(), 0);
     std::fill(hparams.n_ff_arr.begin(),      hparams.n_ff_arr.end(),      0);
 
-    ml.get_key_or_arr(LLM_KV_FEED_FORWARD_LENGTH,  hparams.n_ff_arr,   hparams.n_layer);
-    ml.get_key_or_arr(LLM_KV_ATTENTION_HEAD_COUNT, hparams.n_head_arr, hparams.n_layer);
+    ml.get_key_or_arr(LLM_KV_FEED_FORWARD_LENGTH,  hparams.n_ff_arr,   hparams.n_layer, false);
+    ml.get_key_or_arr(LLM_KV_ATTENTION_HEAD_COUNT, hparams.n_head_arr, hparams.n_layer, false);
 
     // n_head_kv is optional, default to n_head
     hparams.n_head_kv_arr = hparams.n_head_arr;
@@ -6291,6 +6388,13 @@ static void llm_load_hparams(
                     default: model.type = e_model::MODEL_UNKNOWN;
                }
             } break;
+        case LLM_ARCH_WAVTOKENIZER_DEC:
+            {
+                ml.get_key(LLM_KV_ATTENTION_LAYERNORM_EPS,    hparams.f_norm_eps);
+                ml.get_key(LLM_KV_ATTENTION_GROUPNORM_EPS,    hparams.f_norm_group_eps);
+                ml.get_key(LLM_KV_ATTENTION_GROUPNORM_GROUPS, hparams.n_norm_groups);
+                ml.get_key(LLM_KV_ATTENTION_CAUSAL,           hparams.causal_attn);
+            } break;
         default: (void)0;
     }
 
@@ -6320,7 +6424,7 @@ static void llm_load_vocab(
         ml.get_key(LLM_KV_TOKENIZER_MODEL, tokenizer_model);
         ml.get_key(LLM_KV_TOKENIZER_PRE,   tokenizer_pre, false);
 
-        if (tokenizer_model == "no_vocab") {
+        if (tokenizer_model == "no_vocab" || tokenizer_model == "none") {
             vocab.type = LLAMA_VOCAB_TYPE_NONE;
 
             // default special tokens
@@ -7299,6 +7403,22 @@ static const std::map<llm_tensor, llm_tensor_info> llm_tensor_info_mapping = {
     {LLM_TENSOR_FFN_UP_EXPS,                {LLM_TENSOR_LAYER_REPEATING, GGML_OP_MUL_MAT_ID}},
     // this tensor is loaded for T5, but never used
     {LLM_TENSOR_DEC_CROSS_ATTN_REL_B,       {LLM_TENSOR_LAYER_REPEATING, GGML_OP_NONE}},
+    {LLM_TENSOR_CONV1D,                     {LLM_TENSOR_LAYER_INPUT,     GGML_OP_IM2COL}},
+    {LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_NORM,               {LLM_TENSOR_LAYER_REPEATING, GGML_OP_MUL}},
+    {LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_NORM1,              {LLM_TENSOR_LAYER_REPEATING, GGML_OP_MUL}},
+    {LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_NORM2,              {LLM_TENSOR_LAYER_REPEATING, GGML_OP_MUL}},
+    {LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_CONV1,              {LLM_TENSOR_LAYER_REPEATING, GGML_OP_IM2COL}},
+    {LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_CONV2,              {LLM_TENSOR_LAYER_REPEATING, GGML_OP_IM2COL}},
+    {LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_ATTN_NORM,          {LLM_TENSOR_LAYER_REPEATING, GGML_OP_MUL}},
+    {LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_ATTN_Q,             {LLM_TENSOR_LAYER_REPEATING, GGML_OP_MUL_MAT}},
+    {LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_ATTN_K,             {LLM_TENSOR_LAYER_REPEATING, GGML_OP_MUL_MAT}},
+    {LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_ATTN_V,             {LLM_TENSOR_LAYER_REPEATING, GGML_OP_MUL_MAT}},
+    {LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_ATTN_OUT,           {LLM_TENSOR_LAYER_REPEATING, GGML_OP_MUL_MAT}},
+    {LLM_TENSOR_CONVNEXT_DW,                {LLM_TENSOR_LAYER_REPEATING, GGML_OP_IM2COL}},
+    {LLM_TENSOR_CONVNEXT_NORM,              {LLM_TENSOR_LAYER_REPEATING, GGML_OP_MUL}},
+    {LLM_TENSOR_CONVNEXT_PW1,               {LLM_TENSOR_LAYER_REPEATING, GGML_OP_MUL_MAT}},
+    {LLM_TENSOR_CONVNEXT_PW2,               {LLM_TENSOR_LAYER_REPEATING, GGML_OP_MUL_MAT}},
+    {LLM_TENSOR_CONVNEXT_GAMMA,             {LLM_TENSOR_LAYER_REPEATING, GGML_OP_MUL}},
 };
 
 // checks if the weight tensor can be used with the specified buffer type and device
@@ -7403,6 +7523,12 @@ static bool weight_buft_supported(const llama_hparams & hparams, ggml_tensor * w
                 ggml_tensor  * state = ggml_new_tensor_4d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, S, n_seqs, S, H);
                 op_tensor = ggml_rwkv_wkv6(ctx, k, v, r, tf, td, state);
             } break;
+        case GGML_OP_IM2COL:
+            {
+                const int n_embd = hparams.n_embd;
+                ggml_tensor * b = ggml_new_tensor_4d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, n_embd, w->ne[1], 1, 1);
+                op_tensor = ggml_im2col(ctx, w, b, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, false, GGML_TYPE_F16);
+            } break;
         default:
             GGML_ABORT("%s: missing test for op %s for tensor %s", __func__, ggml_op_name(op), w->name);
     }
@@ -7533,7 +7659,8 @@ static bool llm_load_tensors(
     model.main_gpu     = main_gpu;
     model.n_gpu_layers = n_gpu_layers;
 
-    const int n_layer     = hparams.n_layer;
+    const int n_layer = hparams.n_layer;
+
     bool use_mmap_buffer = true;
 
     // build a list of buffer types for the CPU and GPU devices
@@ -9336,9 +9463,9 @@ static bool llm_load_tensors(
                 } break;
             case LLM_ARCH_CHAMELEON:
                 {
-                 model.tok_embd = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_TOKEN_EMBD, "weight"), {n_embd, n_vocab}, 0);
+                    model.tok_embd = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_TOKEN_EMBD, "weight"), {n_embd, n_vocab}, 0);
 
-                 // output
+                    // output
                     model.output_norm = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_OUTPUT_NORM, "weight"), {n_embd}, 0);
                     model.output      = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_OUTPUT,      "weight"), {n_embd, n_vocab}, llama_model_loader::TENSOR_NOT_REQUIRED);
                     // if output is NULL, init from the input tok embed
@@ -9367,6 +9494,109 @@ static bool llm_load_tensors(
                         layer.ffn_up   = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_FFN_UP,   "weight", i), {n_embd,   n_ff}, 0);
                     }
                 } break;
+            case LLM_ARCH_WAVTOKENIZER_DEC:
+                {
+                    model.tok_embd = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_TOKEN_EMBD, "weight"), {hparams.n_embd_features, n_vocab}, 0);
+
+                    model.conv1d   = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_CONV1D, "weight"), {7, hparams.n_embd_features, hparams.posnet.n_embd}, 0);
+                    model.conv1d_b = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_CONV1D, "bias"),   {1, hparams.posnet.n_embd}, 0);
+
+                    // posnet
+                    {
+                        const int64_t n_embd = hparams.posnet.n_embd;
+
+                        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < hparams.posnet.n_layer; ++i) {
+                            auto & layer = model.layers[i].posnet;
+
+                            // posnet:
+                            //
+                            //  - resnet
+                            //  - resnet
+                            //  - attn
+                            //  - resnet
+                            //  - resnet
+                            //  - norm
+                            //
+                            switch (i) {
+                                case 0:
+                                case 1:
+                                case 3:
+                                case 4:
+                                    {
+                                        layer.norm1   = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_NORM1, "weight", i), {1, n_embd}, 0);
+                                        layer.norm1_b = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_NORM1, "bias",   i), {1, n_embd}, 0);
+
+                                        layer.conv1   = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_CONV1, "weight", i), {3, n_embd, n_embd}, 0);
+                                        layer.conv1_b = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_CONV1, "bias",   i), {1, n_embd}, 0);
+
+                                        layer.norm2   = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_NORM2, "weight", i), {1, n_embd}, 0);
+                                        layer.norm2_b = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_NORM2, "bias",   i), {1, n_embd}, 0);
+
+                                        layer.conv2   = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_CONV2, "weight", i), {3, n_embd, n_embd}, 0);
+                                        layer.conv2_b = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_CONV2, "bias",   i), {1, n_embd}, 0);
+                                    } break;
+                                case 2:
+                                    {
+                                        layer.attn_norm   = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_ATTN_NORM, "weight", i), {1, n_embd}, 0);
+                                        layer.attn_norm_b = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_ATTN_NORM, "bias",   i), {1, n_embd}, 0);
+
+                                        layer.attn_q      = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_ATTN_Q,    "weight", i), {1, n_embd, n_embd}, 0);
+                                        layer.attn_q_b    = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_ATTN_Q,    "bias",   i), {1, n_embd}, 0);
+
+                                        layer.attn_k      = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_ATTN_K,    "weight", i), {1, n_embd, n_embd}, 0);
+                                        layer.attn_k_b    = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_ATTN_K,    "bias",   i), {1, n_embd}, 0);
+
+                                        layer.attn_v      = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_ATTN_V,    "weight", i), {1, n_embd, n_embd}, 0);
+                                        layer.attn_v_b    = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_ATTN_V,    "bias",   i), {1, n_embd}, 0);
+
+                                        layer.attn_o      = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_ATTN_OUT,  "weight", i), {1, n_embd, n_embd}, 0);
+                                        layer.attn_o_b    = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_ATTN_OUT,  "bias",   i), {1, n_embd}, 0);
+                                    } break;
+                                case 5:
+                                    {
+                                        layer.norm   = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_ATTN_NORM, "weight", i), {1, n_embd}, 0);
+                                        layer.norm_b = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_POS_NET_ATTN_NORM, "bias",   i), {1, n_embd}, 0);
+                                    } break;
+                                default: GGML_ABORT("unknown posnet layer");
+                            };
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    GGML_ASSERT(hparams.posnet.n_embd == hparams.convnext.n_embd);
+
+                    model.tok_norm   = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_TOKEN_EMBD_NORM, "weight"), {hparams.posnet.n_embd}, 0);
+                    model.tok_norm_b = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_TOKEN_EMBD_NORM, "bias"),   {hparams.posnet.n_embd}, 0);
+
+                    // convnext
+                    {
+                        const int64_t n_embd = hparams.convnext.n_embd;
+
+                        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < hparams.convnext.n_layer; ++i) {
+                            auto & layer = model.layers[i].convnext;
+
+                            layer.dw     = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_CONVNEXT_DW,    "weight", i), {7, 1, n_embd}, 0);
+                            layer.dw_b   = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_CONVNEXT_DW,    "bias",   i), {1, n_embd}, 0);
+
+                            layer.norm   = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_CONVNEXT_NORM,  "weight", i), {n_embd}, 0);
+                            layer.norm_b = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_CONVNEXT_NORM,  "bias",   i), {n_embd}, 0);
+
+                            layer.pw1    = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_CONVNEXT_PW1,   "weight", i), {n_embd, n_ff}, 0);
+                            layer.pw1_b  = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_CONVNEXT_PW1,   "bias",   i), {n_ff}, 0);
+
+                            layer.pw2    = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_CONVNEXT_PW2,   "weight", i), {n_ff, n_embd}, 0);
+                            layer.pw2_b  = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_CONVNEXT_PW2,   "bias",   i), {n_embd}, 0);
+
+                            layer.gamma  = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_CONVNEXT_GAMMA, "weight", i), {n_embd}, 0);
+                        }
+
+                        // output
+                        model.output_norm   = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_OUTPUT_NORM, "weight"), {n_embd}, 0);
+                        model.output_norm_b = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_OUTPUT_NORM, "bias"),   {n_embd}, 0);
+                    }
+
+                    model.output   = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_OUTPUT, "weight"), {hparams.convnext.n_embd, n_embd}, 0);
+                    model.output_b = create_tensor(tn(LLM_TENSOR_OUTPUT, "bias"),   {n_embd}, 0);
+                } break;
             default:
                 throw std::runtime_error("unknown architecture");
         }
@@ -9586,6 +9816,7 @@ enum llm_ffn_gate_type {
 enum llm_norm_type {
     LLM_NORM,
     LLM_NORM_RMS,
+    LLM_NORM_GROUP,
 };
 
 static struct ggml_tensor * llm_build_inp_embd(
@@ -9606,7 +9837,7 @@ static struct ggml_tensor * llm_build_inp_embd(
 
         inpL = ggml_get_rows(ctx, tok_embd, lctx.inp_tokens);
     } else {
-       lctx.inp_embd = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, n_embd, batch.n_tokens);
+        lctx.inp_embd = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, n_embd, batch.n_tokens);
         inpL = lctx.inp_embd;
         ggml_set_input(lctx.inp_embd);
     }
@@ -9727,8 +9958,14 @@ static struct ggml_tensor * llm_build_norm(
          const llm_build_cb & cb,
                         int   il) {
     switch (type) {
-        case LLM_NORM:     cur = ggml_norm    (ctx, cur, hparams.f_norm_eps);     break;
-        case LLM_NORM_RMS: cur = ggml_rms_norm(ctx, cur, hparams.f_norm_rms_eps); break;
+        case LLM_NORM:       cur = ggml_norm      (ctx, cur, hparams.f_norm_eps);     break;
+        case LLM_NORM_RMS:   cur = ggml_rms_norm  (ctx, cur, hparams.f_norm_rms_eps); break;
+        case LLM_NORM_GROUP:
+            {
+                cur = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx, cur, cur->ne[0], 1, cur->ne[1]);
+                cur = ggml_group_norm(ctx, cur, hparams.n_norm_groups, hparams.f_norm_group_eps);
+                cur = ggml_reshape_2d(ctx, cur, cur->ne[0],    cur->ne[2]);
+            } break;
     }
 
     if (mw || mb) {
@@ -15854,7 +16091,7 @@ struct llm_build_context {
         return gf;
     }
 
-    struct ggml_cgraph * build_t5_encoder() {
+    struct ggml_cgraph * build_t5_enc() {
         struct ggml_cgraph * gf = ggml_new_graph_custom(ctx0, llama_model_max_nodes(model), false);
 
         // mutable variable, needed during the last layer of the computation to skip unused tokens
@@ -15986,7 +16223,7 @@ struct llm_build_context {
         return gf;
     }
 
-    struct ggml_cgraph * build_t5_decoder() {
+    struct ggml_cgraph * build_t5_dec() {
         struct ggml_cgraph * gf = ggml_new_graph_custom(ctx0, llama_model_max_nodes(model), false);
 
         // mutable variable, needed during the last layer of the computation to skip unused tokens
@@ -16935,6 +17172,158 @@ struct llm_build_context {
 
         return gf;
     }
+
+    struct ggml_cgraph * build_wavtokenizer_dec() {
+        struct ggml_cgraph * gf = ggml_new_graph_custom(ctx0, llama_model_max_nodes(model), false);
+
+        struct ggml_tensor * cur;
+        struct ggml_tensor * inpL;
+
+        inpL = llm_build_inp_embd(ctx0, lctx, hparams, ubatch, model.tok_embd, cb);
+
+        cur = ggml_cont(ctx0, ggml_transpose(ctx0, inpL));
+
+        cur = ggml_conv_1d_ph(ctx0, model.conv1d, cur, 1, 1);
+        cur = ggml_add(ctx0, cur, model.conv1d_b);
+
+        // posnet
+        for (uint32_t il = 0; il < hparams.posnet.n_layer; ++il) {
+            const auto & layer = model.layers[il].posnet;
+
+            inpL = cur;
+
+            switch (il) {
+                case 0:
+                case 1:
+                case 3:
+                case 4:
+                    {
+                        cur = llm_build_norm(ctx0, cur, hparams,
+                                layer.norm1,
+                                layer.norm1_b,
+                                LLM_NORM_GROUP, cb, 0);
+
+                        cur = ggml_mul(ctx0, ggml_sigmoid(ctx0, cur), cur);
+
+                        cur = ggml_conv_1d_ph(ctx0, layer.conv1, cur, 1, 1);
+                        cur = ggml_add(ctx0, cur, layer.conv1_b);
+
+                        cur = llm_build_norm(ctx0, cur, hparams,
+                                layer.norm2,
+                                layer.norm2_b,
+                                LLM_NORM_GROUP, cb, 0);
+
+                        cur = ggml_mul(ctx0, ggml_sigmoid(ctx0, cur), cur);
+
+                        cur = ggml_conv_1d_ph(ctx0, layer.conv2, cur, 1, 1);
+                        cur = ggml_add(ctx0, cur, layer.conv2_b);
+
+                        cur = ggml_add(ctx0, cur, inpL);
+                    } break;
+                case 2:
+                    {
+                        cur = llm_build_norm(ctx0, cur, hparams,
+                                layer.attn_norm,
+                                layer.attn_norm_b,
+                                LLM_NORM_GROUP, cb, 0);
+
+                        struct ggml_tensor * q;
+                        struct ggml_tensor * k;
+                        struct ggml_tensor * v;
+
+                        q = ggml_conv_1d_ph(ctx0, layer.attn_q, cur, 1, 1);
+                        k = ggml_conv_1d_ph(ctx0, layer.attn_k, cur, 1, 1);
+                        v = ggml_conv_1d_ph(ctx0, layer.attn_v, cur, 1, 1);
+
+                        q = ggml_add(ctx0, q, layer.attn_q_b);
+                        k = ggml_add(ctx0, k, layer.attn_k_b);
+                        v = ggml_add(ctx0, v, layer.attn_v_b);
+
+                        q = ggml_cont(ctx0, ggml_transpose(ctx0, q));
+                        k = ggml_cont(ctx0, ggml_transpose(ctx0, k));
+
+                        struct ggml_tensor * kq = ggml_mul_mat(ctx0, k, q);
+
+                        kq = ggml_soft_max_ext(ctx0, kq, nullptr, 1.0f/sqrtf(float(hparams.posnet.n_embd)), 0.0f);
+
+                        cur = ggml_mul_mat(ctx0, kq, v);
+
+                        cur = ggml_conv_1d_ph(ctx0, layer.attn_o, cur, 1, 1);
+                        cur = ggml_add(ctx0, cur, layer.attn_o_b);
+
+                        cur = ggml_add(ctx0, cur, inpL);
+                    } break;
+                case 5:
+                    {
+                        cur = llm_build_norm(ctx0, cur, hparams,
+                                layer.norm,
+                                layer.norm_b,
+                                LLM_NORM_GROUP, cb, 0);
+                    } break;
+                default: GGML_ABORT("unknown posnet layer");
+            };
+        }
+
+        cur = ggml_cont(ctx0, ggml_transpose(ctx0, cur));
+
+        cur = llm_build_norm(ctx0, cur, hparams,
+                model.tok_norm,
+                model.tok_norm_b,
+                LLM_NORM, cb, -1);
+
+        cur = ggml_cont(ctx0, ggml_transpose(ctx0, cur));
+
+        inpL = cur;
+
+        // convnext
+        for (uint32_t il = 0; il < hparams.convnext.n_layer; ++il) {
+            const auto & layer = model.layers[il].convnext;
+
+            cur = inpL;
+
+            cur = ggml_conv_1d_dw_ph(ctx0, layer.dw, cur, 1, 1);
+            cur = ggml_add(ctx0, cur, layer.dw_b);
+
+            cur = ggml_cont(ctx0, ggml_transpose(ctx0, cur));
+
+            cur = llm_build_norm(ctx0, cur, hparams,
+                    layer.norm,
+                    layer.norm_b,
+                    LLM_NORM, cb, -1);
+
+            cur = llm_build_ffn(ctx0, lctx, cur,
+                    layer.pw1, layer.pw1_b, NULL,
+                    NULL,      NULL,        NULL,
+                    layer.pw2, layer.pw2_b, NULL,
+                    NULL,
+                    LLM_FFN_GELU, LLM_FFN_SEQ, cb, il);
+
+            cur = ggml_mul(ctx0, cur, layer.gamma);
+
+            cur = ggml_cont(ctx0, ggml_transpose(ctx0, cur));
+
+            inpL = ggml_add(ctx0, cur, inpL);
+        }
+
+        cur = inpL;
+
+        cur = ggml_cont(ctx0, ggml_transpose(ctx0, cur));
+
+        cur = llm_build_norm(ctx0, cur, hparams,
+                model.output_norm,
+                model.output_norm_b,
+                LLM_NORM, cb, -1);
+
+        // lm_head
+        cur = llm_build_lora_mm(lctx, ctx0, model.output, cur);
+
+        cur = ggml_add(ctx0, cur, model.output_b);
+        cb(cur, "result_embd", -1);
+
+        ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, cur);
+
+        return gf;
+    }
 };
 
 static struct ggml_cgraph * llama_build_graph_defrag(llama_context & lctx, const std::vector<uint32_t> & ids) {
@@ -17181,14 +17570,14 @@ static struct ggml_cgraph * llama_build_graph(
         case LLM_ARCH_T5:
             {
                 if (lctx.is_encoding) {
-                    result = llm.build_t5_encoder();
+                    result = llm.build_t5_enc();
                 } else {
-                    result = llm.build_t5_decoder();
+                    result = llm.build_t5_dec();
                 }
             } break;
         case LLM_ARCH_T5ENCODER:
             {
-                result = llm.build_t5_encoder();
+                result = llm.build_t5_enc();
             } break;
         case LLM_ARCH_JAIS:
             {
@@ -17210,6 +17599,10 @@ static struct ggml_cgraph * llama_build_graph(
             {
                 result = llm.build_chameleon();
             } break;
+        case LLM_ARCH_WAVTOKENIZER_DEC:
+            {
+                result = llm.build_wavtokenizer_dec();
+            } break;
         default:
             GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
     }
@@ -17301,30 +17694,35 @@ static void llama_set_inputs(llama_context & lctx, const llama_ubatch & ubatch)
     }
 
     if (hparams.causal_attn || cparams.pooling_type == LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_NONE) {
-        GGML_ASSERT(lctx.inp_out_ids && "every model that can must skip unused outputs");
-        const int64_t n_tokens = ubatch.n_tokens;
+        //GGML_ASSERT(lctx.inp_out_ids && "every model that can must skip unused outputs");
 
-        GGML_ASSERT(ggml_backend_buffer_is_host(lctx.inp_out_ids->buffer));
-        int32_t * data = (int32_t *) lctx.inp_out_ids->data;
-
-        if (lctx.n_outputs == n_tokens) {
-            for (int i = 0; i < n_tokens; ++i) {
-                data[i] = i;
-            }
-        } else if (ubatch.output) {
-            int32_t n_outputs = 0;
-            for (int i = 0; i < n_tokens; ++i) {
-                if (ubatch.output[i]) {
-                    data[n_outputs++] = i;
-                }
-            }
-            // the graph needs to have been passed the correct number of outputs
-            GGML_ASSERT(lctx.n_outputs == n_outputs);
-        } else if (lctx.n_outputs == 1) {
-            // only keep last output
-            data[0] = n_tokens - 1;
+        if (!lctx.inp_out_ids) {
+            LLAMA_LOG_WARN("%s: 'lctx.inp_out_ids' is not created\n", __func__);
         } else {
-            GGML_ASSERT(lctx.n_outputs == 0);
+            const int64_t n_tokens = ubatch.n_tokens;
+
+            GGML_ASSERT(ggml_backend_buffer_is_host(lctx.inp_out_ids->buffer));
+            int32_t * data = (int32_t *) lctx.inp_out_ids->data;
+
+            if (lctx.n_outputs == n_tokens) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < n_tokens; ++i) {
+                    data[i] = i;
+                }
+            } else if (ubatch.output) {
+                int32_t n_outputs = 0;
+                for (int i = 0; i < n_tokens; ++i) {
+                    if (ubatch.output[i]) {
+                        data[n_outputs++] = i;
+                    }
+                }
+                // the graph needs to have been passed the correct number of outputs
+                GGML_ASSERT(lctx.n_outputs == n_outputs);
+            } else if (lctx.n_outputs == 1) {
+                // only keep last output
+                data[0] = n_tokens - 1;
+            } else {
+                GGML_ASSERT(lctx.n_outputs == 0);
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -17995,6 +18393,7 @@ static int llama_decode_internal(
             embd = nullptr; // do not extract embeddings when not needed
             GGML_ASSERT(strcmp(res->name, "result_output") == 0 && "missing result_output tensor");
         }
+
         // LLAMA_LOG_INFO("graph build time: %.3f ms (%d nodes, %d leafs)\n", (ggml_time_us() - t_start_us)/1000.0, gf->n_nodes, gf->n_leafs);
 
         ggml_backend_sched_alloc_graph(lctx.sched.get(), gf);
@@ -20383,6 +20782,7 @@ enum llama_rope_type llama_rope_type(const struct llama_model * model) {
         case LLM_ARCH_T5ENCODER:
         case LLM_ARCH_JAIS:
         case LLM_ARCH_RWKV6:
+        case LLM_ARCH_WAVTOKENIZER_DEC:
             return LLAMA_ROPE_TYPE_NONE;
 
         // use what we call a normal RoPE, operating on pairs of consecutive head values
@@ -20500,17 +20900,6 @@ uint64_t llama_model_n_params(const struct llama_model * model) {
     return model->n_elements;
 }
 
-struct ggml_tensor * llama_get_model_tensor(struct llama_model * model, const char * name) {
-    auto it = std::find_if(model->tensors_by_name.begin(), model->tensors_by_name.end(),
-            [name](const std::pair<std::string, struct ggml_tensor *> & it) {
-                return it.first == name;
-            });
-    if (it == model->tensors_by_name.end()) {
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    return it->second;
-}
-
 bool llama_model_has_encoder(const struct llama_model * model) {
     switch (model->arch) {
         case LLM_ARCH_T5:        return true;
@@ -22633,15 +23022,15 @@ int32_t llama_chat_apply_template(
     std::string curr_tmpl(tmpl == nullptr ? "" : tmpl);
     if (tmpl == nullptr) {
         GGML_ASSERT(model != nullptr);
-        // load template from model
-        std::vector<char> model_template(2048, 0); // longest known template is about 1200 bytes
-        std::string template_key = "tokenizer.chat_template";
-        int32_t res = llama_model_meta_val_str(model, template_key.c_str(), model_template.data(), model_template.size());
-        if (res < 0) {
+
+        // load template from model, if available
+        const auto & it = model->gguf_kv.find("tokenizer.chat_template");
+        if (it != model->gguf_kv.end() && it->second.size() > 0) {
+            curr_tmpl = it->second;
+        }
+        else {
             // worst case: there is no information about template, we will use chatml by default
-            curr_tmpl = "chatml"; // see llama_chat_apply_template_internal
-        } else {
-            curr_tmpl = std::string(model_template.data(), model_template.size());
+            curr_tmpl = "chatml";  // see llama_chat_apply_template_internal
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/unicode.cpp b/src/unicode.cpp
index 3d4592635..8ed6b1a51 100644
--- a/src/unicode.cpp
+++ b/src/unicode.cpp
@@ -71,15 +71,15 @@ uint32_t unicode_cpt_from_utf8(const std::string & utf8, size_t & offset) {
     throw std::invalid_argument("failed to convert utf8 to codepoint");
 }
 
-//static std::vector<uint16_t> unicode_cpt_to_utf16(uint32_t cp) {
+//static std::vector<uint16_t> unicode_cpt_to_utf16(uint32_t cpt) {
 //    std::vector<uint16_t> result;
-//    if (/* 0x0000 <= cp && */ cp <= 0xffff) {
-//        result.emplace_back(cp);
+//    if (/* 0x0000 <= cpt && */ cpt <= 0xffff) {
+//        result.emplace_back(cpt);
 //        return result;
 //    }
-//    if (0x10000 <= cp && cp <= 0x10ffff) {
-//        result.emplace_back(0xd800 | ((cp - 0x10000) >> 10));
-//        result.emplace_back(0xdc00 | ((cp - 0x10000) & 0x03ff));
+//    if (0x10000 <= cpt && cpt <= 0x10ffff) {
+//        result.emplace_back(0xd800 | ((cpt - 0x10000) >> 10));
+//        result.emplace_back(0xdc00 | ((cpt - 0x10000) & 0x03ff));
 //        return result;
 //    }
 //    throw std::invalid_argument("failed to convert codepoint to utf16");
@@ -120,8 +120,8 @@ uint32_t unicode_cpt_from_utf8(const std::string & utf8, size_t & offset) {
 //    return result;
 //}
 
-static std::vector<codepoint_flags> unicode_cpt_flags_array() {
-    std::vector<codepoint_flags> cpt_flags(MAX_CODEPOINTS, codepoint_flags::UNDEFINED);
+static std::vector<unicode_cpt_flags> unicode_cpt_flags_array() {
+    std::vector<unicode_cpt_flags> cpt_flags(MAX_CODEPOINTS, unicode_cpt_flags::UNDEFINED);
 
     assert (unicode_ranges_flags.begin()[0].first == 0);
     assert (unicode_ranges_flags.begin()[unicode_ranges_flags.size()-1].first == MAX_CODEPOINTS);
@@ -253,8 +253,8 @@ static std::vector<size_t> unicode_regex_split_custom_gpt2(const std::string & t
             return (offset_ini <= pos && pos < offset_end) ? cpts[pos] : OUT_OF_RANGE;
         };
 
-        auto _get_flags = [&] (const size_t pos) -> codepoint_flags {
-            return (offset_ini <= pos && pos < offset_end) ? unicode_cpt_flags(cpts[pos]) : codepoint_flags{};
+        auto _get_flags = [&] (const size_t pos) -> unicode_cpt_flags {
+            return (offset_ini <= pos && pos < offset_end) ? unicode_cpt_flags_from_cpt(cpts[pos]) : unicode_cpt_flags{};
         };
 
         size_t _prev_end = offset_ini;
@@ -371,8 +371,8 @@ static std::vector<size_t> unicode_regex_split_custom_llama3(const std::string &
             return (offset_ini <= pos && pos < offset_end) ? cpts[pos] : OUT_OF_RANGE;
         };
 
-        auto _get_flags = [&] (const size_t pos) -> codepoint_flags {
-            return (offset_ini <= pos && pos < offset_end) ? unicode_cpt_flags(cpts[pos]) : codepoint_flags{};
+        auto _get_flags = [&] (const size_t pos) -> unicode_cpt_flags {
+            return (offset_ini <= pos && pos < offset_end) ? unicode_cpt_flags_from_cpt(cpts[pos]) : unicode_cpt_flags{};
         };
 
         size_t _prev_end = offset_ini;
@@ -572,29 +572,29 @@ static std::vector<size_t> unicode_regex_split_custom(const std::string & text,
 // interface
 //
 
-std::string unicode_cpt_to_utf8(uint32_t cp) {
+std::string unicode_cpt_to_utf8(uint32_t cpt) {
     std::string result;
 
-    if (/* 0x00 <= cp && */ cp <= 0x7f) {
-        result.push_back(cp);
+    if (/* 0x00 <= cpt && */ cpt <= 0x7f) {
+        result.push_back(cpt);
         return result;
     }
-    if (0x80 <= cp && cp <= 0x7ff) {
-        result.push_back(0xc0 | ((cp >> 6) & 0x1f));
-        result.push_back(0x80 | (cp & 0x3f));
+    if (0x80 <= cpt && cpt <= 0x7ff) {
+        result.push_back(0xc0 | ((cpt >> 6) & 0x1f));
+        result.push_back(0x80 | (cpt & 0x3f));
         return result;
     }
-    if (0x800 <= cp && cp <= 0xffff) {
-        result.push_back(0xe0 | ((cp >> 12) & 0x0f));
-        result.push_back(0x80 | ((cp >> 6) & 0x3f));
-        result.push_back(0x80 | (cp & 0x3f));
+    if (0x800 <= cpt && cpt <= 0xffff) {
+        result.push_back(0xe0 | ((cpt >> 12) & 0x0f));
+        result.push_back(0x80 | ((cpt >> 6) & 0x3f));
+        result.push_back(0x80 | (cpt & 0x3f));
         return result;
     }
-    if (0x10000 <= cp && cp <= 0x10ffff) {
-        result.push_back(0xf0 | ((cp >> 18) & 0x07));
-        result.push_back(0x80 | ((cp >> 12) & 0x3f));
-        result.push_back(0x80 | ((cp >> 6) & 0x3f));
-        result.push_back(0x80 | (cp & 0x3f));
+    if (0x10000 <= cpt && cpt <= 0x10ffff) {
+        result.push_back(0xf0 | ((cpt >> 18) & 0x07));
+        result.push_back(0x80 | ((cpt >> 12) & 0x3f));
+        result.push_back(0x80 | ((cpt >> 6) & 0x3f));
+        result.push_back(0x80 | (cpt & 0x3f));
         return result;
     }
 
@@ -624,19 +624,19 @@ std::vector<uint32_t> unicode_cpts_from_utf8(const std::string & utf8) {
     return result;
 }
 
-codepoint_flags unicode_cpt_flags(const uint32_t cp) {
-    static const codepoint_flags undef(codepoint_flags::UNDEFINED);
+unicode_cpt_flags unicode_cpt_flags_from_cpt(const uint32_t cpt) {
+    static const unicode_cpt_flags undef(unicode_cpt_flags::UNDEFINED);
     static const auto cpt_flags = unicode_cpt_flags_array();
-    return cp < cpt_flags.size() ? cpt_flags[cp] : undef;
+    return cpt < cpt_flags.size() ? cpt_flags[cpt] : undef;
 }
 
-codepoint_flags unicode_cpt_flags(const std::string & utf8) {
-    static const codepoint_flags undef(codepoint_flags::UNDEFINED);
+unicode_cpt_flags unicode_cpt_flags_from_utf8(const std::string & utf8) {
+    static const unicode_cpt_flags undef(unicode_cpt_flags::UNDEFINED);
     if (utf8.empty()) {
         return undef;  // undefined
     }
     size_t offset = 0;
-    return unicode_cpt_flags(unicode_cpt_from_utf8(utf8, offset));
+    return unicode_cpt_flags_from_cpt(unicode_cpt_from_utf8(utf8, offset));
 }
 
 std::string unicode_byte_to_utf8(uint8_t byte) {
@@ -649,41 +649,41 @@ uint8_t unicode_utf8_to_byte(const std::string & utf8) {
     return map.at(utf8);
 }
 
-uint32_t unicode_tolower(uint32_t cp) {
+uint32_t unicode_tolower(uint32_t cpt) {
     // binary search
-    auto it = std::lower_bound(unicode_map_lowercase.begin(), unicode_map_lowercase.end(), cp,
+    auto it = std::lower_bound(unicode_map_lowercase.begin(), unicode_map_lowercase.end(), cpt,
         [](const std::pair<uint32_t, uint32_t> & pair, uint32_t value) {
             return pair.first < value;
         });
-    if (it != unicode_map_lowercase.end() && it->first == cp) {
+    if (it != unicode_map_lowercase.end() && it->first == cpt) {
         return it->second;
     }
-    return cp;  // Return the original code point if no lowercase mapping is found
+    return cpt;  // Return the original code point if no lowercase mapping is found
 }
 
 std::vector<std::string> unicode_regex_split(const std::string & text, const std::vector<std::string> & regex_exprs) {
     // unicode categories
     static const std::map<std::string, int> k_ucat_enum = {
-        { "\\p{N}", codepoint_flags::NUMBER },
-        { "\\p{L}", codepoint_flags::LETTER },
-        { "\\p{P}", codepoint_flags::PUNCTUATION },
+        { "\\p{N}", unicode_cpt_flags::NUMBER },
+        { "\\p{L}", unicode_cpt_flags::LETTER },
+        { "\\p{P}", unicode_cpt_flags::PUNCTUATION },
     };
 
     static const std::map<int, int> k_ucat_cpt = {
-        { codepoint_flags::NUMBER,        0xD1 },
-        { codepoint_flags::LETTER,        0xD2 },
-        { codepoint_flags::PUNCTUATION,   0xD3 },
+        { unicode_cpt_flags::NUMBER,      0xD1 },
+        { unicode_cpt_flags::LETTER,      0xD2 },
+        { unicode_cpt_flags::PUNCTUATION, 0xD3 },
     };
 
     static const std::map<int, std::string> k_ucat_map = {
-        { codepoint_flags::NUMBER,        "\x30-\x39" }, // 0-9
-        { codepoint_flags::LETTER,        "\x41-\x5A\x61-\x7A" }, // A-Za-z
-        { codepoint_flags::PUNCTUATION,   "\x21-\x23\x25-\x2A\x2C-\x2F\x3A-\x3B\x3F-\x40\\\x5B-\\\x5D\x5F\\\x7B\\\x7D" }, // !-#%-*,-/:-;?-@\[-\]_\{\}
+        { unicode_cpt_flags::NUMBER,      "\x30-\x39" }, // 0-9
+        { unicode_cpt_flags::LETTER,      "\x41-\x5A\x61-\x7A" }, // A-Za-z
+        { unicode_cpt_flags::PUNCTUATION, "\x21-\x23\x25-\x2A\x2C-\x2F\x3A-\x3B\x3F-\x40\\\x5B-\\\x5D\x5F\\\x7B\\\x7D" }, // !-#%-*,-/:-;?-@\[-\]_\{\}
     };
 
     // compute collapsed codepoints only if needed by at least one regex
     bool need_collapse = false;
-    for (auto & regex_expr : regex_exprs) {
+    for (const auto & regex_expr : regex_exprs) {
         // search for unicode categories
         for (const auto & ucat : k_ucat_enum) {
             if (std::string::npos != regex_expr.find(ucat.first)) {
@@ -709,7 +709,7 @@ std::vector<std::string> unicode_regex_split(const std::string & text, const std
                 continue;
             }
 
-            const auto flags = unicode_cpt_flags(cpts[i]);
+            const auto flags = unicode_cpt_flags_from_cpt(cpts[i]);
 
             if (flags.is_whitespace) {
                 //NOTE: C++ std::regex \s does not mach 0x85, Rust and Python regex does.
@@ -725,7 +725,7 @@ std::vector<std::string> unicode_regex_split(const std::string & text, const std
 
     std::vector<size_t> bpe_offsets = { cpts.size() };
 
-    for (auto & regex_expr : regex_exprs) {
+    for (const auto & regex_expr : regex_exprs) {
         // first, see if we have an efficient custom regex implementation
         auto tmp = unicode_regex_split_custom(text, regex_expr, bpe_offsets);
 
@@ -739,7 +739,7 @@ std::vector<std::string> unicode_regex_split(const std::string & text, const std
             // if a unicode category is used in the regex, we use the collapsed text and replace the unicode category
             // with the corresponding collapsed representation
             bool use_collapsed = false;
-            for (auto & ucat : k_ucat_enum) {
+            for (const auto & ucat : k_ucat_enum) {
                 if (std::string::npos != regex_expr.find(ucat.first)) {
                     use_collapsed = true;
                     break;
@@ -805,7 +805,7 @@ std::vector<std::string> unicode_regex_split(const std::string & text, const std
                 // std::wregex \s does not mach non-ASCII whitespaces, using 0x0B as fallback
                 std::wstring wtext(cpts.begin(), cpts.end());
                 for (size_t i = 0; i < wtext.size(); ++i) {
-                    if (wtext[i] > 0x7F && unicode_cpt_flags(wtext[i]).is_whitespace) {
+                    if (wtext[i] > 0x7F && unicode_cpt_flags_from_cpt(wtext[i]).is_whitespace) {
                         wtext[i] = 0x0B;
                     }
                 }
diff --git a/src/unicode.h b/src/unicode.h
index 008532a24..c27098df7 100644
--- a/src/unicode.h
+++ b/src/unicode.h
@@ -4,9 +4,7 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-// TODO: prefix all symbols with "llama_"
-
-struct codepoint_flags {
+struct unicode_cpt_flags {
     enum {
         UNDEFINED       = 0x0001,
         NUMBER          = 0x0002,  // regex: \p{N}
@@ -35,7 +33,7 @@ struct codepoint_flags {
     uint16_t is_nfd         : 1;
 
     // decode from uint16
-    inline codepoint_flags(const uint16_t flags=0) {
+    inline unicode_cpt_flags(const uint16_t flags = 0) {
         *reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(this) = flags;
     }
 
@@ -50,18 +48,19 @@ struct codepoint_flags {
 
 size_t unicode_len_utf8(char src);
 
-std::string unicode_cpt_to_utf8(uint32_t cp);
-uint32_t unicode_cpt_from_utf8(const std::string & utf8, size_t & offset);
+std::string unicode_cpt_to_utf8  (uint32_t cpt);
+uint32_t    unicode_cpt_from_utf8(const std::string & utf8, size_t & offset);
+
 std::vector<uint32_t> unicode_cpts_from_utf8(const std::string & utf8);
 
 std::vector<uint32_t> unicode_cpts_normalize_nfd(const std::vector<uint32_t> & cpts);
 
-codepoint_flags unicode_cpt_flags(const uint32_t cp);
-codepoint_flags unicode_cpt_flags(const std::string & utf8);
+unicode_cpt_flags unicode_cpt_flags_from_cpt (uint32_t cpt);
+unicode_cpt_flags unicode_cpt_flags_from_utf8(const std::string & utf8);
 
 std::string unicode_byte_to_utf8(uint8_t byte);
-uint8_t unicode_utf8_to_byte(const std::string & utf8);
+uint8_t     unicode_utf8_to_byte(const std::string & utf8);
 
-uint32_t unicode_tolower(uint32_t cp);
+uint32_t unicode_tolower(uint32_t cpt);
 
 std::vector<std::string> unicode_regex_split(const std::string & text, const std::vector<std::string> & regex_exprs);
diff --git a/tests/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/CMakeLists.txt
index daeed4564..2b5e5fd4a 100644
--- a/tests/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -129,6 +129,7 @@ llama_target_and_test(test-arg-parser.cpp)
 llama_target_and_test(test-chat-template.cpp)
 
 # llama_target_and_test(test-opt.cpp) # SLOW
+llama_target_and_test(test-gguf.cpp)
 llama_target_and_test(test-backend-ops.cpp)
 
 llama_target_and_test(test-model-load-cancel.cpp  LABEL "model")
diff --git a/tests/test-backend-ops.cpp b/tests/test-backend-ops.cpp
index b9454ba59..ccdd3fb57 100644
--- a/tests/test-backend-ops.cpp
+++ b/tests/test-backend-ops.cpp
@@ -3549,8 +3549,8 @@ static std::vector<std::unique_ptr<test_case>> make_test_cases_eval() {
 
     for (ggml_type type_src : {GGML_TYPE_F16, GGML_TYPE_F32}) {
         for (ggml_type type_dst : all_types) {
-           test_cases.emplace_back(new test_cpy(type_src, type_dst, {256, 4, 4, 4}));
-           test_cases.emplace_back(new test_cpy(type_src, type_dst, {256, 2, 3, 4}, {0, 2, 1, 3})); // cpy by rows
+            test_cases.emplace_back(new test_cpy(type_src, type_dst, {256, 4, 4, 4}));
+            test_cases.emplace_back(new test_cpy(type_src, type_dst, {256, 2, 3, 4}, {0, 2, 1, 3})); // cpy by rows
         }
     }
     for (ggml_type type_src : {GGML_TYPE_F16, GGML_TYPE_F32}) {
diff --git a/tests/test-gguf.cpp b/tests/test-gguf.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e5b4cb7b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test-gguf.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,1303 @@
+#include "ggml.h"
+#include "ggml-backend.h"
+#include "../ggml/src/ggml-impl.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <random>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+constexpr int offset_has_kv      = 1000;
+constexpr int offset_has_tensors = 2000;
+constexpr int offset_has_data    = 3000;
+
+enum handcrafted_file_type {
+    HANDCRAFTED_HEADER_BAD_MAGIC          =  10,
+    HANDCRAFTED_HEADER_BAD_VERSION_1      =  20,
+    HANDCRAFTED_HEADER_BAD_VERSION_FUTURE =  30,
+    HANDCRAFTED_HEADER_BAD_N_TENSORS      =  40,
+    HANDCRAFTED_HEADER_BAD_N_KV           =  50,
+    HANDCRAFTED_HEADER_EMPTY              = 800,
+
+    HANDCRAFTED_KV_BAD_KEY_SIZE           =  10 + offset_has_kv,
+    HANDCRAFTED_KV_BAD_TYPE               =  20 + offset_has_kv,
+    HANDCRAFTED_KV_BAD_VALUE_SIZE         =  30 + offset_has_kv,
+    HANDCRAFTED_KV_DUPLICATE_KEY          =  40 + offset_has_kv,
+    HANDCRAFTED_KV_SUCCESS                = 800 + offset_has_kv,
+
+    HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_BAD_NAME_SIZE     =  10 + offset_has_tensors,
+    HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_BAD_N_DIMS        =  20 + offset_has_tensors,
+    HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_BAD_SHAPE         =  30 + offset_has_tensors,
+    HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_NE_TOO_BIG        =  40 + offset_has_tensors,
+    HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_BAD_TYPE          =  50 + offset_has_tensors,
+    HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_BAD_OFFSET        =  60 + offset_has_tensors,
+    HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_DUPLICATE_NAME    =  70 + offset_has_tensors,
+    HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_BAD_ALIGNMENT     =  80 + offset_has_tensors,
+    HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_SUCCESS           = 800 + offset_has_tensors,
+    HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_CUSTOM_ALIGN      = 810 + offset_has_tensors,
+
+    HANDCRAFTED_DATA_NOT_ENOUGH_DATA      =  10 + offset_has_data,
+    HANDCRAFTED_DATA_BAD_ALIGNMENT        =  20 + offset_has_data,
+    HANDCRAFTED_DATA_SUCCESS              = 800 + offset_has_data,
+    HANDCRAFTED_DATA_CUSTOM_ALIGN         = 810 + offset_has_data,
+};
+
+std::string handcrafted_file_type_name(const enum handcrafted_file_type hft) {
+    switch (hft) {
+        case HANDCRAFTED_HEADER_BAD_MAGIC:          return "HEADER_BAD_MAGIC";
+        case HANDCRAFTED_HEADER_BAD_VERSION_1:      return "HEADER_BAD_VERSION_1";
+        case HANDCRAFTED_HEADER_BAD_VERSION_FUTURE: return "HEADER_BAD_VERSION_FUTURE";
+        case HANDCRAFTED_HEADER_BAD_N_KV:           return "HEADER_BAD_N_KV";
+        case HANDCRAFTED_HEADER_BAD_N_TENSORS:      return "HEADER_BAD_N_TENSORS";
+        case HANDCRAFTED_HEADER_EMPTY:              return "HEADER_EMPTY";
+
+        case HANDCRAFTED_KV_BAD_KEY_SIZE:           return "KV_BAD_KEY_SIZE";
+        case HANDCRAFTED_KV_BAD_TYPE:               return "KV_BAD_TYPE";
+        case HANDCRAFTED_KV_BAD_VALUE_SIZE:         return "KV_BAD_VALUE_SIZE";
+        case HANDCRAFTED_KV_DUPLICATE_KEY:          return "KV_DUPLICATE_KEY";
+        case HANDCRAFTED_KV_SUCCESS:                return "KV_RANDOM_KV";
+
+        case HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_BAD_NAME_SIZE:     return "TENSORS_BAD_NAME_SIZE";
+        case HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_BAD_N_DIMS:        return "TENSORS_BAD_N_DIMS";
+        case HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_BAD_SHAPE:         return "TENSORS_BAD_SHAPE";
+        case HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_NE_TOO_BIG:        return "TENSORS_NE_TOO_BIG";
+        case HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_BAD_TYPE:          return "TENSORS_BAD_TYPE";
+        case HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_BAD_OFFSET:        return "TENSORS_BAD_OFFSET";
+        case HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_DUPLICATE_NAME:    return "TENSORS_DUPLICATE_NAME";
+        case HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_BAD_ALIGNMENT:     return "TENSORS_BAD_ALIGNMENT";
+        case HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_SUCCESS:           return "TENSORS_SUCCESS";
+        case HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_CUSTOM_ALIGN:      return "TENSORS_CUSTOM_ALIGN";
+
+        case HANDCRAFTED_DATA_NOT_ENOUGH_DATA:      return "DATA_NOT_ENOUGH_DATA";
+        case HANDCRAFTED_DATA_BAD_ALIGNMENT:        return "DATA_BAD_ALIGNMENT";
+        case HANDCRAFTED_DATA_SUCCESS:              return "DATA_SUCCESS";
+        case HANDCRAFTED_DATA_CUSTOM_ALIGN:         return "DATA_CUSTOM_ALIGN";
+    }
+    GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+}
+
+static bool expect_context_not_null(const enum handcrafted_file_type hft) {
+    if (hft < offset_has_kv) {
+        return hft >= HANDCRAFTED_HEADER_EMPTY;
+    }
+    if (hft < offset_has_tensors) {
+        return hft >= HANDCRAFTED_KV_SUCCESS;
+    }
+    if (hft < offset_has_data) {
+        return hft >= HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_SUCCESS;
+    }
+    return hft >= HANDCRAFTED_DATA_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+typedef std::pair<enum ggml_type, std::array<int64_t, GGML_MAX_DIMS>> tensor_config_t;
+
+std::vector<tensor_config_t> get_tensor_configs(std::mt19937 & rng) {
+    std::vector<tensor_config_t> tensor_configs;
+    tensor_configs.reserve(100);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < 100; ++i) {
+        const enum ggml_type type = ggml_type(rng() % GGML_TYPE_COUNT);
+        if (ggml_type_size(type) == 0) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        std::array<int64_t, GGML_MAX_DIMS> shape = {1, 1, 1, 1};
+        shape[0] = (1 + rng() % 10) * ggml_blck_size(type);
+        const int n_dims = 1 + rng() % GGML_MAX_DIMS;
+        for (int i = 1; i < n_dims; ++i) {
+            shape[i] = 1 + rng() % 10;
+        }
+
+        tensor_configs.push_back(std::make_pair(type, shape));
+    }
+
+    return tensor_configs;
+}
+
+std::vector<std::pair<enum gguf_type, enum gguf_type>> get_kv_types(std::mt19937 rng) {
+    std::vector<std::pair<enum gguf_type, enum gguf_type>> kv_types;
+    kv_types.reserve(100);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < 100; ++i) {
+        const gguf_type type = gguf_type(rng() % GGUF_TYPE_COUNT);
+
+        if (type == GGUF_TYPE_ARRAY) {
+            const gguf_type type_arr = gguf_type(rng() % GGUF_TYPE_COUNT);
+            if (type_arr == GGUF_TYPE_ARRAY) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            kv_types.push_back(std::make_pair(type, type_arr));
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        kv_types.push_back(std::make_pair(type, gguf_type(-1)));
+    }
+    std::shuffle(kv_types.begin(), kv_types.end(), rng);
+
+    return kv_types;
+}
+
+static void helper_write(const void * data, const size_t nbytes, FILE * file) {
+    GGML_ASSERT(fwrite(data, 1, nbytes, file) == nbytes);
+}
+
+static FILE * get_handcrafted_file(const unsigned int seed, const enum handcrafted_file_type hft, const int extra_bytes = 0) {
+    FILE * file = tmpfile();
+
+    std::mt19937 rng(seed);
+
+    if (hft == HANDCRAFTED_HEADER_BAD_MAGIC) {
+        const char bad_magic[4] = {'F', 'U', 'G', 'G'};
+        helper_write(bad_magic, sizeof(bad_magic), file);
+    } else {
+        helper_write(GGUF_MAGIC, 4, file);
+    }
+
+    if (hft == HANDCRAFTED_HEADER_BAD_VERSION_1) {
+        const uint32_t version = 1;
+        helper_write(&version, sizeof(version), file);
+    } else if (hft == HANDCRAFTED_HEADER_BAD_VERSION_FUTURE) {
+        const uint32_t version = GGUF_VERSION + 1;
+        helper_write(&version, sizeof(version), file);
+    } else {
+        const uint32_t version = GGUF_VERSION;
+        helper_write(&version, sizeof(version), file);
+    }
+
+    std::vector<tensor_config_t> tensor_configs;
+    if (hft >= offset_has_tensors) {
+        tensor_configs = get_tensor_configs(rng);
+    }
+
+    if (hft == HANDCRAFTED_HEADER_BAD_N_TENSORS) {
+        const uint64_t n_tensors = -1;
+        helper_write(&n_tensors, sizeof(n_tensors), file);
+    } else {
+        const uint64_t n_tensors = tensor_configs.size();
+        helper_write(&n_tensors, sizeof(n_tensors), file);
+    }
+
+    std::vector<std::pair<enum gguf_type, enum gguf_type>> kv_types;
+    if (hft >= offset_has_kv) {
+        kv_types = get_kv_types(rng);
+    }
+    {
+        uint64_t n_kv = kv_types.size();
+        if (hft == HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_CUSTOM_ALIGN || hft == HANDCRAFTED_DATA_CUSTOM_ALIGN) {
+            n_kv += 1;
+        } else if (hft == HANDCRAFTED_HEADER_BAD_N_KV) {
+            n_kv = -1;
+        }
+        helper_write(&n_kv, sizeof(n_kv), file);
+    }
+
+    if (hft < offset_has_kv) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < extra_bytes; ++i) {
+            const char tmp = 0;
+            helper_write(&tmp, sizeof(tmp), file);
+        }
+        rewind(file);
+        return file;
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < int(kv_types.size()); ++i) {
+        const enum gguf_type type     = gguf_type(hft == HANDCRAFTED_KV_BAD_TYPE ? -1 : kv_types[i].first);
+        const enum gguf_type type_arr = gguf_type(hft == HANDCRAFTED_KV_BAD_TYPE ? -1 : kv_types[i].second);
+
+        const std::string key = "my_key_" + std::to_string((hft == HANDCRAFTED_KV_DUPLICATE_KEY ? i/2 : i));
+
+        if (hft == HANDCRAFTED_KV_BAD_KEY_SIZE) {
+            const uint64_t n = -1;
+            helper_write(&n, sizeof(n), file);
+        } else {
+            const uint64_t n = key.length();
+            helper_write(&n, sizeof(n), file);
+        }
+        helper_write(key.data(), key.length(), file);
+
+        {
+            const int32_t type32 = int32_t(type);
+            helper_write(&type32, sizeof(type32), file);
+        }
+
+        uint32_t data[16];
+        for (int j = 0; j < 16; ++j) {
+            data[j] = rng();
+            if (type == GGUF_TYPE_STRING || type_arr == GGUF_TYPE_STRING) {
+                data[j] |= 0x01010101; // avoid random null-termination of string
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (type == GGUF_TYPE_STRING) {
+            const uint64_t n = rng() % sizeof(data);
+            helper_write(&n,   sizeof(n), file);
+            helper_write(data,        n,  file);
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (type == GGUF_TYPE_ARRAY) {
+            {
+                const int32_t type32 = int32_t(type_arr);
+                helper_write(&type32, sizeof(type32), file);
+            }
+            if (type_arr == GGUF_TYPE_STRING) {
+                const uint64_t nstr = rng() % (16 + 1);
+                helper_write(&nstr, sizeof(nstr), file);
+                for (uint64_t istr = 0; istr < nstr; ++istr) {
+                    const uint64_t n = rng() % (sizeof(uint32_t) + 1);
+                    helper_write(&n,          sizeof(n), file);
+                    helper_write(&data[istr],        n,  file);
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            const size_t type_size = gguf_type_size(type_arr);
+            const uint64_t n = (rng() % sizeof(data)) / type_size;
+            helper_write(&n,    sizeof(n),   file);
+            helper_write(&data, n*type_size, file);
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        size_t type_size = hft == HANDCRAFTED_KV_BAD_TYPE ? 1 : gguf_type_size(type);
+        if (hft == HANDCRAFTED_KV_BAD_VALUE_SIZE) {
+            type_size += rng() % 3;
+        }
+        helper_write(data, type_size, file);
+    }
+
+    if (hft == HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_CUSTOM_ALIGN || hft == HANDCRAFTED_DATA_CUSTOM_ALIGN) {
+        const std::string key = "general.alignment";
+        {
+            const uint64_t n = key.length();
+            helper_write(&n, sizeof(n), file);
+        }
+        helper_write(key.data(), key.length(), file);
+
+        const int32_t type = gguf_type(GGUF_TYPE_UINT32);
+        helper_write(&type, sizeof(type), file);
+
+        const uint32_t alignment = GGUF_DEFAULT_ALIGNMENT + 1;
+        helper_write(&alignment, sizeof(alignment), file);
+    }
+
+    if (hft < offset_has_tensors) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < extra_bytes; ++i) {
+            const char tmp = 0;
+            helper_write(&tmp, sizeof(tmp), file);
+        }
+        rewind(file);
+        return file;
+    }
+
+    uint32_t alignment = GGUF_DEFAULT_ALIGNMENT;
+    if (hft == HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_BAD_ALIGNMENT || hft == HANDCRAFTED_DATA_BAD_ALIGNMENT) {
+        alignment -= 1;
+    } else if (hft == HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_CUSTOM_ALIGN || hft == HANDCRAFTED_DATA_CUSTOM_ALIGN) {
+        alignment += 1;
+    }
+
+    uint64_t offset = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < int(tensor_configs.size()); ++i) {
+        const ggml_type                          type  = tensor_configs[i].first;
+        const std::array<int64_t, GGML_MAX_DIMS> shape = tensor_configs[i].second;
+
+        std::string name = "my_tensor";
+        if (hft != HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_DUPLICATE_NAME) {
+            name += "_" + std::to_string(i);
+        }
+        if (hft == HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_BAD_NAME_SIZE) {
+            name += "_with_a_very_long_name_which_is_longer_than_what_is_allowed_for_ggml_tensors";
+            GGML_ASSERT(name.length() >= GGML_MAX_NAME);
+        }
+        {
+            const uint64_t n = name.length();
+            helper_write(&n, sizeof(n), file);
+        }
+        helper_write(name.data(), name.length(), file);
+
+        uint32_t n_dims = hft == HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_NE_TOO_BIG ? 2 : 1;
+        for (int i = GGML_MAX_DIMS-1; i >= 1; --i) {
+            if (shape[i] != 1) {
+                n_dims = i + 1;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (hft == HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_BAD_N_DIMS) {
+            const uint32_t n_dims_bad = GGML_MAX_DIMS + 1;
+            helper_write(&n_dims_bad, sizeof(n_dims_bad), file);
+        } else {
+            helper_write(&n_dims,     sizeof(n_dims),     file);
+        }
+
+        if (hft == HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_BAD_SHAPE) {
+            for (uint32_t j = 0; j < n_dims; ++j) {
+                const int64_t bad_dim = -1;
+                helper_write(&bad_dim, sizeof(bad_dim), file);
+            }
+        } else if (hft == HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_NE_TOO_BIG){
+            for (uint32_t j = 0; j < n_dims; ++j) {
+                const int64_t big_dim = 4*int64_t(INT32_MAX);
+                helper_write(&big_dim, sizeof(big_dim), file);
+            }
+        } else {
+            helper_write(shape.data(), n_dims*sizeof(int64_t), file);
+        }
+
+        {
+            const int32_t type32 = hft == HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_BAD_TYPE ? -1 : int32_t(type);
+            helper_write(&type32, sizeof(type32), file);
+        }
+
+        if (hft == HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_BAD_OFFSET) {
+            const uint64_t bad_offset = -1;
+            helper_write(&bad_offset, sizeof(bad_offset), file);
+        } else {
+            helper_write(&offset, sizeof(offset), file);
+        }
+
+        int64_t ne = shape[0];
+        for (uint32_t i = 1; i < n_dims; ++i) {
+            ne *= shape[i];
+        }
+        offset += GGML_PAD(ggml_row_size(type, ne), alignment);
+    }
+
+    const uint32_t alignment_overshoot = ftell(file) % alignment;
+    if (alignment_overshoot != 0) {
+        for (size_t i = alignment_overshoot; i < alignment; ++i) {
+            const char pad = 0;
+            helper_write(&pad, sizeof(pad), file);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (hft >= offset_has_data) {
+        rng.seed(seed + 1);
+        uint64_t nbytes = offset;
+        if (hft == HANDCRAFTED_DATA_NOT_ENOUGH_DATA) {
+            nbytes -= 1;
+        }
+        for (uint64_t i = 0; i < nbytes; ++i) {
+            const uint8_t random_byte = i % 256;
+            helper_write(&random_byte, sizeof(random_byte), file);
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < extra_bytes; ++i) {
+        const char tmp = 0;
+        helper_write(&tmp, sizeof(tmp), file);
+    }
+    rewind(file);
+    return file;
+}
+
+static bool handcrafted_check_header(const gguf_context * gguf_ctx, const unsigned int seed, const bool has_kv, const bool has_tensors, const bool alignment_defined) {
+    if (!gguf_ctx) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    std::mt19937 rng(seed);
+
+    std::vector<tensor_config_t> tensor_configs;
+    if (has_tensors) {
+        tensor_configs = get_tensor_configs(rng);
+    }
+    std::vector<std::pair<enum gguf_type, enum gguf_type>> kv_types;
+    if (has_kv) {
+        kv_types = get_kv_types(rng);
+    }
+
+    bool ok = true;
+
+    if (gguf_get_version(gguf_ctx) != GGUF_VERSION) {
+        ok = false;
+    }
+    if (gguf_get_n_tensors(gguf_ctx) != int(tensor_configs.size())) {
+        ok = false;
+    }
+    if (gguf_get_n_kv(gguf_ctx) != int(alignment_defined ? kv_types.size() + 1 : kv_types.size())) {
+        ok = false;
+    }
+
+    return ok;
+}
+
+static bool handcrafted_check_kv(const gguf_context * gguf_ctx, const unsigned int seed, const bool has_tensors, const bool alignment_defined) {
+    if (!gguf_ctx) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    std::mt19937 rng(seed);
+
+    std::vector<tensor_config_t> tensor_configs;
+    if (has_tensors) {
+        tensor_configs = get_tensor_configs(rng);
+    }
+
+    std::vector<std::pair<enum gguf_type, enum gguf_type>> kv_types = get_kv_types(rng);
+
+    bool ok = true;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < int(kv_types.size()); ++i) {
+        const enum gguf_type type     = gguf_type(kv_types[i].first);
+        const enum gguf_type type_arr = gguf_type(kv_types[i].second);
+
+        const std::string key = "my_key_" + std::to_string(i);
+
+        uint32_t data[16];
+        for (int j = 0; j < 16; ++j) {
+            data[j] = rng();
+            if (type == GGUF_TYPE_STRING || type_arr == GGUF_TYPE_STRING) {
+                data[j] |= 0x01010101; // avoid random null-termination of string
+            }
+        }
+
+        const char * data8 = reinterpret_cast<const char *>(data);
+        const int id = gguf_find_key(gguf_ctx, key.c_str());
+
+        if (type == GGUF_TYPE_STRING) {
+            const char * str = gguf_get_val_str(gguf_ctx, id);
+            const uint64_t n = strlen(str);
+            const uint64_t n_expected = rng() % sizeof(data);
+            if (n != n_expected) {
+                ok = false;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (!std::equal(str, str + n, data8)) {
+                ok = false;
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (type == GGUF_TYPE_ARRAY) {
+            const size_t type_size = gguf_type_size(type_arr);
+            const uint64_t arr_n = gguf_get_arr_n(gguf_ctx, id);
+
+            if (type_arr == GGUF_TYPE_STRING) {
+                const uint64_t nstr_expected = rng() % (16 + 1);
+                if (arr_n != nstr_expected) {
+                    ok = false;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                for (uint64_t istr = 0; istr < nstr_expected; ++istr) {
+                    const char * str = gguf_get_arr_str(gguf_ctx, id, istr);
+                    const uint64_t n = strlen(str);
+                    const uint64_t n_expected = rng() % (sizeof(uint32_t) + 1);
+
+                    if (n != n_expected) {
+                        ok = false;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    const char * str_expected = reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&data[istr]);
+                    if (strncmp(str, str_expected, n) != 0) {
+                        ok = false;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            const uint64_t arr_n_expected = (rng() % sizeof(data)) / type_size;
+            if (arr_n != arr_n_expected) {
+                ok = false;
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            const char * data_gguf = reinterpret_cast<const char *>(gguf_get_arr_data(gguf_ctx, id));
+            if (!std::equal(data8, data8 + arr_n*type_size, data_gguf)) {
+                ok = false;
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        const char * data_gguf = reinterpret_cast<const char *>(gguf_get_val_data(gguf_ctx, id));
+        if (!std::equal(data8, data8 + gguf_type_size(type), data_gguf)) {
+            ok = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    const uint32_t expected_alignment = alignment_defined ? GGUF_DEFAULT_ALIGNMENT + 1 : GGUF_DEFAULT_ALIGNMENT;
+    if (gguf_get_alignment(gguf_ctx) != expected_alignment) {
+        ok = false;
+    }
+
+    return ok;
+}
+
+static bool handcrafted_check_tensors(const gguf_context * gguf_ctx, const unsigned int seed) {
+    if (!gguf_ctx) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    std::mt19937 rng(seed);
+
+    std::vector<tensor_config_t> tensor_configs = get_tensor_configs(rng);
+
+    // Call get_kv_types to get the same RNG state:
+    get_kv_types(rng);
+
+    bool ok = true;
+
+    const int id_alignment = gguf_find_key(gguf_ctx, "general.alignment");
+    const uint32_t alignment = id_alignment >= 0 ? gguf_get_val_u32(gguf_ctx, id_alignment) : GGUF_DEFAULT_ALIGNMENT;
+
+    uint64_t expected_offset = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < int(tensor_configs.size()); ++i) {
+        const ggml_type                          type  = tensor_configs[i].first;
+        const std::array<int64_t, GGML_MAX_DIMS> shape = tensor_configs[i].second;
+
+        const std::string name = "my_tensor_" + std::to_string(i);
+        const int id = gguf_find_tensor(gguf_ctx, name.c_str());
+
+        if (id >= 0) {
+            if (std::string(gguf_get_tensor_name(gguf_ctx, id)) != name) {
+                ok = false;
+            }
+
+            if (gguf_get_tensor_type(gguf_ctx, id) != type) {
+                ok = false;
+            }
+        } else {
+            ok = false;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        const size_t offset = gguf_get_tensor_offset(gguf_ctx, id);
+
+        if (offset != expected_offset) {
+            ok = false;
+        }
+
+        int64_t ne = shape[0];
+        for (size_t j = 1; j < GGML_MAX_DIMS; ++j) {
+            ne *= shape[j];
+        }
+        expected_offset += GGML_PAD(ggml_row_size(type, ne), alignment);
+    }
+
+    return ok;
+}
+
+static bool handcrafted_check_tensor_data(const gguf_context * gguf_ctx, const unsigned int seed, FILE * file) {
+    if (!gguf_ctx) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    std::mt19937 rng(seed);
+
+    std::vector<tensor_config_t> tensor_configs = get_tensor_configs(rng);
+
+    bool ok = true;
+
+    const uint32_t alignment = GGUF_DEFAULT_ALIGNMENT;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < int(tensor_configs.size()); ++i) {
+        const ggml_type                          type  = tensor_configs[i].first;
+        const std::array<int64_t, GGML_MAX_DIMS> shape = tensor_configs[i].second;
+
+        int64_t ne = shape[0];
+        for (size_t j = 1; j < GGML_MAX_DIMS; ++j) {
+            ne *= shape[j];
+        }
+        const size_t size = ggml_row_size(type, ne);
+
+        const std::string name = "my_tensor_" + std::to_string(i);
+        const size_t offset = gguf_get_tensor_offset(gguf_ctx, gguf_find_tensor(gguf_ctx, name.c_str()));
+
+        std::vector<uint8_t> data(size);
+        GGML_ASSERT(fseek(file, gguf_get_data_offset(gguf_ctx) + offset, SEEK_SET) == 0);
+        GGML_ASSERT(fread(data.data(), 1, size, file) == size);
+
+        for (size_t j = 0; j < size; ++j) {
+            const uint8_t expected_byte = (j + offset) % 256;
+            if (data[j] != expected_byte) {
+                ok = false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return ok;
+}
+
+static std::pair<int, int> test_handcrafted_file(const unsigned int seed) {
+    int npass = 0;
+    int ntest = 0;
+
+    const std::vector<handcrafted_file_type> hfts = {
+        HANDCRAFTED_HEADER_BAD_MAGIC,
+        HANDCRAFTED_HEADER_BAD_VERSION_1,
+        // HANDCRAFTED_FILE_TYPE_BAD_VERSION_FUTURE, // FIXME
+        HANDCRAFTED_HEADER_BAD_N_KV,
+        HANDCRAFTED_HEADER_BAD_N_TENSORS,
+        HANDCRAFTED_HEADER_EMPTY,
+
+        HANDCRAFTED_KV_BAD_KEY_SIZE,
+        HANDCRAFTED_KV_BAD_TYPE,
+        HANDCRAFTED_KV_BAD_VALUE_SIZE,
+        // HANDCRAFTED_FILE_TYPE_DUPLICATE_KEY, // FIXME
+        HANDCRAFTED_KV_SUCCESS,
+
+        HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_BAD_NAME_SIZE,
+        HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_BAD_N_DIMS,
+        HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_BAD_SHAPE,
+        HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_NE_TOO_BIG,
+        HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_BAD_TYPE,
+        // HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_BAD_OFFSET, // FIXME
+        HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_DUPLICATE_NAME,
+        // HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_BAD_ALIGNMENT, // FIXME
+        HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_SUCCESS,
+        HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_CUSTOM_ALIGN,
+
+        HANDCRAFTED_DATA_NOT_ENOUGH_DATA,
+        // HANDCRAFTED_DATA_BAD_ALIGNMENT, // FIXME
+        HANDCRAFTED_DATA_SUCCESS,
+        HANDCRAFTED_DATA_CUSTOM_ALIGN,
+    };
+
+    for (enum handcrafted_file_type hft : hfts) {
+        printf("%s: handcrafted_file_type=%s\n", __func__, handcrafted_file_type_name(hft).c_str());
+        FILE * file = get_handcrafted_file(seed, hft);
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+        if (!file) {
+            printf("%s: failed to create tmpfile(), needs elevated privileges on Windows");
+            printf("%s: skipping tests");
+            continue;
+        }
+#else
+        GGML_ASSERT(file);
+#endif // _WIN32
+
+        struct ggml_context * ctx = nullptr;
+        struct gguf_init_params gguf_params = {
+            /*no_alloc =*/ false,
+            /*ctx      =*/ hft >= offset_has_data ? &ctx : nullptr,
+        };
+        struct gguf_context * gguf_ctx = gguf_init_from_file_impl(file, gguf_params);
+
+        if (expect_context_not_null(hft)) {
+            printf("%s:   - context_not_null: ", __func__);
+        } else {
+            printf("%s:   - context_null: ", __func__);
+        }
+        if (bool(gguf_ctx) == expect_context_not_null(hft)) {
+            printf("\033[1;32mOK\033[0m\n");
+            npass++;
+        } else {
+            printf("\033[1;31mFAIL\033[0m\n");
+        }
+        ntest++;
+
+        if (false && hft >= offset_has_data && !expect_context_not_null(hft)) { // FIXME
+            printf("%s:   - no_dangling_ggml_context_pointer: ", __func__);
+            if (ctx) {
+                printf("\033[1;31mFAIL\033[0m\n");
+            } else {
+                printf("\033[1;32mOK\033[0m\n");
+                npass++;
+            }
+            ntest++;
+        }
+
+        if (false && expect_context_not_null(hft)) { // FIXME
+            FILE * file_eb = get_handcrafted_file(seed, hft, /*extra_bytes =*/ 1);
+            struct gguf_context * gguf_ctx_eb = gguf_init_from_file_impl(file_eb, gguf_params);
+
+            printf("%s:   - context_null_with_extra_bytes: ", __func__);
+            if (gguf_ctx_eb) {
+                printf("\033[1;31mFAIL\033[0m\n");
+            } else {
+                printf("\033[1;32mOK\033[0m\n");
+                npass++;
+            }
+            ntest++;
+
+            gguf_free(gguf_ctx_eb);
+            fclose(file_eb);
+        }
+
+        const bool alignment_defined = hft == HANDCRAFTED_TENSORS_CUSTOM_ALIGN || hft == HANDCRAFTED_DATA_CUSTOM_ALIGN;
+
+        if (expect_context_not_null(hft)) {
+            printf("%s:   - check_header: ", __func__);
+            if (handcrafted_check_header(gguf_ctx, seed, hft >= offset_has_kv, hft >= offset_has_tensors, alignment_defined)) {
+                printf("\033[1;32mOK\033[0m\n");
+                npass++;
+            } else {
+                printf("\033[1;31mFAIL\033[0m\n");
+            }
+            ntest++;
+        }
+
+        if (expect_context_not_null(hft) && hft >= offset_has_kv) {
+            printf("%s:   - check_kv: ", __func__);
+            if (handcrafted_check_kv(gguf_ctx, seed, hft >= offset_has_tensors, alignment_defined)) {
+                printf("\033[1;32mOK\033[0m\n");
+                npass++;
+            } else {
+                printf("\033[1;31mFAIL\033[0m\n");
+            }
+            ntest++;
+        }
+
+        if (expect_context_not_null(hft) && hft >= offset_has_tensors) {
+            printf("%s:   - check_tensors: ", __func__);
+            if (handcrafted_check_tensors(gguf_ctx, seed)) {
+                printf("\033[1;32mOK\033[0m\n");
+                npass++;
+            } else {
+                printf("\033[1;31mFAIL\033[0m\n");
+            }
+            ntest++;
+        }
+
+        if (expect_context_not_null(hft) && hft >= offset_has_data) {
+            printf("%s:   - check_tensor_data: ", __func__);
+            if (handcrafted_check_tensor_data(gguf_ctx, seed, file)) {
+                printf("\033[1;32mOK\033[0m\n");
+                npass++;
+            } else {
+                printf("\033[1;31mFAIL\033[0m\n");
+            }
+            ntest++;
+        }
+
+        if (gguf_ctx) {
+            ggml_free(ctx);
+            gguf_free(gguf_ctx);
+        }
+        fclose(file);
+        printf("\n");
+    }
+
+    return std::make_pair(npass, ntest);
+}
+
+struct random_gguf_context_result {
+    struct gguf_context * gguf_ctx;
+    struct ggml_context * ctx;
+    ggml_backend_buffer_t buffer;
+};
+
+static struct random_gguf_context_result get_random_gguf_context(ggml_backend_t backend, const unsigned int seed) {
+    std::mt19937 rng(seed);
+
+    struct gguf_context * gguf_ctx = gguf_init_empty();
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < 256; ++i) {
+        const std::string key = "my_key_" + std::to_string(rng() % 1024);
+        const enum gguf_type type = gguf_type(rng() % GGUF_TYPE_COUNT);
+
+        if (type == GGUF_TYPE_STRING || type == GGUF_TYPE_ARRAY) {
+            continue; // FIXME memory leak
+        }
+
+        switch (type) {
+            case GGUF_TYPE_UINT8:   gguf_set_val_u8  (gguf_ctx, key.c_str(), rng() % (1 <<  7));             break;
+            case GGUF_TYPE_INT8:    gguf_set_val_i8  (gguf_ctx, key.c_str(), rng() % (1 <<  7) - (1 <<  6)); break;
+            case GGUF_TYPE_UINT16:  gguf_set_val_u16 (gguf_ctx, key.c_str(), rng() % (1 << 15));             break;
+            case GGUF_TYPE_INT16:   gguf_set_val_i16 (gguf_ctx, key.c_str(), rng() % (1 << 15) - (1 << 14)); break;
+            case GGUF_TYPE_UINT32:  gguf_set_val_u32 (gguf_ctx, key.c_str(), rng());                         break;
+            case GGUF_TYPE_INT32:   gguf_set_val_i32 (gguf_ctx, key.c_str(), rng()             - (1 << 30)); break;
+            case GGUF_TYPE_FLOAT32: gguf_set_val_f32 (gguf_ctx, key.c_str(), rng() % 1024      - 512);       break;
+            case GGUF_TYPE_BOOL:    gguf_set_val_bool(gguf_ctx, key.c_str(), rng() % 2 == 0);                break;
+            case GGUF_TYPE_STRING:  gguf_set_val_str (gguf_ctx, key.c_str(), std::to_string(rng()).c_str()); break;
+            case GGUF_TYPE_UINT64:  gguf_set_val_u64 (gguf_ctx, key.c_str(), rng());                         break;
+            case GGUF_TYPE_INT64:   gguf_set_val_i64 (gguf_ctx, key.c_str(), rng()             - (1 << 30)); break;
+            case GGUF_TYPE_FLOAT64: gguf_set_val_f32 (gguf_ctx, key.c_str(), rng() % 1024      - 512);       break;
+            case GGUF_TYPE_ARRAY: {
+                const enum gguf_type type_arr = gguf_type(rng() % GGUF_TYPE_COUNT);
+                const uint64_t ne = rng() % 1024;
+
+                switch (type_arr) {
+                    case GGUF_TYPE_UINT8:
+                    case GGUF_TYPE_INT8:
+                    case GGUF_TYPE_UINT16:
+                    case GGUF_TYPE_INT16:
+                    case GGUF_TYPE_UINT32:
+                    case GGUF_TYPE_INT32:
+                    case GGUF_TYPE_FLOAT32:
+                    case GGUF_TYPE_BOOL:
+                    case GGUF_TYPE_UINT64:
+                    case GGUF_TYPE_INT64:
+                    case GGUF_TYPE_FLOAT64: {
+                        const size_t nbytes = ne*gguf_type_size(type_arr);
+                        std::vector<uint32_t> random_data((nbytes + sizeof(uint32_t) - 1) / sizeof(uint32_t));
+                        for (size_t j = 0; j < random_data.size(); ++j) {
+                            random_data[j] = rng();
+                        }
+                        gguf_set_arr_data(gguf_ctx, key.c_str(), type_arr, random_data.data(), ne);
+                    } break;
+                    case GGUF_TYPE_STRING: {
+                        std::vector<std::string>  data_cpp(ne);
+                        std::vector<const char *> data_c(ne);
+                        for (size_t j = 0; j < data_cpp.size(); ++j) {
+                            data_cpp[j] = std::to_string(rng());
+                            data_c[j]   = data_cpp[j].c_str();
+                        }
+                        gguf_set_arr_str(gguf_ctx, key.c_str(), data_c.data(), ne);
+                    } break;
+                    case GGUF_TYPE_ARRAY: {
+                        break; // not supported
+                    }
+                    case GGUF_TYPE_COUNT:
+                    default: {
+                        GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+                    } break;
+                }
+            } break;
+            case GGUF_TYPE_COUNT:
+            default: {
+                GGML_ABORT("fatal error");
+            } break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    struct ggml_init_params ggml_params = {
+        /*.mem_size   =*/ 256*ggml_tensor_overhead(),
+        /*.mem_buffer =*/ nullptr,
+        /*.no_alloc   =*/ true,
+    };
+    struct ggml_context * ctx = ggml_init(ggml_params);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < 256; ++i) {
+        const std::string name = "my_tensor_" + std::to_string(i);
+        const enum ggml_type type = ggml_type(rng() % GGML_TYPE_COUNT);
+        const size_t type_size = ggml_type_size(type);
+
+        if (type_size == 0) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        const int n_dims = 1 + rng() % GGML_MAX_DIMS;
+        int64_t ne[GGML_MAX_DIMS];
+        ne[0] = (1 + rng() % 10) * ggml_blck_size(type);
+        for (int j = 1; j < n_dims; ++j) {
+            ne[j] = 1 + rng() % 10;
+        }
+
+        struct ggml_tensor * tensor = ggml_new_tensor(ctx, type, n_dims, ne);
+        ggml_set_name(tensor, name.c_str());
+    }
+
+    ggml_backend_buffer_t buf = ggml_backend_alloc_ctx_tensors(ctx, backend);
+    for (struct ggml_tensor * t = ggml_get_first_tensor(ctx); t != nullptr; t = ggml_get_next_tensor(ctx, t)) {
+        const size_t nbytes = ggml_nbytes(t);
+        std::vector<uint32_t> random_data((nbytes + sizeof(uint32_t) - 1) / sizeof(uint32_t));
+        for (size_t j = 0; j < random_data.size(); ++j) {
+            random_data[j] = rng();
+        }
+        ggml_backend_tensor_set(t, random_data.data(), 0, nbytes);
+
+        gguf_add_tensor(gguf_ctx, t);
+    }
+
+    return {gguf_ctx, ctx, buf};
+}
+
+static bool all_kv_in_other(const gguf_context * ctx, const gguf_context * other) {
+    bool ok = true;
+
+    const int n_kv = gguf_get_n_kv(ctx);
+    for (int id = 0; id < n_kv; ++id) {
+        const char * name = gguf_get_key(ctx, id);
+
+        const int idx_other = gguf_find_key(other, name);
+        if (idx_other < 0) {
+            ok = false;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        const gguf_type type = gguf_get_kv_type(ctx, id);
+        if (type != gguf_get_kv_type(other, idx_other)) {
+            ok = false;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (type == GGUF_TYPE_ARRAY) {
+            const int arr_n = gguf_get_arr_n(ctx, id);
+            if (arr_n != gguf_get_arr_n(other, idx_other)) {
+                ok = false;
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            const gguf_type type_arr = gguf_get_arr_type(ctx, id);
+            if (type_arr != gguf_get_arr_type(other, idx_other)) {
+                ok = false;
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (type_arr == GGUF_TYPE_STRING) {
+                for (int arr_i = 0; arr_i < arr_n; ++arr_i) {
+                    const std::string str       = gguf_get_arr_str(ctx,   id,       arr_i);
+                    const std::string str_other = gguf_get_arr_str(other, idx_other, arr_i);
+                    if (str != str_other) {
+                        ok = false;
+                    }
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            const char * data       = reinterpret_cast<const char *>(gguf_get_arr_data(ctx,   id));
+            const char * data_other = reinterpret_cast<const char *>(gguf_get_arr_data(other, idx_other));
+            if (!std::equal(data, data + arr_n*gguf_type_size(type_arr), data_other)) {
+                ok = false;
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (type == GGUF_TYPE_STRING) {
+            const std::string str       = gguf_get_val_str(ctx,   id);
+            const std::string str_other = gguf_get_val_str(other, idx_other);
+            if (str != str_other) {
+                ok = false;
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        const char * data       = reinterpret_cast<const char *>(gguf_get_val_data(ctx,   id));
+        const char * data_other = reinterpret_cast<const char *>(gguf_get_val_data(other, idx_other));
+        if (!std::equal(data, data + gguf_type_size(type), data_other)) {
+            ok = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return ok;
+}
+
+static bool all_tensors_in_other(const gguf_context * ctx, const gguf_context * other) {
+    bool ok = true;
+
+    const int n_tensors = gguf_get_n_tensors(ctx);
+    for (int id = 0; id < n_tensors; ++id) {
+        const std::string name = gguf_get_tensor_name(ctx, id);
+
+        const int idx_other = gguf_find_tensor(other, name.c_str());
+        if (id != idx_other) {
+            ok = false;
+            if (idx_other < 0) {
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+
+        const ggml_type type = gguf_get_tensor_type(ctx, id);
+        if (type != gguf_get_tensor_type(other, id)) {
+            ok = false;
+        }
+
+        const size_t offset = gguf_get_tensor_offset(ctx, id);
+        if (offset != gguf_get_tensor_offset(other, id)) {
+            ok = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return ok;
+}
+
+static bool same_tensor_data(const struct ggml_context * orig, const struct ggml_context * read) {
+    bool ok = true;
+
+    struct ggml_tensor * t_orig = ggml_get_first_tensor(orig);
+    struct ggml_tensor * t_read = ggml_get_first_tensor(read);
+    while (t_orig) {
+        if (!t_read) {
+            ok = false;
+            break;
+        }
+
+        const size_t nbytes = ggml_nbytes(t_orig);
+        if (ggml_nbytes(t_read) != nbytes) {
+            ok = false;
+            break;
+        }
+        std::vector<char> data_orig(nbytes);
+        ggml_backend_tensor_get(t_orig, data_orig.data(), 0, nbytes);
+        if (!std::equal(data_orig.data(), data_orig.data() + nbytes, reinterpret_cast<const char *>(t_read->data))) {
+            ok = false;
+        }
+
+        t_orig = ggml_get_next_tensor(orig, t_orig);
+        t_read = ggml_get_next_tensor(orig, t_read);
+    }
+    if (t_read) {
+        ok = false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+static std::pair<int, int> test_roundtrip(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, const unsigned int seed, const bool only_meta) {
+    FILE * file = tmpfile();
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    if (!file) {
+        printf("%s: failed to create tmpfile(), needs elevated privileges on Windows");
+        printf("%s: skipping tests");
+        return std::make_pair(0, 0);
+    }
+#else
+    GGML_ASSERT(file);
+#endif // _WIN32
+
+    if (ggml_backend_dev_type(dev) != GGML_BACKEND_DEVICE_TYPE_CPU) {
+        return std::make_pair(0, 0); // FIXME
+    }
+
+    ggml_backend_t backend = ggml_backend_dev_init(dev, nullptr);
+    printf("%s: device=%s, backend=%s, only_meta=%s\n",
+        __func__, ggml_backend_dev_description(dev), ggml_backend_name(backend), only_meta ? "yes" : "no");
+
+    int npass = 0;
+    int ntest = 0;
+
+    struct gguf_context * gguf_ctx_0;
+    struct ggml_context * ctx_0;
+    ggml_backend_buffer_t bbuf;
+    {
+        struct random_gguf_context_result result = get_random_gguf_context(backend, seed);
+        gguf_ctx_0 = result.gguf_ctx;
+        ctx_0      = result.ctx;
+        bbuf       = result.buffer;
+    }
+
+    struct gguf_buf gbuf = gguf_buf_init(16 * 1024);
+    gguf_write_to_buf(gguf_ctx_0, &gbuf, only_meta);
+    helper_write(gbuf.data, gbuf.offset, file);
+    rewind(file);
+
+    struct ggml_context * ctx_1 = nullptr;
+    struct gguf_init_params gguf_params = {
+        /*no_alloc =*/ false,
+        /*ctx      =*/ only_meta ? nullptr : &ctx_1,
+    };
+    struct gguf_context * gguf_ctx_1 = gguf_init_from_file_impl(file, gguf_params);
+
+    printf("%s: same_version: ", __func__);
+    if (gguf_get_version(gguf_ctx_0) == gguf_get_version(gguf_ctx_1)) {
+        printf("\033[1;32mOK\033[0m\n");
+        npass++;
+    } else {
+        printf("\033[1;31mFAIL\033[0m\n");
+    }
+    ntest++;
+
+    printf("%s: same_n_kv: ", __func__);
+    if (gguf_get_n_kv(gguf_ctx_0) == gguf_get_n_kv(gguf_ctx_1)) {
+        printf("\033[1;32mOK\033[0m\n");
+        npass++;
+    } else {
+        printf("\033[1;31mFAIL\033[0m\n");
+    }
+    ntest++;
+
+    printf("%s: same_n_tensors: ", __func__);
+    if (gguf_get_n_tensors(gguf_ctx_0) == gguf_get_n_tensors(gguf_ctx_1)) {
+        printf("\033[1;32mOK\033[0m\n");
+        npass++;
+    } else {
+        printf("\033[1;31mFAIL\033[0m\n");
+    }
+    ntest++;
+
+    printf("%s: all_orig_kv_in_read: ", __func__);
+    if (all_kv_in_other(gguf_ctx_0, gguf_ctx_1)) {
+        printf("\033[1;32mOK\033[0m\n");
+        npass++;
+    } else {
+        printf("\033[1;31mFAIL\033[0m\n");
+    }
+    ntest++;
+
+    printf("%s: all_read_kv_in_orig: ", __func__);
+    if (all_kv_in_other(gguf_ctx_1, gguf_ctx_0)) {
+        printf("\033[1;32mOK\033[0m\n");
+        npass++;
+    } else {
+        printf("\033[1;31mFAIL\033[0m\n");
+    }
+    ntest++;
+
+    printf("%s: all_orig_tensors_in_read: ", __func__);
+    if (all_tensors_in_other(gguf_ctx_0, gguf_ctx_1)) {
+        printf("\033[1;32mOK\033[0m\n");
+        npass++;
+    } else {
+        printf("\033[1;31mFAIL\033[0m\n");
+    }
+    ntest++;
+
+    printf("%s: all_read_tensors_in_orig: ", __func__);
+    if (all_tensors_in_other(gguf_ctx_1, gguf_ctx_0)) {
+        printf("\033[1;32mOK\033[0m\n");
+        npass++;
+    } else {
+        printf("\033[1;31mFAIL\033[0m\n");
+    }
+    ntest++;
+
+    if (!only_meta) {
+        printf("%s: same_tensor_data: ", __func__);
+        if (same_tensor_data(ctx_0, ctx_1)) {
+            printf("\033[1;32mOK\033[0m\n");
+            npass++;
+        } else {
+            printf("\033[1;31mFAIL\033[0m\n");
+        }
+        ntest++;
+    }
+
+    ggml_backend_buffer_free(bbuf);
+    ggml_free(ctx_0);
+    ggml_free(ctx_1);
+    gguf_free(gguf_ctx_0);
+    gguf_free(gguf_ctx_1);
+    gguf_buf_free(gbuf);
+    ggml_backend_free(backend);
+    GGML_ASSERT(fclose(file) == 0);
+
+    printf("\n");
+    return std::make_pair(npass, ntest);
+}
+
+static std::pair<int, int> test_gguf_set_kv(ggml_backend_dev_t dev, const unsigned int seed) {
+    ggml_backend_t backend = ggml_backend_dev_init(dev, nullptr);
+    printf("%s: device=%s, backend=%s\n", __func__, ggml_backend_dev_description(dev), ggml_backend_name(backend));
+
+    int npass = 0;
+    int ntest = 0;
+
+    struct gguf_context * gguf_ctx_0;
+    struct ggml_context * ctx_0;
+    ggml_backend_buffer_t bbuf_0;
+    {
+        struct random_gguf_context_result result = get_random_gguf_context(backend, seed);
+        gguf_ctx_0 = result.gguf_ctx;
+        ctx_0      = result.ctx;
+        bbuf_0     = result.buffer;
+    }
+
+    struct gguf_context * gguf_ctx_1;
+    struct ggml_context * ctx_1;
+    ggml_backend_buffer_t bbuf_1;
+    {
+        struct random_gguf_context_result result = get_random_gguf_context(backend, seed + 1);
+        gguf_ctx_1 = result.gguf_ctx;
+        ctx_1      = result.ctx;
+        bbuf_1     = result.buffer;
+    }
+
+    struct gguf_context * gguf_ctx_2 = gguf_init_empty();
+
+    gguf_set_kv(gguf_ctx_1, gguf_ctx_0);
+    gguf_set_kv(gguf_ctx_2, gguf_ctx_0);
+
+    printf("%s: same_n_kv: ", __func__);
+    if (gguf_get_n_kv(gguf_ctx_0) == gguf_get_n_kv(gguf_ctx_2)) {
+        printf("\033[1;32mOK\033[0m\n");
+        npass++;
+    } else {
+        printf("\033[1;31mFAIL\033[0m\n");
+    }
+    ntest++;
+
+    printf("%s: all_kv_0_in_1: ", __func__);
+    if (all_kv_in_other(gguf_ctx_0, gguf_ctx_1)) {
+        printf("\033[1;32mOK\033[0m\n");
+        npass++;
+    } else {
+        printf("\033[1;31mFAIL\033[0m\n");
+    }
+    ntest++;
+
+    printf("%s: all_kv_0_in_2: ", __func__);
+    if (all_kv_in_other(gguf_ctx_0, gguf_ctx_2)) {
+        printf("\033[1;32mOK\033[0m\n");
+        npass++;
+    } else {
+        printf("\033[1;31mFAIL\033[0m\n");
+    }
+    ntest++;
+
+    gguf_set_kv(gguf_ctx_0, gguf_ctx_1);
+
+    printf("%s: same_n_kv_after_double_copy: ", __func__);
+    if (gguf_get_n_kv(gguf_ctx_0) == gguf_get_n_kv(gguf_ctx_1)) {
+        printf("\033[1;32mOK\033[0m\n");
+        npass++;
+    } else {
+        printf("\033[1;31mFAIL\033[0m\n");
+    }
+    ntest++;
+
+    printf("%s: all_kv_1_in_0_after_double_copy: ", __func__);
+    if (all_kv_in_other(gguf_ctx_1, gguf_ctx_0)) {
+        printf("\033[1;32mOK\033[0m\n");
+        npass++;
+    } else {
+        printf("\033[1;31mFAIL\033[0m\n");
+    }
+    ntest++;
+
+    ggml_backend_buffer_free(bbuf_0);
+    ggml_backend_buffer_free(bbuf_1);
+    ggml_free(ctx_0);
+    ggml_free(ctx_1);
+    gguf_free(gguf_ctx_0);
+    gguf_free(gguf_ctx_1);
+    gguf_free(gguf_ctx_2);
+    ggml_backend_free(backend);
+
+    printf("\n");
+    return std::make_pair(npass, ntest);
+}
+
+static void print_usage() {
+    printf("usage: test-gguf [seed]\n");
+    printf("  if no seed is unspecified then a random seed is used\n");
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
+    if (argc > 2) {
+        print_usage();
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    std::random_device rd;
+    const unsigned int seed = argc < 2 ? rd() : std::stoi(argv[1]);
+
+    // Initialize ggml backends early so the prints aren't interleaved with the test results:
+    ggml_backend_dev_count();
+    fprintf(stderr, "\n");
+
+    int npass = 0;
+    int ntest = 0;
+    {
+        std::pair<int, int> result = test_handcrafted_file(seed);
+        npass += result.first;
+        ntest += result.second;
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < ggml_backend_dev_count(); ++i) {
+        ggml_backend_dev_t dev = ggml_backend_dev_get(i);
+
+        for (bool only_meta : {true, false}) {
+            std::pair<int, int> result = test_roundtrip(dev, seed, only_meta);
+            npass += result.first;
+            ntest += result.second;
+        }
+
+        {
+            std::pair<int, int> result = test_gguf_set_kv(dev, seed);
+            npass += result.first;
+            ntest += result.second;
+        }
+    }
+
+    printf("%d/%d tests passed\n", npass, ntest);
+    if (npass != ntest) {
+        printf("\033[1;31mFAIL\033[0m\n");
+        return 1;
+    }
+    printf("\033[1;32mOK\033[0m\n");
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/tests/test-sampling.cpp b/tests/test-sampling.cpp
index e5c9e75e4..c0dcb4848 100644
--- a/tests/test-sampling.cpp
+++ b/tests/test-sampling.cpp
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ static void test_penalties(
     sampler_tester tester(probs, probs_expected);
 
     const size_t n_vocab = probs.size();
-    auto * sampler = llama_sampler_init_penalties(n_vocab, LLAMA_TOKEN_NULL, LLAMA_TOKEN_NULL, last_tokens.size(), repeat_penalty, alpha_frequency, alpha_presence, false, false);
+    auto * sampler = llama_sampler_init_penalties(last_tokens.size(), repeat_penalty, alpha_frequency, alpha_presence);
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < last_tokens.size(); i++) {
         llama_sampler_accept(sampler, last_tokens[i]);