Merge branch 'master' into sycl_readme_update

.github/workflows/build.yml

@@ -21,6 +21,118 @@ env:
   GGML_N_THREADS: 1
 
 jobs:
+  macOS-latest-cmake-arm64:
+    runs-on: macos-14
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Clone
+        id: checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+
+      - name: Dependencies
+        id: depends
+        continue-on-error: true
+        run: |
+          brew update
+
+      - name: Build
+        id: cmake_build
+        run: |
+          sysctl -a
+          mkdir build
+          cd build
+          cmake -DLLAMA_FATAL_WARNINGS=ON -DLLAMA_METAL_EMBED_LIBRARY=ON ..
+          cmake --build . --config Release -j $(sysctl -n hw.logicalcpu)
+
+      - name: Test
+        id: cmake_test
+        run: |
+          cd build
+          ctest -L main --verbose --timeout 900
+
+      - name: Determine tag name
+        id: tag
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          BUILD_NUMBER="$(git rev-list --count HEAD)"
+          SHORT_HASH="$(git rev-parse --short=7 HEAD)"
+          if [[ "${{ env.BRANCH_NAME }}" == "master" ]]; then
+            echo "name=b${BUILD_NUMBER}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          else
+            SAFE_NAME=$(echo "${{ env.BRANCH_NAME }}" | tr '/' '-')
+            echo "name=${SAFE_NAME}-b${BUILD_NUMBER}-${SHORT_HASH}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          fi
+
+      - name: Pack artifacts
+        id: pack_artifacts
+        if: ${{ ( github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' ) || github.event.inputs.create_release == 'true' }}
+        run: |
+          cp LICENSE ./build/bin/
+          zip -r llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-macos-arm64.zip ./build/bin/*
+
+      - name: Upload artifacts
+        if: ${{ ( github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' ) || github.event.inputs.create_release == 'true' }}
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          path: |
+            llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-macos-arm64.zip
+
+  macOS-latest-cmake-x64:
+    runs-on: macos-latest
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Clone
+        id: checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+
+      - name: Dependencies
+        id: depends
+        continue-on-error: true
+        run: |
+          brew update
+
+      - name: Build
+        id: cmake_build
+        run: |
+          sysctl -a
+          mkdir build
+          cd build
+          cmake -DLLAMA_FATAL_WARNINGS=ON -DLLAMA_METAL_EMBED_LIBRARY=ON ..
+          cmake --build . --config Release -j $(sysctl -n hw.logicalcpu)
+
+      - name: Test
+        id: cmake_test
+        run: |
+          cd build
+          ctest -L main --verbose --timeout 900
+
+      - name: Determine tag name
+        id: tag
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          BUILD_NUMBER="$(git rev-list --count HEAD)"
+          SHORT_HASH="$(git rev-parse --short=7 HEAD)"
+          if [[ "${{ env.BRANCH_NAME }}" == "master" ]]; then
+            echo "name=b${BUILD_NUMBER}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          else
+            SAFE_NAME=$(echo "${{ env.BRANCH_NAME }}" | tr '/' '-')
+            echo "name=${SAFE_NAME}-b${BUILD_NUMBER}-${SHORT_HASH}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          fi
+
+      - name: Pack artifacts
+        id: pack_artifacts
+        if: ${{ ( github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' ) || github.event.inputs.create_release == 'true' }}
+        run: |
+          cp LICENSE ./build/bin/
+          zip -r llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-macos-x64.zip ./build/bin/*
+
+      - name: Upload artifacts
+        if: ${{ ( github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' ) || github.event.inputs.create_release == 'true' }}
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          path: |
+            llama-${{ steps.tag.outputs.name }}-bin-macos-x64.zip
+
   ubuntu-focal-make:
     runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
 
@@ -748,6 +860,8 @@ jobs:
       - macOS-latest-cmake
       - windows-latest-cmake
       - windows-latest-cmake-cublas
+      - macOS-latest-cmake-arm64
+      - macOS-latest-cmake-x64
 
     steps:
       - name: Clone

.gitignore

@@ -11,7 +11,10 @@
 *.gcda
 *.dot
 *.bat
+*.tmp
 *.metallib
+*.etag
+*.lastModified
 .DS_Store
 .build/
 .cache/

Makefile

@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ TEST_TARGETS = \
 	tests/test-llama-grammar tests/test-grammar-parser tests/test-double-float tests/test-grad0 tests/test-opt \
 	tests/test-quantize-fns tests/test-quantize-perf tests/test-sampling tests/test-tokenizer-0-llama          \
 	tests/test-tokenizer-0-falcon tests/test-tokenizer-1-llama tests/test-tokenizer-1-bpe tests/test-rope      \
-	tests/test-backend-ops tests/test-model-load-cancel tests/test-autorelease
+	tests/test-backend-ops tests/test-model-load-cancel tests/test-autorelease                                 \
+	tests/test-json-schema-to-grammar
 
 # Code coverage output files
 COV_TARGETS = *.gcno tests/*.gcno *.gcda tests/*.gcda *.gcov tests/*.gcov lcov-report gcovr-report
@@ -666,6 +667,9 @@ console.o: common/console.cpp common/console.h
 grammar-parser.o: common/grammar-parser.cpp common/grammar-parser.h
 	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) -c $< -o $@
 
+json-schema-to-grammar.o: common/json-schema-to-grammar.cpp common/json-schema-to-grammar.h
+	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) -c $< -o $@
+
 train.o: common/train.cpp common/train.h
 	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) -c $< -o $@
 
@@ -745,7 +749,7 @@ save-load-state: examples/save-load-state/save-load-state.cpp ggml.o llama.o $(C
 	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) -c $< -o $(call GET_OBJ_FILE, $<)
 	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) $(filter-out %.h $<,$^) $(call GET_OBJ_FILE, $<) -o $@ $(LDFLAGS)
 
-server: examples/server/server.cpp examples/server/utils.hpp examples/server/httplib.h examples/server/json.hpp examples/server/index.html.hpp examples/server/index.js.hpp examples/server/completion.js.hpp common/stb_image.h ggml.o llama.o $(COMMON_DEPS) grammar-parser.o $(OBJS)
+server: examples/server/server.cpp examples/server/utils.hpp examples/server/httplib.h common/json.hpp examples/server/index.html.hpp examples/server/index.js.hpp examples/server/completion.js.hpp json-schema-to-grammar.o common/stb_image.h ggml.o llama.o $(COMMON_DEPS) grammar-parser.o $(OBJS)
 	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) -c $< -o $(call GET_OBJ_FILE, $<)
 	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) $(filter-out %.h %.hpp $<,$^) -Iexamples/server $(call GET_OBJ_FILE, $<) -o $@ $(LDFLAGS) $(LWINSOCK2)
 
@@ -865,6 +869,10 @@ tests/test-double-float: tests/test-double-float.cpp ggml.o $(OBJS)
 	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) -c $< -o $(call GET_OBJ_FILE, $<)
 	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) $(filter-out %.h $<,$^) $(call GET_OBJ_FILE, $<) -o $@ $(LDFLAGS)
 
+tests/test-json-schema-to-grammar: tests/test-json-schema-to-grammar.cpp json-schema-to-grammar.o ggml.o llama.o grammar-parser.o $(OBJS)
+	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) -Iexamples/server -c $< -o $(call GET_OBJ_FILE, $<)
+	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) $(filter-out %.h $<,$^) $(call GET_OBJ_FILE, $<) -o $@ $(LDFLAGS)
+
 tests/test-grad0: tests/test-grad0.cpp ggml.o $(OBJS)
 	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) -c $< -o $(call GET_OBJ_FILE, $<)
 	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) $(filter-out %.h $<,$^) $(call GET_OBJ_FILE, $<) -o $@ $(LDFLAGS)

build.zig

@@ -122,6 +122,7 @@ pub fn build(b: *std.build.Builder) !void {
     const console = make.obj("console", "common/console.cpp");
     const sampling = make.obj("sampling", "common/sampling.cpp");
     const grammar_parser = make.obj("grammar-parser", "common/grammar-parser.cpp");
+    const json_schema_to_grammar = make.obj("json-schema-to-grammar", "common/json-schema-to-grammar.cpp");
     const train = make.obj("train", "common/train.cpp");
     const clip = make.obj("clip", "examples/llava/clip.cpp");
     const llava = make.obj("llava", "examples/llava/llava.cpp");
@@ -133,7 +134,7 @@ pub fn build(b: *std.build.Builder) !void {
     _ = make.exe("finetune", "examples/finetune/finetune.cpp", &.{ ggml, ggml_alloc, ggml_backend, ggml_quants, llama, unicode, common, buildinfo, train });
     _ = make.exe("train-text-from-scratch", "examples/train-text-from-scratch/train-text-from-scratch.cpp", &.{ ggml, ggml_alloc, ggml_backend, ggml_quants, llama, unicode, common, buildinfo, train });
 
-    const server = make.exe("server", "examples/server/server.cpp", &.{ ggml, ggml_alloc, ggml_backend, ggml_quants, llama, unicode, common, buildinfo, sampling, grammar_parser, clip, llava });
+    const server = make.exe("server", "examples/server/server.cpp", &.{ ggml, ggml_alloc, ggml_backend, ggml_quants, llama, unicode, common, buildinfo, sampling, grammar_parser, json_schema_to_grammar, clip, llava });
     if (server.target.isWindows()) {
         server.linkSystemLibrary("ws2_32");
     }

common/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -47,6 +47,8 @@ if (BUILD_SHARED_LIBS)
     set_target_properties(${TARGET} PROPERTIES POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE ON)
 endif()
 
+set(TARGET json-schema-to-grammar)
+add_library(${TARGET} OBJECT json-schema-to-grammar.cpp json-schema-to-grammar.h)
 
 set(TARGET common)
 
@@ -60,6 +62,7 @@ add_library(${TARGET} STATIC
     console.cpp
     grammar-parser.h
     grammar-parser.cpp
+    json.hpp
     train.h
     train.cpp
     )

common/common.cpp

@@ -1590,6 +1590,9 @@ static ggml_type kv_cache_type_from_str(const std::string & s) {
     if (s == "q4_1") {
         return GGML_TYPE_Q4_1;
     }
+    if (s == "iq4_nl") {
+        return GGML_TYPE_IQ4_NL;
+    }
     if (s == "q5_0") {
         return GGML_TYPE_Q5_0;
     }

common/json-schema-to-grammar.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,725 @@
+#include "json-schema-to-grammar.h"
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <map>
+#include <regex>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <unordered_set>
+#include <vector>
+
+using json = nlohmann::json;
+
+const std::string SPACE_RULE = "\" \"?";
+
+std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> PRIMITIVE_RULES = {
+    {"boolean", "(\"true\" | \"false\") space"},
+    {"number", "(\"-\"? ([0-9] | [1-9] [0-9]*)) (\".\" [0-9]+)? ([eE] [-+]? [0-9]+)? space"},
+    {"integer", "(\"-\"? ([0-9] | [1-9] [0-9]*)) space"},
+    {"value", "object | array | string | number | boolean"},
+    {"object", "\"{\" space ( string \":\" space value (\",\" space string \":\" space value)* )? \"}\" space"},
+    {"array", "\"[\" space ( value (\",\" space value)* )? \"]\" space"},
+    {"uuid", "\"\\\"\" [0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F] "
+                "\"-\" [0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F] "
+                "\"-\" [0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F] "
+                "\"-\" [0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F] "
+                "\"-\" [0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F] \"\\\"\" space"},
+    {"string", " \"\\\"\" (\n"
+               "        [^\"\\\\] |\n"
+               "        \"\\\\\" ([\"\\\\/bfnrt] | \"u\" [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F])\n"
+               "      )* \"\\\"\" space"},
+    {"null", "\"null\" space"}
+};
+std::vector<std::string> OBJECT_RULE_NAMES = {"object", "array", "string", "number", "boolean", "null", "value"};
+
+std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> DATE_RULES = {
+    {"date", "[0-9] [0-9] [0-9] [0-9] \"-\" ( \"0\" [1-9] | \"1\" [0-2] ) \"-\" ( \"0\" [1-9] | [1-2] [0-9] | \"3\" [0-1] )"},
+    {"time", "([01] [0-9] | \"2\" [0-3]) \":\" [0-5] [0-9] \":\" [0-5] [0-9] ( \".\" [0-9] [0-9] [0-9] )? ( \"Z\" | ( \"+\" | \"-\" ) ( [01] [0-9] | \"2\" [0-3] ) \":\" [0-5] [0-9] )"},
+    {"date-time", "date \"T\" time"},
+    {"date-string", "\"\\\"\" date \"\\\"\" space"},
+    {"time-string", "\"\\\"\" time \"\\\"\" space"},
+    {"date-time-string", "\"\\\"\" date-time \"\\\"\" space"}
+};
+
+static bool is_reserved_name(const std::string & name) {
+    static std::unordered_set<std::string> RESERVED_NAMES;
+    if (RESERVED_NAMES.empty()) {
+        RESERVED_NAMES.insert("root");
+        for (const auto &p : PRIMITIVE_RULES) RESERVED_NAMES.insert(p.first);
+        for (const auto &p : DATE_RULES) RESERVED_NAMES.insert(p.first);
+    }
+    return RESERVED_NAMES.find(name) != RESERVED_NAMES.end();
+}
+
+std::regex INVALID_RULE_CHARS_RE("[^a-zA-Z0-9-]+");
+std::regex GRAMMAR_LITERAL_ESCAPE_RE("[\r\n\"]");
+std::regex GRAMMAR_RANGE_LITERAL_ESCAPE_RE("[\r\n\"\\]\\-\\\\]");
+std::unordered_map<char, std::string> GRAMMAR_LITERAL_ESCAPES = {
+    {'\r', "\\r"}, {'\n', "\\n"}, {'"', "\\\""}, {'-', "\\-"}, {']', "\\]"}
+};
+
+std::unordered_set<char> NON_LITERAL_SET = {'|', '.', '(', ')', '[', ']', '{', '}', '*', '+', '?'};
+std::unordered_set<char> ESCAPED_IN_REGEXPS_BUT_NOT_IN_LITERALS = {'[', ']', '(', ')', '|', '{', '}', '*', '+', '?'};
+
+template <typename Iterator>
+std::string join(Iterator begin, Iterator end, const std::string & separator) {
+    std::ostringstream result;
+    if (begin != end) {
+        result << *begin;
+        for (Iterator it = begin + 1; it != end; ++it) {
+            result << separator << *it;
+        }
+    }
+    return result.str();
+}
+
+static std::vector<std::string> split(const std::string & str, const std::string & delimiter) {
+    std::vector<std::string> tokens;
+    size_t start = 0;
+    size_t end = str.find(delimiter);
+
+    while (end != std::string::npos) {
+        tokens.push_back(str.substr(start, end - start));
+        start = end + delimiter.length();
+        end = str.find(delimiter, start);
+    }
+
+    tokens.push_back(str.substr(start));
+
+    return tokens;
+}
+
+static std::string repeat(const std::string & str, size_t n) {
+    if (n == 0) {
+        return "";
+    }
+
+    std::string result;
+    result.reserve(str.length() * n);
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+        result += str;
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+static std::string replacePattern(const std::string & input, const std::regex & regex, const std::function<std::string(const std::smatch  &)> & replacement) {
+    std::smatch match;
+    std::string result;
+
+    std::string::const_iterator searchStart(input.cbegin());
+    std::string::const_iterator searchEnd(input.cend());
+
+    while (std::regex_search(searchStart, searchEnd, match, regex)) {
+        result.append(searchStart, searchStart + match.position());
+        result.append(replacement(match));
+        searchStart = match.suffix().first;
+    }
+
+    result.append(searchStart, searchEnd);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+static std::string format_literal(const std::string & literal) {
+    std::string escaped = replacePattern(json(literal).dump(), GRAMMAR_LITERAL_ESCAPE_RE, [&](const std::smatch & match) {
+        char c = match.str()[0];
+        return GRAMMAR_LITERAL_ESCAPES.at(c);
+    });
+    return "\"" + escaped + "\"";
+}
+
+
+class SchemaConverter {
+private:
+    std::function<json(const std::string &)> _fetch_json;
+    bool _dotall;
+    std::map<std::string, std::string> _rules;
+    std::unordered_map<std::string, nlohmann::json> _refs;
+    std::unordered_set<std::string> _refs_being_resolved;
+    std::vector<std::string> _errors;
+    std::vector<std::string> _warnings;
+
+    std::string _add_rule(const std::string & name, const std::string & rule) {
+        std::string esc_name = regex_replace(name, INVALID_RULE_CHARS_RE, "-");
+        if (_rules.find(esc_name) == _rules.end() || _rules[esc_name] == rule) {
+            _rules[esc_name] = rule;
+            return esc_name;
+        } else {
+            int i = 0;
+            while (_rules.find(esc_name + std::to_string(i)) != _rules.end() && _rules[esc_name + std::to_string(i)] != rule) {
+                i++;
+            }
+            std::string key = esc_name + std::to_string(i);
+            _rules[key] = rule;
+            return key;
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::string _generate_union_rule(const std::string & name, const std::vector<json> & alt_schemas) {
+        std::vector<std::string> rules;
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < alt_schemas.size(); i++) {
+            rules.push_back(visit(alt_schemas[i], name + (name.empty() ? "alternative-" : "-") + std::to_string(i)));
+        }
+        return join(rules.begin(), rules.end(), " | ");
+    }
+
+    std::string _visit_pattern(const std::string & pattern, const std::string & name) {
+        if (!(pattern.front() == '^' && pattern.back() == '$')) {
+            _errors.push_back("Pattern must start with '^' and end with '$'");
+            return "";
+        }
+        std::string sub_pattern = pattern.substr(1, pattern.length() - 2);
+        std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> sub_rule_ids;
+
+        size_t i = 0;
+        size_t length = sub_pattern.length();
+
+        using literal_or_rule = std::pair<std::string, bool>;
+        auto to_rule = [&](const literal_or_rule & ls) {
+            auto is_literal = ls.second;
+            auto s = ls.first;
+            return is_literal ? "\"" + s + "\"" : s;
+        };
+        std::function<literal_or_rule()> transform = [&]() -> literal_or_rule {
+            size_t start = i;
+            std::vector<literal_or_rule> seq;
+
+            auto get_dot = [&]() {
+                std::string rule;
+                if (_dotall) {
+                    rule = "[\\U00000000-\\U0010FFFF]";
+                } else {
+                    rule = "[\\U00000000-\\x09\\x0B\\x0C\\x0E-\\U0010FFFF]";
+                }
+                return _add_rule("dot", rule);
+            };
+
+            // Joins the sequence, merging consecutive literals together.
+            auto join_seq = [&]() {
+                std::vector<literal_or_rule> ret;
+
+                std::string literal;
+                auto flush_literal = [&]() {
+                    if (literal.empty()) {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                    ret.push_back(std::make_pair(literal, true));
+                    literal.clear();
+                    return true;
+                };
+
+                for (const auto & item : seq) {
+                    auto is_literal = item.second;
+                    if (is_literal) {
+                        literal += item.first;
+                    } else {
+                        flush_literal();
+                        ret.push_back(item);
+                    }
+                }
+                flush_literal();
+
+                std::vector<std::string> results;
+                for (const auto & item : ret) {
+                    results.push_back(to_rule(item));
+                }
+                return std::make_pair(join(results.begin(), results.end(), " "), false);
+            };
+
+            while (i < length) {
+                char c = sub_pattern[i];
+                if (c == '.') {
+                    seq.push_back(std::make_pair(get_dot(), false));
+                    i++;
+                } else if (c == '(') {
+                    i++;
+                    if (i < length) {
+                        if (sub_pattern[i] == '?') {
+                            _warnings.push_back("Unsupported pattern syntax");
+                        }
+                    }
+                    seq.push_back(std::make_pair("(" + to_rule(transform()) + ")", false));
+                } else if (c == ')') {
+                    i++;
+                    if (start > 0 && sub_pattern[start - 1] != '(') {
+                        _errors.push_back("Unbalanced parentheses");
+                    }
+                    return join_seq();
+                } else if (c == '[') {
+                    std::string square_brackets = std::string(1, c);
+                    i++;
+                    while (i < length && sub_pattern[i] != ']') {
+                        if (sub_pattern[i] == '\\') {
+                            square_brackets += sub_pattern.substr(i, 2);
+                            i += 2;
+                        } else {
+                            square_brackets += sub_pattern[i];
+                            i++;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (i >= length) {
+                        _errors.push_back("Unbalanced square brackets");
+                    }
+                    square_brackets += ']';
+                    i++;
+                    seq.push_back(std::make_pair(square_brackets, false));
+                } else if (c == '|') {
+                    seq.push_back(std::make_pair("|", false));
+                    i++;
+                } else if (c == '*' || c == '+' || c == '?') {
+                    seq.back() = std::make_pair(to_rule(seq.back()) + c, false);
+                    i++;
+                } else if (c == '{') {
+                    std::string curly_brackets = std::string(1, c);
+                    i++;
+                    while (i < length && sub_pattern[i] != '}') {
+                        curly_brackets += sub_pattern[i];
+                        i++;
+                    }
+                    if (i >= length) {
+                        _errors.push_back("Unbalanced curly brackets");
+                    }
+                    curly_brackets += '}';
+                    i++;
+                    auto nums = split(curly_brackets.substr(1, curly_brackets.length() - 2), ",");
+                    int min_times = 0;
+                    int max_times = std::numeric_limits<int>::max();
+                    try {
+                        if (nums.size() == 1) {
+                            min_times = max_times = std::stoi(nums[0]);
+                        } else if (nums.size() != 2) {
+                            _errors.push_back("Wrong number of values in curly brackets");
+                        } else {
+                            if (!nums[0].empty()) {
+                                min_times = std::stoi(nums[0]);
+                            }
+                            if (!nums[1].empty()) {
+                                max_times = std::stoi(nums[1]);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    } catch (const std::invalid_argument & e) {
+                        _errors.push_back("Invalid number in curly brackets");
+                        return std::make_pair("", false);
+                    }
+                    auto &last = seq.back();
+                    auto &sub = last.first;
+                    auto sub_is_literal = last.second;
+
+                    if (min_times == 0 && max_times == std::numeric_limits<int>::max()) {
+                        sub += "*";
+                    } else if (min_times == 0 && max_times == 1) {
+                        sub += "?";
+                    } else if (min_times == 1 && max_times == std::numeric_limits<int>::max()) {
+                        sub += "+";
+                    } else {
+                        if (!sub_is_literal) {
+                            std::string & sub_id = sub_rule_ids[sub];
+                            if (sub_id.empty()) {
+                                sub_id = _add_rule(name + "-" + std::to_string(sub_rule_ids.size()), sub);
+                            }
+                            sub = sub_id;
+                        }
+                        std::string result;
+                        if (sub_is_literal && min_times > 0) {
+                            result = "\"" + repeat(sub.substr(1, sub.length() - 2), min_times) + "\"";
+                        } else {
+                            for (int j = 0; j < min_times; j++) {
+                                if (j > 0) {
+                                    result += " ";
+                                }
+                                result += sub;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (min_times > 0 && min_times < max_times) {
+                            result += " ";
+                        }
+                        if (max_times == std::numeric_limits<int>::max()) {
+                            result += sub + "*";
+                        } else {
+                            for (int j = min_times; j < max_times; j++) {
+                                if (j > min_times) {
+                                    result += " ";
+                                }
+                                result += sub + "?";
+                            }
+                        }
+                        seq.back().first = result;
+                        seq.back().second = false;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    std::string literal;
+                    auto is_non_literal = [&](char c) {
+                        return NON_LITERAL_SET.find(c) != NON_LITERAL_SET.end();
+                    };
+                    while (i < length) {
+                        if (sub_pattern[i] == '\\' && i < length - 1) {
+                            char next = sub_pattern[i + 1];
+                            if (ESCAPED_IN_REGEXPS_BUT_NOT_IN_LITERALS.find(next) != ESCAPED_IN_REGEXPS_BUT_NOT_IN_LITERALS.end()) {
+                                i++;
+                                literal += sub_pattern[i];
+                                i++;
+                            } else {
+                                literal += sub_pattern.substr(i, 2);
+                                i += 2;
+                            }
+                        } else if (sub_pattern[i] == '"') {
+                            literal += "\\\"";
+                            i++;
+                        } else if (!is_non_literal(sub_pattern[i]) &&
+                                (i == length - 1 || literal.empty() || sub_pattern[i + 1] == '.' || !is_non_literal(sub_pattern[i + 1]))) {
+                            literal += sub_pattern[i];
+                            i++;
+                        } else {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (!literal.empty()) {
+                        seq.push_back(std::make_pair(literal, true));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return join_seq();
+        };
+        return _add_rule(name, "\"\\\"\" " + to_rule(transform()) + " \"\\\"\" space");
+    }
+
+    std::string _resolve_ref(const std::string & ref) {
+        std::string ref_name = ref.substr(ref.find_last_of('/') + 1);
+        if (_rules.find(ref_name) == _rules.end() && _refs_being_resolved.find(ref) == _refs_being_resolved.end()) {
+            _refs_being_resolved.insert(ref);
+            json resolved = _refs[ref];
+            ref_name = visit(resolved, ref_name);
+            _refs_being_resolved.erase(ref);
+        }
+        return ref_name;
+    }
+
+    std::string _build_object_rule(
+        const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, json>> & properties,
+        const std::unordered_set<std::string> & required,
+        const std::string & name,
+        const json & additional_properties)
+    {
+        std::vector<std::string> required_props;
+        std::vector<std::string> optional_props;
+        std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> prop_kv_rule_names;
+        for (const auto & kv : properties) {
+            const auto &prop_name = kv.first;
+            const auto &prop_schema = kv.second;
+
+            std::string prop_rule_name = visit(prop_schema, name + (name.empty() ? "" : "-") + prop_name);
+            prop_kv_rule_names[prop_name] = _add_rule(
+                name + (name.empty() ? "" : "-") + prop_name + "-kv",
+                format_literal(prop_name) + " space \":\" space " + prop_rule_name
+            );
+            if (required.find(prop_name) != required.end()) {
+                required_props.push_back(prop_name);
+            } else {
+                optional_props.push_back(prop_name);
+            }
+        }
+        if (additional_properties.is_object() || (additional_properties.is_boolean() && additional_properties.get<bool>())) {
+            std::string sub_name = name + (name.empty() ? "" : "-") + "additional";
+            std::string value_rule = visit(additional_properties.is_object() ? additional_properties : json::object(), sub_name + "-value");
+            std::string kv_rule = _add_rule(sub_name + "-kv", _add_rule("string", PRIMITIVE_RULES.at("string")) + " \":\" space " + value_rule);
+            prop_kv_rule_names["*"] = kv_rule;
+            optional_props.push_back("*");
+        }
+
+        std::string rule = "\"{\" space ";
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < required_props.size(); i++) {
+            if (i > 0) {
+                rule += " \",\" space ";
+            }
+            rule += prop_kv_rule_names[required_props[i]];
+        }
+
+        if (!optional_props.empty()) {
+            rule += " (";
+            if (!required_props.empty()) {
+                rule += " \",\" space ( ";
+            }
+
+            std::function<std::string(const std::vector<std::string> &, bool)> get_recursive_refs = [&](const std::vector<std::string> & ks, bool first_is_optional) {
+                std::string res;
+                if (ks.empty()) {
+                    return res;
+                }
+                std::string k = ks[0];
+                std::string kv_rule_name = prop_kv_rule_names[k];
+                if (k == "*") {
+                    res = _add_rule(
+                        name + (name.empty() ? "" : "-") + "additional-kvs",
+                        kv_rule_name + " ( \",\" space " + kv_rule_name + " )*"
+                    );
+                } else if (first_is_optional) {
+                    res = "( \",\" space " + kv_rule_name + " )?";
+                } else {
+                    res = kv_rule_name;
+                }
+                if (ks.size() > 1) {
+                    res += " " + _add_rule(
+                        name + (name.empty() ? "" : "-") + k + "-rest",
+                        get_recursive_refs(std::vector<std::string>(ks.begin() + 1, ks.end()), true)
+                    );
+                }
+                return res;
+            };
+
+            for (size_t i = 0; i < optional_props.size(); i++) {
+                if (i > 0) {
+                    rule += " | ";
+                }
+                rule += get_recursive_refs(std::vector<std::string>(optional_props.begin() + i, optional_props.end()), false);
+            }
+            if (!required_props.empty()) {
+                rule += " )";
+            }
+            rule += " )?";
+        }
+
+        rule += " \"}\" space";
+
+        return rule;
+    }
+
+public:
+    SchemaConverter(
+        const std::function<json(const std::string &)> & fetch_json,
+        bool dotall)
+          : _fetch_json(fetch_json), _dotall(dotall)
+    {
+        _rules["space"] = SPACE_RULE;
+    }
+
+    void resolve_refs(nlohmann::json & schema, const std::string & url) {
+        /*
+        * Resolves all $ref fields in the given schema, fetching any remote schemas,
+        * replacing each $ref with absolute reference URL and populates _refs with the
+        * respective referenced (sub)schema dictionaries.
+        */
+        std::function<void(json &)> visit_refs = [&](json & n) {
+            if (n.is_array()) {
+                for (auto & x : n) {
+                    visit_refs(x);
+                }
+            } else if (n.is_object()) {
+                if (n.contains("$ref")) {
+                    std::string ref = n["$ref"];
+                    if (_refs.find(ref) == _refs.end()) {
+                        json target;
+                        if (ref.find("https://") == 0) {
+                            std::string base_url = ref.substr(0, ref.find('#'));
+                            auto it = _refs.find(base_url);
+                            if (it != _refs.end()) {
+                                target = it->second;
+                            } else {
+                                // Fetch the referenced schema and resolve its refs
+                                auto referenced = _fetch_json(ref);
+                                resolve_refs(referenced, base_url);
+                                _refs[base_url] = referenced;
+                            }
+                            if (ref.find('#') == std::string::npos || ref.substr(ref.find('#') + 1).empty()) {
+                                return;
+                            }
+                        } else if (ref.find("#/") == 0) {
+                            target = schema;
+                            n["$ref"] = url + ref;
+                            ref = url + ref;
+                        } else {
+                            _errors.push_back("Unsupported ref: " + ref);
+                            return;
+                        }
+                        std::string pointer = ref.substr(ref.find('#') + 1);
+                        std::vector<std::string> tokens = split(pointer, "/");
+                        for (size_t i = 1; i < tokens.size(); ++i) {
+                            std::string sel = tokens[i];
+                            if (target.is_null() || !target.contains(sel)) {
+                                _errors.push_back("Error resolving ref " + ref + ": " + sel + " not in " + target.dump());
+                                return;
+                            }
+                            target = target[sel];
+                        }
+                        _refs[ref] = target;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    for (auto & kv : n.items()) {
+                        visit_refs(kv.value());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        visit_refs(schema);
+    }
+
+    std::string _generate_constant_rule(const json & value) {
+        if (!value.is_string()) {
+            _errors.push_back("Only std::string constants are supported, got " + value.dump());
+            return "";
+        }
+        return format_literal(value.get<std::string>());
+    }
+
+    std::string visit(const json & schema, const std::string & name) {
+        json schema_type = schema.contains("type") ? schema["type"] : json();
+        std::string schema_format = schema.contains("format") ? schema["format"].get<std::string>() : "";
+        std::string rule_name = is_reserved_name(name) ? name + "-" : name.empty() ? "root" : name;
+
+        if (schema.contains("$ref")) {
+            return _add_rule(rule_name, _resolve_ref(schema["$ref"]));
+        } else if (schema.contains("oneOf") || schema.contains("anyOf")) {
+            std::vector<json> alt_schemas = schema.contains("oneOf") ? schema["oneOf"].get<std::vector<json>>() : schema["anyOf"].get<std::vector<json>>();
+            return _add_rule(rule_name, _generate_union_rule(name, alt_schemas));
+        } else if (schema_type.is_array()) {
+            std::vector<json> schema_types;
+            for (const auto & t : schema_type) {
+                schema_types.push_back({{"type", t}});
+            }
+            return _add_rule(rule_name, _generate_union_rule(name, schema_types));
+        } else if (schema.contains("const")) {
+            return _add_rule(rule_name, _generate_constant_rule(schema["const"]));
+        } else if (schema.contains("enum")) {
+            std::vector<std::string> enum_values;
+            for (const auto & v : schema["enum"]) {
+                enum_values.push_back(_generate_constant_rule(v));
+            }
+            return _add_rule(rule_name, join(enum_values.begin(), enum_values.end(), " | "));
+        } else if ((schema_type.is_null() || schema_type == "object")
+                && (schema.contains("properties") ||
+                    (schema.contains("additionalProperties") && schema["additionalProperties"] != true))) {
+            std::unordered_set<std::string> required;
+            if (schema.contains("required") && schema["required"].is_array()) {
+                for (const auto & item : schema["required"]) {
+                    if (item.is_string()) {
+                        required.insert(item.get<std::string>());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            std::vector<std::pair<std::string, json>> properties;
+            if (schema.contains("properties")) {
+                for (const auto & prop : schema["properties"].items()) {
+                    properties.emplace_back(prop.key(), prop.value());
+                }
+            }
+            return _add_rule(rule_name,
+                _build_object_rule(
+                    properties, required, name,
+                    schema.contains("additionalProperties") ? schema["additionalProperties"] : json()));
+        } else if ((schema_type.is_null() || schema_type == "object") && schema.contains("allOf")) {
+            std::unordered_set<std::string> required;
+            std::vector<std::pair<std::string, json>> properties;
+            std::string hybrid_name = name;
+            std::function<void(const json &, bool)> add_component = [&](const json & comp_schema, bool is_required) {
+                if (comp_schema.contains("$ref")) {
+                    add_component(_refs[comp_schema["$ref"]], is_required);
+                } else if (comp_schema.contains("properties")) {
+                    for (const auto & prop : comp_schema["properties"].items()) {
+                        properties.emplace_back(prop.key(), prop.value());
+                        if (is_required) {
+                            required.insert(prop.key());
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else {
+                  // todo warning
+                }
+            };
+            for (auto & t : schema["allOf"]) {
+                if (t.contains("anyOf")) {
+                    for (auto & tt : t["anyOf"]) {
+                        add_component(tt, false);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    add_component(t, true);
+                }
+            }
+            return _add_rule(rule_name, _build_object_rule(properties, required, hybrid_name, json()));
+        } else if ((schema_type.is_null() || schema_type == "array") && (schema.contains("items") || schema.contains("prefixItems"))) {
+            json items = schema.contains("items") ? schema["items"] : schema["prefixItems"];
+            if (items.is_array()) {
+                std::string rule = "\"[\" space ";
+                for (size_t i = 0; i < items.size(); i++) {
+                    if (i > 0) {
+                        rule += " \",\" space ";
+                    }
+                    rule += visit(items[i], name + (name.empty() ? "" : "-") + "tuple-" + std::to_string(i));
+                }
+                rule += " \"]\" space";
+                return _add_rule(rule_name, rule);
+            } else {
+                std::string item_rule_name = visit(items, name + (name.empty() ? "" : "-") + "item");
+                std::string list_item_operator = "( \",\" space " + item_rule_name + " )";
+                std::string successive_items;
+                int min_items = schema.contains("minItems") ? schema["minItems"].get<int>() : 0;
+                json max_items_json = schema.contains("maxItems") ? schema["maxItems"] : json();
+                int max_items = max_items_json.is_number_integer() ? max_items_json.get<int>() : -1;
+                if (min_items > 0) {
+                    successive_items += repeat(list_item_operator, min_items - 1);
+                    min_items--;
+                }
+                if (max_items >= 0 && max_items > min_items) {
+                    successive_items += repeat(list_item_operator + "?", max_items - min_items - 1);
+                } else {
+                    successive_items += list_item_operator + "*";
+                }
+                std::string rule;
+                if (min_items == 0) {
+                    rule =  "\"[\" space ( " + item_rule_name + " " + successive_items + " )? \"]\" space";
+                } else {
+                    rule =  "\"[\" space " + item_rule_name + " " + successive_items + " \"]\" space";
+                }
+                return _add_rule(rule_name, rule);
+            }
+        } else if ((schema_type.is_null() || schema_type == "string") && schema.contains("pattern")) {
+            return _visit_pattern(schema["pattern"], rule_name);
+        } else if ((schema_type.is_null() || schema_type == "string") && std::regex_match(schema_format, std::regex("^uuid[1-5]?$"))) {
+            return _add_rule(rule_name == "root" ? "root" : schema_format, PRIMITIVE_RULES.at("uuid"));
+        } else if ((schema_type.is_null() || schema_type == "string") && DATE_RULES.find(schema_format) != DATE_RULES.end()) {
+            for (const auto & kv : DATE_RULES) {
+                _add_rule(kv.first, kv.second);
+            }
+            return schema_format + "-string";
+        } else if (schema.empty() || schema_type == "object") {
+            for (const auto & n : OBJECT_RULE_NAMES) {
+                _add_rule(n, PRIMITIVE_RULES.at(n));
+            }
+            return _add_rule(rule_name, "object");
+        } else {
+            if (!schema_type.is_string() || PRIMITIVE_RULES.find(schema_type.get<std::string>()) == PRIMITIVE_RULES.end()) {
+                _errors.push_back("Unrecognized schema: " + schema.dump());
+                return "";
+            }
+            // TODO: support minimum, maximum, exclusiveMinimum, exclusiveMaximum at least for zero
+            return _add_rule(rule_name == "root" ? "root" : schema_type.get<std::string>(), PRIMITIVE_RULES.at(schema_type.get<std::string>()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    void check_errors() {
+        if (!_errors.empty()) {
+            throw std::runtime_error("JSON schema conversion failed:\n" + join(_errors.begin(), _errors.end(), "\n"));
+        }
+        if (!_warnings.empty()) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: JSON schema conversion was incomplete: %s\n", join(_warnings.begin(), _warnings.end(), "; ").c_str());
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::string format_grammar() {
+        std::stringstream ss;
+        for (const auto & kv : _rules) {
+            ss << kv.first << " ::= " << kv.second << std::endl;
+        }
+        return ss.str();
+    }
+};
+
+std::string json_schema_to_grammar(const json & schema) {
+    SchemaConverter converter([](const std::string &) { return json::object(); }, /* dotall= */ false);
+    auto copy = schema;
+    converter.resolve_refs(copy, "input");
+    converter.visit(copy, "");
+    converter.check_errors();
+    return converter.format_grammar();
+}

common/json-schema-to-grammar.h

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "json.hpp"
+
+std::string json_schema_to_grammar(const nlohmann::json& schema);

examples/json-schema-pydantic-example.py

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+# Usage:
+#! ./server -m some-model.gguf &
+#! pip install pydantic
+#! python json-schema-pydantic-example.py
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel, TypeAdapter
+from annotated_types import MinLen
+from typing import Annotated, List, Optional
+import json, requests
+
+if True:
+
+    def create_completion(*, response_model=None, endpoint="http://localhost:8080/v1/chat/completions", messages, **kwargs):
+        '''
+        Creates a chat completion using an OpenAI-compatible endpoint w/ JSON schema support
+        (llama.cpp server, llama-cpp-python, Anyscale / Together...)
+
+        The response_model param takes a type (+ supports Pydantic) and behaves just as w/ Instructor (see below)
+        '''
+        if response_model:
+            type_adapter = TypeAdapter(response_model)
+            schema = type_adapter.json_schema()
+            messages = [{
+                "role": "system",
+                "content": f"You respond in JSON format with the following schema: {json.dumps(schema, indent=2)}"
+            }] + messages
+            response_format={"type": "json_object", "schema": schema}
+
+        data = requests.post(endpoint, headers={"Content-Type": "application/json"},
+                             json=dict(messages=messages, response_format=response_format, **kwargs)).json()
+        if 'error' in data:
+            raise Exception(data['error']['message'])
+
+        content = data["choices"][0]["message"]["content"]
+        return type_adapter.validate_json(content) if type_adapter else content
+
+else:
+
+    # This alternative branch uses Instructor + OpenAI client lib.
+    # Instructor support streamed iterable responses, retry & more.
+    # (see https://python.useinstructor.com/)
+    #! pip install instructor openai
+    import instructor, openai
+    client = instructor.patch(
+        openai.OpenAI(api_key="123", base_url="http://localhost:8080"),
+        mode=instructor.Mode.JSON_SCHEMA)
+    create_completion = client.chat.completions.create
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+
+    class QAPair(BaseModel):
+        question: str
+        concise_answer: str
+        justification: str
+
+    class PyramidalSummary(BaseModel):
+        title: str
+        summary: str
+        question_answers: Annotated[List[QAPair], MinLen(2)]
+        sub_sections: Optional[Annotated[List['PyramidalSummary'], MinLen(2)]]
+
+    print("# Summary\n", create_completion(
+        model="...",
+        response_model=PyramidalSummary,
+        messages=[{
+            "role": "user",
+            "content": f"""
+                You are a highly efficient corporate document summarizer.
+                Create a pyramidal summary of an imaginary internal document about our company processes
+                (starting high-level, going down to each sub sections).
+                Keep questions short, and answers even shorter (trivia / quizz style).
+            """
+        }]))

examples/json-schema-to-grammar.py

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 import argparse
+import itertools
 import json
 import re
 import sys
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Set, Tuple, Union
 
 # whitespace is constrained to a single space char to prevent model "running away" in
 # whitespace. Also maybe improves generation quality?
@@ -12,22 +14,50 @@ PRIMITIVE_RULES = {
     'boolean': '("true" | "false") space',
     'number': '("-"? ([0-9] | [1-9] [0-9]*)) ("." [0-9]+)? ([eE] [-+]? [0-9]+)? space',
     'integer': '("-"? ([0-9] | [1-9] [0-9]*)) space',
+    'value'  : 'object | array | string | number | boolean',
+    'object' : '"{" space ( string ":" space value ("," space string ":" space value)* )? "}" space',
+    'array'  : '"[" space ( value ("," space value)* )? "]" space',
+    'uuid'   : '"\\"" ' + ' "-" '.join('[0-9a-fA-F]' * n for n in [8, 4, 4, 4, 12]) + ' "\\"" space',
     'string': r''' "\"" (
         [^"\\] |
         "\\" (["\\/bfnrt] | "u" [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F])
       )* "\"" space''',
     'null': '"null" space',
 }
+OBJECT_RULE_NAMES = ['object', 'array', 'string', 'number', 'boolean', 'null', 'value']
+
+# TODO: support "uri", "email" string formats
+DATE_RULES = {
+    'date'   : '[0-9] [0-9] [0-9] [0-9] "-" ( "0" [1-9] | "1" [0-2] ) "-" ( \"0\" [1-9] | [1-2] [0-9] | "3" [0-1] )',
+    'time'   : '([01] [0-9] | "2" [0-3]) ":" [0-5] [0-9] ":" [0-5] [0-9] ( "." [0-9] [0-9] [0-9] )? ( "Z" | ( "+" | "-" ) ( [01] [0-9] | "2" [0-3] ) ":" [0-5] [0-9] )',
+    'date-time': 'date "T" time',
+    'date-string': '"\\"" date "\\"" space',
+    'time-string': '"\\"" time "\\"" space',
+    'date-time-string': '"\\"" date-time "\\"" space',
+}
+
+RESERVED_NAMES = set(["root", *PRIMITIVE_RULES.keys(), *DATE_RULES.keys()])
 
 INVALID_RULE_CHARS_RE = re.compile(r'[^a-zA-Z0-9-]+')
 GRAMMAR_LITERAL_ESCAPE_RE = re.compile(r'[\r\n"]')
-GRAMMAR_LITERAL_ESCAPES = {'\r': '\\r', '\n': '\\n', '"': '\\"'}
+GRAMMAR_RANGE_LITERAL_ESCAPE_RE = re.compile(r'[\r\n"\]\-\\]')
+GRAMMAR_LITERAL_ESCAPES = {'\r': '\\r', '\n': '\\n', '"': '\\"', '-': '\\-', ']': '\\]'}
 
+NON_LITERAL_SET = set('|.()[]{}*+?')
+ESCAPED_IN_REGEXPS_BUT_NOT_IN_LITERALS = set('[]()|{}*+?')
+
+DATE_PATTERN = '[0-9]{4}-(0[1-9]|1[0-2])-([0-2][0-9]|3[0-1])'
+TIME_PATTERN = '([01][0-9]|2[0-3])(:[0-5][0-9]){2}(\\.[0-9]{1,3})?(Z|[+-](([01][0-9]|2[0-3]):[0-5][0-9]))' # Cap millisecond precision w/ 3 digits
 
 class SchemaConverter:
-    def __init__(self, prop_order):
+    def __init__(self, *, prop_order, allow_fetch, dotall, raw_pattern):
         self._prop_order = prop_order
+        self._allow_fetch = allow_fetch
+        self._dotall = dotall
+        self._raw_pattern = raw_pattern
         self._rules = {'space': SPACE_RULE}
+        self._refs = {}
+        self._refs_being_resolved = set()
 
     def _format_literal(self, literal):
         escaped = GRAMMAR_LITERAL_ESCAPE_RE.sub(
@@ -41,78 +71,421 @@ class SchemaConverter:
             key = esc_name
         else:
             i = 0
-            while f'{esc_name}{i}' in self._rules:
+            while f'{esc_name}{i}' in self._rules and self._rules[f'{esc_name}{i}'] != rule:
                 i += 1
             key = f'{esc_name}{i}'
         self._rules[key] = rule
         return key
 
+    def resolve_refs(self, schema: dict, url: str):
+        '''
+            Resolves all $ref fields in the given schema, fetching any remote schemas,
+            replacing $ref with absolute reference URL and populating self._refs with the
+            respective referenced (sub)schema dictionaries.
+        '''
+        def visit(n: dict):
+            if isinstance(n, list):
+                return [visit(x) for x in n]
+            elif isinstance(n, dict):
+                ref = n.get('$ref')
+                if ref is not None and ref not in self._refs:
+                    if ref.startswith('https://'):
+                        assert self._allow_fetch, 'Fetching remote schemas is not allowed (use --allow-fetch for force)'
+                        import requests
+
+                        frag_split = ref.split('#')
+                        base_url = frag_split[0]
+
+                        target = self._refs.get(base_url)
+                        if target is None:
+                            target = self.resolve_refs(requests.get(ref).json(), base_url)
+                            self._refs[base_url] = target
+
+                        if len(frag_split) == 1 or frag_split[-1] == '':
+                            return target
+                    elif ref.startswith('#/'):
+                        target = schema
+                        ref = f'{url}{ref}'
+                        n['$ref'] = ref
+                    else:
+                        raise ValueError(f'Unsupported ref {ref}')
+
+                    for sel in ref.split('#')[-1].split('/')[1:]:
+                        assert target is not None and sel in target, f'Error resolving ref {ref}: {sel} not in {target}'
+                        target = target[sel]
+
+                    self._refs[ref] = target
+                else:
+                    for v in n.values():
+                        visit(v)
+
+            return n
+        return visit(schema)
+
+    def _generate_union_rule(self, name, alt_schemas):
+        return ' | '.join((
+            self.visit(alt_schema, f'{name}{"-" if name else "alternative-"}{i}')
+            for i, alt_schema in enumerate(alt_schemas)
+        ))
+
+    def _visit_pattern(self, pattern, name):
+        '''
+            Transforms a regular expression pattern into a GBNF rule.
+
+            Input: https://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schema/reference/regular_expressions
+            Output: https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/blob/master/grammars/README.md
+
+            Unsupported features: negative/positive lookaheads, greedy/non-greedy modifiers.
+
+            Mostly a 1:1 translation, except for {x} / {x,} / {x,y} quantifiers for which
+            we define sub-rules to keep the output lean.
+        '''
+
+        assert pattern.startswith('^') and pattern.endswith('$'), 'Pattern must start with "^" and end with "$"'
+        pattern = pattern[1:-1]
+        sub_rule_ids = {}
+
+        i = 0
+        length = len(pattern)
+
+        def to_rule(s: Tuple[str, bool]) -> str:
+            (txt, is_literal) = s
+            return "\"" + txt + "\"" if is_literal else txt
+
+        def transform() -> Tuple[str, bool]:
+            '''
+                Parse a unit at index i (advancing it), and return its string representation + whether it's a literal.
+            '''
+            nonlocal i
+            nonlocal pattern
+            nonlocal sub_rule_ids
+
+            start = i
+            # For each component of this sequence, store its string representation and whether it's a literal.
+            # We only need a flat structure here to apply repetition operators to the last item, and
+            # to merge literals at the and (we're parsing grouped ( sequences ) recursively and don't treat '|' specially
+            # (GBNF's syntax is luckily very close to regular expressions!)
+            seq: list[Tuple[str, bool]] = []
+
+            def get_dot():
+                if self._dotall:
+                    rule = '[\\U00000000-\\U0010FFFF]'
+                else:
+                    # Accept any character... except \n and \r line break chars (\x0A and \xOD)
+                    rule = '[\\U00000000-\\x09\\x0B\\x0C\\x0E-\\U0010FFFF]'
+                return self._add_rule(f'dot', rule)
+
+            def join_seq():
+                nonlocal seq
+                ret = []
+                for is_literal, g in itertools.groupby(seq, lambda x: x[1]):
+                    if is_literal:
+                        ret.append((''.join(x[0] for x in g), True))
+                    else:
+                        ret.extend(g)
+                if len(ret) == 1:
+                    return ret[0]
+                return (' '.join(to_rule(x) for x in seq), False)
+
+            while i < length:
+                c = pattern[i]
+                if c == '.':
+                    seq.append((get_dot(), False))
+                    i += 1
+                elif c == '(':
+                    i += 1
+                    if i < length:
+                        assert pattern[i] != '?', f'Unsupported pattern syntax "{pattern[i]}" at index {i} of /{pattern}/'
+                    seq.append((f'({to_rule(transform())})', False))
+                elif c == ')':
+                    i += 1
+                    assert start > 0 and pattern[start-1] == '(', f'Unbalanced parentheses; start = {start}, i = {i}, pattern = {pattern}'
+                    return join_seq()
+                elif c == '[':
+                    square_brackets = c
+                    i += 1
+                    while i < length and pattern[i] != ']':
+                        if pattern[i] == '\\':
+                            square_brackets += pattern[i:i+2]
+                            i += 2
+                        else:
+                            square_brackets += pattern[i]
+                            i += 1
+                    assert i < length, f'Unbalanced square brackets; start = {start}, i = {i}, pattern = {pattern}'
+                    square_brackets += ']'
+                    i += 1
+                    seq.append((square_brackets, False))
+                elif c == '|':
+                    seq.append(('|', False))
+                    i += 1
+                elif c in ('*', '+', '?'):
+                    seq[-1] = (to_rule(seq[-1]) + c, False)
+                    i += 1
+                elif c == '{':
+                    curly_brackets = c
+                    i += 1
+                    while i < length and pattern[i] != '}':
+                        curly_brackets += pattern[i]
+                        i += 1
+                    assert i < length, f'Unbalanced curly brackets; start = {start}, i = {i}, pattern = {pattern}'
+                    curly_brackets += '}'
+                    i += 1
+                    nums = [s.strip() for s in curly_brackets[1:-1].split(',')]
+                    min_times = 0
+                    max_times = None
+                    try:
+                        if len(nums) == 1:
+                            min_times = int(nums[0])
+                            max_times = min_times
+                        else:
+                            assert len(nums) == 2
+                            min_times = int(nums[0]) if nums[0] else 0
+                            max_times = int(nums[1]) if nums[1] else None
+                    except ValueError:
+                        raise ValueError(f'Invalid quantifier {curly_brackets} in /{pattern}/')
+
+                    (sub, sub_is_literal) = seq[-1]
+
+                    if min_times == 0 and max_times is None:
+                        seq[-1] = (f'{sub}*', False)
+                    elif min_times == 0 and max_times == 1:
+                        seq[-1] = (f'{sub}?', False)
+                    elif min_times == 1 and max_times is None:
+                        seq[-1] = (f'{sub}+', False)
+                    else:
+                        if not sub_is_literal:
+                            id = sub_rule_ids.get(sub)
+                            if id is None:
+                                id = self._add_rule(f'{name}-{len(sub_rule_ids) + 1}', sub)
+                                sub_rule_ids[sub] = id
+                            sub = id
+
+                        seq[-1] = (
+                            ' '.join(
+                                ([f'"{sub[1:-1] * min_times}"'] if sub_is_literal else [sub] * min_times) +
+                                ([f'{sub}?'] * (max_times - min_times) if max_times is not None else [f'{sub}*'])),
+                            False
+                        )
+                else:
+                    literal = ''
+                    while i < length:
+                        if pattern[i] == '\\' and i < length - 1:
+                            next = pattern[i + 1]
+                            if next in ESCAPED_IN_REGEXPS_BUT_NOT_IN_LITERALS:
+                                i += 1
+                                literal += pattern[i]
+                                i += 1
+                            else:
+                                literal += pattern[i:i+2]
+                                i += 2
+                        elif pattern[i] == '"' and not self._raw_pattern:
+                            literal += '\\"'
+                            i += 1
+                        elif pattern[i] not in NON_LITERAL_SET and \
+                                (i == length - 1 or literal == '' or pattern[i+1] == '.' or pattern[i+1] not in NON_LITERAL_SET):
+                            literal += pattern[i]
+                            i += 1
+                        else:
+                            break
+                    if literal:
+                        seq.append((literal, True))
+
+            return join_seq()
+
+        return self._add_rule(
+            name,
+            to_rule(transform()) if self._raw_pattern \
+                else "\"\\\"\" " + to_rule(transform()) + " \"\\\"\" space")
+
+
+    def _resolve_ref(self, ref):
+        ref_name = ref.split('/')[-1]
+        if ref_name not in self._rules and ref not in self._refs_being_resolved:
+            self._refs_being_resolved.add(ref)
+            resolved = self._refs[ref]
+            ref_name = self.visit(resolved, ref_name)
+            self._refs_being_resolved.remove(ref)
+        return ref_name
+
+    def _generate_constant_rule(self, value):
+        assert isinstance(value, str), f'Only string constants are supported, got {value}'
+        return self._format_literal(value)
+
     def visit(self, schema, name):
         schema_type = schema.get('type')
-        rule_name = name or 'root'
+        schema_format = schema.get('format')
+        rule_name = name + '-' if name in RESERVED_NAMES else name or 'root'
 
-        if 'oneOf' in schema or 'anyOf' in schema:
-            rule = ' | '.join((
-                self.visit(alt_schema, f'{name}{"-" if name else ""}{i}')
-                for i, alt_schema in enumerate(schema.get('oneOf') or schema['anyOf'])
-            ))
-            return self._add_rule(rule_name, rule)
+        if (ref := schema.get('$ref')) is not None:
+            return self._add_rule(rule_name, self._resolve_ref(ref))
+
+        elif 'oneOf' in schema or 'anyOf' in schema:
+            return self._add_rule(rule_name, self._generate_union_rule(name, schema.get('oneOf') or schema['anyOf']))
+
+        elif isinstance(schema_type, list):
+            return self._add_rule(rule_name, self._generate_union_rule(name, [{'type': t} for t in schema_type]))
 
         elif 'const' in schema:
-            return self._add_rule(rule_name, self._format_literal(schema['const']))
+            return self._add_rule(rule_name, self._generate_constant_rule(schema['const']))
 
         elif 'enum' in schema:
-            rule = ' | '.join((self._format_literal(v) for v in schema['enum']))
+            rule = ' | '.join((self._generate_constant_rule(v) for v in schema['enum']))
             return self._add_rule(rule_name, rule)
 
-        elif schema_type == 'object' and 'properties' in schema:
-            # TODO: `required` keyword
-            prop_order = self._prop_order
-            prop_pairs = sorted(
-                schema['properties'].items(),
-                # sort by position in prop_order (if specified) then by key
-                key=lambda kv: (prop_order.get(kv[0], len(prop_order)), kv[0]),
-            )
+        elif schema_type in (None, 'object') and \
+             ('properties' in schema or \
+              ('additionalProperties' in schema and schema['additionalProperties'] is not True)):
+            required = set(schema.get('required', []))
+            properties = list(schema.get('properties', {}).items())
+            return self._add_rule(rule_name, self._build_object_rule(properties, required, name, schema.get('additionalProperties')))
 
-            rule = '"{" space'
-            for i, (prop_name, prop_schema) in enumerate(prop_pairs):
-                prop_rule_name = self.visit(prop_schema, f'{name}{"-" if name else ""}{prop_name}')
-                if i > 0:
-                    rule += ' "," space'
-                rule += fr' {self._format_literal(prop_name)} space ":" space {prop_rule_name}'
-            rule += ' "}" space'
+        elif schema_type in (None, 'object') and 'allOf' in schema:
+            required = set()
+            properties = []
+            hybrid_name = name
+            def add_component(comp_schema, is_required):
+                if (ref := comp_schema.get('$ref')) is not None:
+                    comp_schema = self._refs[ref]
 
-            return self._add_rule(rule_name, rule)
+                if 'properties' in comp_schema:
+                    for prop_name, prop_schema in comp_schema['properties'].items():
+                        properties.append((prop_name, prop_schema))
+                        if is_required:
+                            required.add(prop_name)
 
-        elif schema_type == 'array' and 'items' in schema:
-            # TODO `prefixItems` keyword
-            item_rule_name = self.visit(schema['items'], f'{name}{"-" if name else ""}item')
+            for t in schema['allOf']:
+                if 'anyOf' in t:
+                    for tt in t['anyOf']:
+                        add_component(tt, is_required=False)
+                else:
+                    add_component(t, is_required=True)
+
+            return self._add_rule(rule_name, self._build_object_rule(properties, required, hybrid_name, additional_properties=[]))
+
+        elif schema_type in (None, 'array') and ('items' in schema or 'prefixItems' in schema):
+            items = schema.get('items') or schema['prefixItems']
+            if isinstance(items, list):
+                return self._add_rule(
+                    rule_name,
+                    '"[" space ' +
+                    ' "," space '.join(
+                        self.visit(item, f'{name}{"-" if name else ""}tuple-{i}')
+                        for i, item in enumerate(items)) +
+                    ' "]" space')
+            else:
+                item_rule_name = self.visit(items, f'{name}{"-" if name else ""}item')
                 list_item_operator = f'( "," space {item_rule_name} )'
                 successive_items = ""
                 min_items = schema.get("minItems", 0)
+                max_items = schema.get("maxItems")
                 if min_items > 0:
-               first_item = f"({item_rule_name})"
                     successive_items = list_item_operator * (min_items - 1)
                     min_items -= 1
-            else:
-               first_item = f"({item_rule_name})?"
-            max_items = schema.get("maxItems")
                 if max_items is not None and max_items > min_items:
                     successive_items += (list_item_operator + "?") * (max_items - min_items - 1)
                 else:
                     successive_items += list_item_operator + "*"
-            rule = f'"[" space {first_item} {successive_items} "]" space'
+                if min_items == 0:
+                    rule = f'"[" space ( {item_rule_name} {successive_items} )? "]" space'
+                else:
+                    rule = f'"[" space {item_rule_name} {successive_items} "]" space'
                 return self._add_rule(rule_name, rule)
 
+        elif schema_type in (None, 'string') and 'pattern' in schema:
+            return self._visit_pattern(schema['pattern'], rule_name)
+
+        elif schema_type in (None, 'string') and re.match(r'^uuid[1-5]?$', schema_format or ''):
+            return self._add_rule(
+                'root' if rule_name == 'root' else schema_format,
+                PRIMITIVE_RULES['uuid']
+            )
+
+        elif schema_type in (None, 'string') and schema_format in DATE_RULES:
+            for t, r in DATE_RULES.items():
+                self._add_rule(t, r)
+            return schema_format + '-string'
+
+        elif (schema_type == 'object') or (len(schema) == 0):
+            for n in OBJECT_RULE_NAMES:
+                self._add_rule(n, PRIMITIVE_RULES[n])
+            return self._add_rule(rule_name, 'object')
+
         else:
             assert schema_type in PRIMITIVE_RULES, f'Unrecognized schema: {schema}'
+            # TODO: support minimum, maximum, exclusiveMinimum, exclusiveMaximum at least for zero
             return self._add_rule(
                 'root' if rule_name == 'root' else schema_type,
                 PRIMITIVE_RULES[schema_type]
             )
 
+    def _build_object_rule(self, properties: List[Tuple[str, Any]], required: Set[str], name: str, additional_properties: Union[bool, Any]):
+        prop_order = self._prop_order
+        # sort by position in prop_order (if specified) then by original order
+        sorted_props = [kv[0] for _, kv in sorted(enumerate(properties), key=lambda ikv: (prop_order.get(ikv[1][0], len(prop_order)), ikv[0]))]
+
+        prop_kv_rule_names = {}
+        for prop_name, prop_schema in properties:
+            prop_rule_name = self.visit(prop_schema, f'{name}{"-" if name else ""}{prop_name}')
+            prop_kv_rule_names[prop_name] = self._add_rule(
+                f'{name}{"-" if name else ""}{prop_name}-kv',
+                fr'{self._format_literal(prop_name)} space ":" space {prop_rule_name}'
+            )
+        required_props = [k for k in sorted_props if k in required]
+        optional_props = [k for k in sorted_props if k not in required]
+
+        if additional_properties == True or isinstance(additional_properties, dict):
+            sub_name = f'{name}{"-" if name else ""}additional'
+            value_rule = self.visit({} if additional_properties == True else additional_properties, f'{sub_name}-value')
+            prop_kv_rule_names["*"] = self._add_rule(
+                f'{sub_name}-kv',
+                self._add_rule('string', PRIMITIVE_RULES['string']) + f' ":" space {value_rule}'
+            )
+            optional_props.append("*")
+
+        rule = '"{" space '
+        rule += ' "," space '.join(prop_kv_rule_names[k] for k in required_props)
+
+        if optional_props:
+            rule += ' ('
+            if required_props:
+                rule += ' "," space ( '
+
+            def get_recursive_refs(ks, first_is_optional):
+                [k, *rest] = ks
+                kv_rule_name = prop_kv_rule_names[k]
+                if k == '*':
+                    res = self._add_rule(
+                        f'{name}{"-" if name else ""}additional-kvs',
+                        f'{kv_rule_name} ( "," space ' + kv_rule_name + ' )*'
+                    )
+                elif first_is_optional:
+                    res = f'( "," space {kv_rule_name} )?'
+                else:
+                    res = kv_rule_name
+                if len(rest) > 0:
+                    res += ' ' + self._add_rule(
+                        f'{name}{"-" if name else ""}{k}-rest',
+                        get_recursive_refs(rest, first_is_optional=True)
+                    )
+                return res
+
+            rule += ' | '.join(
+                get_recursive_refs(optional_props[i:], first_is_optional=False)
+                for i in range(len(optional_props))
+            )
+            if required_props:
+                rule += ' )'
+            rule += ' )?'
+
+        rule += ' "}" space'
+
+        return rule
+
     def format_grammar(self):
-        return '\n'.join((f'{name} ::= {rule}' for name, rule in self._rules.items()))
+        return '\n'.join(
+            f'{name} ::= {rule}'
+            for name, rule in sorted(self._rules.items(), key=lambda kv: kv[0])
+        )
 
 
 def main(args_in = None):
@@ -129,16 +502,47 @@ def main(args_in = None):
         type=lambda s: s.split(','),
         help='''
             comma-separated property names defining the order of precedence for object properties;
-            properties not specified here are given lower precedence than those that are, and are
-            sorted alphabetically
+            properties not specified here are given lower precedence than those that are, and
+            are kept in their original order from the schema. Required properties are always
+            given precedence over optional properties.
         '''
     )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--allow-fetch',
+        action='store_true',
+        default=False,
+        help='Whether to allow fetching referenced schemas over HTTPS')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--dotall',
+        action='store_true',
+        default=False,
+        help='Whether to treat dot (".") as matching all chars including line breaks in regular expression patterns')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--raw-pattern',
+        action='store_true',
+        default=False,
+        help='Treats string patterns as raw patterns w/o quotes (or quote escapes)')
+
     parser.add_argument('schema', help='file containing JSON schema ("-" for stdin)')
     args = parser.parse_args(args_in)
 
-    schema = json.load(sys.stdin if args.schema == '-' else open(args.schema))
-    prop_order = {name: idx for idx, name in enumerate(args.prop_order)}
-    converter = SchemaConverter(prop_order)
+    if args.schema.startswith('https://'):
+        url = args.schema
+        import requests
+        schema = requests.get(url).json()
+    elif args.schema == '-':
+        url = 'stdin'
+        schema = json.load(sys.stdin)
+    else:
+        url = f'file://{args.schema}'
+        with open(args.schema) as f:
+            schema = json.load(f)
+    converter = SchemaConverter(
+        prop_order={name: idx for idx, name in enumerate(args.prop_order)},
+        allow_fetch=args.allow_fetch,
+        dotall=args.dotall,
+        raw_pattern=args.raw_pattern)
+    schema = converter.resolve_refs(schema, url)
     converter.visit(schema, '')
     print(converter.format_grammar())
 

examples/llama-bench/llama-bench.cpp

@@ -249,6 +249,9 @@ static ggml_type ggml_type_from_name(const std::string & s) {
     if (s == "q5_1") {
         return GGML_TYPE_Q5_1;
     }
+    if (s == "iq4_nl") {
+        return GGML_TYPE_IQ4_NL;
+    }
 
     return GGML_TYPE_COUNT;
 }

examples/llava/MobileVLM-README.md

@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 # MobileVLM
 
-Currently this implementation supports [MobileVLM-v1.7](https://huggingface.co/mtgv/MobileVLM-1.7B) variants.
+Currently this implementation supports [MobileVLM-1.7B](https://huggingface.co/mtgv/MobileVLM-1.7B) / [MobileVLM_V2-1.7B](https://huggingface.co/mtgv/MobileVLM_V2-1.7B) variants.
 
 for more information, please go to [Meituan-AutoML/MobileVLM](https://github.com/Meituan-AutoML/MobileVLM)
 
 The implementation is based on llava, and is compatible with llava and mobileVLM. The usage is basically same as llava.
 
+Notice: The overall process of model inference for both **MobileVLM** and **MobileVLM_V2** models is the same, but the process of model conversion  is a little different. Therefore, using MobiVLM as an example, the different conversion step will be shown.
+
 ## Usage
 Build with cmake or run `make llava-cli` to build it.
 
@@ -34,7 +36,7 @@ git clone https://huggingface.co/openai/clip-vit-large-patch14-336
 python ./examples/llava/llava-surgery.py -m path/to/MobileVLM-1.7B
 ```
 
-3. Use `convert-image-encoder-to-gguf.py` with `--projector-type ldp` to convert the LLaVA image encoder to GGUF:
+3. Use `convert-image-encoder-to-gguf.py` with `--projector-type ldp` (for **V2** the arg is `--projector-type ldpv2`) to convert the LLaVA image encoder to GGUF:
 
 ```sh
 python ./examples/llava/convert-image-encoder-to-gguf \
@@ -44,6 +46,14 @@ python ./examples/llava/convert-image-encoder-to-gguf \
     --projector-type ldp
 ```
 
+```sh
+python ./examples/llava/convert-image-encoder-to-gguf \
+    -m path/to/clip-vit-large-patch14-336 \
+    --llava-projector path/to/MobileVLM-1.7B_V2/llava.projector \
+    --output-dir path/to/MobileVLM-1.7B_V2 \
+    --projector-type ldpv2
+```
+
 4. Use `convert.py` to convert the LLaMA part of LLaVA to GGUF:
 
 ```sh

examples/llava/clip.cpp

@@ -119,6 +119,7 @@ static std::string format(const char * fmt, ...) {
 #define TN_LLAVA_PROJ      "mm.%d.%s"
 #define TN_MVLM_PROJ_MLP   "mm.model.mlp.%d.%s"
 #define TN_MVLM_PROJ_BLOCK "mm.model.mb_block.%d.block.%d.%s"
+#define TN_MVLM_PROJ_PEG   "mm.model.peg.%d.%s"
 #define TN_IMAGE_NEWLINE   "model.image_newline"
 
 
@@ -126,12 +127,14 @@ enum projector_type {
     PROJECTOR_TYPE_MLP,
     PROJECTOR_TYPE_MLP_NORM,
     PROJECTOR_TYPE_LDP,
+    PROJECTOR_TYPE_LDPV2,
     PROJECTOR_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
 };
 
 static std::map<projector_type, std::string> PROJECTOR_TYPE_NAMES = {
     { PROJECTOR_TYPE_MLP, "mlp" },
     { PROJECTOR_TYPE_LDP, "ldp" },
+    { PROJECTOR_TYPE_LDPV2, "ldpv2"},
 };
 
 
@@ -475,6 +478,14 @@ struct clip_vision_model {
     struct ggml_tensor * mm_model_block_2_block_2_0_w;
     struct ggml_tensor * mm_model_block_2_block_2_1_w;
     struct ggml_tensor * mm_model_block_2_block_2_1_b;
+
+    // MobileVLM_V2 projection
+    struct ggml_tensor * mm_model_mlp_0_w;
+    struct ggml_tensor * mm_model_mlp_0_b;
+    struct ggml_tensor * mm_model_mlp_2_w;
+    struct ggml_tensor * mm_model_mlp_2_b;
+    struct ggml_tensor * mm_model_peg_0_w;
+    struct ggml_tensor * mm_model_peg_0_b;
 };
 
 struct clip_ctx {
@@ -807,6 +818,29 @@ static ggml_cgraph * clip_image_build_graph(clip_ctx * ctx, const clip_image_f32
             }
             embeddings = block_1;
         }
+        else if (ctx->proj_type == PROJECTOR_TYPE_LDPV2)
+        {
+            int n_patch = 24;
+            struct ggml_tensor * mlp_0 = ggml_mul_mat(ctx0, model.mm_model_mlp_0_w, embeddings);
+            mlp_0 = ggml_add(ctx0, mlp_0, model.mm_model_mlp_0_b);
+            mlp_0 = ggml_gelu(ctx0, mlp_0);
+            struct ggml_tensor * mlp_2 = ggml_mul_mat(ctx0, model.mm_model_mlp_2_w, mlp_0);
+            mlp_2 = ggml_add(ctx0, mlp_2, model.mm_model_mlp_2_b);
+            // mlp_2 ne = [2048, 576, 1, 1]
+            // // AVG Pool Layer 2*2, strides = 2
+            mlp_2 = ggml_cont(ctx0, ggml_permute(ctx0, mlp_2, 1, 0, 2, 3));
+            // mlp_2 ne = [576, 2048, 1, 1]
+            mlp_2 = ggml_reshape_4d(ctx0, mlp_2, n_patch, n_patch, mlp_2->ne[1], mlp_2->ne[2]);
+            // mlp_2 ne [24, 24, 2048, 1]
+            mlp_2 = ggml_pool_2d(ctx0, mlp_2, GGML_OP_POOL_AVG, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0);
+            // weight ne = [3, 3, 2048, 1]
+            struct ggml_tensor * peg_0 = ggml_conv_depthwise_2d(ctx0, model.mm_model_peg_0_w, mlp_2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+            peg_0 = ggml_add(ctx0, peg_0, mlp_2);
+            peg_0 = ggml_cont(ctx0, ggml_permute(ctx0, peg_0, 1, 2, 0, 3));
+            peg_0 = ggml_add(ctx0, peg_0, model.mm_model_peg_0_b);
+            peg_0 = ggml_reshape_3d(ctx0, peg_0, peg_0->ne[0], peg_0->ne[1] * peg_0->ne[2], peg_0->ne[3]);
+            embeddings = peg_0;
+        }
         else {
             GGML_ASSERT(false);
         }
@@ -1177,7 +1211,18 @@ struct clip_ctx * clip_model_load(const char * fname, const int verbosity = 1) {
             vision_model.mm_model_block_2_block_2_0_w   = get_tensor(new_clip->ctx_data, format(TN_MVLM_PROJ_BLOCK, 2, 2, "0.weight"));
             vision_model.mm_model_block_2_block_2_1_w   = get_tensor(new_clip->ctx_data, format(TN_MVLM_PROJ_BLOCK, 2, 2, "1.weight"));
             vision_model.mm_model_block_2_block_2_1_b   = get_tensor(new_clip->ctx_data, format(TN_MVLM_PROJ_BLOCK, 2, 2, "1.bias"));
-        } else {
+        }
+        else if (new_clip->proj_type == PROJECTOR_TYPE_LDPV2)
+        {
+            // MobilVLM_V2 projection
+            vision_model.mm_model_mlp_0_w = get_tensor(new_clip->ctx_data, format(TN_MVLM_PROJ_MLP, 0, "weight"));
+            vision_model.mm_model_mlp_0_b = get_tensor(new_clip->ctx_data, format(TN_MVLM_PROJ_MLP, 0, "bias"));
+            vision_model.mm_model_mlp_2_w = get_tensor(new_clip->ctx_data, format(TN_MVLM_PROJ_MLP, 2, "weight"));
+            vision_model.mm_model_mlp_2_b = get_tensor(new_clip->ctx_data, format(TN_MVLM_PROJ_MLP, 2, "bias"));
+            vision_model.mm_model_peg_0_w = get_tensor(new_clip->ctx_data, format(TN_MVLM_PROJ_PEG, 0, "weight"));
+            vision_model.mm_model_peg_0_b = get_tensor(new_clip->ctx_data, format(TN_MVLM_PROJ_PEG, 0, "bias"));
+        }
+        else {
             std::string proj_type = PROJECTOR_TYPE_NAMES[new_clip->proj_type];
             throw std::runtime_error(format("%s: don't support projector with: %s currently\n", __func__, proj_type.c_str()));
         }
@@ -1966,6 +2011,9 @@ int clip_n_mmproj_embd(const struct clip_ctx * ctx) {
     if (ctx->proj_type == PROJECTOR_TYPE_LDP) {
         return ctx->vision_model.mm_model_block_1_block_2_1_b->ne[0];
     }
+    if (ctx->proj_type == PROJECTOR_TYPE_LDPV2) {
+        return ctx->vision_model.mm_model_peg_0_b->ne[0];
+    }
     if (ctx->proj_type == PROJECTOR_TYPE_MLP) {
         return ctx->vision_model.mm_2_b->ne[0];
     }

examples/llava/convert-image-encoder-to-gguf.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import argparse
 import os
 import json
+import re
 
 import torch
 import numpy as np
@@ -38,9 +39,11 @@ def should_skip_tensor(name: str, has_text: bool, has_vision: bool, has_llava: b
 def get_tensor_name(name: str) -> str:
     if "projection" in name:
         return name
-
     if "mm_projector" in name:
-        return name.replace("model.mm_projector", "mm")
+        name = name.replace("model.mm_projector", "mm")
+        name = re.sub(r'mm\.mlp\.mlp', 'mm.model.mlp', name, count=1)
+        name = re.sub(r'mm\.peg\.peg', 'mm.model.peg', name, count=1)
+        return name
 
     return name.replace("text_model", "t").replace("vision_model", "v").replace("encoder.layers", "blk").replace("embeddings.", "").replace("_proj", "").replace("self_attn.", "attn_").replace("layer_norm", "ln").replace("layernorm", "ln").replace("mlp.fc1", "ffn_down").replace("mlp.fc2", "ffn_up").replace("embedding", "embd").replace("final", "post").replace("layrnorm", "ln")
 
@@ -83,7 +86,7 @@ ap.add_argument("--clip-model-is-vision", action="store_true", required=False,
 ap.add_argument("--clip-model-is-openclip", action="store_true", required=False,
                 help="The clip model is from openclip (for ViT-SO400M type))")
 ap.add_argument("--llava-projector", help="Path to llava.projector file. If specified, save an image encoder for LLaVA models.")
-ap.add_argument("--projector-type", help="Type of projector. Possible values: mlp, ldp", choices=["mlp", "ldp"], default="mlp")
+ap.add_argument("--projector-type", help="Type of projector. Possible values: mlp, ldp, ldpv2", choices=["mlp", "ldp", "ldpv2"], default="mlp")
 ap.add_argument("-o", "--output-dir", help="Directory to save GGUF files. Default is the original model directory", default=None)
 # Example --image_mean 0.48145466 0.4578275 0.40821073 --image_std 0.26862954 0.26130258 0.27577711
 # Example --image_mean 0.5 0.5 0.5 --image_std 0.5 0.5 0.5

examples/regex-to-grammar.py

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import json, subprocess, sys, os
+
+assert len(sys.argv) >= 2
+[_, pattern, *rest] = sys.argv
+
+print(subprocess.check_output(
+    [
+        "python",
+        os.path.join(
+        os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)),
+        "json-schema-to-grammar.py"),
+        *rest,
+        "-",
+        "--raw-pattern",
+    ],
+    text=True,
+    input=json.dumps({
+        "type": "string",
+        "pattern": pattern,
+    }, indent=2)))

examples/server/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -2,12 +2,16 @@ set(TARGET server)
 option(LLAMA_SERVER_VERBOSE "Build verbose logging option for Server" ON)
 option(LLAMA_SERVER_SSL "Build SSL support for the server" OFF)
 include_directories(${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR})
-add_executable(${TARGET} server.cpp utils.hpp json.hpp httplib.h)
+add_executable(${TARGET}
+    server.cpp
+    utils.hpp
+    httplib.h
+)
 install(TARGETS ${TARGET} RUNTIME)
 target_compile_definitions(${TARGET} PRIVATE
     SERVER_VERBOSE=$<BOOL:${LLAMA_SERVER_VERBOSE}>
 )
-target_link_libraries(${TARGET} PRIVATE common ${CMAKE_THREAD_LIBS_INIT})
+target_link_libraries(${TARGET} PRIVATE common json-schema-to-grammar ${CMAKE_THREAD_LIBS_INIT})
 if (LLAMA_SERVER_SSL)
     find_package(OpenSSL REQUIRED)
     target_link_libraries(${TARGET} PRIVATE OpenSSL::SSL OpenSSL::Crypto)

examples/server/chat.mjs

@@ -26,8 +26,9 @@ const propOrder = grammarJsonSchemaPropOrder
 
 let grammar = null
 if (grammarJsonSchemaFile) {
-    const schema = JSON.parse(readFileSync(grammarJsonSchemaFile, 'utf-8'))
-    const converter = new SchemaConverter(propOrder)
+    let schema = JSON.parse(readFileSync(grammarJsonSchemaFile, 'utf-8'))
+    const converter = new SchemaConverter({prop_order: propOrder, allow_fetch: true})
+    schema = await converter.resolveRefs(schema, grammarJsonSchemaFile)
     converter.visit(schema, '')
     grammar = converter.formatGrammar()
 }

examples/server/completion.js.hpp

@@ -483,4 +483,4 @@ unsigned char completion_js[] = {
   0x20, 0x67, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x65, 0x72, 0x61, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x5f,
   0x73, 0x65, 0x74, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x67, 0x73, 0x3b, 0x0a, 0x7d, 0x0a
 };
-unsigned int completion_js_len = 5796;
+size_t completion_js_len = 5796;

examples/server/public/index.html

@@ -630,14 +630,16 @@
 
       const grammarJsonSchemaPropOrder = signal('')
       const updateGrammarJsonSchemaPropOrder = (el) => grammarJsonSchemaPropOrder.value = el.target.value
-      const convertJSONSchemaGrammar = () => {
+      const convertJSONSchemaGrammar = async () => {
         try {
-          const schema = JSON.parse(params.value.grammar)
-          const converter = new SchemaConverter(
-            grammarJsonSchemaPropOrder.value
+          let schema = JSON.parse(params.value.grammar)
+          const converter = new SchemaConverter({
+            prop_order: grammarJsonSchemaPropOrder.value
               .split(',')
-              .reduce((acc, cur, i) => ({ ...acc, [cur.trim()]: i }), {})
-          )
+              .reduce((acc, cur, i) => ({ ...acc, [cur.trim()]: i }), {}),
+            allow_fetch: true,
+          })
+          schema = await converter.resolveRefs(schema, 'input')
           converter.visit(schema, '')
           params.value = {
             ...params.value,

examples/server/public/json-schema-to-grammar.mjs

@@ -1,25 +1,50 @@
+// WARNING: This file was ported from json-schema-to-grammar.py, please fix bugs / add features there first.
 const SPACE_RULE = '" "?';
 
 const PRIMITIVE_RULES = {
   boolean: '("true" | "false") space',
   number: '("-"? ([0-9] | [1-9] [0-9]*)) ("." [0-9]+)? ([eE] [-+]? [0-9]+)? space',
   integer: '("-"? ([0-9] | [1-9] [0-9]*)) space',
+  value: 'object | array | string | number | boolean',
+  object: '"{" space ( string ":" space value ("," space string ":" space value)* )? "}" space',
+  array: '"[" space ( value ("," space value)* )? "]" space',
+  uuid: '"\\"" ' + [8, 4, 4, 4, 12].map(n => [...new Array(n)].map(_ => '[0-9a-fA-F]').join('')).join(' "-" ') + ' "\\"" space',
   string: ` "\\"" (
         [^"\\\\] |
         "\\\\" (["\\\\/bfnrt] | "u" [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F])
       )* "\\"" space`,
   null: '"null" space',
 };
+const OBJECT_RULE_NAMES = ['object', 'array', 'string', 'number', 'boolean', 'null', 'value'];
+
+// TODO: support "uri", "email" string formats
+const DATE_RULES = {
+    'date'   : '[0-9] [0-9] [0-9] [0-9] "-" ( "0" [1-9] | "1" [0-2] ) "-" ( \"0\" [1-9] | [1-2] [0-9] | "3" [0-1] )',
+    'time'   : '([01] [0-9] | "2" [0-3]) ":" [0-5] [0-9] ":" [0-5] [0-9] ( "." [0-9] [0-9] [0-9] )? ( "Z" | ( "+" | "-" ) ( [01] [0-9] | "2" [0-3] ) ":" [0-5] [0-9] )',
+    'date-time': 'date "T" time',
+    'date-string': '"\\"" date "\\"" space',
+    'time-string': '"\\"" time "\\"" space',
+    'date-time-string': '"\\"" date-time "\\"" space',
+};
+
+const RESERVED_NAMES = {'root': true, ...PRIMITIVE_RULES, ...DATE_RULES};
 
 const INVALID_RULE_CHARS_RE = /[^\dA-Za-z-]+/g;
 const GRAMMAR_LITERAL_ESCAPE_RE = /[\n\r"]/g;
-const GRAMMAR_LITERAL_ESCAPES = {'\r': '\\r', '\n': '\\n', '"': '\\"'};
+const GRAMMAR_RANGE_LITERAL_ESCAPE_RE = /[\n\r"\]\-\\]/g;
+const GRAMMAR_LITERAL_ESCAPES = { '\r': '\\r', '\n': '\\n', '"': '\\"', '-': '\\-', ']': '\\]' };
+
+const NON_LITERAL_SET = new Set('|.()[]{}*+?');
+const ESCAPED_IN_REGEXPS_BUT_NOT_IN_LITERALS = new Set('[]()|{}*+?');
 
 export class SchemaConverter {
-  constructor(propOrder) {
-    this._propOrder = propOrder || {};
-    this._rules = new Map();
-    this._rules.set('space', SPACE_RULE);
+  constructor(options) {
+    this._propOrder = options.prop_order || {};
+    this._allowFetch = options.allow_fetch || false;
+    this._dotall = options.dotall || false;
+    this._rules = {'space': SPACE_RULE};
+    this._refs = {};
+    this._refsBeingResolved = new Set();
   }
 
   _formatLiteral(literal) {
@@ -30,83 +55,490 @@ export class SchemaConverter {
     return `"${escaped}"`;
   }
 
+  _formatRangeChar(literal) {
+    return JSON.stringify(literal).slice(1, -1).replace(
+      GRAMMAR_RANGE_LITERAL_ESCAPE_RE,
+      m => GRAMMAR_LITERAL_ESCAPES[m]
+    );
+  }
+
   _addRule(name, rule) {
     let escName = name.replace(INVALID_RULE_CHARS_RE, '-');
     let key = escName;
 
-    if (this._rules.has(escName)) {
-      if (this._rules.get(escName) === rule) {
+    if (escName in this._rules) {
+      if (this._rules[escName] === rule) {
         return key;
       }
 
       let i = 0;
-      while (this._rules.has(`${escName}${i}`)) {
+      while ((`${escName}${i}` in this._rules) && (this._rules[`${escName}${i}`] !== rule)) {
         i += 1;
       }
       key = `${escName}${i}`;
     }
 
-    this._rules.set(key, rule);
+    this._rules[key] = rule;
     return key;
   }
 
+  async resolveRefs(schema, url) {
+    const visit = async (n) => {
+      if (Array.isArray(n)) {
+        return Promise.all(n.map(visit));
+      } else if (typeof n === 'object' && n !== null) {
+        let ref = n.$ref;
+        let target;
+        if (ref !== undefined && !this._refs[ref]) {
+          if (ref.startsWith('https://')) {
+            if (!this._allowFetch) {
+              throw new Error('Fetching remote schemas is not allowed (use --allow-fetch for force)');
+            }
+            const fetch = (await import('node-fetch')).default;
+
+            const fragSplit = ref.split('#');
+            const baseUrl = fragSplit[0];
+
+            target = this._refs[baseUrl];
+            if (!target) {
+              target = await this.resolveRefs(await fetch(ref).then(res => res.json()), baseUrl);
+              this._refs[baseUrl] = target;
+            }
+
+            if (fragSplit.length === 1 || fragSplit[fragSplit.length - 1] === '') {
+              return target;
+            }
+          } else if (ref.startsWith('#/')) {
+            target = schema;
+            ref = `${url}${ref}`;
+            n.$ref = ref;
+          } else {
+            throw new Error(`Unsupported ref ${ref}`);
+          }
+
+          const selectors = ref.split('#')[1].split('/').slice(1);
+          for (const sel of selectors) {
+            if (!target || !(sel in target)) {
+              throw new Error(`Error resolving ref ${ref}: ${sel} not in ${JSON.stringify(target)}`);
+            }
+            target = target[sel];
+          }
+
+          this._refs[ref] = target;
+        } else {
+          await Promise.all(Object.values(n).map(visit));
+        }
+      }
+
+      return n;
+    };
+
+    return visit(schema);
+  }
+
+  _generateUnionRule(name, altSchemas) {
+    return altSchemas
+      .map((altSchema, i) => this.visit(altSchema, `${name ?? ''}${name ? '-' : 'alternative-'}${i}`))
+      .join(' | ');
+  }
+
+  _visitPattern(pattern, name) {
+    if (!pattern.startsWith('^') || !pattern.endsWith('$')) {
+      throw new Error('Pattern must start with "^" and end with "$"');
+    }
+    pattern = pattern.slice(1, -1);
+    const subRuleIds = {};
+
+    let i = 0;
+    const length = pattern.length;
+
+    const getDot = () => {
+      let rule;
+      if (this._dotall) {
+        rule = '[\\U00000000-\\U0010FFFF]';
+      } else {
+        // Accept any character... except \n and \r line break chars (\x0A and \xOD)
+        rule = '[\\U00000000-\\x09\\x0B\\x0C\\x0E-\\U0010FFFF]';
+      }
+      return this._addRule('dot', rule);
+    };
+
+
+    const toRule = ([s, isLiteral]) => isLiteral ? "\"" + s + "\"" : s;
+
+    const transform = () => {
+      const start = i;
+      // For each component of this sequence, store its string representation and whether it's a literal.
+      // We only need a flat structure here to apply repetition operators to the last item, and
+      // to merge literals at the and (we're parsing grouped ( sequences ) recursively and don't treat '|' specially
+      // (GBNF's syntax is luckily very close to regular expressions!)
+      const seq = [];
+
+      const joinSeq = () => {
+        const ret = [];
+        for (const [isLiteral, g] of groupBy(seq, x => x[1])) {
+          if (isLiteral) {
+            ret.push([[...g].map(x => x[0]).join(''), true]);
+          } else {
+            ret.push(...g);
+          }
+        }
+        if (ret.length === 1) {
+          return ret[0];
+        }
+        return [ret.map(x => toRule(x)).join(' '), false];
+      };
+
+      while (i < length) {
+        const c = pattern[i];
+        if (c === '.') {
+          seq.push([getDot(), false]);
+          i += 1;
+        } else if (c === '(') {
+          i += 1;
+          if (i < length) {
+            if (pattern[i] === '?') {
+              throw new Error(`Unsupported pattern syntax "${pattern[i]}" at index ${i} of /${pattern}/`);
+            }
+          }
+          seq.push([`(${toRule(transform())})`, false]);
+        } else if (c === ')') {
+          i += 1;
+          if (start <= 0 || pattern[start - 1] !== '(') {
+            throw new Error(`Unbalanced parentheses; start = ${start}, i = ${i}, pattern = ${pattern}`);
+          }
+          return joinSeq();
+        } else if (c === '[') {
+          let squareBrackets = c;
+          i += 1;
+          while (i < length && pattern[i] !== ']') {
+            if (pattern[i] === '\\') {
+              squareBrackets += pattern.slice(i, i + 2);
+              i += 2;
+            } else {
+              squareBrackets += pattern[i];
+              i += 1;
+            }
+          }
+          if (i >= length) {
+            throw new Error(`Unbalanced square brackets; start = ${start}, i = ${i}, pattern = ${pattern}`);
+          }
+          squareBrackets += ']';
+          i += 1;
+          seq.push([squareBrackets, false]);
+        } else if (c === '|') {
+          seq.push(['|', false]);
+          i += 1;
+        } else if (c === '*' || c === '+' || c === '?') {
+          seq[seq.length - 1] = [toRule(seq[seq.length - 1]) + c, false];
+          i += 1;
+        } else if (c === '{') {
+          let curlyBrackets = c;
+          i += 1;
+          while (i < length && pattern[i] !== '}') {
+            curlyBrackets += pattern[i];
+            i += 1;
+          }
+          if (i >= length) {
+            throw new Error(`Unbalanced curly brackets; start = ${start}, i = ${i}, pattern = ${pattern}`);
+          }
+          curlyBrackets += '}';
+          i += 1;
+          const nums = curlyBrackets.slice(1, -1).split(',').map(s => s.trim());
+          let minTimes, maxTimes;
+          if (nums.length === 1) {
+            minTimes = parseInt(nums[0], 10);
+            maxTimes = minTimes;
+          } else {
+            if (nums.length !== 2) {
+              throw new Error(`Invalid quantifier ${curlyBrackets}`);
+            }
+            minTimes = nums[0] ? parseInt(nums[0], 10) : 0;
+            maxTimes = nums[1] ? parseInt(nums[1], 10) : Infinity;
+          }
+
+          let [sub, subIsLiteral] = seq[seq.length - 1];
+
+          if (minTimes === 0 && maxTimes === Infinity) {
+            seq[seq.length - 1] = [`${sub}*`, false];
+          } else if (minTimes === 0 && maxTimes === 1) {
+            seq[seq.length - 1] = [`${sub}?`, false];
+          } else if (minTimes === 1 && maxTimes === Infinity) {
+            seq[seq.length - 1] = [`${sub}+`, false];
+          } else {
+            if (!subIsLiteral) {
+              let id = subRuleIds[sub];
+              if (id === undefined) {
+                id = this._addRule(`${name}-${Object.keys(subRuleIds).length + 1}`, sub);
+                subRuleIds[sub] = id;
+              }
+              sub = id;
+            }
+
+            const repeatedSub = Array.from({ length: minTimes }, () => subIsLiteral ? `"${sub.slice(1, -1).repeat(minTimes)}"` : sub);
+            const optionalSub = maxTimes !== undefined ? Array.from({ length: maxTimes - minTimes }, () => `${sub}?`) : [`${sub}*`];
+            seq[seq.length - 1] = [repeatedSub.concat(optionalSub).join(' '), false];
+          }
+        } else {
+          let literal = '';
+          while (i < length) {
+            if (pattern[i] === '\\' && i < length - 1) {
+              const next = pattern[i + 1];
+              if (ESCAPED_IN_REGEXPS_BUT_NOT_IN_LITERALS.has(next)) {
+                i += 1;
+                literal += pattern[i];
+                i += 1;
+              } else {
+                literal += pattern.slice(i, i + 2);
+                i += 2;
+              }
+            } else if (pattern[i] === '"') {
+              literal += '\\"';
+              i += 1;
+            } else if (!NON_LITERAL_SET.has(pattern[i]) &&
+                (i === length - 1 || literal === '' || pattern[i + 1] === '.' || !NON_LITERAL_SET.has(pattern[i+1]))) {
+              literal += pattern[i];
+              i += 1;
+            } else {
+              break;
+            }
+          }
+          if (literal !== '') {
+            seq.push([literal, true]);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      return joinSeq();
+    };
+
+    return this._addRule(name, "\"\\\"\" " + toRule(transform()) + " \"\\\"\" space")
+  }
+
+  _resolveRef(ref) {
+    let refName = ref.split('/').pop();
+    if (!(refName in this._rules) && !this._refsBeingResolved.has(ref)) {
+      this._refsBeingResolved.add(ref);
+      const resolved = this._refs[ref];
+      refName = this.visit(resolved, refName);
+      this._refsBeingResolved.delete(ref);
+    }
+    return refName;
+  }
+
+  _generateConstantRule(value) {
+    if (typeof value !== 'string') {
+      throw new Error('Only string constants are supported, got ' + JSON.stringify(value));
+    }
+    return this._formatLiteral(value);
+  }
+
   visit(schema, name) {
     const schemaType = schema.type;
-    const ruleName = name || 'root';
+    const schemaFormat = schema.format;
+    const ruleName = name in RESERVED_NAMES ? name + '-' : name == '' ? 'root' : name;
 
-    if (schema.oneOf || schema.anyOf) {
-      const rule = (schema.oneOf || schema.anyOf).map((altSchema, i) =>
-        this.visit(altSchema, `${name}${name ? "-" : ""}${i}`)
-      ).join(' | ');
-
-      return this._addRule(ruleName, rule);
+    const ref = schema.$ref;
+    if (ref !== undefined) {
+      return this._addRule(ruleName, this._resolveRef(ref));
+    } else if (schema.oneOf || schema.anyOf) {
+      return this._addRule(ruleName, this._generateUnionRule(name, schema.oneOf || schema.anyOf));
+    } else if (Array.isArray(schemaType)) {
+      return this._addRule(ruleName, this._generateUnionRule(name, schemaType.map(t => ({ type: t }))));
     } else if ('const' in schema) {
-      return this._addRule(ruleName, this._formatLiteral(schema.const));
-    } else if ('enum' in schema) {
-      const rule = schema.enum.map(v => this._formatLiteral(v)).join(' | ');
-      return this._addRule(ruleName, rule);
-    } else if (schemaType === 'object' && 'properties' in schema) {
-      // TODO: `required` keyword (from python implementation)
-      const propOrder = this._propOrder;
-      const propPairs = Object.entries(schema.properties).sort((a, b) => {
-        // sort by position in prop_order (if specified) then by key
-        const orderA = typeof propOrder[a[0]] === 'number' ? propOrder[a[0]] : Infinity;
-        const orderB = typeof propOrder[b[0]] === 'number' ? propOrder[b[0]] : Infinity;
-        return orderA - orderB || a[0].localeCompare(b[0]);
-      });
-
-      let rule = '"{" space';
-      propPairs.forEach(([propName, propSchema], i) => {
-        const propRuleName = this.visit(propSchema, `${name}${name ? "-" : ""}${propName}`);
-        if (i > 0) {
-          rule += ' "," space';
+      if (typeof schema.const !== 'string') {
+        throw new Error('Only string constants are supported, got ' + JSON.stringify(schema.const));
+      }
+      return this._addRule(ruleName, this._generateConstantRule(schema.const));
+    } else if ('enum' in schema) {
+      const rule = schema.enum.map(v => this._generateConstantRule(v)).join(' | ');
+      return this._addRule(ruleName, rule);
+    } else if ((schemaType === undefined || schemaType === 'object') &&
+               ('properties' in schema ||
+                ('additionalProperties' in schema && schema.additionalProperties !== true))) {
+      const required = new Set(schema.required || []);
+      const properties = Object.entries(schema.properties ?? {});
+      return this._addRule(ruleName, this._buildObjectRule(properties, required, name, schema.additionalProperties));
+    } else if ((schemaType === undefined || schemaType === 'object') && 'allOf' in schema) {
+      const required = new Set();
+      const properties = [];
+      const addComponent = (compSchema, isRequired) => {
+        const ref = compSchema.$ref;
+        if (ref !== undefined) {
+          compSchema = this._refs[ref];
         }
-        rule += ` ${this._formatLiteral(propName)} space ":" space ${propRuleName}`;
-      });
-      rule += ' "}" space';
 
-      return this._addRule(ruleName, rule);
-    } else if (schemaType === 'array' && 'items' in schema) {
-      // TODO `prefixItems` keyword (from python implementation)
-      const itemRuleName = this.visit(schema.items, `${name}${name ? "-" : ""}item`);
-      const rule = `"[" space (${itemRuleName} ("," space ${itemRuleName})*)? "]" space`;
-      return this._addRule(ruleName, rule);
+        if ('properties' in compSchema) {
+          for (const [propName, propSchema] of Object.entries(compSchema.properties)) {
+            properties.push([propName, propSchema]);
+            if (isRequired) {
+              required.add(propName);
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      };
+
+      for (const t of schema.allOf) {
+        if ('anyOf' in t) {
+          for (const tt of t.anyOf) {
+            addComponent(tt, false);
+          }
         } else {
-      if (!PRIMITIVE_RULES[schemaType]) {
+          addComponent(t, true);
+        }
+      }
+
+      return this._addRule(ruleName, this._buildObjectRule(properties, required, name, /* additionalProperties= */ false));
+    } else if ((schemaType === undefined || schemaType === 'array') && ('items' in schema || 'prefixItems' in schema)) {
+      const items = schema.items ?? schema.prefixItems;
+      if (Array.isArray(items)) {
+        return this._addRule(
+          ruleName,
+          '"[" space ' +
+            items.map((item, i) => this.visit(item, `${name ?? ''}${name ? '-' : ''}tuple-${i}`)).join(' "," space ') +
+            ' "]" space'
+        );
+      } else {
+        const itemRuleName = this.visit(items, `${name ?? ''}${name ? '-' : ''}item`);
+        const listItemOperator = `( "," space ${itemRuleName} )`;
+        let successiveItems = '';
+        let minItems = schema.minItems || 0;
+        const maxItems = schema.maxItems;
+        if (minItems > 0) {
+          successiveItems = listItemOperator.repeat(minItems - 1);
+          minItems--;
+        }
+        if (maxItems !== undefined && maxItems > minItems) {
+          successiveItems += `${listItemOperator}?`.repeat(maxItems - minItems - 1);
+        } else {
+          successiveItems += `${listItemOperator}*`;
+        }
+        const rule = minItems === 0
+          ? `"[" space ( ${itemRuleName} ${successiveItems} )? "]" space`
+          : `"[" space ${itemRuleName} ${successiveItems} "]" space`;
+        return this._addRule(ruleName, rule);
+      }
+    } else if ((schemaType === undefined || schemaType === 'string') && 'pattern' in schema) {
+      return this._visitPattern(schema.pattern, ruleName);
+    } else if ((schemaType === undefined || schemaType === 'string') && /^uuid[1-5]?$/.test(schema.format || '')) {
+      return this._addRule(
+          ruleName === 'root' ? 'root' : schemaFormat,
+          PRIMITIVE_RULES['uuid'])
+    } else if ((schemaType === undefined || schemaType === 'string') && schema.format in DATE_RULES) {
+      for (const [t, r] of Object.entries(DATE_RULES)) {
+        this._addRule(t, r);
+      }
+      return schemaFormat + '-string';
+    } else if ((schemaType === 'object') || (Object.keys(schema).length === 0)) {
+      for (const n of OBJECT_RULE_NAMES) {
+        this._addRule(n, PRIMITIVE_RULES[n]);
+      }
+      return this._addRule(ruleName, 'object');
+    } else {
+      if (!(schemaType in PRIMITIVE_RULES)) {
         throw new Error(`Unrecognized schema: ${JSON.stringify(schema)}`);
       }
-      return this._addRule(
-        ruleName === 'root' ? 'root' : schemaType,
-        PRIMITIVE_RULES[schemaType]
+      // TODO: support minimum, maximum, exclusiveMinimum, exclusiveMaximum at least for zero
+      return this._addRule(ruleName === 'root' ? 'root' : schemaType, PRIMITIVE_RULES[schemaType]);
+    }
+  }
+
+  _buildObjectRule(properties, required, name, additionalProperties) {
+    const propOrder = this._propOrder;
+    // sort by position in prop_order (if specified) then by original order
+    const sortedProps = properties.map(([k]) => k).sort((a, b) => {
+      const orderA = propOrder[a] || Infinity;
+      const orderB = propOrder[b] || Infinity;
+      return orderA - orderB || properties.findIndex(([k]) => k === a) - properties.findIndex(([k]) => k === b);
+    });
+
+    const propKvRuleNames = {};
+    for (const [propName, propSchema] of properties) {
+      const propRuleName = this.visit(propSchema, `${name ?? ''}${name ? '-' : ''}${propName}`);
+      propKvRuleNames[propName] = this._addRule(
+        `${name ?? ''}${name ? '-' : ''}${propName}-kv`,
+        `${this._formatLiteral(propName)} space ":" space ${propRuleName}`
       );
     }
+    const requiredProps = sortedProps.filter(k => required.has(k));
+    const optionalProps = sortedProps.filter(k => !required.has(k));
+
+    if (typeof additionalProperties === 'object' || additionalProperties === true) {
+      const subName = `${name ?? ''}${name ? '-' : ''}additional`;
+      const valueRule = this.visit(additionalProperties === true ? {} : additionalProperties, `${subName}-value`);
+      propKvRuleNames['*'] = this._addRule(
+        `${subName}-kv`,
+        `${this._addRule('string', PRIMITIVE_RULES['string'])} ":" space ${valueRule}`);
+      optionalProps.push('*');
+    }
+
+    let rule = '"{" space ';
+    rule += requiredProps.map(k => propKvRuleNames[k]).join(' "," space ');
+
+    if (optionalProps.length > 0) {
+      rule += ' (';
+      if (requiredProps.length > 0) {
+        rule += ' "," space ( ';
+      }
+
+      const getRecursiveRefs = (ks, firstIsOptional) => {
+        const [k, ...rest] = ks;
+        const kvRuleName = propKvRuleNames[k];
+        let res;
+        if (k === '*') {
+            res = this._addRule(
+                `${name ?? ''}${name ? '-' : ''}additional-kvs`,
+                `${kvRuleName} ( "," space ` + kvRuleName + ` )*`
+            )
+        } else if (firstIsOptional) {
+          res = `( "," space ${kvRuleName} )?`;
+        } else {
+          res = kvRuleName;
+        }
+        if (rest.length > 0) {
+          res += ' ' + this._addRule(
+            `${name ?? ''}${name ? '-' : ''}${k}-rest`,
+            getRecursiveRefs(rest, true)
+          );
+        }
+        return res;
+      };
+
+      rule += optionalProps.map((_, i) => getRecursiveRefs(optionalProps.slice(i), false)).join(' | ');
+      if (requiredProps.length > 0) {
+        rule += ' )';
+      }
+      rule += ' )?';
+    }
+
+    rule += ' "}" space';
+
+    return rule;
   }
 
   formatGrammar() {
     let grammar = '';
-    this._rules.forEach((rule, name) => {
+    for (const [name, rule] of Object.entries(this._rules).sort(([a], [b]) => a.localeCompare(b))) {
       grammar += `${name} ::= ${rule}\n`;
-    });
+    }
     return grammar;
   }
 }
+
+// Helper function to group elements by a key function
+function* groupBy(iterable, keyFn) {
+  let lastKey = null;
+  let group = [];
+  for (const element of iterable) {
+    const key = keyFn(element);
+    if (lastKey !== null && key !== lastKey) {
+      yield [lastKey, group];
+      group = [];
+    }
+    group.push(element);
+    lastKey = key;
+  }
+  if (group.length > 0) {
+    yield [lastKey, group];
+  }
+}

examples/server/server.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #include "utils.hpp"
 
 #include "common.h"
+#include "json-schema-to-grammar.h"
 #include "llama.h"
 #include "grammar-parser.h"
 
@@ -178,6 +179,7 @@ struct server_slot {
     llama_token sampled;
     struct llama_sampling_params sparams;
     llama_sampling_context * ctx_sampling = nullptr;
+    json json_schema;
 
     int32_t ga_i = 0;   // group-attention state
     int32_t ga_n = 1;   // group-attention factor
@@ -845,7 +847,17 @@ struct server_context {
         slot.sparams.penalize_nl       = json_value(data, "penalize_nl",       default_sparams.penalize_nl);
         slot.params.n_keep             = json_value(data, "n_keep",            slot.params.n_keep);
         slot.params.seed               = json_value(data, "seed",              default_params.seed);
+        if (data.contains("json_schema") && !data.contains("grammar")) {
+            try {
+                auto schema                = json_value(data, "json_schema",       json::object());
+                slot.sparams.grammar       = json_schema_to_grammar(schema);
+            } catch (const std::exception & e) {
+                send_error(task, std::string("\"json_schema\": ") + e.what(), ERROR_TYPE_INVALID_REQUEST);
+                return false;
+            }
+        } else {
             slot.sparams.grammar       = json_value(data, "grammar",           default_sparams.grammar);
+        }
         slot.sparams.n_probs           = json_value(data, "n_probs",           default_sparams.n_probs);
         slot.sparams.min_keep          = json_value(data, "min_keep",          default_sparams.min_keep);
 

examples/server/tests/features/security.feature

@@ -37,6 +37,22 @@ Feature: Security
       | llama.cpp | no        |
       | hackme    | raised    |
 
+  Scenario Outline: OAI Compatibility (invalid response formats)
+    Given a system prompt test
+    And   a user prompt test
+    And   a response format <response_format>
+    And   a model test
+    And   2 max tokens to predict
+    And   streaming is disabled
+    Given an OAI compatible chat completions request with raised api error
+
+    Examples: Prompts
+      | response_format                                       |
+      | {"type": "sound"}                                     |
+      | {"type": "json_object", "schema": 123}                |
+      | {"type": "json_object", "schema": {"type": 123}}      |
+      | {"type": "json_object", "schema": {"type": "hiccup"}} |
+
 
   Scenario Outline: CORS Options
     Given a user api key llama.cpp

examples/server/tests/features/server.feature

@@ -70,6 +70,22 @@ Feature: llama.cpp server
       | codellama70b | You are a coding assistant. | Write the fibonacci function in c++. | 128        | (thanks\|happy\|bird\|Annabyear)+ | -1       | 64          | enabled          |           |
 
 
+  Scenario Outline: OAI Compatibility w/ response format
+    Given a model test
+    And   a system prompt test
+    And   a user prompt test
+    And   a response format <response_format>
+    And   10 max tokens to predict
+    Given an OAI compatible chat completions request with no api error
+    Then  <n_predicted> tokens are predicted matching <re_content>
+
+    Examples: Prompts
+      | response_format                                                     | n_predicted | re_content             |
+      | {"type": "json_object", "schema": {"const": "42"}}                  | 5           | "42"                   |
+      | {"type": "json_object", "schema": {"items": [{"type": "integer"}]}} | 10          | \[ -300 \]             |
+      | {"type": "json_object"}                                             | 10          | \{ " Jacky.            |
+
+
   Scenario: Tokenize / Detokenize
     When tokenizing:
     """

examples/server/tests/features/steps/steps.py

@@ -24,12 +24,16 @@ from prometheus_client import parser
 def step_server_config(context, server_fqdn, server_port):
     context.server_fqdn = server_fqdn
     context.server_port = int(server_port)
+    context.n_gpu_layer = None
     if 'PORT' in os.environ:
         context.server_port = int(os.environ['PORT'])
         print(f"$PORT set, overriding server port with to {context.server_port}")
     if 'FQDN' in os.environ:
         context.server_fqdn = os.environ['FQDN']
         print(f"$FQDN set, overriding server fqdn with to {context.server_fqdn}")
+    if 'N_GPU_LAYERS' in os.environ:
+        context.n_gpu_layer = int(os.environ['N_GPU_LAYERS'])
+        print(f"$N_GPU_LAYERS set, overriding n_gpu_layer with to {context.n_gpu_layer}")
 
     context.base_url = f'http://{context.server_fqdn}:{context.server_port}'
 
@@ -41,7 +45,6 @@ def step_server_config(context, server_fqdn, server_port):
     context.n_ctx = None
     context.n_ga = None
     context.n_ga_w = None
-    context.n_gpu_layer = None
     context.n_predict = None
     context.n_prompts = 0
     context.n_server_predict = None
@@ -56,6 +59,7 @@ def step_server_config(context, server_fqdn, server_port):
     context.seed = None
     context.server_seed = None
     context.user_api_key = None
+    context.response_format = None
 
     context.tasks_result = []
     context.concurrent_tasks = []
@@ -266,6 +270,11 @@ def step_max_tokens(context, max_tokens):
     context.n_predict = max_tokens
 
 
+@step('a response format {response_format}')
+def step_response_format(context, response_format):
+    context.response_format = json.loads(response_format)
+
+
 @step('streaming is {enable_streaming}')
 def step_streaming(context, enable_streaming):
     context.enable_streaming = enable_streaming == 'enabled'
@@ -381,6 +390,9 @@ async def step_oai_chat_completions(context, api_error):
                                             enable_streaming=context.enable_streaming
                                             if hasattr(context, 'enable_streaming') else None,
 
+                                            response_format=context.response_format
+                                            if hasattr(context, 'response_format') else None,
+
                                             seed=await completions_seed(context),
 
                                             user_api_key=context.user_api_key
@@ -440,6 +452,8 @@ async def step_oai_chat_completions(context):
                               if hasattr(context, 'n_predict') else None,
                               enable_streaming=context.enable_streaming
                               if hasattr(context, 'enable_streaming') else None,
+                              response_format=context.response_format
+                              if hasattr(context, 'response_format') else None,
                               seed=await completions_seed(context),
                               user_api_key=context.user_api_key
                               if hasattr(context, 'user_api_key') else None)
@@ -460,6 +474,8 @@ async def step_oai_chat_completions(context):
                               if hasattr(context, 'n_predict') else None,
                               enable_streaming=context.enable_streaming
                               if hasattr(context, 'enable_streaming') else None,
+                              response_format=context.response_format
+                              if hasattr(context, 'response_format') else None,
                               seed=context.seed
                               if hasattr(context, 'seed') else
                               context.server_seed
@@ -742,6 +758,7 @@ async def oai_chat_completions(user_prompt,
                                model=None,
                                n_predict=None,
                                enable_streaming=None,
+                               response_format=None,
                                seed=None,
                                user_api_key=None,
                                expect_api_error=None):
@@ -767,6 +784,8 @@ async def oai_chat_completions(user_prompt,
         "stream": enable_streaming,
         "seed": seed
     }
+    if response_format is not None:
+        payload['response_format'] = response_format
     completion_response = {
         'content': '',
         'timings': {
@@ -827,6 +846,7 @@ async def oai_chat_completions(user_prompt,
                 model=model,
                 max_tokens=n_predict,
                 stream=enable_streaming,
+                response_format=payload.get('response_format'),
                 seed=seed
             )
         except openai.error.AuthenticationError as e:

examples/server/utils.hpp

@@ -373,10 +373,21 @@ static json oaicompat_completion_params_parse(
     llama_params["tfs_z"]             = json_value(body,   "tfs_z",             default_sparams.tfs_z);
     llama_params["n_keep"]            = json_value(body,   "n_keep",            0);
 
-    if (body.count("grammar") != 0) {
+    if (body.contains("grammar")) {
         llama_params["grammar"] = json_value(body, "grammar", json::object());
     }
 
+    if (body.contains("response_format")) {
+        auto response_format = json_value(body, "response_format", json::object());
+        if (response_format.contains("type")) {
+            if (response_format["type"] == "json_object") {
+                llama_params["json_schema"] = json_value(response_format, "schema", json::object());
+            } else {
+                throw std::runtime_error("response_format type not supported: " + response_format["type"].dump());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     // Handle 'stop' field
     if (body.contains("stop") && body["stop"].is_string()) {
         llama_params["stop"] = json::array({body["stop"].get<std::string>()});

examples/ts-type-to-grammar.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+#
+# ./examples/ts-type-to-grammar.sh "{a:string,b:string,c?:string}"
+# python examples/json-schema-to-grammar.py https://json.schemastore.org/tsconfig.json
+#
+set -euo pipefail
+
+readonly type="$1"
+
+# Create a temporary directory
+TMPDIR=""
+trap 'rm -fR "$TMPDIR"' EXIT
+TMPDIR=$(mktemp -d)
+
+DTS_FILE="$TMPDIR/type.d.ts"
+SCHEMA_FILE="$TMPDIR/schema.json"
+
+echo "export type MyType = $type" > "$DTS_FILE"
+
+# This is a fork of typescript-json-schema, actively maintained as of March 2024:
+# https://github.com/vega/ts-json-schema-generator
+npx ts-json-schema-generator --unstable --no-top-ref --path "$DTS_FILE" --type MyType -e none > "$SCHEMA_FILE"
+
+# Alternative, not actively maintained as of March 2024:
+# https://github.com/YousefED/typescript-json-schema
+# npx typescript-json-schema --defaultProps --required "$DTS_FILE" MyType | tee "$SCHEMA_FILE" >&2
+
+./examples/json-schema-to-grammar.py "$SCHEMA_FILE"

ggml-metal.m

@@ -173,8 +173,9 @@ enum ggml_metal_kernel_type {
     GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_CPY_F32_Q8_0,
     GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_CPY_F32_Q4_0,
     GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_CPY_F32_Q4_1,
-  //GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_CPY_F32_Q5_0,
-  //GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_CPY_F32_Q5_1,
+    GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_CPY_F32_Q5_0,
+    GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_CPY_F32_Q5_1,
+    GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_CPY_F32_IQ4_NL,
     GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_CPY_F16_F16,
     GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_CPY_F16_F32,
     GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_CONCAT,
@@ -598,8 +599,9 @@ static struct ggml_metal_context * ggml_metal_init(int n_cb) {
         GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_CPY_F32_Q8_0,              cpy_f32_q8_0,           true);
         GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_CPY_F32_Q4_0,              cpy_f32_q4_0,           true);
         GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_CPY_F32_Q4_1,              cpy_f32_q4_1,           true);
-      //GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_CPY_F32_Q5_0,              cpy_f32_q5_0,           true);
-      //GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_CPY_F32_Q5_1,              cpy_f32_q5_1,           true);
+        GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_CPY_F32_Q5_0,              cpy_f32_q5_0,           true);
+        GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_CPY_F32_Q5_1,              cpy_f32_q5_1,           true);
+        GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_CPY_F32_IQ4_NL,            cpy_f32_iq4_nl,         true);
         GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_CPY_F16_F16,               cpy_f16_f16,            true);
         GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_CPY_F16_F32,               cpy_f16_f32,            true);
         GGML_METAL_ADD_KERNEL(GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_CONCAT,                    concat,                 true);
@@ -739,6 +741,9 @@ static bool ggml_metal_supports_op(const struct ggml_metal_context * ctx, const
                            case GGML_TYPE_Q8_0:
                            case GGML_TYPE_Q4_0:
                            case GGML_TYPE_Q4_1:
+                           case GGML_TYPE_Q5_0:
+                           case GGML_TYPE_Q5_1:
+                           case GGML_TYPE_IQ4_NL:
                                 return true;
                            default:
                                 return false;
@@ -2436,8 +2441,9 @@ static enum ggml_status ggml_metal_graph_compute(
                                         case GGML_TYPE_Q8_0:   pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_CPY_F32_Q8_0].pipeline; break;
                                         case GGML_TYPE_Q4_0:   pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_CPY_F32_Q4_0].pipeline; break;
                                         case GGML_TYPE_Q4_1:   pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_CPY_F32_Q4_1].pipeline; break;
-                                      //case GGML_TYPE_Q5_0: pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_CPY_F32_Q5_0].pipeline; break;
-                                      //case GGML_TYPE_Q5_1: pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_CPY_F32_Q5_1].pipeline; break;
+                                        case GGML_TYPE_Q5_0:   pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_CPY_F32_Q5_0].pipeline; break;
+                                        case GGML_TYPE_Q5_1:   pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_CPY_F32_Q5_1].pipeline; break;
+                                        case GGML_TYPE_IQ4_NL: pipeline = ctx->kernels[GGML_METAL_KERNEL_TYPE_CPY_F32_IQ4_NL].pipeline; break;
                                         default: GGML_ASSERT(false && "not implemented");
                                     };
                                 } break;

ggml-metal.metal

@@ -2388,6 +2388,242 @@ kernel void kernel_cpy_f32_q4_1(
     }
 }
 
+kernel void kernel_cpy_f32_q5_0(
+        device const float * src0,
+        device        void * dst,
+        constant   int64_t & ne00,
+        constant   int64_t & ne01,
+        constant   int64_t & ne02,
+        constant   int64_t & ne03,
+        constant  uint64_t & nb00,
+        constant  uint64_t & nb01,
+        constant  uint64_t & nb02,
+        constant  uint64_t & nb03,
+        constant   int64_t & ne0,
+        constant   int64_t & ne1,
+        constant   int64_t & ne2,
+        constant   int64_t & ne3,
+        constant  uint64_t & nb0,
+        constant  uint64_t & nb1,
+        constant  uint64_t & nb2,
+        constant  uint64_t & nb3,
+        uint3 tgpig[[threadgroup_position_in_grid]],
+        uint3 tpitg[[thread_position_in_threadgroup]],
+        uint3   ntg[[threads_per_threadgroup]]) {
+    const int64_t i03 = tgpig[2];
+    const int64_t i02 = tgpig[1];
+    const int64_t i01 = tgpig[0];
+
+    const int64_t n = i03*ne02*ne01*ne00 + i02*ne01*ne00 + i01*ne00;
+
+    const int64_t i3 = n / (ne2*ne1*ne0);
+    const int64_t i2 = (n - i3*ne2*ne1*ne0) / (ne1*ne0);
+    const int64_t i1 = (n - i3*ne2*ne1*ne0 - i2*ne1*ne0) / ne0;
+    const int64_t i0 = (n - i3*ne2*ne1*ne0 - i2*ne1*ne0 - i1*ne0)/QK5_0;
+
+    device block_q5_0 * dst_data = (device block_q5_0 *) ((device char *) dst + i3*nb3 + i2*nb2 + i1*nb1 + i0*nb0);
+
+    for (int64_t i00 = tpitg.x*QK5_0; i00 < ne00; i00 += ntg.x*QK5_0) {
+        device const float * src = (device float *)((device char *) src0 + i03*nb03 + i02*nb02 + i01*nb01 + i00*nb00);
+
+        float amax = 0.0f; // absolute max
+        float max  = 0.0f;
+
+        for (int j = 0; j < QK5_0; j++) {
+            const float v = src[j];
+            if (amax < fabs(v)) {
+                amax = fabs(v);
+                max  = v;
+            }
+        }
+
+        const float d = max / -16;
+        const float id = d ? 1.0f/d : 0.0f;
+
+        dst_data[i00/QK5_0].d = d;
+
+        uint32_t qh = 0;
+        for (int j = 0; j < QK5_0/2; ++j) {
+            const float x0 = src[0       + j]*id;
+            const float x1 = src[QK5_0/2 + j]*id;
+
+            const uint8_t xi0 = MIN(31, (int8_t)(x0 + 16.5f));
+            const uint8_t xi1 = MIN(31, (int8_t)(x1 + 16.5f));
+
+            dst_data[i00/QK5_0].qs[j] = (xi0 & 0xf) | ((xi1 & 0xf) << 4);
+            qh |= ((xi0 & 0x10u) >> 4) << (j + 0);
+            qh |= ((xi1 & 0x10u) >> 4) << (j + QK5_0/2);
+        }
+        thread const uint8_t * qh8 = (thread const uint8_t *)&qh;
+        for (int j = 0; j < 4; ++j) {
+            dst_data[i00/QK5_0].qh[j] = qh8[j];
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+kernel void kernel_cpy_f32_q5_1(
+        device const float * src0,
+        device        void * dst,
+        constant   int64_t & ne00,
+        constant   int64_t & ne01,
+        constant   int64_t & ne02,
+        constant   int64_t & ne03,
+        constant  uint64_t & nb00,
+        constant  uint64_t & nb01,
+        constant  uint64_t & nb02,
+        constant  uint64_t & nb03,
+        constant   int64_t & ne0,
+        constant   int64_t & ne1,
+        constant   int64_t & ne2,
+        constant   int64_t & ne3,
+        constant  uint64_t & nb0,
+        constant  uint64_t & nb1,
+        constant  uint64_t & nb2,
+        constant  uint64_t & nb3,
+        uint3 tgpig[[threadgroup_position_in_grid]],
+        uint3 tpitg[[thread_position_in_threadgroup]],
+        uint3   ntg[[threads_per_threadgroup]]) {
+    const int64_t i03 = tgpig[2];
+    const int64_t i02 = tgpig[1];
+    const int64_t i01 = tgpig[0];
+
+    const int64_t n = i03*ne02*ne01*ne00 + i02*ne01*ne00 + i01*ne00;
+
+    const int64_t i3 = n / (ne2*ne1*ne0);
+    const int64_t i2 = (n - i3*ne2*ne1*ne0) / (ne1*ne0);
+    const int64_t i1 = (n - i3*ne2*ne1*ne0 - i2*ne1*ne0) / ne0;
+    const int64_t i0 = (n - i3*ne2*ne1*ne0 - i2*ne1*ne0 - i1*ne0)/QK5_1;
+
+    device block_q5_1 * dst_data = (device block_q5_1 *) ((device char *) dst + i3*nb3 + i2*nb2 + i1*nb1 + i0*nb0);
+
+    for (int64_t i00 = tpitg.x*QK5_1; i00 < ne00; i00 += ntg.x*QK5_1) {
+        device const float * src = (device float *)((device char *) src0 + i03*nb03 + i02*nb02 + i01*nb01 + i00*nb00);
+
+        float max = src[0];
+        float min = src[0];
+
+        for (int j = 1; j < QK5_1; j++) {
+            const float v = src[j];
+            min = v < min ? v : min;
+            max = v > max ? v : max;
+        }
+
+        const float d = (max - min) / 31;
+        const float id = d ? 1.0f/d : 0.0f;
+
+        dst_data[i00/QK5_1].d = d;
+        dst_data[i00/QK5_1].m = min;
+
+        uint32_t qh = 0;
+        for (int j = 0; j < QK5_1/2; ++j) {
+            const float x0 = (src[0       + j] - min)*id;
+            const float x1 = (src[QK5_1/2 + j] - min)*id;
+
+            const uint8_t xi0 = (uint8_t)(x0 + 0.5f);
+            const uint8_t xi1 = (uint8_t)(x1 + 0.5f);
+
+            dst_data[i00/QK5_1].qs[j] = (xi0 & 0xf) | ((xi1 & 0xf) << 4);
+            qh |= ((xi0 & 0x10u) >> 4) << (j + 0);
+            qh |= ((xi1 & 0x10u) >> 4) << (j + QK5_1/2);
+        }
+        thread const uint8_t * qh8 = (thread const uint8_t *)&qh;
+        for (int j = 0; j < 4; ++j) {
+            dst_data[i00/QK5_1].qh[j] = qh8[j];
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static inline int best_index_int8(int n, constant float * val, float x) {
+    if (x <= val[0]) return 0;
+    if (x >= val[n-1]) return n-1;
+    int ml = 0, mu = n-1;
+    while (mu-ml > 1) {
+        int mav = (ml+mu)/2;
+        if (x < val[mav]) mu = mav; else ml = mav;
+    }
+    return x - val[mu-1] < val[mu] - x ? mu-1 : mu;
+}
+
+constexpr constant static float kvalues_iq4nl_f[16] = {
+    -127.f, -104.f, -83.f, -65.f, -49.f, -35.f, -22.f, -10.f, 1.f, 13.f, 25.f, 38.f, 53.f, 69.f, 89.f, 113.f
+};
+
+kernel void kernel_cpy_f32_iq4_nl(
+        device const float * src0,
+        device        void * dst,
+        constant   int64_t & ne00,
+        constant   int64_t & ne01,
+        constant   int64_t & ne02,
+        constant   int64_t & ne03,
+        constant  uint64_t & nb00,
+        constant  uint64_t & nb01,
+        constant  uint64_t & nb02,
+        constant  uint64_t & nb03,
+        constant   int64_t & ne0,
+        constant   int64_t & ne1,
+        constant   int64_t & ne2,
+        constant   int64_t & ne3,
+        constant  uint64_t & nb0,
+        constant  uint64_t & nb1,
+        constant  uint64_t & nb2,
+        constant  uint64_t & nb3,
+        uint3 tgpig[[threadgroup_position_in_grid]],
+        uint3 tpitg[[thread_position_in_threadgroup]],
+        uint3   ntg[[threads_per_threadgroup]]) {
+    const int64_t i03 = tgpig[2];
+    const int64_t i02 = tgpig[1];
+    const int64_t i01 = tgpig[0];
+
+    const int64_t n = i03*ne02*ne01*ne00 + i02*ne01*ne00 + i01*ne00;
+
+    const int64_t i3 = n / (ne2*ne1*ne0);
+    const int64_t i2 = (n - i3*ne2*ne1*ne0) / (ne1*ne0);
+    const int64_t i1 = (n - i3*ne2*ne1*ne0 - i2*ne1*ne0) / ne0;
+    const int64_t i0 = (n - i3*ne2*ne1*ne0 - i2*ne1*ne0 - i1*ne0)/QK4_NL;
+
+    device block_iq4_nl * dst_data = (device block_iq4_nl *) ((device char *) dst + i3*nb3 + i2*nb2 + i1*nb1 + i0*nb0);
+
+    for (int64_t i00 = tpitg.x*QK4_NL; i00 < ne00; i00 += ntg.x*QK4_NL) {
+        device const float * src = (device float *)((device char *) src0 + i03*nb03 + i02*nb02 + i01*nb01 + i00*nb00);
+
+        float amax = 0.0f; // absolute max
+        float max  = 0.0f;
+
+        for (int j = 0; j < QK4_0; j++) {
+            const float v = src[j];
+            if (amax < fabs(v)) {
+                amax = fabs(v);
+                max  = v;
+            }
+        }
+
+        const float d = max / kvalues_iq4nl_f[0];
+        const float id = d ? 1.0f/d : 0.0f;
+
+        float sumqx = 0, sumq2 = 0;
+        for (int j = 0; j < QK4_NL/2; ++j) {
+            const float x0 = src[0        + j]*id;
+            const float x1 = src[QK4_NL/2 + j]*id;
+
+            const uint8_t xi0 = best_index_int8(16, kvalues_iq4nl_f, x0);
+            const uint8_t xi1 = best_index_int8(16, kvalues_iq4nl_f, x1);
+
+            dst_data[i00/QK4_NL].qs[j] = xi0 | (xi1 << 4);
+
+            const float v0 = kvalues_iq4nl_f[xi0];
+            const float v1 = kvalues_iq4nl_f[xi1];
+            const float w0 = src[0        + j]*src[0        + j];
+            const float w1 = src[QK4_NL/2 + j]*src[QK4_NL/2 + j];
+            sumqx += w0*v0*src[j] + w1*v1*src[QK4_NL/2 + j];
+            sumq2 += w0*v0*v0 + w1*v1*v1;
+
+        }
+
+        dst_data[i00/QK4_NL].d = sumq2 > 0 ? sumqx/sumq2 : d;
+
+    }
+}
+
 kernel void kernel_concat(
     device  const char * src0,
     device  const char * src1,
@@ -4220,10 +4456,6 @@ void kernel_mul_mv_iq1_s_f32_impl(
     }
 }
 
-constexpr constant static float kvalues_iq4nl_f[16] = {
-    -127.f, -104.f, -83.f, -65.f, -49.f, -35.f, -22.f, -10.f, 1.f, 13.f, 25.f, 38.f, 53.f, 69.f, 89.f, 113.f
-};
-
 void kernel_mul_mv_iq4_nl_f32_impl(
         device const  void * src0,
         device const float * src1,

ggml-quants.c

@@ -11705,9 +11705,8 @@ static void quantize_row_iq4_nl_impl(const int super_block_size, const int block
         ggml_fp16_t * dh, uint8_t * q4, uint16_t * scales_h, uint8_t * scales_l,
         float * scales, float * weight, uint8_t * L,
         const int8_t * values,
-        const float * quant_weights) {
-
-    const int ntry = 7;
+        const float * quant_weights,
+        const int ntry) {
 
     float sigma2 = 0;
     for (int j = 0; j < super_block_size; ++j) sigma2 += x[j]*x[j];
@@ -11719,6 +11718,7 @@ static void quantize_row_iq4_nl_impl(const int super_block_size, const int block
     float max_scale = 0, amax_scale = 0;
     for (int ib = 0; ib < super_block_size/block_size; ++ib) {
         const float * xb = x + ib*block_size;
+        uint8_t * Lb = L + ib*block_size;
         if (quant_weights) {
             const float * qw = quant_weights + ib*block_size;
             for (int j = 0; j < block_size; ++j) weight[j] = qw[j] * sqrtf(sigma2 + xb[j]*xb[j]);
@@ -11736,12 +11736,13 @@ static void quantize_row_iq4_nl_impl(const int super_block_size, const int block
             scales[ib] = 0;
             continue;
         }
-        float d = -max/values[0];
+        float d = ntry > 0 ? -max/values[0] : max/values[0];
         float id = 1/d;
         float sumqx = 0, sumq2 = 0;
         for (int j = 0; j < block_size; ++j) {
             float al = id*xb[j];
             int l = best_index_int8(16, values, al);
+            Lb[j] = l;
             float q = values[l];
             float w = weight[j];
             sumqx += w*q*xb[j];
@@ -11796,11 +11797,13 @@ static void quantize_row_iq4_nl_impl(const int super_block_size, const int block
         }
     } else {
         dh[0] = GGML_FP32_TO_FP16(scales[0]);
+        if (ntry > 0) {
             float id = scales[0] ? 1/scales[0] : 0;
             for (int j = 0; j < super_block_size; ++j) {
                 L[j] = best_index_int8(16, values, id*x[j]);
             }
         }
+    }
 
     for (int i = 0; i < super_block_size/32; ++i) {
         for (int j = 0; j < 16; ++j) {
@@ -11823,7 +11826,7 @@ size_t quantize_iq4_nl(const float * restrict src, void * restrict dst, int nrow
         for (int ibl = 0; ibl < nblock; ++ibl) {
             const float * qw = quant_weights ? quant_weights + QK4_NL*ibl : NULL;
             quantize_row_iq4_nl_impl(QK4_NL, 32, src + QK4_NL*ibl, &iq4[ibl].d, iq4[ibl].qs, &unused_h, unused_l,
-                    &scale, weight, L, kvalues_iq4nl, qw);
+                    &scale, weight, L, kvalues_iq4nl, qw, 7);
         }
         src += n_per_row;
         qrow += nblock*sizeof(block_iq4_nl);
@@ -11832,14 +11835,23 @@ size_t quantize_iq4_nl(const float * restrict src, void * restrict dst, int nrow
 }
 
 void quantize_row_iq4_nl(const float * restrict x, void * restrict vy, int k) {
-    assert(k % QK4_NL == 0);
-    block_iq4_nl * restrict y = vy;
-    quantize_row_iq4_nl_reference(x, y, k);
+    GGML_ASSERT(k%QK4_NL == 0);
+    int nblock = k/QK4_NL;
+    uint8_t L[QK4_NL];
+    float weight[QK4_NL];
+    uint16_t unused_h;
+    uint8_t * unused_l = NULL;
+    float scale;
+    block_iq4_nl * iq4 = (block_iq4_nl *)vy;
+    for (int ibl = 0; ibl < nblock; ++ibl) {
+        quantize_row_iq4_nl_impl(QK4_NL, 32, x + QK4_NL*ibl, &iq4[ibl].d, iq4[ibl].qs, &unused_h, unused_l,
+                &scale, weight, L, kvalues_iq4nl, NULL, -1);
+    }
 }
 
 void quantize_row_iq4_nl_reference(const float * restrict x, block_iq4_nl * restrict y, int k) {
     assert(k % QK4_NL == 0);
-    quantize_iq4_nl(x, y, 1, k, NULL);
+    quantize_row_iq4_nl(x, y, k);
 }
 
 size_t quantize_iq4_xs(const float * restrict src, void * restrict dst, int nrow, int n_per_row, const float * quant_weights) {
@@ -11857,7 +11869,7 @@ size_t quantize_iq4_xs(const float * restrict src, void * restrict dst, int nrow
         for (int ibl = 0; ibl < nblock; ++ibl) {
             const float * qw = quant_weights ? quant_weights + QK_K*ibl : NULL;
             quantize_row_iq4_nl_impl(QK_K, 32, src + QK_K*ibl, &iq4[ibl].d, iq4[ibl].qs, &iq4[ibl].scales_h, iq4[ibl].scales_l,
-                    scales, weight, L, kvalues_iq4nl, qw);
+                    scales, weight, L, kvalues_iq4nl, qw, 7);
         }
         src += n_per_row;
         qrow += nblock*sizeof(block_iq4_xs);

ggml-sycl.cpp

@@ -977,8 +977,10 @@ namespace dpct
         static int convert_backend_index(std::string & backend) {
             if (backend == "ext_oneapi_level_zero:gpu") return 0;
             if (backend == "opencl:gpu") return 1;
-            if (backend == "opencl:cpu") return 2;
-            if (backend == "opencl:acc") return 3;
+            if (backend == "ext_oneapi_cuda:gpu") return 2;
+            if (backend == "ext_oneapi_hip:gpu") return 3;
+            if (backend == "opencl:cpu") return 4;
+            if (backend == "opencl:acc") return 5;
             printf("convert_backend_index: can't handle backend=%s\n", backend.c_str());
             GGML_ASSERT(false);
         }

tests/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -1,66 +1,75 @@
-function(llama_build_executable source)
+# Builds and runs a test source file.
+# Optional args:
+# - NAME: name of the executable & test target (defaults to the source file name without extension)
+# - LABEL: label for the test (defaults to main)
+# - ARGS: arguments to pass to the test executable
+# - WORKING_DIRECTORY
+function(llama_test source)
+    include(CMakeParseArguments)
+    set(options)
+    set(oneValueArgs NAME LABEL WORKING_DIRECTORY)
+    set(multiValueArgs ARGS)
+    cmake_parse_arguments(LLAMA_TEST "${options}" "${oneValueArgs}" "${multiValueArgs}" ${ARGN})
+
+    if (NOT DEFINED LLAMA_TEST_LABEL)
+        set(LLAMA_TEST_LABEL "main")
+    endif()
+    if (NOT DEFINED LLAMA_TEST_WORKING_DIRECTORY)
+        set(LLAMA_TEST_WORKING_DIRECTORY .)
+    endif()
+    if (DEFINED LLAMA_TEST_NAME)
+        set(TEST_TARGET ${LLAMA_TEST_NAME})
+    else()
         get_filename_component(TEST_TARGET ${source} NAME_WE)
+    endif()
+
     add_executable(${TEST_TARGET} ${source} get-model.cpp)
     install(TARGETS ${TEST_TARGET} RUNTIME)
-    target_link_libraries(${TEST_TARGET} PRIVATE common)
+    target_link_libraries(${TEST_TARGET} PRIVATE common json-schema-to-grammar)
+    add_test(
+        NAME ${TEST_TARGET}
+        WORKING_DIRECTORY ${LLAMA_TEST_WORKING_DIRECTORY}
+        COMMAND $<TARGET_FILE:${TEST_TARGET}>
+        ${LLAMA_TEST_ARGS})
+
+    set_property(TEST ${TEST_TARGET} PROPERTY LABELS ${LLAMA_TEST_LABEL})
 endfunction()
 
-function(llama_test_executable name source)
-    get_filename_component(TEST_TARGET ${source} NAME_WE)
-    add_test(NAME ${name} COMMAND $<TARGET_FILE:${TEST_TARGET}> ${ARGN})
-    set_property(TEST ${name} PROPERTY LABELS "main")
-endfunction()
+# llama_test(test-double-float.cpp) # SLOW
+llama_test(test-quantize-fns.cpp)
+llama_test(test-quantize-perf.cpp)
+llama_test(test-sampling.cpp)
+llama_test(test-chat-template.cpp)
 
-function(llama_build_and_test_executable source)
-    llama_build_and_test_executable_with_label(${source} "main")
-endfunction()
+llama_test(test-tokenizer-0-llama.cpp  NAME test-tokenizer-0-llama            ARGS ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../models/ggml-vocab-llama.gguf)
+llama_test(test-tokenizer-0-falcon.cpp NAME test-tokenizer-0-falcon           ARGS ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../models/ggml-vocab-falcon.gguf)
 
-function(llama_build_and_test_executable_with_label source label)
-    get_filename_component(TEST_TARGET ${source} NAME_WE)
-    add_executable(${TEST_TARGET} ${source} get-model.cpp)
-    install(TARGETS ${TEST_TARGET} RUNTIME)
-    target_link_libraries(${TEST_TARGET} PRIVATE common)
-    add_test(NAME ${TEST_TARGET} COMMAND $<TARGET_FILE:${TEST_TARGET}> ${ARGN})
-    set_property(TEST ${TEST_TARGET} PROPERTY LABELS ${label})
-endfunction()
+llama_test(test-tokenizer-1-llama.cpp  NAME test-tokenizer-1-llama            ARGS ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../models/ggml-vocab-llama.gguf)
+llama_test(test-tokenizer-1-llama.cpp  NAME test-tokenizer-1-baichuan         ARGS ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../models/ggml-vocab-baichuan.gguf)
 
-# llama_build_and_test_executable(test-double-float.cpp) # SLOW
-llama_build_and_test_executable(test-quantize-fns.cpp)
-llama_build_and_test_executable(test-quantize-perf.cpp)
-llama_build_and_test_executable(test-sampling.cpp)
-llama_build_and_test_executable(test-chat-template.cpp)
+llama_test(test-tokenizer-1-bpe.cpp    NAME test-tokenizer-1-falcon           ARGS ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../models/ggml-vocab-falcon.gguf)
+llama_test(test-tokenizer-1-bpe.cpp    NAME test-tokenizer-1-aquila           ARGS ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../models/ggml-vocab-aquila.gguf)
+llama_test(test-tokenizer-1-bpe.cpp    NAME test-tokenizer-1-mpt              ARGS ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../models/ggml-vocab-mpt.gguf)
+llama_test(test-tokenizer-1-bpe.cpp    NAME test-tokenizer-1-stablelm-3b-4e1t ARGS ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../models/ggml-vocab-stablelm-3b-4e1t.gguf)
+llama_test(test-tokenizer-1-bpe.cpp    NAME test-tokenizer-1-gpt-neox         ARGS ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../models/ggml-vocab-gpt-neox.gguf)
+llama_test(test-tokenizer-1-bpe.cpp    NAME test-tokenizer-1-refact           ARGS ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../models/ggml-vocab-refact.gguf)
+llama_test(test-tokenizer-1-bpe.cpp    NAME test-tokenizer-1-starcoder        ARGS ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../models/ggml-vocab-starcoder.gguf)
+llama_test(test-tokenizer-1-bpe.cpp    NAME test-tokenizer-1-gpt2             ARGS ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../models/ggml-vocab-gpt2.gguf)
+#llama_test(test-tokenizer-1-bpe.cpp    NAME test-tokenizer-1-bloom            ARGS ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../models/ggml-vocab-bloom.gguf) # BIG
 
-llama_build_executable(test-tokenizer-0-llama.cpp)
-llama_test_executable (test-tokenizer-0-llama test-tokenizer-0-llama.cpp ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../models/ggml-vocab-llama.gguf)
+llama_test(test-grammar-parser.cpp)
+llama_test(test-llama-grammar.cpp)
+llama_test(test-grad0.cpp)
+# llama_test(test-opt.cpp) # SLOW
+llama_test(test-backend-ops.cpp)
 
-llama_build_executable(test-tokenizer-0-falcon.cpp)
-llama_test_executable (test-tokenizer-0-falcon test-tokenizer-0-falcon.cpp ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../models/ggml-vocab-falcon.gguf)
+llama_test(test-rope.cpp)
 
-llama_build_executable(test-tokenizer-1-llama.cpp)
-llama_test_executable (test-tokenizer-1-llama    test-tokenizer-1-llama.cpp ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../models/ggml-vocab-llama.gguf)
-llama_test_executable (test-tokenizer-1-baichuan test-tokenizer-1-llama.cpp ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../models/ggml-vocab-baichuan.gguf)
+llama_test(test-model-load-cancel.cpp  LABEL "model")
+llama_test(test-autorelease.cpp        LABEL "model")
 
-llama_build_executable(test-tokenizer-1-bpe.cpp)
-llama_test_executable (test-tokenizer-1-falcon           test-tokenizer-1-bpe.cpp ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../models/ggml-vocab-falcon.gguf)
-llama_test_executable (test-tokenizer-1-aquila           test-tokenizer-1-bpe.cpp ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../models/ggml-vocab-aquila.gguf)
-llama_test_executable (test-tokenizer-1-mpt              test-tokenizer-1-bpe.cpp ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../models/ggml-vocab-mpt.gguf)
-llama_test_executable (test-tokenizer-1-stablelm-3b-4e1t test-tokenizer-1-bpe.cpp ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../models/ggml-vocab-stablelm-3b-4e1t.gguf)
-llama_test_executable (test-tokenizer-1-gpt-neox         test-tokenizer-1-bpe.cpp ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../models/ggml-vocab-gpt-neox.gguf)
-llama_test_executable (test-tokenizer-1-refact           test-tokenizer-1-bpe.cpp ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../models/ggml-vocab-refact.gguf)
-llama_test_executable (test-tokenizer-1-starcoder        test-tokenizer-1-bpe.cpp ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../models/ggml-vocab-starcoder.gguf)
-llama_test_executable (test-tokenizer-1-gpt2             test-tokenizer-1-bpe.cpp ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../models/ggml-vocab-gpt2.gguf)
-# llama_test_executable (test-tokenizer-1-bloom test-tokenizer-1-bpe.cpp ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../models/ggml-vocab-bloom.gguf) # BIG
-
-llama_build_and_test_executable(test-grammar-parser.cpp)
-llama_build_and_test_executable(test-llama-grammar.cpp)
-llama_build_and_test_executable(test-grad0.cpp)
-# llama_build_and_test_executable(test-opt.cpp) # SLOW
-llama_build_and_test_executable(test-backend-ops.cpp)
-
-llama_build_and_test_executable(test-rope.cpp)
-
-llama_build_and_test_executable_with_label(test-model-load-cancel.cpp "model")
-llama_build_and_test_executable_with_label(test-autorelease.cpp "model")
+llama_test(test-json-schema-to-grammar.cpp   WORKING_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/..)
+target_include_directories(test-json-schema-to-grammar PRIVATE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/../examples/server)
 
 # dummy executable - not installed
 get_filename_component(TEST_TARGET test-c.c NAME_WE)

tests/run-json-schema-to-grammar.mjs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import { readFileSync } from "fs"
+import { SchemaConverter } from "../examples/server/public/json-schema-to-grammar.mjs"
+
+const [, , file] = process.argv
+const url = `file://${file}`
+let schema = JSON.parse(readFileSync(file, "utf8"));
+const converter = new SchemaConverter({})
+schema = await converter.resolveRefs(schema, url)
+converter.visit(schema, '')
+console.log(converter.formatGrammar())

tests/test-json-schema-to-grammar.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,824 @@
+#ifdef NDEBUG
+#undef NDEBUG
+#endif
+
+#include <fstream>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <regex>
+
+#include "json-schema-to-grammar.h"
+#include "grammar-parser.h"
+
+static std::string trim(const std::string & source) {
+    std::string s(source);
+    s.erase(0,s.find_first_not_of(" \n\r\t"));
+    s.erase(s.find_last_not_of(" \n\r\t")+1);
+    return std::regex_replace(s, std::regex("(^|\n)[ \t]+"), "$1");
+}
+
+enum TestCaseStatus {
+    SUCCESS,
+    FAILURE
+};
+
+struct TestCase {
+    TestCaseStatus expected_status;
+    std::string name;
+    std::string schema;
+    std::string expected_grammar;
+
+    void _print_failure_header() const {
+        fprintf(stderr, "#\n# Test '%s' failed.\n#\n%s\n", name.c_str(), schema.c_str());
+    }
+    void verify(const std::string & actual_grammar) const {
+        if (trim(actual_grammar) != trim(expected_grammar)) {
+        _print_failure_header();
+        fprintf(stderr, "# EXPECTED:\n%s\n# ACTUAL:\n%s\n", expected_grammar.c_str(), actual_grammar.c_str());
+        assert(false);
+        }
+    }
+    void verify_expectation_parseable() const {
+        try {
+            auto state = grammar_parser::parse(expected_grammar.c_str());
+            if (state.symbol_ids.find("root") == state.symbol_ids.end()) {
+                throw std::runtime_error("Grammar failed to parse:\n" + expected_grammar);
+            }
+        } catch (const std::runtime_error & ex) {
+            _print_failure_header();
+            fprintf(stderr, "# GRAMMAR ERROR: %s\n", ex.what());
+            assert(false);
+        }
+    }
+    void verify_status(TestCaseStatus status) const {
+        if (status != expected_status) {
+            _print_failure_header();
+            fprintf(stderr, "# EXPECTED STATUS: %s\n", expected_status == SUCCESS ? "SUCCESS" : "FAILURE");
+            fprintf(stderr, "# ACTUAL STATUS: %s\n", status == SUCCESS ? "SUCCESS" : "FAILURE");
+            assert(false);
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+static void write(const std::string & file, const std::string & content) {
+    std::ofstream f;
+    f.open(file.c_str());
+    f << content.c_str();
+    f.close();
+}
+
+static std::string read(const std::string & file) {
+    std::ostringstream actuals;
+    actuals << std::ifstream(file.c_str()).rdbuf();
+    return actuals.str();
+}
+
+static void test_all(const std::string & lang, std::function<void(const TestCase &)> runner) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "#\n# Testing JSON schema conversion (%s)\n#\n", lang.c_str());
+    auto test = [&](const TestCase & tc) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "- %s%s\n", tc.name.c_str(), tc.expected_status == FAILURE ? " (failure expected)" : "");
+        runner(tc);
+    };
+
+    test({
+        FAILURE,
+        "unknown type",
+        R"""({
+            "type": "kaboom"
+        })""",
+        ""
+    });
+
+    test({
+        FAILURE,
+        "invalid type type",
+        R"""({
+            "type": 123
+        })""",
+        ""
+    });
+
+    test({
+        SUCCESS,
+        "empty schema (object)",
+        "{}",
+        R"""(
+            array ::= "[" space ( value ("," space value)* )? "]" space
+            boolean ::= ("true" | "false") space
+            null ::= "null" space
+            number ::= ("-"? ([0-9] | [1-9] [0-9]*)) ("." [0-9]+)? ([eE] [-+]? [0-9]+)? space
+            object ::= "{" space ( string ":" space value ("," space string ":" space value)* )? "}" space
+            root ::= object
+            space ::= " "?
+            string ::=  "\"" (
+                    [^"\\] |
+                    "\\" (["\\/bfnrt] | "u" [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F])
+                    )* "\"" space
+            value ::= object | array | string | number | boolean
+        )"""
+    });
+
+    test({
+        SUCCESS,
+        "exotic formats",
+        R"""({
+            "items": [
+                { "format": "date" },
+                { "format": "uuid" },
+                { "format": "time" },
+                { "format": "date-time" }
+            ]
+        })""",
+        R"""(
+            date ::= [0-9] [0-9] [0-9] [0-9] "-" ( "0" [1-9] | "1" [0-2] ) "-" ( "0" [1-9] | [1-2] [0-9] | "3" [0-1] )
+            date-string ::= "\"" date "\"" space
+            date-time ::= date "T" time
+            date-time-string ::= "\"" date-time "\"" space
+            root ::= "[" space date-string "," space uuid "," space time-string "," space date-time-string "]" space
+            space ::= " "?
+            time ::= ([01] [0-9] | "2" [0-3]) ":" [0-5] [0-9] ":" [0-5] [0-9] ( "." [0-9] [0-9] [0-9] )? ( "Z" | ( "+" | "-" ) ( [01] [0-9] | "2" [0-3] ) ":" [0-5] [0-9] )
+            time-string ::= "\"" time "\"" space
+            uuid ::= "\"" [0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F] "-" [0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F] "-" [0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F] "-" [0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F] "-" [0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F] "\"" space
+        )"""
+    });
+
+    test({
+        SUCCESS,
+        "string",
+        R"""({
+            "type": "string"
+        })""",
+        R"""(
+            root ::=  "\"" (
+                    [^"\\] |
+                    "\\" (["\\/bfnrt] | "u" [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F])
+                    )* "\"" space
+            space ::= " "?
+        )"""
+    });
+
+    test({
+        SUCCESS,
+        "boolean",
+        R"""({
+            "type": "boolean"
+        })""",
+        R"""(
+            root ::= ("true" | "false") space
+            space ::= " "?
+        )"""
+    });
+
+    test({
+        SUCCESS,
+        "integer",
+        R"""({
+            "type": "integer"
+        })""",
+        R"""(
+            root ::= ("-"? ([0-9] | [1-9] [0-9]*)) space
+            space ::= " "?
+        )"""
+    });
+
+    test({
+        SUCCESS,
+        "string const",
+        R"""({
+            "const": "foo"
+        })""",
+        R"""(
+            root ::= "\"foo\""
+            space ::= " "?
+        )"""
+    });
+
+    test({
+        FAILURE,
+        "non-string const",
+        R"""({
+            "const": 123
+        })""",
+        ""
+    });
+
+    test({
+        FAILURE,
+        "non-string enum",
+        R"""({
+            "enum": [123]
+        })""",
+        ""
+    });
+
+    test({
+        SUCCESS,
+        "tuple1",
+        R"""({
+            "prefixItems": [{ "type": "string" }]
+        })""",
+        R"""(
+            root ::= "[" space string "]" space
+            space ::= " "?
+            string ::=  "\"" (
+                    [^"\\] |
+                    "\\" (["\\/bfnrt] | "u" [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F])
+                    )* "\"" space
+        )"""
+    });
+
+    test({
+        SUCCESS,
+        "tuple2",
+        R"""({
+            "prefixItems": [{ "type": "string" }, { "type": "number" }]
+        })""",
+        R"""(
+            number ::= ("-"? ([0-9] | [1-9] [0-9]*)) ("." [0-9]+)? ([eE] [-+]? [0-9]+)? space
+            root ::= "[" space string "," space number "]" space
+            space ::= " "?
+            string ::=  "\"" (
+                    [^"\\] |
+                    "\\" (["\\/bfnrt] | "u" [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F])
+                    )* "\"" space
+        )"""
+    });
+
+    test({
+        SUCCESS,
+        "number",
+        R"""({
+            "type": "number"
+        })""",
+        R"""(
+            root ::= ("-"? ([0-9] | [1-9] [0-9]*)) ("." [0-9]+)? ([eE] [-+]? [0-9]+)? space
+            space ::= " "?
+        )"""
+    });
+
+    test({
+        SUCCESS,
+        "minItems",
+        R"""({
+            "items": {
+                "type": "boolean"
+            },
+            "minItems": 2
+        })""",
+        R"""(
+            boolean ::= ("true" | "false") space
+            root ::= "[" space boolean ( "," space boolean )( "," space boolean )* "]" space
+            space ::= " "?
+        )"""
+    });
+
+    test({
+        SUCCESS,
+        "maxItems 1",
+        R"""({
+            "items": {
+                "type": "boolean"
+            },
+            "maxItems": 1
+        })""",
+        R"""(
+            boolean ::= ("true" | "false") space
+            root ::= "[" space ( boolean  )? "]" space
+            space ::= " "?
+        )"""
+    });
+
+    test({
+        SUCCESS,
+        "maxItems 2",
+        R"""({
+            "items": {
+                "type": "boolean"
+            },
+            "maxItems": 2
+        })""",
+        R"""(
+            boolean ::= ("true" | "false") space
+            root ::= "[" space ( boolean ( "," space boolean )? )? "]" space
+            space ::= " "?
+        )"""
+    });
+
+    test({
+        SUCCESS,
+        "min + maxItems",
+        R"""({
+            "items": {
+                "type": ["number", "integer"]
+            },
+            "minItems": 3,
+            "maxItems": 5
+        })""",
+        R"""(
+            integer ::= ("-"? ([0-9] | [1-9] [0-9]*)) space
+            item ::= number | integer
+            number ::= ("-"? ([0-9] | [1-9] [0-9]*)) ("." [0-9]+)? ([eE] [-+]? [0-9]+)? space
+            root ::= "[" space item ( "," space item )( "," space item )( "," space item )?( "," space item )? "]" space
+            space ::= " "?
+        )"""
+    });
+
+    test({
+        SUCCESS,
+        "simple regexp",
+        R"""({
+            "type": "string",
+            "pattern": "^abc?d*efg+(hij)?kl$"
+        })""",
+        R"""(
+            root ::= "\"" "ab" "c"? "d"* "ef" "g"+ ("hij")? "kl" "\"" space
+            space ::= " "?
+        )"""
+    });
+
+    test({
+        SUCCESS,
+        "regexp escapes",
+        R"""({
+            "type": "string",
+            "pattern": "^\\[\\]\\{\\}\\(\\)\\|\\+\\*\\?$"
+        })""",
+        R"""(
+            root ::= "\"" "[]{}()|+*?" "\"" space
+            space ::= " "?
+        )"""
+    });
+
+    test({
+        SUCCESS,
+        "regexp quote",
+        R"""({
+            "type": "string",
+            "pattern": "^\"$"
+        })""",
+        R"""(
+            root ::= "\"" "\"" "\"" space
+            space ::= " "?
+        )"""
+    });
+
+    test({
+        SUCCESS,
+        "regexp",
+        R"""({
+            "type": "string",
+            "pattern": "^(\\([0-9]{1,3}\\))?[0-9]{3}-[0-9]{4} and...$"
+        })""",
+        R"""(
+            dot ::= [\U00000000-\x09\x0B\x0C\x0E-\U0010FFFF]
+            root ::= "\"" ("(" root-1 root-1? root-1? ")")? root-1 root-1 root-1 "-" root-1 root-1 root-1 root-1 " and" dot dot dot "\"" space
+            root-1 ::= [0-9]
+            space ::= " "?
+        )"""
+    });
+
+    test({
+        SUCCESS,
+        "required props",
+        R"""({
+            "type": "object",
+            "properties": {
+                "a": {
+                "type": "string"
+                },
+                "b": {
+                "type": "string"
+                }
+            },
+            "required": [
+                "a",
+                "b"
+            ],
+            "additionalProperties": false,
+            "definitions": {}
+        })""",
+        R"""(
+            a-kv ::= "\"a\"" space ":" space string
+            b-kv ::= "\"b\"" space ":" space string
+            root ::= "{" space a-kv "," space b-kv "}" space
+            space ::= " "?
+            string ::=  "\"" (
+                    [^"\\] |
+                    "\\" (["\\/bfnrt] | "u" [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F])
+                    )* "\"" space
+        )"""
+    });
+
+    test({
+        SUCCESS,
+        "1 optional prop",
+        R"""({
+            "properties": {
+                "a": {
+                "type": "string"
+                }
+            },
+            "additionalProperties": false
+        })""",
+        R"""(
+            a-kv ::= "\"a\"" space ":" space string
+            root ::= "{" space  (a-kv )? "}" space
+            space ::= " "?
+            string ::=  "\"" (
+                    [^"\\] |
+                    "\\" (["\\/bfnrt] | "u" [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F])
+                    )* "\"" space
+        )"""
+    });
+
+    test({
+        SUCCESS,
+        "N optional props",
+        R"""({
+            "properties": {
+                "a": {"type": "string"},
+                "b": {"type": "string"},
+                "c": {"type": "string"}
+            },
+            "additionalProperties": false
+        })""",
+        R"""(
+            a-kv ::= "\"a\"" space ":" space string
+            a-rest ::= ( "," space b-kv )? b-rest
+            b-kv ::= "\"b\"" space ":" space string
+            b-rest ::= ( "," space c-kv )?
+            c-kv ::= "\"c\"" space ":" space string
+            root ::= "{" space  (a-kv a-rest | b-kv b-rest | c-kv )? "}" space
+            space ::= " "?
+            string ::=  "\"" (
+                    [^"\\] |
+                    "\\" (["\\/bfnrt] | "u" [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F])
+                    )* "\"" space
+        )"""
+    });
+
+    test({
+        SUCCESS,
+        "required + optional props",
+        R"""({
+            "properties": {
+                "a": {"type": "string"},
+                "b": {"type": "string"},
+                "c": {"type": "string"},
+                "d": {"type": "string"}
+            },
+            "required": ["a", "b"],
+            "additionalProperties": false
+        })""",
+        R"""(
+            a-kv ::= "\"a\"" space ":" space string
+            b-kv ::= "\"b\"" space ":" space string
+            c-kv ::= "\"c\"" space ":" space string
+            c-rest ::= ( "," space d-kv )?
+            d-kv ::= "\"d\"" space ":" space string
+            root ::= "{" space a-kv "," space b-kv ( "," space ( c-kv c-rest | d-kv ) )? "}" space
+            space ::= " "?
+            string ::=  "\"" (
+                    [^"\\] |
+                    "\\" (["\\/bfnrt] | "u" [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F])
+                    )* "\"" space
+        )"""
+    });
+
+    test({
+        SUCCESS,
+        "additional props",
+        R"""({
+            "type": "object",
+            "additionalProperties": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "number"}}
+        })""",
+        R"""(
+            additional-kv ::= string ":" space additional-value
+            additional-kvs ::= additional-kv ( "," space additional-kv )*
+            additional-value ::= "[" space ( number ( "," space number )* )? "]" space
+            number ::= ("-"? ([0-9] | [1-9] [0-9]*)) ("." [0-9]+)? ([eE] [-+]? [0-9]+)? space
+            root ::= "{" space  (additional-kvs )? "}" space
+            space ::= " "?
+            string ::=  "\"" (
+                    [^"\\] |
+                    "\\" (["\\/bfnrt] | "u" [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F])
+                    )* "\"" space
+        )"""
+    });
+
+    test({
+        SUCCESS,
+        "additional props (true)",
+        R"""({
+            "type": "object",
+            "additionalProperties": true
+        })""",
+        R"""(
+            array ::= "[" space ( value ("," space value)* )? "]" space
+            boolean ::= ("true" | "false") space
+            null ::= "null" space
+            number ::= ("-"? ([0-9] | [1-9] [0-9]*)) ("." [0-9]+)? ([eE] [-+]? [0-9]+)? space
+            object ::= "{" space ( string ":" space value ("," space string ":" space value)* )? "}" space
+            root ::= object
+            space ::= " "?
+            string ::=  "\"" (
+                    [^"\\] |
+                    "\\" (["\\/bfnrt] | "u" [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F])
+                    )* "\"" space
+            value ::= object | array | string | number | boolean
+        )"""
+    });
+
+    test({
+        SUCCESS,
+        "additional props (implicit)",
+        R"""({
+            "type": "object"
+        })""",
+        R"""(
+            array ::= "[" space ( value ("," space value)* )? "]" space
+            boolean ::= ("true" | "false") space
+            null ::= "null" space
+            number ::= ("-"? ([0-9] | [1-9] [0-9]*)) ("." [0-9]+)? ([eE] [-+]? [0-9]+)? space
+            object ::= "{" space ( string ":" space value ("," space string ":" space value)* )? "}" space
+            root ::= object
+            space ::= " "?
+            string ::=  "\"" (
+                    [^"\\] |
+                    "\\" (["\\/bfnrt] | "u" [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F])
+                    )* "\"" space
+            value ::= object | array | string | number | boolean
+        )"""
+    });
+
+    test({
+        SUCCESS,
+        "empty w/o additional props",
+        R"""({
+            "type": "object",
+            "additionalProperties": false
+        })""",
+        R"""(
+            root ::= "{" space  "}" space
+            space ::= " "?
+        )"""
+    });
+
+    test({
+        SUCCESS,
+        "required + additional props",
+        R"""({
+            "type": "object",
+            "properties": {
+                "a": {"type": "number"}
+            },
+            "required": ["a"],
+            "additionalProperties": {"type": "string"}
+        })""",
+        R"""(
+            a-kv ::= "\"a\"" space ":" space number
+            additional-kv ::= string ":" space string
+            additional-kvs ::= additional-kv ( "," space additional-kv )*
+            number ::= ("-"? ([0-9] | [1-9] [0-9]*)) ("." [0-9]+)? ([eE] [-+]? [0-9]+)? space
+            root ::= "{" space a-kv ( "," space ( additional-kvs ) )? "}" space
+            space ::= " "?
+            string ::=  "\"" (
+                    [^"\\] |
+                    "\\" (["\\/bfnrt] | "u" [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F])
+                    )* "\"" space
+        )"""
+    });
+
+    test({
+        SUCCESS,
+        "optional + additional props",
+        R"""({
+            "type": "object",
+            "properties": {
+                "a": {"type": "number"}
+            },
+            "additionalProperties": {"type": "number"}
+        })""",
+        R"""(
+            a-kv ::= "\"a\"" space ":" space number
+            a-rest ::= additional-kvs
+            additional-kv ::= string ":" space number
+            additional-kvs ::= additional-kv ( "," space additional-kv )*
+            number ::= ("-"? ([0-9] | [1-9] [0-9]*)) ("." [0-9]+)? ([eE] [-+]? [0-9]+)? space
+            root ::= "{" space  (a-kv a-rest | additional-kvs )? "}" space
+            space ::= " "?
+            string ::=  "\"" (
+                    [^"\\] |
+                    "\\" (["\\/bfnrt] | "u" [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F])
+                    )* "\"" space
+        )"""
+    });
+
+    test({
+        SUCCESS,
+        "required + optional + additional props",
+        R"""({
+            "type": "object",
+            "properties": {
+                "a": {"type": "number"},
+                "b": {"type": "number"}
+            },
+            "required": ["a"],
+            "additionalProperties": {"type": "number"}
+        })""",
+        R"""(
+            a-kv ::= "\"a\"" space ":" space number
+            additional-kv ::= string ":" space number
+            additional-kvs ::= additional-kv ( "," space additional-kv )*
+            b-kv ::= "\"b\"" space ":" space number
+            b-rest ::= additional-kvs
+            number ::= ("-"? ([0-9] | [1-9] [0-9]*)) ("." [0-9]+)? ([eE] [-+]? [0-9]+)? space
+            root ::= "{" space a-kv ( "," space ( b-kv b-rest | additional-kvs ) )? "}" space
+            space ::= " "?
+            string ::=  "\"" (
+                    [^"\\] |
+                    "\\" (["\\/bfnrt] | "u" [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F])
+                    )* "\"" space
+        )"""
+    });
+
+    test({
+        SUCCESS,
+        "top-level $ref",
+        R"""({
+            "$ref": "#/definitions/MyType",
+            "definitions": {
+                "MyType": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "a": {
+                    "type": "string"
+                    }
+                },
+                "required": [
+                    "a"
+                ],
+                "additionalProperties": false
+                }
+            }
+        })""",
+        R"""(
+            MyType ::= "{" space MyType-a-kv "}" space
+            MyType-a-kv ::= "\"a\"" space ":" space string
+            root ::= MyType
+            space ::= " "?
+            string ::=  "\"" (
+                    [^"\\] |
+                    "\\" (["\\/bfnrt] | "u" [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F])
+                    )* "\"" space
+        )"""
+    });
+
+    test({
+        SUCCESS,
+        "anyOf",
+        R"""({
+            "anyOf": [
+                {"$ref": "#/definitions/foo"},
+                {"$ref": "#/definitions/bar"}
+            ],
+            "definitions": {
+                "foo": {
+                "properties": {"a": {"type": "number"}}
+                },
+                "bar": {
+                "properties": {"b": {"type": "number"}}
+                }
+            },
+            "type": "object"
+        })""",
+        R"""(
+            alternative-0 ::= foo
+            alternative-1 ::= bar
+            bar ::= "{" space  (bar-b-kv )? "}" space
+            bar-b-kv ::= "\"b\"" space ":" space number
+            foo ::= "{" space  (foo-a-kv )? "}" space
+            foo-a-kv ::= "\"a\"" space ":" space number
+            number ::= ("-"? ([0-9] | [1-9] [0-9]*)) ("." [0-9]+)? ([eE] [-+]? [0-9]+)? space
+            root ::= alternative-0 | alternative-1
+            space ::= " "?
+        )"""
+    });
+
+    test({
+        SUCCESS,
+        "mix of allOf, anyOf and $ref (similar to https://json.schemastore.org/tsconfig.json)",
+        R"""({
+            "allOf": [
+                {"$ref": "#/definitions/foo"},
+                {"$ref": "#/definitions/bar"},
+                {
+                "anyOf": [
+                    {"$ref": "#/definitions/baz"},
+                    {"$ref": "#/definitions/bam"}
+                ]
+                }
+            ],
+            "definitions": {
+                "foo": {
+                "properties": {"a": {"type": "number"}}
+                },
+                "bar": {
+                "properties": {"b": {"type": "number"}}
+                },
+                "bam": {
+                "properties": {"c": {"type": "number"}}
+                },
+                "baz": {
+                "properties": {"d": {"type": "number"}}
+                }
+            },
+            "type": "object"
+        })""",
+        R"""(
+            a-kv ::= "\"a\"" space ":" space number
+            b-kv ::= "\"b\"" space ":" space number
+            c-kv ::= "\"c\"" space ":" space number
+            d-kv ::= "\"d\"" space ":" space number
+            d-rest ::= ( "," space c-kv )?
+            number ::= ("-"? ([0-9] | [1-9] [0-9]*)) ("." [0-9]+)? ([eE] [-+]? [0-9]+)? space
+            root ::= "{" space a-kv "," space b-kv ( "," space ( d-kv d-rest | c-kv ) )? "}" space
+            space ::= " "?
+        )"""
+    });
+
+    test({
+        SUCCESS,
+        "conflicting names",
+        R"""({
+            "type": "object",
+            "properties": {
+                "number": {
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "number": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "properties": {
+                        "root": {
+                        "type": "number"
+                        }
+                    },
+                    "required": [
+                        "root"
+                    ],
+                    "additionalProperties": false
+                    }
+                },
+                "required": [
+                    "number"
+                ],
+                "additionalProperties": false
+                }
+            },
+            "required": [
+                "number"
+            ],
+            "additionalProperties": false,
+            "definitions": {}
+        })""",
+        R"""(
+            number ::= ("-"? ([0-9] | [1-9] [0-9]*)) ("." [0-9]+)? ([eE] [-+]? [0-9]+)? space
+            number- ::= "{" space number-number-kv "}" space
+            number-kv ::= "\"number\"" space ":" space number-
+            number-number ::= "{" space number-number-root-kv "}" space
+            number-number-kv ::= "\"number\"" space ":" space number-number
+            number-number-root-kv ::= "\"root\"" space ":" space number
+            root ::= "{" space number-kv "}" space
+            space ::= " "?
+        )"""
+    });
+}
+
+int main() {
+    test_all("C++", [](const TestCase & tc) {
+        try {
+            tc.verify(json_schema_to_grammar(nlohmann::json::parse(tc.schema)));
+            tc.verify_status(SUCCESS);
+        } catch (const std::runtime_error & ex) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", ex.what());
+            tc.verify_status(FAILURE);
+        }
+    });
+    test_all("Python", [](const TestCase & tc) {
+        write("test-json-schema-input.tmp", tc.schema);
+        tc.verify_status(std::system(
+            "python ./examples/json-schema-to-grammar.py test-json-schema-input.tmp > test-grammar-output.tmp") == 0 ? SUCCESS : FAILURE);
+        tc.verify(read("test-grammar-output.tmp"));
+    });
+    test_all("JavaScript", [](const TestCase & tc) {
+        write("test-json-schema-input.tmp", tc.schema);
+        tc.verify_status(std::system(
+            "node ./tests/run-json-schema-to-grammar.mjs test-json-schema-input.tmp > test-grammar-output.tmp") == 0 ? SUCCESS : FAILURE);
+        tc.verify(read("test-grammar-output.tmp"));
+    });
+
+    test_all("Check Expectations Validity", [](const TestCase & tc) {
+        if (tc.expected_status == SUCCESS) {
+            tc.verify_expectation_parseable();
+        }
+    });
+}