There are two basic things that can happen as the result of
a bounds exception (#BR):
1. We allocate a new bounds table
2. We pass up a bounds exception to userspace.
This patch adds a trace point for the case where we are
passing the exception up to userspace with a signal.
We are also explicit that we're printing out the inverse of
the 'upper' that we encounter. If you want to filter, for
instance, you need to ~ the value first. The reason we do
this is because of how 'upper' is stored in the bounds table.
If a pointer's range is:
0x1000 -> 0x2000
it is stored in the bounds table as (32-bits here for brevity):
lower: 0x00001000
upper: 0xffffdfff
That is so that an all 0's entry:
lower: 0x00000000
upper: 0x00000000
corresponds to the "init" bounds which store a *range* of:
0x00000000 -> 0xffffffff
That is, by far, the common case, and that lets us use the
zero page, or deduplicate the memory, etc... The 'upper'
stored in the table is gibberish to print by itself, so we
print ~upper to get the *actual*, logical, human-readable
value printed out.
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@sr71.net>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20150607183703.027BB9B0@viggo.jf.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
This is the first in a series of MPX tracing patches.
I've found these extremely useful in the process of
debugging applications and the kernel code itself.
This exception hooks in to the bounds (#BR) exception
very early and allows capturing the key registers which
would influence how the exception is handled.
Note that bndcfgu/bndstatus are technically still
64-bit registers even in 32-bit mode.
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@sr71.net>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20150607183703.5FE2619A@viggo.jf.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
MPX has the _potential_ to cause some issues. Say part of your
init system tried to protect one of its components from buffer
overflows with MPX. If there were a false positive, it's
possible that MPX could keep a system from booting.
MPX could also potentially cause performance issues since it is
present in hot paths like the unmap path.
Allow it to be disabled at boot time.
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@sr71.net>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20150607183702.2E8B77AB@viggo.jf.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
The comment and code here are confusing. We do not currently
allocate the bounds directory in the kernel.
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@sr71.net>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20150607183702.222CEC2A@viggo.jf.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
MPX_BNDCFG_ADDR_MASK is defined two times, so this patch removes
redundant one.
Signed-off-by: Qiaowei Ren <qiaowei.ren@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@sr71.net>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20150607183702.5F129376@viggo.jf.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
The MPX code can only work on the current task. You can not,
for instance, enable MPX management in another process or
thread. You can also not handle a fault for another process or
thread.
Despite this, we pass a task_struct around prolifically. This
patch removes all of the task struct passing for code paths
where the code can not deal with another task (which turns out
to be all of them).
This has no functional changes. It's just a cleanup.
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@sr71.net>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: bp@alien8.de
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20150607183702.6A81DA2C@viggo.jf.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
The MPX registers (bndcsr/bndcfgu/bndstatus) are not directly
accessible via normal instructions. They essentially act as
if they were floating point registers and are saved/restored
along with those registers.
There are two main paths in the MPX code where we care about
the contents of these registers:
1. #BR (bounds) faults
2. the prctl() code where we are setting MPX up
Both of those paths _might_ be called without the FPU having
been used. That means that 'tsk->thread.fpu.state' might
never be allocated.
Also, fpu_save_init() is not preempt-safe. It was a bug to
call it without disabling preemption. The new
get_xsave_addr() calls unlazy_fpu() instead and properly
disables preemption.
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@sr71.net>
Cc: Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Suresh Siddha <sbsiddha@gmail.com>
Cc: bp@alien8.de
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20150607183701.BC0D37CF@viggo.jf.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
The MPX code appears is calling a low-level FPU function
(copy_fpregs_to_fpstate()). This function is not able to
be called in all contexts, although it is safe to call
directly in some cases.
Although probably correct, the current code is ugly and
potentially error-prone. So, add a wrapper that calls
the (slightly) higher-level fpu__save() (which is preempt-
safe) and also ensures that we even *have* an FPU context
(in the case that this was called when in lazy FPU mode).
Ingo had this to say about the details about when we need
preemption disabled:
> it's indeed generally unsafe to access/copy FPU registers with preemption enabled,
> for two reasons:
>
> - on older systems that use FSAVE the instruction destroys FPU register
> contents, which has to be handled carefully
>
> - even on newer systems if we copy to FPU registers (which this code doesn't)
> then we don't want a context switch to occur in the middle of it, because a
> context switch will write to the fpstate, potentially overwriting our new data
> with old FPU state.
>
> But it's safe to access FPU registers with preemption enabled in a couple of
> special cases:
>
> - potentially destructively saving FPU registers: the signal handling code does
> this in copy_fpstate_to_sigframe(), because it can rely on the signal restore
> side to restore the original FPU state.
>
> - reading FPU registers on modern systems: we don't do this anywhere at the
> moment, mostly to keep symmetry with older systems where FSAVE is
> destructive.
>
> - initializing FPU registers on modern systems: fpu__clear() does this. Here
> it's safe because we don't copy from the fpstate.
>
> - directly writing FPU registers from user-space memory (!). We do this in
> fpu__restore_sig(), and it's safe because neither context switches nor
> irq-handler FPU use can corrupt the source context of the copy (which is
> user-space memory).
>
> Note that the MPX code's current use of copy_fpregs_to_fpstate() was safe I think,
> because:
>
> - MPX is predicated on eagerfpu, so the destructive F[N]SAVE instruction won't be
> used.
>
> - the code was only reading FPU registers, and was doing it only in places that
> guaranteed that an FPU state was already active (i.e. didn't do it in
> kthreads)
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@sr71.net>
Cc: Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Suresh Siddha <sbsiddha@gmail.com>
Cc: bp@alien8.de
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20150607183700.AA881696@viggo.jf.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
get_xsave_addr() assumes that if an xsave bit is present in the
hardware (pcntxt_mask) that it is present in a given xsave
buffer. Due to an bug in the xsave code on all of the systems
that have MPX (and thus all the users of this code), that has
been a true assumption.
But, the bug is getting fixed, so our assumption is not going
to hold any more.
It's quite possible (and normal) for an enabled state to be
present on 'pcntxt_mask', but *not* in 'xstate_bv'. We need
to consult 'xstate_bv'.
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@sr71.net>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20150607183700.1E739B34@viggo.jf.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Make sure the WARN_ON_FPU() macro consumes the macro argument,
to avoid 'unused variable' build warnings if the only use of
a variable is in debugging code.
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Bobby Powers <bobbypowers@gmail.com>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
copy_kernel_to_xregs_booting() has a second parameter that is the mask
of xfeatures that should be copied - but this parameter is always -1.
Simplify the call site of this function, this also makes it more
similar to the function call signature of other copy_kernel_to*regs()
functions.
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Bobby Powers <bobbypowers@gmail.com>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Bring the __copy_fpstate_to_fpregs() and copy_fpstate_to_fpregs() functions
in line with the parameter passing convention of other kernel-to-FPU-registers
copying functions: pass around an in-memory FPU register state pointer,
instead of struct fpu *.
NOTE: This patch also changes the assembly constraint of the FXSAVE-leak
workaround from 'fpu->fpregs_active' to 'fpstate' - but that is fine,
as we only need a valid memory address there for the FILDL instruction.
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Bobby Powers <bobbypowers@gmail.com>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
None of the copy_kernel_to_*regs() FPU register copying functions are
supposed to fail, and all of them have debugging checks that enforce
this.
Remove their return values and simplify their call sites, which have
redundant error checks and error handling code paths.
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Bobby Powers <bobbypowers@gmail.com>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Bring the __copy_fpstate_to_fpregs() and copy_fpstate_to_fpregs() functions
in line with the naming of other kernel-to-FPU-registers copying functions.
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Bobby Powers <bobbypowers@gmail.com>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Copying from in-kernel FPU context buffers to FPU registers are
never supposed to fault.
Add debugging checks to copy_kernel_to_fxregs() and copy_kernel_to_fregs()
to double check this assumption.
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Bobby Powers <bobbypowers@gmail.com>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
The copy_fpstate_to_fpregs() function is never supposed to fail,
so add a debugging check to its call site in fpu__restore().
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Bobby Powers <bobbypowers@gmail.com>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
fpu__activate_fpstate_write() is used before ptrace writes to the fpstate
context. Because it expects the modified registers to be reloaded on the
nexts context switch, it's only valid to call this function for stopped
child tasks.
- add a debugging check for this assumption
- remove code that only runs if the current task's FPU state needs
to be saved, which cannot occur here
- update comments to match the implementation
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Bobby Powers <bobbypowers@gmail.com>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Remaining users of fpu__activate_fpstate() are all places that want to modify
FPU registers, rename the function to fpu__activate_fpstate_write() according
to this usage.
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Bobby Powers <bobbypowers@gmail.com>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
fpu__activate_fpstate_read() is used before FPU registers are
read from the fpstate by ptrace and core dumping.
It's not necessary to unlazy non-current child tasks in this case,
since the reading of registers is non-destructive.
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Bobby Powers <bobbypowers@gmail.com>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Currently fpu__activate_fpstate() is used for two distinct purposes:
- read access by ptrace and core dumping, where in the core dumping
case the current task's FPU state may be examined as well.
- write access by ptrace, which modifies FPU registers and expects
the modified registers to be reloaded on the next context switch.
Split out the reading side into fpu__activate_fpstate_read().
( Note that this is just a pure duplication of fpu__activate_fpstate()
for the time being, we'll optimize the new function in the next patch. )
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Bobby Powers <bobbypowers@gmail.com>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Bobby Powers reported the following FPU warning during ELF coredumping:
WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 27452 at arch/x86/kernel/fpu/core.c:324 fpu__activate_stopped+0x8a/0xa0()
This warning unearthed an invalid assumption about fpu__activate_stopped()
that I added in:
67e97fc2ec ("x86/fpu: Rename init_fpu() to fpu__unlazy_stopped() and add debugging check")
the old init_fpu() function had an (intentional but obscure) side effect:
when FPU registers are accessed for the current task, for reading, then
it synchronized live in-register FPU state with the fpstate by saving it.
So fix this bug by saving the FPU if we are the current task. We'll
still warn in fpu__save() if this is called for not yet stopped
child tasks, so the debugging check is still preserved.
Also rename the function to fpu__activate_fpstate(), because it's not
exclusively used for stopped tasks, but for the current task as well.
( Note that this bug calls for a cleaner separation of access-for-read
and access-for-modification FPU methods, but we'll do that in separate
patches. )
Reported-by: Bobby Powers <bobbypowers@gmail.com>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
The copy_xregs_to_kernel*() and copy_kernel_to_xregs*() functions are used
to copy FPU registers to kernel memory and vice versa.
They are never expected to fail, yet they have a return code, mostly because
that way they can share the assembly macros with the copy*user*() functions.
This error code is then silently ignored by the context switching
and other code - which made the bug in:
b8c1b8ea7b ("x86/fpu: Fix FPU state save area alignment bug")
harder to fix than necessary.
So remove the return values and check for no faults when FPU debugging
is enabled in the .config.
This improves the eagerfpu context switching fast path by a couple of
instructions, when FPU debugging is disabled:
ffffffff810407fa: 89 c2 mov %eax,%edx
ffffffff810407fc: 48 0f ae 2f xrstor64 (%rdi)
ffffffff81040800: 31 c0 xor %eax,%eax
-ffffffff81040802: eb 0a jmp ffffffff8104080e <__switch_to+0x321>
+ffffffff81040802: eb 16 jmp ffffffff8104081a <__switch_to+0x32d>
ffffffff81040804: 31 c0 xor %eax,%eax
ffffffff81040806: 48 0f ae 8b c0 05 00 fxrstor64 0x5c0(%rbx)
ffffffff8104080d: 00
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
There's a confusing aspect of how xstate_fault() constraints are
handled by the FPU register/memory copying functions in
fpu/internal.h: they use "0" (0) to signal that the asm code
will not always set 'err' to a valid value.
But 'err' is already initialized to 0 in C code, which is duplicated
by the asm() constraint. Should the initialization value ever be
changed, it might become subtly inconsistent with the not too clear
asm() constraint.
Use 'err' as the value of the input variable instead, to clarify
this all.
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
There are two problems with xstate_fault handling:
- The xstate_fault() macro takes an argument, but that's
propagated into the assembly named label as well. This
is technically correct currently but might result in
failures if anytime a more complex argument is used.
So use a separate '_err' name instead for the label.
- All the xstate_fault() using functions have an error
variable named 'err', which is an output variable to
the asm() they are using. The problem is, it's not always
set by the asm(), in which case the compiler might
optimize out its initialization, so that the C variable
'err' might become corrupted after the asm() - confusing
anyone who tries to take advantage of this variable
after the asm(). Mark it an input variable as well.
This is a latent bug currently, but an upcoming debug
patch will make use of 'err'.
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
So the xstate code was probably first copied from the fxregs code,
hence it carried over the 'fx' naming for the state pointer variable.
But this is slightly confusing, as we usually on call the (legacy)
MMX/SSE state 'fx', both in data structures and in the functions
build around FXSAVE/FXRSTOR.
So rename it to 'xstate' to make it more apparent what it is related to.
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Remove obsolete comment about __init limitations: in the new code there aren't any.
Also standardize the comment style in the function while at it.
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
All the other register<-> memory copying functions are defined
in fpu/internal.h, so move the xstate variants there too.
Beyond being more consistent, this also allows FPU debugging
checks to be added to them. (Because they can now use the
macros defined in fpu/internal.h.)
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
On most configs task-struct is cache line aligned, which makes
the XSAVE area's 64-byte required alignment work out fine.
But on some .config's task_struct is aligned only to 16 bytes
(enforced by ARCH_MIN_TASKALIGN), which makes things like
fpu__copy() (that XSAVEOPT uses) not work so well.
I broke this in:
7366ed771f ("x86/fpu: Simplify FPU handling by embedding the fpstate in task_struct (again)")
which embedded the fpstate in the task_struct.
The alignment requirements of the FPU code were originally present
in ARCH_MIN_TASKALIGN, which still has a value of 16, which was the
alignment requirement of the FPU state area prior XSAVE. But this
link was not documented (and not required) and the link got lost
when the FPU state area was made dynamic years ago.
With XSAVEOPT the minimum alignment requirment went up to 64 bytes,
and the embedding of the FPU state area in task_struct exposed it
again - and '16' was not increased to '64'.
So fix this bug, but also try to address the underlying lost link
of information that made it easier to happen:
- document ARCH_MIN_TASKALIGN a bit better
- use alignof() to recover the current alignment requirements.
This would work in the future as well, should the alignment
requirements go up to 128 bytes with things like AVX512.
( We should probably also use the vSMP alignment rules for all
of x86, but that's for another patch. )
Reported-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
This is a set of five fixes: Two MAINTAINER email updates (urgent because the
non-avagotech emails will start bouncing) an lpfc big endian oops fix, a 256
byte sector hang fix (to eliminate 256 byte sectors) and a storvsc fix which
could cause test unit ready failures on bringup.
Signed-off-by: James Bottomley <JBottomley@Odin.com>
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----
Version: GnuPG v2
iQEcBAABAgAGBQJVYPemAAoJEDeqqVYsXL0MK8UIAJJ8ViLPTfhweb8QgHsUjc4S
5x2jPUD69XT93G81NWKvFhYBnlAvktBZuy6uON7SkLWkbwgiu3pB1Iowqie+Z/h8
1C5VwC8oaT6GZPuakRRxnYmoAaCX7kbdMsibSvc5ouTgvM5FdailhJpkDKcFQlkn
t1GqmRQyH1P54O73af2d+z3AfNfivjoFFXz1YHcUOouiKBVyXzqk1c3CIwTQMelg
B547Rz2cqgdDtgQzZzPkfust/GOYs0ZQMU3rhjeNyIvw/5xa0/Ta2m/v16lckV2I
AvjK2Ht5XSr/Hc9m4yvr5vYCT5+mVrebYMghnUqpHjx1OGTBSU9lPT0exbCCJ/o=
=lXOs
-----END PGP SIGNATURE-----
Merge tag 'scsi-fixes' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jejb/scsi
Pull SCSI fixes from James Bottomley:
"This is a set of five fixes: Two MAINTAINER email updates (urgent
because the non-avagotech emails will start bouncing) an lpfc big
endian oops fix, a 256 byte sector hang fix (to eliminate 256 byte
sectors) and a storvsc fix which could cause test unit ready failures
on bringup"
* tag 'scsi-fixes' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jejb/scsi:
MAINTAINERS: Revise lpfc maintainers for Avago Technologies ownership of Emulex
MAINTAINERS, be2iscsi: change email domain
sd: Disable support for 256 byte/sector disks
lpfc: Fix breakage on big endian kernels
storvsc: Set the SRB flags correctly when no data transfer is needed
Pull timer fix from Thomas Gleixner:
"One more fix from the timer departement:
- Handle division of negative nanosecond values proper on 32bit.
A recent cleanup wrecked the sign handling of the dividend and
dropped the check for negative divisors"
* 'timers-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
ktime: Fix ktime_divns to do signed division
Pull irqchip fix from Thomas Gleixner:
"A fix for a GIC-V3 irqchip regression which prevents some systems from
booting"
* 'irq-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
irqchip/gicv3-its: ITS table size should not be smaller than PSZ
Pull two Ceph fixes from Sage Weil:
"These fix an issue with the RBD notifications when there are topology
changes in the cluster"
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/sage/ceph-client:
Revert "libceph: clear r_req_lru_item in __unregister_linger_request()"
libceph: request a new osdmap if lingering request maps to no osd
Pull btrfs fixes from Chris Mason:
"I fixed up a regression from 4.0 where conversion between different
raid levels would sometimes bail out without converting.
Filipe tracked down a race where it was possible to double allocate
chunks on the drive.
Mark has a fix for fiemap. All three will get bundled off for stable
as well"
* 'for-linus-4.1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mason/linux-btrfs:
Btrfs: fix regression in raid level conversion
Btrfs: fix racy system chunk allocation when setting block group ro
btrfs: clear 'ret' in btrfs_check_shared() loop
Pull drm fixes from Dave Airlie:
"Radeon has two displayport fixes, one for a regression.
i915 regression flicker fix needed so 4.0 can get fixed.
A bunch of msm fixes and a bunch of exynos fixes, these two are
probably a bit larger than I'd like, but most of them seems pretty
good"
* 'drm-fixes' of git://people.freedesktop.org/~airlied/linux: (29 commits)
drm/radeon: fix error flag checking in native aux path
drm/radeon: retry dcpd fetch
drm/msm/mdp5: fix incorrect parameter for msm_framebuffer_iova()
drm/exynos: dp: Lower level of EDID read success message
drm/exynos: cleanup exynos_drm_plane
drm/exynos: 'win' is always unsigned
drm/exynos: mixer: don't dump registers under spinlock
drm/exynos: Consolidate return statements in fimd_bind()
drm/exynos: Constify exynos_drm_crtc_ops
drm/exynos: Fix build breakage on !DRM_EXYNOS_FIMD
drm/exynos: mixer: Constify platform_device_id
drm/exynos: mixer: cleanup pixelformat handling
drm/exynos: mixer: also allow NV21 for the video processor
drm/exynos: mixer: remove buffer count handling in vp_video_buffer()
drm/exynos: plane: honor buffer offset for dma_addr
drm/exynos: fb: use drm_format_num_planes to get buffer count
drm/i915: fix screen flickering
drm/msm: fix locking inconsistencies in gpu->destroy()
drm/msm/dsi: Simplify the code to get the number of read byte
drm/msm: Attach assigned encoder to eDP and DSI connectors
...
Pull networking fixes from David Miller:
1) Don't leak ipvs->sysctl_tbl, from Tommi Rentala.
2) Fix neighbour table entry leak in rocker driver, from Ying Xue.
3) Do not emit bonding notifications for unregistered interfaces, from
Nicolas Dichtel.
4) Set ipv6 flow label properly when in TIME_WAIT state, from Florent
Fourcot.
5) Fix regression in ipv6 multicast filter test, from Henning Rogge.
6) do_replace() in various footables netfilter modules is missing a
check for 0 counters in the datastructure provided by the user. Fix
from Dave Jones, and found with trinity.
7) Fix RCU bug in packet scheduler classifier module unloads, from
Daniel Borkmann.
8) Avoid deadlock in tcp_get_info() by using u64_sync. From Eric
Dumzaet.
9) Input packet processing can race with inetdev_destroy() teardown,
fix potential OOPS in ip_error() by explicitly testing whether the
inetdev is still attached. From Eric W Biederman.
10) MLDv2 parser in bridge multicast code breaks too early while
parsing. Fix from Thadeu Lima de Souza Cascardo.
11) Asking for settings on non-zero PHYID doesn't work because we do not
import the command structure from the user and use the PHYID
provided there. Fix from Arun Parameswaran.
12) Fix UDP checksums with IPV6 RAW sockets, from Vlad Yasevich.
13) Missing NF_TABLES depends for TPROXY etc can cause build failures,
fix from Florian Westphal.
14) Fix netfilter conntrack to handle RFC5961 challenge ACKs properly,
from Jesper Dangaard Brouer.
15) If netlink autobind retry fails, we have to reset the sockets portid
back to zero. From Herbert Xu.
16) VXLAN netns exit code unregisters using wrong device, from John W
Linville.
17) Add some USB device IDs to ath3k and btusb bluetooth drivers, from
Dmitry Tunin and Wen-chien Jesse Sung.
* git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/davem/net: (44 commits)
bridge: fix lockdep splat
net: core: 'ethtool' issue with querying phy settings
bridge: fix parsing of MLDv2 reports
ARM: zynq: DT: Use the zynq binding with macb
net: macb: Disable half duplex gigabit on Zynq
net: macb: Document zynq gem dt binding
ipv4: fill in table id when replacing a route
cdc_ncm: Fix tx_bytes statistics
ipv4: Avoid crashing in ip_error
tcp: fix a potential deadlock in tcp_get_info()
net: sched: fix call_rcu() race on classifier module unloads
net: phy: Make sure phy_start() always re-enables the phy interrupts
ipv6: fix ECMP route replacement
ipv6: do not delete previously existing ECMP routes if add fails
Revert "netfilter: bridge: query conntrack about skb dnat"
netfilter: ensure number of counters is >0 in do_replace()
netfilter: nfnetlink_{log,queue}: Register pernet in first place
tcp: don't over-send F-RTO probes
tcp: only undo on partial ACKs in CA_Loss
net/ipv6/udp: Fix ipv6 multicast socket filter regression
...
Pull block fixes from Jens Axboe:
"Three small fixes that have been picked up the last few weeks.
Specifically:
- Fix a memory corruption issue in NVMe with malignant user
constructed request. From Christoph.
- Kill (now) unused blk_queue_bio(), dm was changed to not need this
anymore. From Mike Snitzer.
- Always use blk_schedule_flush_plug() from the io_schedule() path
when flushing a plug, fixing a !TASK_RUNNING warning with md. From
Shaohua"
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.dk/linux-block:
sched: always use blk_schedule_flush_plug in io_schedule_out
nvme: fix kernel memory corruption with short INQUIRY buffers
block: remove export for blk_queue_bio
- one serious RAID0 data corruption - caused by recent bugfix that wasn't
reviewed properly.
- one raid5 fix in new code (a couple more of those to come).
- one little fix to stop static analysis complaining about silly rcu
annotation.
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----
Version: GnuPG v2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=jXKM
-----END PGP SIGNATURE-----
Merge tag 'md/4.1-rc4-fixes' of git://neil.brown.name/md
Pull md bugfixes from Neil Brown:
"I have a few more raid5 bugfixes pending, but I want them to get a bit
more review first. In the meantime:
- one serious RAID0 data corruption - caused by recent bugfix that
wasn't reviewed properly.
- one raid5 fix in new code (a couple more of those to come).
- one little fix to stop static analysis complaining about silly rcu
annotation"
* tag 'md/4.1-rc4-fixes' of git://neil.brown.name/md:
md/bitmap: remove rcu annotation from pointer arithmetic.
md/raid0: fix restore to sector variable in raid0_make_request
raid5: fix broken async operation chain
Pull input fixes from Dmitry Torokhov:
"Updates for the input subsystem.
The main change is that we tell joydev not to touch "absolute mice",
such as VMware virtual mouse, as that produced bad result (cursor
stuck in upper right corner) with games"
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/dtor/input:
Input: smtpe-ts - wait 50mS until polling for pen-up
Input: smtpe-ts - use msecs_to_jiffies() instead of HZ
Input: joydev - don't classify the vmmouse as a joystick
Input: vmmouse - do not reference non-existing version of X driver
Input: alps - fix finger jumps on lifting 2 fingers on v7 touchpad
Input: elantech - fix semi-mt protocol for v3 HW
Input: sx8654 - fix memory allocation check
Pull another crypto fix from Herbert Xu:
"Fix ICV corruption in s390/ghash when the same tfm is used by more
than one thread"
* git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/herbert/crypto-2.6:
crypto: s390/ghash - Fix incorrect ghash icv buffer handling.
When trying to configure the settings for PHY1, using commands
like 'ethtool -s eth0 phyad 1 speed 100', the 'ethtool' seems to
modify other settings apart from the speed of the PHY1, in the
above case.
The ethtool seems to query the settings for PHY0, and use this
as the base to apply the new settings to the PHY1. This is
causing the other settings of the PHY 1 to be wrongly
configured.
The issue is caused by the '_ethtool_get_settings()' API, which
gets called because of the 'ETHTOOL_GSET' command, is clearing
the 'cmd' pointer (of type 'struct ethtool_cmd') by calling
memset. This clears all the parameters (if any) passed for the
'ETHTOOL_GSET' cmd. So the driver's callback is always invoked
with 'cmd->phy_address' as '0'.
The '_ethtool_get_settings()' is called from other files in the
'net/core'. So the fix is applied to the 'ethtool_get_settings()'
which is only called in the context of the 'ethtool'.
Signed-off-by: Arun Parameswaran <aparames@broadcom.com>
Reviewed-by: Ray Jui <rjui@broadcom.com>
Reviewed-by: Scott Branden <sbranden@broadcom.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
When more than a multicast address is present in a MLDv2 report, all but
the first address is ignored, because the code breaks out of the loop if
there has not been an error adding that address.
This has caused failures when two guests connected through the bridge
tried to communicate using IPv6. Neighbor discoveries would not be
transmitted to the other guest when both used a link-local address and a
static address.
This only happens when there is a MLDv2 querier in the network.
The fix will only break out of the loop when there is a failure adding a
multicast address.
The mdb before the patch:
dev ovirtmgmt port vnet0 grp ff02::1:ff7d:6603 temp
dev ovirtmgmt port vnet1 grp ff02::1:ff7d:6604 temp
dev ovirtmgmt port bond0.86 grp ff02::2 temp
After the patch:
dev ovirtmgmt port vnet0 grp ff02::1:ff7d:6603 temp
dev ovirtmgmt port vnet1 grp ff02::1:ff7d:6604 temp
dev ovirtmgmt port bond0.86 grp ff02::fb temp
dev ovirtmgmt port bond0.86 grp ff02::2 temp
dev ovirtmgmt port bond0.86 grp ff02::d temp
dev ovirtmgmt port vnet0 grp ff02::1:ff00:76 temp
dev ovirtmgmt port bond0.86 grp ff02::16 temp
dev ovirtmgmt port vnet1 grp ff02::1:ff00:77 temp
dev ovirtmgmt port bond0.86 grp ff02::1:ff00:def temp
dev ovirtmgmt port bond0.86 grp ff02::1:ffa1:40bf temp
Fixes: 08b202b672 ("bridge br_multicast: IPv6 MLD support.")
Reported-by: Rik Theys <Rik.Theys@esat.kuleuven.be>
Signed-off-by: Thadeu Lima de Souza Cascardo <cascardo@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Rik Theys <Rik.Theys@esat.kuleuven.be>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Use the new zynq binding for macb ethernet, since it will disable half
duplex gigabit like the Zynq TRM says to do.
Signed-off-by: Nathan Sullivan <nathan.sullivan@ni.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
According to the Zynq TRM, gigabit half duplex is not supported. Add a
new cap and compatible string so Zynq can avoid advertising that mode.
Signed-off-by: Nathan Sullivan <nathan.sullivan@ni.com>
Acked-by: Nicolas Ferre <nicolas.ferre@atmel.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Nathan Sullivan <nathan.sullivan@ni.com>
Acked-by: Nicolas Ferre <nicolas.ferre@atmel.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
When replacing an IPv4 route, tb_id member of the new fib_alias
structure is not set in the replace code path so that the new route is
ignored.
Fixes: 0ddcf43d5d ("ipv4: FIB Local/MAIN table collapse")
Signed-off-by: Michal Kubecek <mkubecek@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Alexander Duyck <alexander.h.duyck@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
The tx_curr_frame_payload field is u32. When we try to calculate a
small negative delta based on it, we end up with a positive integer
close to 2^32 instead. So the tx_bytes pointer increases by about
2^32 for every transmitted frame.
Fix by calculating the delta as a signed long.
Cc: Ben Hutchings <ben.hutchings@codethink.co.uk>
Reported-by: Florian Bruhin <me@the-compiler.org>
Fixes: 7a1e890e21 ("usbnet: Fix tx_bytes statistic running backward in cdc_ncm")
Signed-off-by: Bjørn Mork <bjorn@mork.no>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Pablo Neira Ayuso says:
====================
Netfilter fixes for net
The following patchset contain Netfilter fixes for your net tree, they are:
1) Fix a race in nfnetlink_log and nfnetlink_queue that can lead to a crash.
This problem is due to wrong order in the per-net registration and netlink
socket events. Patch from Francesco Ruggeri.
2) Make sure that counters that userspace pass us are higher than 0 in all the
x_tables frontends. Discovered via Trinity, patch from Dave Jones.
3) Revert a patch for br_netfilter to rely on the conntrack status bits. This
breaks stateless IPv6 NAT transformations. Patch from Florian Westphal.
====================
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
