641 lines
23 KiB
Markdown
641 lines
23 KiB
Markdown
# <a name="linuxContainerConfiguration" />Linux Container Configuration
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This document describes the schema for the [Linux-specific section](config.md#platform-specific-configuration) of the [container configuration](config.md).
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The Linux container specification uses various kernel features like namespaces, cgroups, capabilities, LSM, and filesystem jails to fulfill the spec.
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## <a name="configLinuxDefaultFilesystems" />Default Filesystems
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The Linux ABI includes both syscalls and several special file paths.
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Applications expecting a Linux environment will very likely expect these file paths to be setup correctly.
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The following filesystems SHOULD be made available in each container's filesystem:
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| Path | Type |
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| -------- | ------ |
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| /proc | [procfs][procfs] |
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| /sys | [sysfs][sysfs] |
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| /dev/pts | [devpts][devpts] |
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| /dev/shm | [tmpfs][tmpfs] |
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## <a name="configLinuxNamespaces" />Namespaces
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A namespace wraps a global system resource in an abstraction that makes it appear to the processes within the namespace that they have their own isolated instance of the global resource.
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Changes to the global resource are visible to other processes that are members of the namespace, but are invisible to other processes.
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For more information, see the [namespaces(7)][namespaces.7_2] man page.
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Namespaces are specified as an array of entries inside the `namespaces` root field.
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The following parameters can be specified to setup namespaces:
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* **`type`** *(string, REQUIRED)* - namespace type. The following namespace types are supported:
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* **`pid`** processes inside the container will only be able to see other processes inside the same container.
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* **`network`** the container will have its own network stack.
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* **`mount`** the container will have an isolated mount table.
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* **`ipc`** processes inside the container will only be able to communicate to other processes inside the same container via system level IPC.
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* **`uts`** the container will be able to have its own hostname and domain name.
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* **`user`** the container will be able to remap user and group IDs from the host to local users and groups within the container.
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* **`cgroup`** the container will have an isolated view of the cgroup hierarchy.
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* **`path`** *(string, OPTIONAL)* - path to namespace file in the [runtime mount namespace](glossary.md#runtime-namespace)
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If a path is specified, that particular file is used to join that type of namespace.
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If a namespace type is not specified in the `namespaces` array, the container MUST inherit the [runtime namespace](glossary.md#runtime-namespace) of that type.
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If a `namespaces` field contains duplicated namespaces with same `type`, the runtime MUST error out.
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###### Example
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```json
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"namespaces": [
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{
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"type": "pid",
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"path": "/proc/1234/ns/pid"
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},
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{
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"type": "network",
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"path": "/var/run/netns/neta"
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},
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{
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"type": "mount"
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},
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{
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"type": "ipc"
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},
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{
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"type": "uts"
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},
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{
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"type": "user"
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},
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{
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"type": "cgroup"
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}
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]
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```
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## <a name="configLinuxUserNamespaceMappings" />User namespace mappings
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**`uidMappings`** (array of objects, OPTIONAL) describes the user namespace uid mappings from the host to the container.
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**`gidMappings`** (array of objects, OPTIONAL) describes the user namespace gid mappings from the host to the container.
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Each entry has the following structure:
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* **`hostID`** *(uint32, REQUIRED)* - is the starting uid/gid on the host to be mapped to *containerID*.
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* **`containerID`** *(uint32, REQUIRED)* - is the starting uid/gid in the container.
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* **`size`** *(uint32, REQUIRED)* - is the number of ids to be mapped.
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The runtime SHOULD NOT modify the ownership of referenced filesystems to realize the mapping.
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Note that the number of mapping entries MAY be limited by the [kernel][user-namespaces].
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###### Example
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```json
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"uidMappings": [
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{
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"hostID": 1000,
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"containerID": 0,
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"size": 32000
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}
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],
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"gidMappings": [
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{
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"hostID": 1000,
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"containerID": 0,
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"size": 32000
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}
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]
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```
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## <a name="configLinuxDevices" />Devices
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**`devices`** (array of objects, OPTIONAL) lists devices that MUST be available in the container.
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The runtime may supply them however it likes (with [mknod][mknod.2], by bind mounting from the runtime mount namespace, etc.).
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Each entry has the following structure:
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* **`type`** *(string, REQUIRED)* - type of device: `c`, `b`, `u` or `p`.
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More info in [mknod(1)][mknod.1].
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* **`path`** *(string, REQUIRED)* - full path to device inside container.
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If a [file][file.1] already exists at `path` that does not match the requested device, the runtime MUST generate an error.
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* **`major, minor`** *(int64, REQUIRED unless `type` is `p`)* - [major, minor numbers][devices] for the device.
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* **`fileMode`** *(uint32, OPTIONAL)* - file mode for the device.
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You can also control access to devices [with cgroups](#device-whitelist).
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* **`uid`** *(uint32, OPTIONAL)* - id of device owner.
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* **`gid`** *(uint32, OPTIONAL)* - id of device group.
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The same `type`, `major` and `minor` SHOULD NOT be used for multiple devices.
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###### Example
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```json
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"devices": [
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{
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"path": "/dev/fuse",
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"type": "c",
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"major": 10,
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"minor": 229,
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"fileMode": 438,
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"uid": 0,
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"gid": 0
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},
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{
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"path": "/dev/sda",
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"type": "b",
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"major": 8,
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"minor": 0,
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"fileMode": 432,
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"uid": 0,
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"gid": 0
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}
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]
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```
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###### <a name="configLinuxDefaultDevices" />Default Devices
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In addition to any devices configured with this setting, the runtime MUST also supply:
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* [`/dev/null`][null.4]
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* [`/dev/zero`][zero.4]
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* [`/dev/full`][full.4]
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* [`/dev/random`][random.4]
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* [`/dev/urandom`][random.4]
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* [`/dev/tty`][tty.4]
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* [`/dev/console`][console.4] is setup if terminal is enabled in the config by bind mounting the pseudoterminal slave to /dev/console.
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* [`/dev/ptmx`][pts.4].
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A [bind-mount or symlink of the container's `/dev/pts/ptmx`][devpts].
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## <a name="configLinuxControlGroups" />Control groups
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Also known as cgroups, they are used to restrict resource usage for a container and handle device access.
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cgroups provide controls (through controllers) to restrict cpu, memory, IO, pids and network for the container.
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For more information, see the [kernel cgroups documentation][cgroup-v1].
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The path to the cgroups can be specified in the Spec via `cgroupsPath`.
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`cgroupsPath` can be used to either control the cgroup hierarchy for containers or to run a new process in an existing container.
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If `cgroupsPath` is:
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* ... an absolute path (starting with `/`), the runtime MUST take the path to be relative to the cgroup mount point.
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* ... a relative path (not starting with `/`), the runtime MAY interpret the path relative to a runtime-determined location in the cgroup hierarchy.
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* ... not specified, the runtime MAY define the default cgroup path.
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Runtimes MAY consider certain `cgroupsPath` values to be invalid, and MUST generate an error if this is the case.
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If a `cgroupsPath` value is specified, the runtime MUST consistently attach to the same place in the cgroup hierarchy given the same value of `cgroupsPath`.
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Implementations of the Spec can choose to name cgroups in any manner.
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The Spec does not include naming schema for cgroups.
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The Spec does not support per-controller paths for the reasons discussed in the [cgroupv2 documentation][cgroup-v2].
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The cgroups will be created if they don't exist.
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You can configure a container's cgroups via the `resources` field of the Linux configuration.
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Do not specify `resources` unless limits have to be updated.
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For example, to run a new process in an existing container without updating limits, `resources` need not be specified.
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A runtime MUST at least use the minimum set of cgroup controllers required to fulfill the `resources` settings.
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However, a runtime MAY attach the container process to additional cgroup controllers supported by the system.
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###### Example
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```json
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"cgroupsPath": "/myRuntime/myContainer",
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"resources": {
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"memory": {
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"limit": 100000,
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"reservation": 200000
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},
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"devices": [
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{
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"allow": false,
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"access": "rwm"
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}
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]
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}
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```
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#### <a name="configLinuxDeviceWhitelist" />Device whitelist
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**`devices`** (array of objects, OPTIONAL) configures the [device whitelist][cgroup-v1-devices].
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The runtime MUST apply entries in the listed order.
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Each entry has the following structure:
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* **`allow`** *(boolean, REQUIRED)* - whether the entry is allowed or denied.
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* **`type`** *(string, OPTIONAL)* - type of device: `a` (all), `c` (char), or `b` (block).
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`null` or unset values mean "all", mapping to `a`.
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* **`major, minor`** *(int64, OPTIONAL)* - [major, minor numbers][devices] for the device.
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`null` or unset values mean "all", mapping to [`*` in the filesystem API][cgroup-v1-devices].
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* **`access`** *(string, OPTIONAL)* - cgroup permissions for device.
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A composition of `r` (read), `w` (write), and `m` (mknod).
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###### Example
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```json
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"devices": [
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{
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"allow": false,
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"access": "rwm"
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},
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{
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"allow": true,
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"type": "c",
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"major": 10,
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"minor": 229,
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"access": "rw"
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},
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{
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"allow": true,
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"type": "b",
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"major": 8,
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"minor": 0,
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"access": "r"
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}
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]
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```
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#### <a name="configLinuxDisableOutOfMemoryKiller" />Disable out-of-memory killer
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`disableOOMKiller` contains a boolean (`true` or `false`) that enables or disables the Out of Memory killer for a cgroup.
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If enabled (`false`), tasks that attempt to consume more memory than they are allowed are immediately killed by the OOM killer.
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The OOM killer is enabled by default in every cgroup using the `memory` subsystem.
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To disable it, specify a value of `true`.
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For more information, see [the memory cgroup man page][cgroup-v1-memory].
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* **`disableOOMKiller`** *(bool, OPTIONAL)* - enables or disables the OOM killer
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###### Example
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```json
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"disableOOMKiller": false
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```
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#### <a name="configLinuxSetOomScoreAdj" />Set oom_score_adj
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`oomScoreAdj` sets heuristic regarding how the process is evaluated by the kernel during memory pressure.
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For more information, see [the proc filesystem documentation section 3.1][procfs].
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This is a kernel/system level setting, where as `disableOOMKiller` is scoped for a memory cgroup.
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For more information on how these two settings work together, see [the memory cgroup documentation section 10. OOM Contol][cgroup-v1-memory].
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* **`oomScoreAdj`** *(int, OPTIONAL)* - adjust the oom-killer score
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###### Example
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```json
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"oomScoreAdj": 100
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```
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#### <a name="configLinuxMemory" />Memory
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**`memory`** (object, OPTIONAL) represents the cgroup subsystem `memory` and it's used to set limits on the container's memory usage.
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For more information, see [the memory cgroup man page][cgroup-v1-memory].
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The following parameters can be specified to setup the controller:
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* **`limit`** *(uint64, OPTIONAL)* - sets limit of memory usage in bytes
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* **`reservation`** *(uint64, OPTIONAL)* - sets soft limit of memory usage in bytes
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* **`swap`** *(uint64, OPTIONAL)* - sets limit of memory+Swap usage
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* **`kernel`** *(uint64, OPTIONAL)* - sets hard limit for kernel memory
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* **`kernelTCP`** *(uint64, OPTIONAL)* - sets hard limit in bytes for kernel TCP buffer memory
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* **`swappiness`** *(uint64, OPTIONAL)* - sets swappiness parameter of vmscan (See sysctl's vm.swappiness)
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###### Example
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```json
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"memory": {
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"limit": 536870912,
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"reservation": 536870912,
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"swap": 536870912,
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"kernel": 0,
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"kernelTCP": 0,
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"swappiness": 0
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}
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```
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#### <a name="configLinuxCPU" />CPU
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**`cpu`** (object, OPTIONAL) represents the cgroup subsystems `cpu` and `cpusets`.
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For more information, see [the cpusets cgroup man page][cgroup-v1-cpusets].
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The following parameters can be specified to setup the controller:
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* **`shares`** *(uint64, OPTIONAL)* - specifies a relative share of CPU time available to the tasks in a cgroup
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* **`quota`** *(int64, OPTIONAL)* - specifies the total amount of time in microseconds for which all tasks in a cgroup can run during one period (as defined by **`period`** below)
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* **`period`** *(uint64, OPTIONAL)* - specifies a period of time in microseconds for how regularly a cgroup's access to CPU resources should be reallocated (CFS scheduler only)
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* **`realtimeRuntime`** *(int64, OPTIONAL)* - specifies a period of time in microseconds for the longest continuous period in which the tasks in a cgroup have access to CPU resources
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* **`realtimePeriod`** *(uint64, OPTIONAL)* - same as **`period`** but applies to realtime scheduler only
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* **`cpus`** *(string, OPTIONAL)* - list of CPUs the container will run in
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* **`mems`** *(string, OPTIONAL)* - list of Memory Nodes the container will run in
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###### Example
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```json
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"cpu": {
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"shares": 1024,
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"quota": 1000000,
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"period": 500000,
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"realtimeRuntime": 950000,
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"realtimePeriod": 1000000,
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"cpus": "2-3",
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"mems": "0-7"
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}
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```
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#### <a name="configLinuxBlockIO" />Block IO
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**`blockIO`** (object, OPTIONAL) represents the cgroup subsystem `blkio` which implements the block IO controller.
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For more information, see [the kernel cgroups documentation about blkio][cgroup-v1-blkio].
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The following parameters can be specified to setup the controller:
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* **`blkioWeight`** *(uint16, OPTIONAL)* - specifies per-cgroup weight. This is default weight of the group on all devices until and unless overridden by per-device rules. The range is from 10 to 1000.
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* **`blkioLeafWeight`** *(uint16, OPTIONAL)* - equivalents of `blkioWeight` for the purpose of deciding how much weight tasks in the given cgroup has while competing with the cgroup's child cgroups. The range is from 10 to 1000.
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* **`blkioWeightDevice`** *(array, OPTIONAL)* - specifies the list of devices which will be bandwidth rate limited. The following parameters can be specified per-device:
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* **`major, minor`** *(int64, REQUIRED)* - major, minor numbers for device. More info in `man mknod`.
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* **`weight`** *(uint16, OPTIONAL)* - bandwidth rate for the device, range is from 10 to 1000
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* **`leafWeight`** *(uint16, OPTIONAL)* - bandwidth rate for the device while competing with the cgroup's child cgroups, range is from 10 to 1000, CFQ scheduler only
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You must specify at least one of `weight` or `leafWeight` in a given entry, and can specify both.
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* **`blkioThrottleReadBpsDevice`**, **`blkioThrottleWriteBpsDevice`**, **`blkioThrottleReadIOPSDevice`**, **`blkioThrottleWriteIOPSDevice`** *(array, OPTIONAL)* - specify the list of devices which will be IO rate limited.
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The following parameters can be specified per-device:
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* **`major, minor`** *(int64, REQUIRED)* - major, minor numbers for device. More info in `man mknod`.
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* **`rate`** *(uint64, REQUIRED)* - IO rate limit for the device
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###### Example
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```json
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"blockIO": {
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"blkioWeight": 10,
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"blkioLeafWeight": 10,
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"blkioWeightDevice": [
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{
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"major": 8,
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"minor": 0,
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"weight": 500,
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"leafWeight": 300
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},
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{
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"major": 8,
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"minor": 16,
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"weight": 500
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}
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],
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"blkioThrottleReadBpsDevice": [
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{
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"major": 8,
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"minor": 0,
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"rate": 600
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}
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],
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"blkioThrottleWriteIOPSDevice": [
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{
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"major": 8,
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"minor": 16,
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"rate": 300
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}
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]
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}
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```
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#### <a name="configLinuxHugePageLimits" />Huge page limits
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**`hugepageLimits`** (array of objects, OPTIONAL) represents the `hugetlb` controller which allows to limit the
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HugeTLB usage per control group and enforces the controller limit during page fault.
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For more information, see the [kernel cgroups documentation about HugeTLB][cgroup-v1-hugetlb].
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Each entry has the following structure:
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* **`pageSize`** *(string, REQUIRED)* - hugepage size
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* **`limit`** *(uint64, REQUIRED)* - limit in bytes of *hugepagesize* HugeTLB usage
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###### Example
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```json
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"hugepageLimits": [
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{
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"pageSize": "2MB",
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"limit": 209715200
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}
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]
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```
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#### <a name="configLinuxNetwork" />Network
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**`network`** (object, OPTIONAL) represents the cgroup subsystems `net_cls` and `net_prio`.
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For more information, see [the net\_cls cgroup man page][cgroup-v1-net-cls] and [the net\_prio cgroup man page][cgroup-v1-net-prio].
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The following parameters can be specified to setup the controller:
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* **`classID`** *(uint32, OPTIONAL)* - is the network class identifier the cgroup's network packets will be tagged with
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* **`priorities`** *(array, OPTIONAL)* - specifies a list of objects of the priorities assigned to traffic originating from processes in the group and egressing the system on various interfaces.
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The following parameters can be specified per-priority:
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* **`name`** *(string, REQUIRED)* - interface name
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* **`priority`** *(uint32, REQUIRED)* - priority applied to the interface
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###### Example
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```json
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"network": {
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"classID": 1048577,
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"priorities": [
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{
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"name": "eth0",
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"priority": 500
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},
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{
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"name": "eth1",
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"priority": 1000
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}
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]
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}
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```
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#### <a name="configLinuxPIDS" />PIDs
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**`pids`** (object, OPTIONAL) represents the cgroup subsystem `pids`.
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For more information, see [the pids cgroup man page][cgroup-v1-pids].
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The following parameters can be specified to setup the controller:
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* **`limit`** *(int64, REQUIRED)* - specifies the maximum number of tasks in the cgroup
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###### Example
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```json
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"pids": {
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"limit": 32771
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}
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```
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## <a name="configLinuxSysctl" />Sysctl
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|
|
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**`sysctl`** (object, OPTIONAL) allows kernel parameters to be modified at runtime for the container.
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|
For more information, see the [sysctl(8)][sysctl.8] man page.
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|
|
|
###### Example
|
|
|
|
```json
|
|
"sysctl": {
|
|
"net.ipv4.ip_forward": "1",
|
|
"net.core.somaxconn": "256"
|
|
}
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## <a name="configLinuxSeccomp" />Seccomp
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|
|
|
Seccomp provides application sandboxing mechanism in the Linux kernel.
|
|
Seccomp configuration allows one to configure actions to take for matched syscalls and furthermore also allows matching on values passed as arguments to syscalls.
|
|
For more information about Seccomp, see [Seccomp][seccomp] kernel documentation.
|
|
The actions, architectures, and operators are strings that match the definitions in seccomp.h from [libseccomp][] and are translated to corresponding values.
|
|
A valid list of constants as of libseccomp v2.3.2 is shown below.
|
|
|
|
Architecture Constants
|
|
* `SCMP_ARCH_X86`
|
|
* `SCMP_ARCH_X86_64`
|
|
* `SCMP_ARCH_X32`
|
|
* `SCMP_ARCH_ARM`
|
|
* `SCMP_ARCH_AARCH64`
|
|
* `SCMP_ARCH_MIPS`
|
|
* `SCMP_ARCH_MIPS64`
|
|
* `SCMP_ARCH_MIPS64N32`
|
|
* `SCMP_ARCH_MIPSEL`
|
|
* `SCMP_ARCH_MIPSEL64`
|
|
* `SCMP_ARCH_MIPSEL64N32`
|
|
* `SCMP_ARCH_PPC`
|
|
* `SCMP_ARCH_PPC64`
|
|
* `SCMP_ARCH_PPC64LE`
|
|
* `SCMP_ARCH_S390`
|
|
* `SCMP_ARCH_S390X`
|
|
* `SCMP_ARCH_PARISC`
|
|
* `SCMP_ARCH_PARISC64`
|
|
|
|
Action Constants:
|
|
* `SCMP_ACT_KILL`
|
|
* `SCMP_ACT_TRAP`
|
|
* `SCMP_ACT_ERRNO`
|
|
* `SCMP_ACT_TRACE`
|
|
* `SCMP_ACT_ALLOW`
|
|
|
|
Operator Constants:
|
|
* `SCMP_CMP_NE`
|
|
* `SCMP_CMP_LT`
|
|
* `SCMP_CMP_LE`
|
|
* `SCMP_CMP_EQ`
|
|
* `SCMP_CMP_GE`
|
|
* `SCMP_CMP_GT`
|
|
* `SCMP_CMP_MASKED_EQ`
|
|
|
|
###### Example
|
|
|
|
```json
|
|
"seccomp": {
|
|
"defaultAction": "SCMP_ACT_ALLOW",
|
|
"architectures": [
|
|
"SCMP_ARCH_X86",
|
|
"SCMP_ARCH_X32"
|
|
],
|
|
"syscalls": [
|
|
{
|
|
"names": [
|
|
"getcwd",
|
|
"chmod"
|
|
],
|
|
"action": "SCMP_ACT_ERRNO",
|
|
"comment": "stop exploit x"
|
|
}
|
|
]
|
|
}
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## <a name="configLinuxRootfsMountPropagation" />Rootfs Mount Propagation
|
|
|
|
**`rootfsPropagation`** (string, OPTIONAL) sets the rootfs's mount propagation.
|
|
Its value is either slave, private, or shared.
|
|
The [Shared Subtrees][sharedsubtree] article in the kernel documentation has more information about mount propagation.
|
|
|
|
###### Example
|
|
|
|
```json
|
|
"rootfsPropagation": "slave",
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## <a name="configLinuxMaskedPaths" />Masked Paths
|
|
|
|
**`maskedPaths`** (array of strings, OPTIONAL) will mask over the provided paths inside the container so that they cannot be read.
|
|
The values MUST be absolute paths in the [container namespace][container-namespace2].
|
|
|
|
###### Example
|
|
|
|
```json
|
|
"maskedPaths": [
|
|
"/proc/kcore"
|
|
]
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## <a name="configLinuxReadonlyPaths" />Readonly Paths
|
|
|
|
**`readonlyPaths`** (array of strings, OPTIONAL) will set the provided paths as readonly inside the container.
|
|
The values MUST be absolute paths in the [container namespace][container-namespace2].
|
|
|
|
###### Example
|
|
|
|
```json
|
|
"readonlyPaths": [
|
|
"/proc/sys"
|
|
]
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## <a name"configLinuxMountLabel" />Mount Label
|
|
|
|
**`mountLabel`** (string, OPTIONAL) will set the Selinux context for the mounts in the container.
|
|
|
|
###### Example
|
|
|
|
```json
|
|
"mountLabel": "system_u:object_r:svirt_sandbox_file_t:s0:c715,c811"
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
[container-namespace2]: glossary.md#container_namespace
|
|
|
|
[cgroup-v1]: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v1/cgroups.txt
|
|
[cgroup-v1-blkio]: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v1/blkio-controller.txt
|
|
[cgroup-v1-cpusets]: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v1/cpusets.txt
|
|
[cgroup-v1-devices]: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v1/devices.txt
|
|
[cgroup-v1-hugetlb]: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v1/hugetlb.txt
|
|
[cgroup-v1-memory]: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v1/memory.txt
|
|
[cgroup-v1-net-cls]: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v1/net_cls.txt
|
|
[cgroup-v1-net-prio]: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v1/net_prio.txt
|
|
[cgroup-v1-pids]: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v1/pids.txt
|
|
[cgroup-v2]: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v2.txt
|
|
[devices]: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/devices.txt
|
|
[devpts]: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/devpts.txt
|
|
[file]: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap03.html#tag_03_164
|
|
[libseccomp]: https://github.com/seccomp/libseccomp
|
|
[procfs]: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt
|
|
[seccomp]: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/prctl/seccomp_filter.txt
|
|
[sharedsubtree]: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/sharedsubtree.txt
|
|
[sysfs]: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/sysfs.txt
|
|
[tmpfs]: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/tmpfs.txt
|
|
|
|
[console.4]: http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man4/console.4.html
|
|
[full.4]: http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man4/full.4.html
|
|
[mknod.1]: http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/mknod.1.html
|
|
[mknod.2]: http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/mknod.2.html
|
|
[namespaces.7_2]: http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/namespaces.7.html
|
|
[null.4]: http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man4/null.4.html
|
|
[pts.4]: http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man4/pts.4.html
|
|
[random.4]: http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man4/random.4.html
|
|
[sysctl.8]: http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/sysctl.8.html
|
|
[tty.4]: http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man4/tty.4.html
|
|
[zero.4]: http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man4/zero.4.html
|
|
[user-namespaces]: http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/user_namespaces.7.html
|